U.S. patent application number 10/321587 was filed with the patent office on 2003-11-20 for methods and compositions for inhibiting the growth of hematopoietic malignant cells.
Invention is credited to Serrero, Ginette.
Application Number | 20030215445 10/321587 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32710755 |
Filed Date | 2003-11-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030215445 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Serrero, Ginette |
November 20, 2003 |
Methods and compositions for inhibiting the growth of hematopoietic
malignant cells
Abstract
Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for reducing the
growth of hematopoietic malignant cells (e.g., B-cell leukemia
cells). The methods involve reducing the growth of hematopoietic
malignant cells by contacting hematopoietic malignant cells with
GP88 antagonists. GP88 is an 88 KDa autocrine growth factor that
promotes the growth of hematopoictic malignant cells. Antagonists
to GP88 are provided which inhibit its expression or biological
activity. The antagonists include antisense oligonucleotides and
antibodies. Also provided are methods for determining if a patient
is responding or is responsive to anti-cancer therapy (e.g.,
glucocorticoid therapy). Increased levels of GP88 in hematopoietic
cells indicates a patient is not responding or responsive to
anti-cancer therapy.
Inventors: |
Serrero, Ginette; (Ellicott
City, MD) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DICKSTEIN SHAPIRO MORIN & OSHINSKY LLP
2101 L STREET NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20037-1526
US
|
Family ID: |
32710755 |
Appl. No.: |
10/321587 |
Filed: |
December 18, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10321587 |
Dec 18, 2002 |
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09456886 |
Dec 8, 1999 |
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09456886 |
Dec 8, 1999 |
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08991862 |
Dec 16, 1997 |
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6309826 |
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08991862 |
Dec 16, 1997 |
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08863079 |
May 23, 1997 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/145.1 ;
435/6.16; 435/7.23 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/573 20130101;
A61K 39/3955 20130101; A61K 45/06 20130101; A61K 39/3955 20130101;
C07K 16/22 20130101; G01N 2800/52 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101;
A61P 35/00 20180101; C07K 2317/73 20130101; A61K 31/573 20130101;
A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2039/505 20130101; C12N 2799/026
20130101; G01N 33/57426 20130101; C07K 14/475 20130101; A61K
2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/145.1 ;
435/6; 435/7.23 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 001/68; G01N
033/574; A61K 039/395 |
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of inhibiting the growth or viability of hematopoietic
malignant cells comprising contacting hematopoietic malignant cells
with a GP88 antagonist wherein said antagonist inhibits the growth
or viability of said hematopoietic malignant cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said hematopoietic malignant
cells are leukemia cells of B cell lineage.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said hematopoietic malignant
cells are multiple myeloma cells.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said GP88 antagonist is an
anti-GP88 antibody.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said GP88 antagonist is a
humanized anti-GP88 antibody.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said GP88 antagonist is a
neutralizing anti-GP88 antibody.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said GP88 antagonist is an
anti-GP88 antibody comprising a plurality of portions wherein at
least one portion is derived from a human.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said GP88 antagonist is an
anti-GP88 nucleic acid.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said anti-GP88 nucleic acid is
selected from the group consisting of antisense nucleic acid and
RNAi.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein said GP88 antagonist inhibits
the growth of said hematopoietic malignant cells by at least about
50%.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein said GP88 antagonist inhibits
the phophorylation activity of MAPK in said hematopoietic malignant
cells.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein said GP88 antagonist inhibits
the activity of PI3 kinase in said hematopoictic malignant
cells.
13. A composition for inhibiting the growth of hematopoietic
malignant cells, comprising a carrier and an GP88 antagonist in an
amount sufficient to inhibit the growth of said hematopoietic
malignant cells.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein said hematopoictic
malignant cells are multiple myeloma cells.
15. The composition of claim 13, wherein said GP88 antagonist is an
anti-GP88 antibody.
16. The composition of claim 13, wherein said GP88 antagonist is a
neutralizing anti-GP88 antibody.
17. A composition of claim 13, wherein said GP88 antagonist is an
anti-GP88 antibody comprising a plurality of portions wherein at
least one portion is derived from a human.
18. A composition according to claim 13, wherein said GP88
antagonist is an anti-GP88 antibody capable of reducing the
proliferation of lymphoma cells by at least about 50%.
19. A composition according to claim 13, wherein said GP88
antagonist is an anti-GP88 nucleic acid.
20. A composition according to claim 19 wherein said GP88 nucleic
acid is selected from the group consisting of antisense nucleic
acid and RNAi.
21. A method for diagnosing B-cell leukemia comprising determining
whether GP88 is present in a tissue sample containing B cells,
wherein the presence of GP88 in said tissue sample indicates B-cell
leukemia.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein said B-cell leukemia is
multiple myeloma.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein said tissue comprises a
material selected from the group consisting of blood, bone marrow,
lymph, spleen, and liver.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein said GP88 is GP88 protein.
25. The method of claim 21, wherein said GP88 is GP88 nucleic
acid.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with an anti-GP88 antibody.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with a humanized anti-GP88 antibody.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with an anti-GP88 antibody, wherein said anti-GP88 antibody is
derived from an animal immunized with a material comprising the
peptide of SEQ ID NO: 3.
29. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with an anti-GP88 antibody, wherein said anti-GP88 antibody is
derived from an animal immunized with a material comprising the
peptide of SEQ ID NO: 4.
30. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with an anti-GP88 antibody, wherein said anti-GP88 antibody is
derived from an animal immunized with a material comprising the
peptide of SEQ ID NO: 5.
31. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with an anti-GP88 antibody, wherein said anti-GP88 antibody is
derived from an animal immunized with a material comprising the
peptide of SEQ ID NO: 6.
32. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
with an anti-GP88 antibody, wherein said anti-GP88 antibody is
derived from an animal immunized with a material comprising the
peptide of SEQ ID NO: 7.
33. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is detected
by Western blot analysis.
34. The method of claim 24, wherein said GP88 protein is by
immunoassay.
35. A method for diagnosing B-cell leukemia, comprising determining
whether GP88 is present in a sample containing B-cells, wherein the
presence of GP88 in said B-cells indicates B-cell leukemia.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein said B-cell leukemia is
multiple myeloma.
37. A method for diagnosing multiple myeloma, comprising
determining whether GP88 is present in bone marrow tissue, wherein
the presence of GP88 in said bone marrow tissue indicates multiple
myeloma.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the presence of GP88 in said
bone marrow tissue is detected with an anti-GP88 antibody.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the presence of GP88 in said
bone marrow tissue is detected by immunoassay.
40. A method of determining whether a patient having a
hematopoictic malignancy is responding or responsive to anti-cancer
agents, comprising: measuring a first level GP88 in a tissue sample
containing hematopoictic cells obtained from said patient at a
first time; measuring the level of GP88 in a tissue sample
containing hematopoietic cells obtained from said patient at a
second time; comparing said first level of GP88 with said second
level of GP88; and determining that a patient is not responding or
responsive to anti-cancer agents if the second level of GP88 is
higher than the first level of GP88.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein said anti-cancer agent is a
glucocorticoid or glucocorticoid analog.
42. The method of claim 41, wherein said glucocorticoid or
glucocorticoid analog is selected from the group consisting of
dexamethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone,
betamethasone, prednisone, fludrocortisone, cortisone,
corticosterone, triamcinolone, and paramethasone.
43. The method of claim 40, wherein said GP88 is detected with an
anti-GP88 antibody or antibody fragment.
44. The method of claim 40, wherein said GP88 is detected with an
anti-GP88 nucleic acid.
45. The method of claim 40, wherein said tissue sample is selected
from group consisting of blood, bone marrow, lymph, spleen, and
liver.
46. The method of claim 40, wherein said hemapoietic cells are
B-cell leukemia cells.
47. The method of claim 40, wherein said hemapoietic cells are
multiple mycloma cells.
48. A method of treating hematopoietic malignancies with an
anti-cancer agent in a patient comprising: determining a first
level of GP88 present in a tissue sample containing hematopoietic
cells obtained from said patient at a first time; determining a
second level of GP88 present in a tissue sample containing
hematopoietic cells obtained from said patient at a second time;
comparing the first level of GP88 with the second level of GP88;
and administering an anti-cancer agent to said patient in an amount
sufficient to treat or prevent hemapoietic malignancies if the
second level of GP88 is the same as or lower than the first level
of GP88.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein said anti-cancer agent is a
glucocorticoid.
50. The method of claim 48, wherein said anti-cancer agent is a
glucocorticoid or glucocorticoid analog selected from the group
consisting of dexamethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone,
hydrocortisone, betamethasone, prednisone, fludrocortisone,
cortisone, corticosterone, triamcinolone, and paramethasone.
51. The method of claim 48, wherein said hematopoictic malignancy
is B-cell leukemia.
52. A method of determining whether a patient is responding or
responsive to the anti-tumorigenic effects of anti-cancer therapy
comprising: determining a first level of GP88 in hematopoeitic
cells obtained from said patient at a first time; determining a
second level of GP88 in hematopoeitic cells obtained from said
patient at a second time; comparing said first level of GP88 with
said second level of GP88; and determining that a patient is
resistant to the anti-tumorigenic effects of anti-cancer therapy if
the second level of GP88 is higher than the first level of
GP88.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein said anti-cancer therapy is
glucocorticoid therapy.
54. The method of claim 52, wherein said anti-cancer therapy
comprises administering dexamethasone to a patient.
55. A method of determining whether a patient is responding or
responsive to the anti-tumorigenic effects of glucocorticoids or
glucocorticoid analogs comprising: determining a first level of
GP88 in a tissue sample containing B-cells obtained from said
patient at a first time; determining a second level of GP88 in a
tissue sample containing B-cells obtained from said patient at a
second time; comparing the first level of GP88 with the second
level of GP88; and determining that a patient is resistant to the
anti-tumorigenic effects of glucocorticoids if the second level of
GP88 is higher that the first level of GP88.
56. The method of claim 55, wherein said GP88 is detected with an
anti-GP88 antibody or antibody fragment.
57. The method of claim 55, wherein said GP88 is detected with an
anti-GP88 nucleic acid.
58. The method of claim 55, wherein said glucocorticoids or
glucocorticoid analogs are selected from the group consisting of
dexamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone,
hydrocortisone, betamethasone, prednisone, fludrocortisone,
cortisone, corticosterone, triamcinolone, and paramethasone.
59. The method of claim 55, wherein said tissue sample is selected
from the group consisting of blood, bone marrow, lymph node,
spleen, and liver.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
application Ser. No. 09/456,886, filed Dec. 8, 1999, which is a
divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/991,862, filed Dec. 16,
1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,826, which is a continuation-in-part
of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/863,079, filed May 23, 1997,
now abandoned.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to cell biology, physiology and
medicine, and concerns an 88 kDa glycoprotein growth factor ("GP88"
or "PCDGF") and compositions and methods which affect the
expression and biological activity of GP88. These compositions and
methods are useful for diagnosis and treatment of diseases
including cancer.
REFERENCES
[0003] Several publications are referenced herein by Arabic
numerals within parenthesis. Full citations for these references
may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding
the claims.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The proliferation and differentiation of cells in
multicellular organisms is subject to a highly regulated process. A
distinguishing feature of cancer cells is the absence of control
over this process; proliferation and differentiation become
deregulated resulting in uncontrolled growth. Significant research
efforts have been directed toward better understanding this
difference between normal and tumor cells. One area of research
focus is growth factors and, more specifically, autocrine growth
stimulation.
[0005] Growth factors are polypeptides which carry messages to
cells concerning growth, differentiation, migration and gene
expression. Typically, growth factors are produced in one cell and
act on another cell to stimulate proliferation. However, certain
malignant cells, in culture, demonstrate a greater or absolute
reliance on an autocrine growth mechanism. Malignant cells which
observe this autocrine behavior circumvent the regulation of growth
factor production by other cells and are therefore unregulated in
their growth.
[0006] Study of autocrine growth control advances understanding of
cell growth mechanisms and leads to important advances in the
diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Toward this end, a number of
growth factors have been studied, including insulin-like growth
factors ("IGF-I" and "IGF-II"), gastrin-releasing peptide ("GRP"),
transforming growth factors alpha and beta ("TGF-a" and "TGF-b"),
and epidermal growth factor ("EGF").
[0007] The present invention is directed to a recently discovered
growth factor. This growth factor was first discovered in the
culture medium of a highly tumorigenic "PC cell line," an
insulin-independent variant isolated from the teratoma derived
adipogenic cell line 1246. This growth factor is referred to herein
as "GP88." GP88 has been purified and structurally characterized.
Amino acid sequencing of GP88 indicates that GP88 has amino acid
sequence similarities with the mouse granulin/epithelin
precursor.
[0008] Granulins/epithelins ("grn/epi") are 6 kDa polypeptides and
belong to a novel family of double cysteine rich polypeptides. U.S.
Pat. No. 5,416,192 (Shoyab et al.) is directed to 6 kDa epithelins,
particularly epithelin 1 and epithelin 2. According to Shoyab, both
epithelins are encoded by a common 63.5 kDa precursor, which is
processed into smaller forms as soon as it is synthesized, so that
the only natural products found in biological samples are the 6 kDa
forms. Shoyab et al. teaches that the epithelin precursor is
biologically inactive.
[0009] Contrary to the teachings of Shoyab et al., the inventor's
laboratory has demonstrated that the precursor is not processed as
soon as it is synthesized. Studies, conducted in part by this
inventor, have demonstrated that the precursor (i.e., GP88) is in
fact secreted as an 88 kDa glycoprotein with an N-linked
carbohydrate moiety of 20 kDa. Analysis of the N-terminal sequence
of GP88 indicates that GP88 starts at amino acid 17 of the grn/epi
precursor, demonstrating that the first 17 amino acids from the
protein sequence deduced from the precursor cDNA correspond to a
signal peptide compatible with targeting for membrane localization
or for secretion.
[0010] Also in contrast to the teachings of Shoyab et al., the
inventor demonstrated that GP88 is biologically active and has
growth promoting activity, particularly as an autocrine growth
factor for the producer cells.
[0011] Hematopoietic malignancies are malignant blood diseases
including various lymphomas and leukemias. Leukemias of B-cell
lineage include, but are not limited to, acute lymphocytic
leukemia, B cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma
("MM") is a clonal B-cell neoplasm and the second most prevalent
blood cancer, representing 1% of all cancers and 2% of all cancer
deaths. B-cells (or B-lymphocytes) are precursor cells that
differentiate into plasma cells after exposure to particular
antigens. Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins and have a limited
life span. However, uncontrolled growth of plasma cells in a clonal
lineage of B cells may lead to accumulation of plasma cells
producing monoclonal immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments
(e.g., M protein). MM is characterized by bone degradation and
fractures, anemia, increased risk of infection, and decreased
production of platelets in addition to other symptoms. The
incidence of MM, currently about 14,000 new cases per year, has
been steadily increasing in the United States for several decades
(1). There has been little improvement in the treatment of human MM
over the past 25 years and there is no cure for the disease (3).
The few available therapies for treatment of MM have severe side
effects and are of limited efficacy. For nearly 3 decades, the
standard treatment for human MM has been glucocorticoid and/or
chemotherapy with melphalan and prednisone alone or combinations of
alkylating agents such as glucocorticoids and anthracyclines (4).
However, almost all patients with MM who initially respond to
glucocorticoid therapy relapse, with a median survival of two to
three years following diagnosis (5). During the progression of MM
to more aggressive forms of the disease, MM cells become
insensitive to the killing effect of glucocorticoids leaving only
the use of chemotherapeutic agents to control the disease.
[0012] What is needed are new compositions and methods for
treatment and diagnosis of MM, and particularly compositions and
methods that inhibit the proliferation and survival of multiple
myeloma cells.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0013] The inventor has now unexpectedly discovered that a
glycoprotein (GP88), which is expressed in a tightly regulated
fashion in normal cells, is overexpressed and unregulated in highly
tumorigenic cells derived from the normal cells, that GP88 acts as
a stringently required growth stimulator and survival factor for
the tumorigenic cells and that inhibition of GP88 expression or
action in the tumorigenic cells results in an inhibition of the
tumorigenic properties of the overproducing cells.
[0014] The inventor has further discovered that GP88 is
overexpressed in hematopoietic malignant cells such as leukemia
cells of B-cell lineage (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, B cell
lymphoma, and multiple myeloma). GP88 stimulates the tumorigenic
properties of hematopoietic malignant cells while inhibition of
GP88 expression and biological activity greatly reduces the
tumorigenic properties of hematopoietic malignant cells. An
embodiment of the invention provides methods of inhibiting the
growth or viability of hematopoietic malignant cells. In one
embodiment of the invention, a GP88 antagonist inhibits multiple
myeloma cell growth. In another embodiment of the invention, a
composition for inhibiting the growth or viability of hematopoietic
malignant cells comprising a GP88 antagonist (e.g., an anti-GP88
antibody, or anti-GP88 nucleic acid) is provided. In yet another
embodiment, a method of diagnosing B-cell leukemia is provided
comprising detecting GP88 (e.g., GP88 protein, or nucleic acids
encoding GP88) in a tissue sample containing B cells (e.g., tissue
suspected of containing myeloma cells including, but not limited to
blood, bone marrow, lymph, liver, and spleen) and diagnosing
multiple myeloma by determining whether GP88 protein is present in
the tissue sample. The presence of GP88 in B cells indicates
multiple myeloma. Alternatively, detecting GP88 in B-cells
indicates the presence of leukemia cells of B-cell lineage. Thus,
the presence of GP88 serves as a prognostic marker for B-cell
leukemia.
[0015] The invention also provides methods for determining whether
a patient is responding or responsive to glucocorticoid therapy by
comparing the level of GP88 in a tissue sample containing B-cells
at a first time with the level of GP88 in a tissue sample
containing B-cells at a second time. Increased levels of GP88 in
tissue samples over time indicate a patient is not responding or
responsive to glucocorticoid therapy.
[0016] This invention provides GP88 antagonizing compositions
capable of inhibiting the expression or activity of GP88, methods
for treating diseases associated with a defect in GP88 quantity or
activity such as but not limited to cancer in a mammal in tissues
including, for example, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, serum, plasma,
urine, nipple aspirate, liver, kidney, breast, bone, bone marrow,
testes, brain, ovary, skin, and lung, methods for determining the
susceptibility of a subject to diseases associated with a defect in
GP88 expression or action, methods for measuring susceptibility to
GP88 antagonizing therapy, and methods, reagents, and kits for the
in vitro and in vivo detection of GP88 and tumorigenic activity in
cells.
[0017] Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be
set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will
be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice
of the invention.
[0018] To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose of
the invention, as embodied and properly described herein, the
present invention provides compositions for diagnosis and treatment
of diseases such as but not limited to multiple myeloma in which
cells exhibit an altered expression of GP88 or altered response to
GP88.
[0019] Use of the term "altered expression" herein means increased
expression or overexpression of GP88 by a statistically significant
amount as compared to corresponding normal cells or surrounding
peripheral cells. The term "altered expression" also means
expression which became unregulated or constitutive without being
necessarily elevated. Use of the terms increased or altered
"response" to GP88 means a condition wherein increase in any of the
biological functions (e.g., growth, differentiation, viral
infectivity) conferred by GP88 results in the same or equivalent
condition as altered expression of GP88.
[0020] Use of the term "GP88" herein means epithelin/granulin
precursor in cell extracts and extracellular fluids, and is
intended to include not only GP88 according to the amino acid
sequences included in FIG. 8 or 9, which are of mouse and human
origins, but also GP88 of other species. "GP88" does not include
epithelin 1 or epithelin 2 peptides as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,416,192 (Shoyab et al.). In addition, the term also includes
functional derivatives thereof having additional components such as
a carbohydrate moiety including a glycoprotein or other modified
structures.
[0021] Also intended by the term GP88 is any polypeptide fragment
having at least 10 amino acids present in the above mentioned
sequences. Sequences of this length are useful as antigens and for
malting immunogenic conjugates with carriers for the production of
antibodies specific for various epitopes of the entire protein.
Such polypeptides are useful in screening such antibodies and in
the methods directed to detection of GP88 in biological fluids. It
is well known in the art that peptides are useful in generation of
antibodies to larger proteins (7). In one embodiment of this
invention, it is shown that peptides from 12-19 amino-acids in
length have been successfully used to develop antibodies that
recognize full length GP88.
[0022] The polypeptide of this invention may exist covalently or
non-covalently bound to another molecule. For example, it may be
fused to one or more other polypeptides via one or more peptide
bonds such as glutathione transferase, poly-histidine, or myc
tag.
[0023] The polypeptide is sufficiently large to comprise an
antigenetically distinct determinant or epitope which can be used
as an immunogen to reproduce or test antibodies against GP88 or a
functional derivative thereof.
[0024] One embodiment includes the polypeptide substantially free
of other mammalian peptides. GP88 of the present invention can be
biochemically or immunochemically purified from cells, tissues or a
biological fluid. Alternatively, the polypeptide can be produced by
recombinant means in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system
and host cells.
[0025] "Substantially free of other mammalian polypeptides"
reflects the fact that the polypeptide can be synthesized in a
prokaryotic or a non-mammalian or mammalian eukaryotic organism, if
desired. Alternatively, methods are well known for the synthesis of
polypeptides of desired sequences by chemical synthesis on solid
phase supports and their subsequent separation from the support.
Alternatively, the protein can be purified from tissues or fluids
of mammals where it naturally occurs so that it is at least 90%
pure (on a weight basis) or even 99% pure, if desired, of other
mammalian polypeptides, and is therefore substantially free from
them. This can be achieved by subjecting the tissue extracts or
fluids to standard protein purification such as on immunoabsorbants
bearing antibodies reactive against the protein. One embodiment of
the present invention describes purification methods for the
purification of naturally occurring GP88 and of recombinant GP88
expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells. Alternatively,
purification from such tissues or fluids can be achieved by a
combination of standard methods such as but not limited to the ones
described in reference (4).
[0026] As an alternative to a native purified or recombinant
glycoprotein or polypeptide, "GP88" is intended to also include
functional derivatives. By functional derivative is meant a
"fragment," "variant," "analog," or "chemical derivative" of the
protein or glycoprotein as defined below. A functional derivative
retains at least a portion of the function of the full length GP88
which permits its utility in accordance with the present
invention.
[0027] A "fragment" of GP88 refers to any subset of the molecule
that is a shorter peptide that retains the tumorigenic properties
of the full-length GP88 protein. This corresponds for example but
is not limited to regions such as K19T and S14R for mouse GP88, and
E19V and A14R (equivalent to murine K19T and S14R, respectively)
for human GP88.
[0028] A "variant" of GP88 refers to a molecule substantially
similar to either the entire peptide or a fragment thereof. Variant
peptides may be prepared by direct chemical synthesis of the
variant peptide using methods known in the art.
[0029] Alternatively, amino acid sequence variants of the peptide
can be prepared by modifying the DNA which encodes the synthesized
protein or peptide. Such variants include, for example, deletions,
insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino-acid
sequence of GP88. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and
substitution may also be made to arrive at the final construct,
provided the final construct possesses the desired activity. The
mutation that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant peptide
must not alter the reading frame and preferably will not create
complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structures.
At the genetic level these variants are prepared by site directed
mutagenesis (8) of nucleotides in the DNA encoding the peptide
molecule thereby producing DNA encoding the variant, and thereafter
expressing the DNA in recombinant cell culture. The variant
typically exhibits the same qualitative biological activity as the
nonvariant peptide.
[0030] An "analog" of GP88 protein refers to a non-natural molecule
substantially similar to either the entire molecule or a fragment
thereof.
[0031] A "chemical derivative" contains additional chemical
moieties not normally a part of the peptide or protein. Covalent
modifications of the peptide are also included within the scope of
this invention. Such modifications may be introduced into the
molecule by reacting targeted amino-acid residues of the peptide
with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with
selected side chains or terminal amino-acid residues. Most commonly
derivatized residues are cysteinyl, histidyl, lysinyl, arginyl,
tyrosyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl and amino terminal residues.
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl
groups of seryl and threonyl residues, methylation of the
alpha-amino groups of lysine, histidine, and histidine side chains,
acetylation of the N-terminal amine and amidation of the C-terminal
carboxylic groups. Such derivatized moieties may improve the
solubility, absorption, biological half life and the like. The
moieties may also eliminate or attenuate any undesirable side
effect of the protein and the like. In addition, derivatization
with bifunctional agents is useful for cross-linking the peptide to
water insoluble support matrices or to other macromolecular
carriers. Commonly used cross-linking agents include
glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, homobifunctional
imidoesters, 1,1-bis(-diazoloacetyl)-2-phenylethane, and
bifunctional maleimides. Derivatizing agents such as
methyl-3-[9p-azidophenyl)]dithiop- ropioimidate yield
photoactivatable intermediates that are capable of forming
crosslinks in the presence of light. Alternatively, reactive
water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogen bromide activated
carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 3,969,287 and 3,691,016 may be employed for protein
immobilization.
[0032] Use of the term GP88 "antagonizing agents" herein means any
composition that inhibits or blocks GP88 expression, production or
secretion, or any composition that inhibits or blocks the
biological activity of GP88. This can be achieved by any mode of
action such as but not limited to the following:
[0033] (A) GP88 antagonizing agents include any reagent or molecule
inhibiting GP88 expression or production including but not limited
to:
[0034] (1) antisense GP88 DNA or RNA molecules that inhibit GP88
expression by inhibiting GP88 translation;
[0035] (2) reagents (hormones, growth factors, small molecules)
that inhibit GP88 mRNA and/or protein expression at the
transcriptional, translational or post-transaltional levels;
[0036] (3) factors, reagents or hormones that inhibit GP88
secretion;
[0037] (B) GP88 antagonizing agents also include any reagent or
molecule that will inhibit GP88 action or biological activity such
as but not limited to:
[0038] (1) neutralizing antibodies to GP88 that bind the protein
and prevent it from exerting its biological activity;
[0039] (2) antibodies to the GP88 receptor that prevent GP88 from
binding to its receptor and from exerting its biological
activity;
[0040] (3) competitive inhibitors of GP88 binding to its receptors
(e.g., proteins, ribozymes, aptamers, small molecules);
[0041] (4) inhibitors of GP88 signaling pathways (e.g., proteins,
ribozymes, aptamers, small molecules).
[0042] Specific examples presented herein provide a description of
preferred embodiments, particularly the use of neutralizing
antibodies to inhibit GP88 biological action and the growth of
multiple mycloma cells; the use of antisense GP88 cDNA and
antisense GP88 oligonucleotides to inhibit GP88 expression leading
to inhibition of the tumorigenic properties of PC cells;
characterization of GP88 receptors on cell surfaces of several cell
lines including the mammary epithelial cell line C57MG, the 1246
and PC cell lines and the mink lung epithelial cell line CCL64.
[0043] In one embodiment of the invention, the GP88 antagonizing
agents are antisense oligonucleotides to GP88. The antisense
oligonucleotides preferably inhibit GP88 expression by inhibiting
translation of the GP88 protein. In another embodiment, the
antagonizing agent is RNAi (RNA interference nucleic acids). RNAi
are double-stranded RNA molecules that are homologous to the target
gene (e.g., GP88) and interfere with the target gene's
activity.
[0044] Alternatively, such a composition may comprise reagents,
factors or hormones that inhibit GP88 expression by regulating GP88
gene transcriptional activity. Such a composition may comprise
reagents, factors or hormones that inhibit GP88 post-translational
modification and its secretion. Such a composition may comprise
reagents that act as GP88 antagonists that block GP88 activity by
competing with GP88 for binding to GP88 cell surface receptors.
Alternatively, such a composition may comprise factors or reagents
that inhibit the signaling pathway transduced by GP88 once binding
to its receptors on diseased cells.
[0045] The composition may also comprise reagents that block GP88
action such as an antibody specific to GP88 that neutralizes its
biological activity, or an antibody to the GP88 receptor that
blocks its activity.
[0046] The antibodies of the invention (neutralizing and others)
are preferably used as a treatment for multiple myeloma or other
diseases in cells which exhibit an increased expression of GP88. By
the term "neutralizing" it shall be understood that the antibody
has the ability to inhibit or block the normal biological activity
of GP88, including GP88's ability to stimulate cell proliferation,
increase cell survival, or to induce tumor growth in experimental
animals and in humans. An effective amount of anti-GP88 antibody is
administered to an animal, including humans, by various routes. In
an alternative embodiment, the anti-GP88 antibody is used as a
diagnostic to detect cells which exhibit an altered (increased)
expression of GP88 as occurring in diseases such as but not limited
to cancers (e.g., multiple mycloma), and to identify diseased cells
whose growth is dependent on GP88 and which will respond to GP88
antagonizing therapy. In yet another embodiment, the anti-GP88
antibody is used to deliver compounds such as cytotoxic factors or
antisense oligonucleotides to cells expressing or responsive to
GP88. The cytotoxic factors may be attached, linked, or associated
with the anti-GP88 antibody.
[0047] The antisense oligonucleotides of the invention are also
used as a treatment for cancer in cells which exhibit an increased
expression of GP88, such as hematopoietic malignant cells (e.g.,
B-cell leukemia cells). An effective amount of the antisense
oligonucleotide is administered to an animal, including humans, by
various routes.
[0048] The present invention also provides a method for determining
the susceptibility to diseases associated with a defect in GP88
expression or action which comprises obtaining a sample of
biological fluid or tissue and measuring the amount of GP88 in the
fluid or tissue or measuring the susceptibility of the cells to
respond to GP88. In the case of cancer (e.g., hematopoietic
malignancy), the amount of GP88 being proportional to the
susceptibility to the cancer.
[0049] The present invention also provides a method for measuring
the degree of severity of cancer (e.g., hematopoietic malignancy)
which comprises obtaining a sample of biological fluid or tissue
and measuring the amount of GP88 in the fluid or tissue sample, the
amount of GP88 being proportional to the degree or severity of the
cancer. In one embodiment of the invention, the tissue sample is
derived from bone, bone marrow, or serum. In another embodiment of
the invention, the presence of GP88 in B cells is detected.
[0050] The present invention also provides a method for measuring
susceptibility to GP88 antagonizing therapy which comprises
obtaining a sample of the diseased tissue (biopsy) or a tissue
suspected of being diseased, maintaining the cells derived from the
sample in culture, treating the cells derived from the culture with
anti-GP88 neutralizing antibody and determining if the neutralizing
antibody inhibits the cell growth. The ability of the antibody to
inhibit cell growth is indicative that the cells are dependent on
GP88 to proliferate and is predictive that GP88 antagonizing
therapy will be efficacious. In addition, the invention provides
methods for determining whether a patient is responding or
responsive to glucocorticoid therapy by comparing the level of GP88
in a tissue sample takent at a first time with a tissue sample
taken at a second time. Increased levels of GP88 in tissue samples
containing B-cells indicates the patient is not responding or is
not responsive to glucocorticoid therapy.
[0051] The present invention also provides a method for determining
the susceptibility to cancer associated with an abnormality in GP88
receptor level or activity which comprises obtaining a sample of
tissue and measuring the amount of GP88 receptor protein or mRNA in
the tissue or measuring the kinase activity of the receptor in the
tissue (GP88 binding to its receptor induces phosphorylation of
cellular proteins including the receptor for GP88).
[0052] The present invention also provides a method for targeting
GP88 antagonizing reagents to the diseased site by conjugating them
to an anti-GP88 antibody or an anti-GP88 receptor antibody.
[0053] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and
constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of
the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain
the principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0054] FIG. 1A compares the level of expression of GP88 protein in
the 1246, 1246-3A and PC cell lines. Cells were cultured in DME-F12
medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS).
Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis with anti-K19T
antibody measured GP88 expression levels.
[0055] FIG. 1B compares the level of GP88 mRNA expression in the
1246, 1246-3A and PC cell lines. mRNA for RPL32 is used as an
internal control for equal amounts of RNA loading.
[0056] FIG. 1C compares the expression of GP88 mRNA in 1246 cells
(left panel) and in PC cells (right panel) in serum-free and serum
containing medium. The results show that GP88 expression in 1246
cells is inhibited by the addition of fetal bovine serum whereas
such inhibition is not observed in the highly tumorigenic PC
cells.
[0057] FIG. 2 illustrates the effect of treatment of the highly
tumorigenic PC cells with increasing concentrations of anti-GP88
neutralizing antibody.
[0058] FIG. 3 shows C3H mice injected subcutaneously with 106
antisense GP88 transfected PC cells (bottom) and with empty vector
transfected control PC cells (top).
[0059] FIG. 4 shows in vivo GP88 expression levels in C3H mice
tumor tissues and in surrounding normal tissues.
[0060] FIG. 5 shows GP88 mRNA expression levels in estrogen
receptor positive and estrogen receptor negative human mammary
carcinoma cell lines.
[0061] FIG. 6 shows the effect of increasing concentrations of GP88
on the growth of the mouse mammary epithelial cell line C57.
[0062] FIG. 7 shows the growth properties and tumorigenic ability
of PC cells transfected with a cytomegalovirus promoter controlled
expression vector containing GP88 in antisense orientation and PC
cells transfected with an empty vector.
[0063] FIG. 8 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequence
of mouse GP88. Peptide regions used as antigens to raise anti-GP88
antibodies K19T and S14R are underlined. The region cloned in the
antisense orientation in the pCMV4 mammalian expression vector is
indicated between brackets.
[0064] FIG. 9A shows the nucleotide sequence of human GP88 cDNA.
Indicated between brackets is the region cloned in the antisense
orientation into the pcDNA3 mammalian expression system; and
[0065] FIG. 9B shows the deduced amino-acid sequence of human GP88.
The E19V region used as antigen to develop anti-human GP88
neutralizing antibody is underlined. It also indicates the region
K14R equivalent to the mouse S14R region.
[0066] FIG. 10 shows the amino-acid sequence of mouse GP88 arranged
to show the 7 and one-half repeats defined as granulins g, f, B, A,
C, D and e (right side). This representation shows that the region
K19T and S14R used to raise GP88 antibodies for developing
anti-GP88 neutralizing antibodies is found between two
epithlin/granulin repeats in what is considered a variant region.
Indicated on the right hand side is the granulin classification of
the repeats according to Bateman et al (6). Granulin B and granulin
A are also defined as epithelin 2 and epithelin 1 respectively
according to Plowman et al., 1992 (5).
[0067] FIG. 11 shows a schematic representation of pCMV4 and a GP88
cDNA clone indicating the restriction sites used to clone GP88
antisense cDNA into the expression vector.
[0068] FIG. 12 shows the cross-linking of .sup.125I-rGP88 to GP88
cell surface receptors on CCL-64 cells. The cross-linking reaction
was carried out with disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS). Reaction
products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE on a 7% polyacrylamide gel.
[0069] FIG. 13 shows the cross-linking of .sup.1251-rGP88 to GP88
cell surface receptors on 3T3 fibroblasts, PC cells and C57MG
mammary epithelial cells. The results show that these various cell
lines display GP88 cell surface receptors of similar molecular
weight as the ones on CCL64 cells (FIG. 12).
[0070] FIG. 14 shows GP88 expression levels in non-tumorigenic MCF
10A and in malignant (MCF 7, MDA-468) human mammary epithelial
cells.
[0071] FIG. 15 shows that GP88 expression is inhibited by antisense
GP88 cDNA transfection in human breast carcinoma MDA-468 cells.
[0072] FIG. 16 shows GP88 protein expression in various human
hematological cell lines. GP88 is expressed in human multiple
myeloma cell lines ARP-1 and RPMI 8226, human B cell lines Raji and
Daudi, human macrophage cell line KOPM28, but not in human T cell
lines Jurkat and KOPT-K1.
[0073] FIG. 17 shows that GP88 mRNA is expressed in human multiple
myeloma cell lines ARP-1 and RPMI 8226.
[0074] FIGS. 18A and 18B show the effect of GP88 protein on the
growth of RPMI 8226 cells. FIG. 18A shows that GP88 increases the
live cell density of serum starved RPMI 8226 cells while FIG. 18B
shows that GP88 increases the percent viability of serum starved
RPMI 8226.
[0075] FIGS. 19A and 19B show the effect of GP88 on the growth of
ARP-1 cells. FIG. 18A shows that GP88 increases the live cell
density of serum starved ARP-1 cells while FIG. 18B shows that GP88
increases the percent viability of serum starved ARP-1 cells.
[0076] FIG. 20 shows the effect of anti-GP88 neutralizing antibody
on the growth of RPMI 8226 cells. Treatment of RPMI 8226 cells with
anti-GP88 antibody inhibited cell growth by 50% compared to cells
that did not receive GP88 antibody (control AB) or cells treated
with a combination of GP88 and anti-GP88 antibody.
[0077] FIGS. 21A and 21B show the effect of GP88 and PD98059 (a MEK
inhibitor) on cell growth and survival. GP88 increased both live
cell density (FIG. 21A) and percent survival (FIG. 21B) in ARP-1
cells. These results show that GP88 activates the MAPK pathway in
ARP-1 cells and that MAPK stimulates GP88-induced cell growth.
[0078] FIG. 22 shows that phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2 through
the MAPK pathway is blocked by MEK inhibitor PD98059 in ARP-1
cells. These results show that GP88 activates the MAPK pathway in
ARP-1 cells and that MAPK stimulates GP88-induced cell growth.
[0079] FIG. 23 shows that GP88 stimulated phosphorylation of Ak1 in
ARP-1 cells is blocked by PI3 K inhibitor LY294002. The results
show that GP88 activates the PI3 kinase signal pathway in ARP-1
cells.
[0080] FIG. 24 shows that GP88 does not induce phosphorylation of
STAT3. The results show that GP88 does not activate the JAK/STAT3
signal pathway in human multiple myeloma cells.
[0081] FIGS. 25A, 25B, and 25C show the results of triple-stained
bone marrow smears from multiple myeloma patients. The bone marrow
smears were stained for the presence of GP88 and for markers of the
kappa and lambda light chains. The bone marrow smears were stained
with DAPI (FIG. 25A), anti-human kappa/lambda chain antibody (FIG.
25B), and anti-GP88 antibody (25C).
[0082] FIG. 26 shows that the effect of dexamethasone on the
expression of GP88 mRNA in multiple myeloma (ARP-1) cells.
Dexamethasone significantly inhibits the expression of GP88 mRNA in
ARP-1 cells.
[0083] FIGS. 27A and 27B shows the effects of GP88 on the cell
growth (27A) and viability (27B) of dexamethasone-treated ARP-1
cells. Dexamethasone decreases the cell growth and viability of
ARP-1 cells. GP88 partially reverses the negative effects of
dexamethasone on the cell growth and viability of ARP-1 cells.
[0084] FIG. 28 shows the effect of GP88 on PARP cleavage in
dexamethasone-treated ARP-1 cells. GP88 significantly reduces PARP
cleavage at 24 and 48 hours following treatment with
dexamethasone.
[0085] FIG. 29 shows GP88 protein expression in ARP-1 cells
transfected with GP88 nucleic acid (lane 2) and an empty vector
that does not contain GP88 nucleic acid (lane 1). GP88 is
overexpressed in ARP-1 cells transfected with GP88 nucleic
acid.
[0086] FIGS. 30A and 30B shows the effect of dexamethasone on the
cell growth (30A) and viability (30B) of ARP-1 cells transfected
with GP88 nucleic acid and ARP-I cells transfected with an empty
vector. The decrease in cell growth and viability of ARP-1 cells
treated with dexamethasone is significantly reduced in cells
transfected with GP88 nucleic acid.
[0087] FIG. 31 shows the effect of dexamethasone on PARP cleavage
in ARP-1 cells overexpressing GP88. ARP-1 cells overexpressing GP88
have significantly reduced levels of PARP cleavage.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0088] Reference will now be made in detail to the presently
preferred embodiments of the invention, which, together with the
following examples, serve to explain the principles of the
invention.
Biological Activity of GP88
[0089] The invention relates to GP88 and antitumor compositions
useful for treating and diagnosing diseases linked to altered
(increased) expression of GP88 (e.g., multiple myeloma).
Alternatively this invention is used for treating and diagnosing
diseases linked to increased responsiveness to GP88. Using a murine
model system consisting of three cell lines, the inventor has shown
that cells which overexpress GP88 form tumors. The parent cell
line, 1246, is a C3H mouse adipogenic cell line which proliferates
and differentiates into adipocytes in a defined medium under
stringent regulation by insulin. The 1246 cells cannot form tumors
in a syngeneic animal (C3H mouse) even when injected at a high cell
density. An insulin independent cell line, 1246-3A, was isolated
from 1246 cells maintained in insulin-free medium. The 1246-3A
cells lost the ability to differentiate and form tumors when 106
are injected subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. A highly tumorigenic
cell line, PC, was developed from 1246-3A cells by an in vitro-in
vivo shuttle technique. The PC cells formed tumors when 104 cells
were injected into syngeneic mice.
[0090] GP88 is overexpressed in the insulin-independent tumorigenic
cell lines relative to the parent non-tumorigenic insulin-dependent
cell line. Moreover, the degree of overexpression of GP88
positively correlates with the degree of tumorigenicity of these
cells, demonstrating for the first time that GP88 is important in
tumorigenesis (FIG. 1). With reference to FIG. 1, since GP88 is
synthesized by cells but also secreted in culture medium, the level
of GP88 was determined in cell lysates and in culture medium (CM).
All cells were cultivated in DME/F12 nutrient medium supplemented
with 2% fetal bovine serum. When cells reached confluency, culture
medium (CM) was collected and cell lysates were prepared by
incubation in buffer containing detergent followed by a
10,000.times.g centrifugation. Cell lysate and conditioned medium
were normalized by cell number. Samples from cell lysate and
conditioned medium were analyzed by Western blot analysis using an
anti-GP88 antibody, as explained below.
[0091] The development of a neutralizing antibody confirmed GP88's
key role in tumorigenesis. When an anti-GP88 antibody directed to
the K19T region of mouse GP88 was added to the culture medium, the
growth of highly tumorigenic PC cells was inhibited in a dose
dependent fashion (FIG. 2). With reference to FIG. 2, PC cells were
cultivated in 96 well plates at a density 2.times.10.sup.4
cells/well in DME/F12 medium supplemented with human fibronectin (2
.mu.g/ml) and human transferrin (10 .mu.g/ml). Increasing
concentrations of anti-GP88 IgG fraction were added to the wells
after the cells were attached. Control cells were treated with
equivalent concentrations of non-immune IgG. Two days later, 0.25
mCi of .sup.3H-thymidine was added per well for 6 hrs. Cells were
then harvested to count .sup.3H-thymidine incorporated into DNA as
a measure for cell proliferation.
[0092] Moreover, when the expression of GP88 was specifically
inhibited by antisense GP88 cDNA in PC cells, the production of
GP88 was reduced and these PC cells could no longer form tumors in
syngeneic C3H mouse. In addition, these PC cells regained
responsiveness to insulin. With reference to FIG. 3 and Tables 1
and 2, C3H female mice were injected subcutaneously with 106
antisense GP88 transfected PC cells (as explained below) or
10.sup.6 empty vector transfected PC cells. Mice were monitored
daily for tumor appearance. Photographs were taken 45 days after
injection of the cells. The results show that mice injected with
antisense GP88 PC cells do not develop tumors, in contrast to the
mice injected with empty vector transfected PC cells used as
control.
1TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF TUMORIGENIC PROPERTIES OF GP88 ANTISENSE
TRANSFECTED CELLS, CONTROL TRANSFECTED CELLS AND PC CELLS AVERAGE
DAY OF NUMBER OF AVERAGE CELLS TUMOR MICE WITH TUMOR INJECTED
DETECTION TUMORS WEIGHT (g) PC 15 .+-. 3.0 5/5 9.0 .+-. 3.2 P14 15
.+-. 3.7 5/5 7.8 .+-. 2.7 ASGP88 -- 0/5 -- PC: Control
non-transfected cells P-14: Empty vector control transfected PC
cells ASGP88: PC cells transfected with expression vector
containing GP88 antisense cDNA Tumors were excised and weighed at
45 days. -- indicates no tumor formation.
[0093]
2TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF 1246, PC CELLS AND GP88
ANTISENSE CELLS insulin GP88 antisense independence transfection
1246 cells PC cells Antisense GP 88 cells insulin responsive for
insulin-independent for recovery of insulin growth and growth
differentiation responsiveness for differentiation deficient growth
autocrine production (differentiation?) of insulin-related factor
cell surface insulin cell surface insulin cell surface insulin
receptor expression receptor expression receptor expression high
very low elevated GP88 expression low GP88 expression GP88
expression constitutively high inhibited by antisense GP88
expression No inhibition by serum inhibited by serum GP88
expression GP88 expression recovery of insulin regulated by insulin
constitutive regulation for endogenous GP88 expression
non-tumorigenic highly tumorigenic non-tumorigenic
[0094] Comparison of the expression of GP88 indicates that in vivo
GP88 levels in tumors is dramatically higher than in normal tissues
(FIG. 4). C3H mice were injected with 10.sup.6 PC cells. Tumor
bearing mice were euthanized. Tumors, fat pads and connective
tissue were collected. Cell lysates were prepared by incubation in
buffer containing detergent as described above for FIG. 1. Protein
concentration of tissue extracts was determined, and equivalent
amounts of proteins for each sample were analyzed by SDS-PAGE
followed by Western blot analysis using anti-GP88 antibody to
measure the content of GP88 in tissue extracts. The results showed
that the level of GP88 in tumor extracts is at least 10-fold higher
than in surrounding connective and fat tissues.
[0095] In normal cells (1246 cells, fibroblasts), the expression of
GP88 is regulated, in particular by insulin, and inhibited by fetal
bovine serum. In tumorigenic cells, a loss of regulation of normal
growth leads to the increased expression of GP88 and the
acquisition of GP88 dependence for growth. Therefore, inhibition of
GP88 expression and/or action is an effective approach to
suppression of tumorigenesis. Detection of an elevated GP88
expression in biopsies provides diagnostic analysis of tumors that
are responsive to GP88 inhibition therapy.
[0096] GP88 is also a tumor-inducing factor in human cancers. As
seen in the 1246-3A cell line, a loss of responsiveness to insulin
(or to IGF-I) and a concurrent increase in malignancy has been well
documented in several human cancers including but not limited to
breast cancers. Specifically, breast carcinoma is accompanied by
the acquisition of an insulin/IGF-I autocrine loop, which is also
the starting point of the development of tumorigenic properties in
the mouse model system discussed above. Furthermore, GP88
expression is elevated in human breast carcinomas. More
specifically, with reference to FIG. 5, human GP88 was highly
expressed in estrogen receptor positive and also in estrogen
receptor negative insulin/IGF-I independent highly malignant cells.
Also, GP88 is a potent growth factor for mammary epithelial cells
(FIG. 6). The data in FIG. 5 was obtained by cultivating MCF7,
MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-468 cells in DME/F12 medium supplemented with
10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). RNA was extracted from each cell line
by the RNAzol method and poly-A.sup.+ RNA prepared. GP88 mRNA
expression was examined by Northern blot analysis with 3 .mu.g of
poly-A.sup.+ RNA for each cell line using a .sup.32P-labeled GP88
cDNA probe.
[0097] For Northern blot analysis of GP88 mRNA expression in rodent
cells or tissues (mouse and rats), we used a mouse GP88 cDNA probe
311 bp in length starting at nucleotide 551 to 862 (corresponding
to amino-acid sequence 160 to 270). RNA can be extracted by a
variety of methods (Sambrook, Molecular Biology manual: 35) well
known to people of ordinary skill in the art. The method of choice
was to extract RNA using RNAzol (Cinnabiotech) or Trizol
(Gibco-BRL) solutions which consists of a single step extraction by
guanidinium isothiocyanate and phenol-chloroform.
[0098] For Northern blot analysis of GP88 mRNA expression in human
cell lines, a 672 bp human GP88 cDNA probe was developed
corresponding to nucleotide 1002 to 1674 (corresponding to
amino-acid sequence 334-558) of human GP88. See example 8 for a
detailed and specific description of the Northern blot analysis
method used in the preferred embodiments.
[0099] With respect to FIG. 6, C57MG cells were cultivated in the
presence of increasing concentrations of GP88 purified from PC
cells conditioned medium (top panel), and recombinant GP88
expressed in insect cells (bottom panel), to demonstrate the growth
stimulating effect of increasing concentrations of GP88 on the
growth of the mouse mammary epithelial cell line C57MG.
[0100] A correlation between FIG-I autocrine production and
increased malignancy has also been well established for
glioblastomas, teratocarcinomas and breast carcinomas. In these
cancers, GP88 expression is also elevated in human tumors when
compared to non-tumorigenic human fibroblasts and other human cell
lines. GP88 promotes the growth of mammary carcinoma cells.
Anti-GP88 Antibodies
[0101] The invention provides compositions for treating and
diagnosing diseases linked to increased expression of GP88. This
also will apply to treatment and diagnosis of diseases linked to
increased responsiveness to GP88. The compositions of this
invention include anti-GP88 antibodies which neutralize the
biological activity of GP88.
[0102] The present invention is also directed to an antibody
specific for an epitope of GP88 and the use of such antibody to
detect the presence or measure the quantity or concentration of
GP88 molecule, a functional derivative thereof or a homologue from
different animal species in a cell, a cell or tissue extract,
culture medium or biological fluid. Moreover, anti-GP88 antibody
can be used to target cytotoxic molecules to a specific site.
[0103] For use as antigen for development of antibodies, the GP88
protein naturally produced or expressed in recombinant form or
functional derivative thereof, preferably having at least 9
amino-acids, is obtained and used to immunize an animal for
production of polyclonal or monoclonal antibody. An antibody is
said to be capable of binding a molecule if it is capable of
reacting with the molecule to thereby bind the molecule to the
antibody. The specific reaction is meant to indicate that the
antigen will react in a highly selective manner with its
corresponding antibody and not with the multitude of other
antibodies which may be evoked by other antigens.
[0104] The term antibody herein includes but is not limited to
human and non-human polyclonal antibodies, human and non-human
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), chimeric antibodies, anti-idiotypic
antibodies (anti-IdAb) and humanized antibodies. Polyclonal
antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules
derived either from sera of animals immunized with an antigen or
from chicken eggs. Monoclonal antibodies ("mAbs") are substantially
homogeneous populations of antibodies to specific antigens. mAbs
may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art (U.S.
Pat. No. 4,376,110). Such antibodies may be of any immunological
class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD and any subclass thereof.
The hybridoma producing human and non-human antibodies to GP88 may
be cultivated in vitro or in vivo. For production of a large amount
of mAbs, in vivo is the presently preferred method of production.
Briefly, cells from the individual hybridomas are injected
intraperitoneally into pristane primed Balb/c mice or Nude mice to
produce ascites fluid containing high concentrations of the desired
mAbs. mAbs may be purified from such ascites fluids or from culture
supernatants using standard chromatography methods well known to
those of skill in the art.
[0105] Human monoclonal Ab to human GP88 can be prepared by
immunizing transgenic mice expressing human immunoglobulin genes.
Hybridoma produced by using lymphocytes from these transgenic
animals will produce human immunoglobulin instead of mouse
immunoglobulin.
[0106] Since most monoclonal antibodies are derived from murine
source and other non-human sources, their clinical efficiency may
be limited due to the immunogenicity of rodent mAbs administered to
humans, weak recruitment of effector function and rapid clearance
from serum. To circumvent these problems, the antigen-binding
properties of murine antibodies can be conferred to human
antibodies through a process called humanization. A humanized
antibody contains the amino-acid sequences for the 6
complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the parent murine mAb
which are grafted onto a human antibody framework. The low content
of non-human sequences in humanized antibodies (around 5%) has
proven effective in both reducing the immunogenicity and prolonging
the serum half life in humans. Methods such as the ones using
monovalent phage display and combinatorial library strategy for
humanization of monoclonal antibodies are now widely applied to the
humanization of a variety of antibodies and are known to people
skilled in the art. These humanized antibodies and human antibodies
developed with transgenic animals as described above are of great
therapeutic use for several diseases including but not limited to
cancer.
[0107] Hybridoma supernatants and sera are screened for the
presence of antibody specific for GP88 by any number of
immunoassays including dot blots and standard immunoassays (EIA or
ELISA) which are well known in the art. Once a supernatant has been
identified as having an antibody of interest, it may be further
screened by Western blotting to identify the size of the antigen to
which the antibody binds. One of ordinary skill in the art will
know how to prepare and screen such hybridomas without undue
experimentation in order to obtain a desired polyclonal or mAb.
[0108] Chimeric antibodies have different portions derived from
different animal species. For example, a chimeric antibody might
have a variable region from a murine mAab and a human
immunoglobulin constant region. Chimeric antibodies and methods for
their production are also known to those skilled in the art.
[0109] Accordingly, mAbs generated against GP88 may be used to
induce human and non-human anti-IdAbs in suitable animals. Spleen
cells from such immunized mice are used to produce hybridomas
secreting human or non-human anti-Id mAbs. Further, the anti-Id
mAbs can be coupled to a carrier such as Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
(KLH) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) and used to immunize additional
mice. Sera from these mice will contain human or non-human
anti-anti-IdAb that have the binding properties of the original mAb
specific for a GP88 polypeptide epitope. The anti-Id mAbs thus have
their own idiotypic epitopes or idiotypes structurally similar to
the epitope being evaluated.
[0110] The term antibody is also meant to include both intact
molecules as well as fragments thereof such as, for example, Fab
and F(ab')2, which are capable of binding to the antigen. Fab and
F(ab')2 fragments lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody, clear
more rapidly from the circulation and may have less non-specific
tissue binding than an intact antibody. Such fragments are
typically produced by proteolytic cleavage, using enzymes such as
papain (to generate Fab fragments) and pepsin (to generate F(ab')2
fragments). It will be appreciated that Fab and F(ab')2 and other
fragments of the antibodies useful in the present invention may be
used for the detection or quantitation of GP88, and for treatment
of pathological states related to GP88 expression, according to the
methods disclosed herein for intact antibody molecules.
[0111] According to the present invention, antibodies that
neutralize GP88 activity in vitro can be used to neutralize GP88
activity in vivo to treat diseases associated with increased GP88
expression or increased responsiveness to GP88, such as but not
limited to multiple myeloma. A subject, preferably a human subject,
suffering from multiple mycloma or other disease associated with
increased GP88 expression is treated with an antibody to GP88. Such
treatment may be performed in conjunction with other anti-cancer or
anti-viral therapy. A typical regimen comprises administration of
an effective amount of the antibody specific for GP88 administered
over a period of one or several weeks and including between about
one and six months. The antibody of the present invention may be
administered by any means that achieves its intended purpose. For
example, administration may be by various routes including but not
limited to subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular,
intraperitoneal and oral. Parenteral administration can be by bolus
injection or by gradual perfusion over time. Preparations for
parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous
solutions, suspensions and emulsions, which may contain auxiliary
agents or excipients known in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions
such as tablets and capsules can also be prepared according to
routine methods. It is understood that the dosage of will be
dependent upon the age, sex and weight of the recipient, kind of
concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment and the nature
of the effect desired. The ranges of effective doses provided below
are not intended to limit the invention and merely represent
preferred dose ranges. However the most preferred dosage will be
tailored to the individual subject as is understood and
determinable by one skilled in the art. The total dose required for
each treatment may be administered by multiple doses or in a single
dose. Effective amounts of antibody are from about 0.01 .mu.g to
about 100 mg/kg body weight and preferably from about 10 .mu.g to
about 50 mg/kg. Antibody may be administered alone or in
conjunction with other therapeutics directed to the same
disease.
[0112] According to the present invention and concerning the
neutralizing antibody, GP88 neutralizing antibodies can be used in
all therapeutic cases where it is necessary to inhibit GP88
biological activity, even though there may not necessarily be a
change in GP88 expression, including cases where there is an
overexpression of GP88 cell surface receptors and this in turn
results in an increased biological activity, or where there is an
alteration in GP88 signaling pathways or receptors leading to the
fact that the signaling pathways are always "turned on." In one
embodiment, the GP88 neutralizing antibodies are used to inhibit
the growth of multiple myeloma cells. Neutralizing antibodies to
growth factor and to growth factor receptors have been successfully
used to inhibit the growth of cells whose proliferation is
dependent on this growth factor. This has been the case for IGF-I
receptor in human breast carcinoma cells and bombesin for lung
cancer. The antibody to GP88 can also be used to deliver compounds
such as, but not limited to, cytotoxic reagents such as toxins,
oncotoxins, mitotoxins and immunotoxins, or antisense
oligonucleotides, in order to specifically target them to cells
expressing or responsive to GP88.
[0113] One region that allows antigen to develop a neutralizing
antibody to GP88 is the 19 amino-acid region defined as K19T in the
mouse GP88, and E19V in the human GP88 which is not located within
the epithelin/granulin 6 kDa repeats but between these repeats,
specifically between granulin A (epithelin 1) and granulin C in
what is considered a variant region (see FIG. 10). Without wishing
to be bound by theory, it is believed that the region important for
the biological activity of GP88 lies outside of the epithelin
repeats.
[0114] The antibodies or fragments of antibodies useful in the
present invention may also be used to quantitatively or
qualitatively detect the presence of cells which express the GP88
protein. This can be accomplished by immunofluorescence techniques
employing a fluorescently labeled antibody (see below) with
fluorescent microscopic, flow cytometric, or fluorometric
detection. The reaction of antibodies and polypeptides of the
present invention may be detected by immunoassay methods well known
in the art.
[0115] The antibodies of the present invention may be employed
histologically as in light microscopy, immunofluorescence or
immunoelectron microscopy, for in situ detection of the GP88
protein in tissues samples or biopsies. In situ detection may be
accomplished by removing a histological specimen from a patient and
applying the appropriately labeled antibody of the present
invention. The antibody (or fragment) is preferably provided by
applying or overlaying the labeled antibody (or fragment) to the
biological sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is
possible to determine not only the presence of the GP88 protein but
also its distribution in the examined tissue. Using the present
invention, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily perceive
that any wide variety of histological methods (such as staining
procedures) can be modified in order to achieve such in situ
detection.
[0116] Assays for GP88 typically comprise incubating a biological
sample such as a biological fluid, a tissue extract, freshly
harvested or cultured cells or their culture medium in the presence
of a detectably labeled antibody capable of identifying the GP88
protein and detecting the antibody by any of a number of techniques
well known in the art.
[0117] The biological sample may be treated with a solid phase
support or carrier such as nitrocellulose or other solid support
capable of immobilizing cells or cell particles or soluble
proteins. The support may then be washed followed by treatment with
the detectably labeled anti-GP88 antibody. This is followed by wash
of the support to remove unbound antibody. The amount of bound
label on said support may then be detected by conventional means.
By solid phase support is intended any support capable of binding
antigen or antibodies such as but not limited to glass, polystyrene
polypropylene, nylon, modified cellulose, or polyacrylamide.
[0118] The binding activity of a given lot of antibody to the GP88
protein may be determined according to well known methods. Those
skilled in the art will be able to determine operative and optimal
assay conditions for each determination by employing routine
experimentation.
[0119] Detection of the GP88 protein or functional derivative
thereof and of a specific antibody for the protein may be
accomplished by a variety of immunoassays well known in the art
such as enzyme linked immunoassays (EIA) or radioimmunoassays
(RIA). Such assays are well known in the art and one of skill will
readily know how to carry out such assays using the anti-GP88
antibodies and GP88 protein of the present invention.
[0120] Such immunoassays are useful to detect and quantitate GP88
protein in serum or other biological fluid as well as in tissues,
cells, cell extracts, or biopsies. In a preferred embodiment, the
concentration of GP88 is measured in a tissue specimen as a means
for diagnosing cancer or other disease associated with increased
expression of GP88.
[0121] The presence of certain types of cancers (e.g., multiple
myeloma) and the degree of malignancy are said to be "proportional"
to an increase in the level of the GP88 protein. The term
"proportional" as used herein is not intended to be limited to a
linear or constant relationship between the level of protein and
the malignant properties of the cancer. The term "proportional" as
used herein, is intended to indicate that an increased level of
GP88 protein is related to appearance, recurrence or display of
malignant properties of a cancer or other disease associated with
increased expression of GP88 at ranges of concentration of the
protein that can be readily determined by one skilled in the
art.
[0122] Another embodiment of the invention relates to evaluating
the efficacy of anti-cancer or anti-viral drug or agent by
measuring the ability of the drug or agent to inhibit the
expression or production of GP88. The antibodies of the present
invention are useful in a method for evaluating anti-cancer or
anti-viral drugs in that they can be employed to determine the
amount of the GP88 protein in one of the above-mentioned
immunoassays. Alternatively, the amount of the GP88 protein
produced is measured by bioassay (cell proliferation assay) as
described herein. The bioassay and immunoassay can be used in
combination for a more precise assessment.
[0123] An additional embodiment is directed to an assay for
diagnosing cancers or other diseases associated with an increase in
GP88 expression based on measuring in a tissue or biological fluid
the amount of mRNA sequences present that encode GP88 or a
functional derivative thereof, preferably using an RNA-DNA
hybridization assay. The presence of certain cancers and the degree
of malignancy is proportional to the amount of such mRNA present.
For such assays the source of mRNA will be biopsies and surrounding
tissues. The preferred technique for measuring the amount of mRNA
is a hybridization assay using DNA of complementarity base
sequence.
[0124] Another related embodiment is directed to an assay for
diagnosing cancers or other diseases associated with an increase in
GP88 responsiveness based on measuring on a tissue biopsy whether
treatment with anti-GP88 neutralizing antibody will inhibit its
growth or other biological activity.
[0125] Another related embodiment is a method for measuring the
efficacy of anticancer or anti-viral drug or agent which comprises
the steps of measuring the agent's effect on inhibiting the
expression of mRNA for GP88. Similarly such method can be used to
identify or evaluate the efficacy of GP88 antagonizing agents by
measuring the ability of said agent to inhibit the production of
GP88 mRNA.
[0126] Nucleic acid detection assays, especially hybridization
assays, can be based on any characteristic of the nucleic acid
molecule such as its size, sequence, or susceptibility to digestion
by restriction endonucleases. The sensitivity of such assays can be
increased by altering the manner in which detection is reported or
signaled to the observer. A wide variety of labels have been
extensively developed and used by those of ordinary skill in the
art, including enzymatic, radioisotopic, fluorescent, chemical
labels and modified bases.
[0127] One method for overcoming the sensitivity limitation of a
nucleic acid for detection is to selectively amplify the nucleic
acid prior to performing the assay. This method has been referred
as the "polymerase chain reaction" or PCR (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,202
and 4,582,788). The PCR reaction provides a method for selectively
increasing the concentration of a particular nucleic acid sequence
even when that sequence has not been previously purified and is
present only in a single copy in a particular sample.
GP88 Antisense Components
[0128] This invention also provides GP88 antisense components. The
constitutive expression of antisense RNA in cells has been shown to
inhibit the expression of more than 20 genes and the list continues
to grow. Possible mechanisms for antisense effects are the blockage
of translation or prevention of splicing, both of which have been
observed in vitro. Interference with splicing allows the use of
intron sequences which should be less conserved and therefore
result in greater specificity, inhibiting expression of a gene
product of one species but not its homologue in another species.
Alternatively, nucleic acid sequences which inhibit or interfere
with gene expression (e.g., RNAi, ribozymes, aptamers) can be used
to inhibit or interfere with the activity of RNA or DNA encoding
GP88.
[0129] The term antisense component corresponds to an RNA sequence
as well as a DNA sequence coding therefor, which is sufficiently
complementary to a particular mRNA molecule, for which the
antisense RNA is specific, to cause molecular hybridization between
the antisense RNA and the mRNA such that translation of the mRNA is
inhibited. Such hybridization can occur under in vivo conditions.
The action of the antisense RNA results in specific inhibition of
gene expression in the cells.
[0130] According to the present invention, transfection of B-cell
leukemia cells with DNA antisense to the GP88 cDNA inhibits
endogenous GP88 expression and inhibits tumorigenicity of the
antisense cDNA transfected cells. This antisense DNA must have
sufficient complementarity, about 18-30 nucleotides in length, to
the GP88 gene so that the antisense RNA can hybridize to the GP88
gene (or mRNA) and inhibit GP88 gene expression regardless of
whether the action is at the level of splicing, transcription, or
translation. The degree of inhibition is readily discernible to one
skilled in the art without undue experimentation given the
teachings herein and preferably is sufficient to inhibit the growth
of cells whose proliferation is dependent on the expression of
GP88. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the
antisense RNA approach is but a number of known mechanisms which
can be employed to block specific gene expression.
[0131] The antisense components of the present invention may be
hybridizable to any of several portions of the target GP88 cDNA,
including the coding sequence, 3' or 5' untranslated regions, or
other intronic sequences, or to GP88 mRNA. As is readily
discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art, the minimal amount
of homology required by the present invention is that sufficient to
result in hybridization to the GP88 DNA or mRNA and in inhibition
of transcription of the DNA, or translation or function of the
mRNA, preferably without affecting the function of other mRNA
molecules and the expression of other unrelated genes.
[0132] Antisense RNA is delivered to a cell by transformation or
transfection via a vector, including retroviral vectors and
plasmids, into which has been placed DNA encoding the antisense RNA
with the appropriate regulatory sequences including a promoter to
result in expression of the antisense RNA in a host cell. Stable
transfection of various antisense expression vectors containing
GP88 cDNA fragments in the antisense orientation have been
performed. One can also deliver antisense components to cells using
a retroviral vector. Delivery can also be achieved by
liposomes.
[0133] For purpose of antisense technology for in vivo therapy, the
currently preferred method is to use antisense oligonucleotides,
instead of performing stable transfection of an antisense cDNA
fragment constructed into an expression vector. Antisense
oligonucleotides having a size of 15-30 bases in length and with
sequences hybridizable to any of several portions of the target
GP88 cDNA, including the coding sequence, 3' or 5' untranslated
regions, or other intronic sequences, or to GP88 mRNA, are
preferred. Sequences for the antisense oligonucleotides to GP88 are
preferably selected as being the ones that have the most potent
antisense effects. Factors that govern a target site for the
antisense oligonucleotide sequence are related to the length of the
oligonucleotide, binding affinity, and accessibility of the target
sequence. Sequences may be screened in vitro for potency of their
antisense activity by measuring inhibition of GP88 protein
translation and GP88 related phenotype, e.g., inhibition of cell
proliferation in cells in culture. In general it is known that most
regions of the RNA (5' and 3' untranslated regions, AUG initiation,
coding, splice junctions and introns) can be targeted using
antisense oligonucleotides.
[0134] The preferred GP88 antisense oligonucleotides are those
oligonucleotides which are stable, have a high resilience to
nucleases (enzymes that could potentially degrade
oligonucleotides), possess suitable pharmacokinetics to allow them
to traffic to disease tissue at non-toxic doses, and have the
ability to cross through plasma membranes.
[0135] Phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides may be used.
Modifications of the phosphodiester linkage as well as of the
heterocycle or the sugar may provide an increase in efficiency.
With respect to modification of the phosphodiester linkage,
phophorothioate may be used. An N3'-P5' phosphoramidate linkage has
been described as stabilizing oligonucleotides to nucleases and
increasing the binding to RNA. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) linkage
is a complete replacement of the ribose and phosphodiester backbone
and is stable to nucleases, increases the binding affinity to RNA,
and does not allow cleavage by RNAse H. Its basic structure is also
amenable to modifications that may allow its optimization as an
antisense component. With respect to modifications of the
heterocycle, certain heterocycle modifications have proven to
augment antisense effects without interfering with RNAse H
activity. An example of such modification is C-5 thiazole
modification. Finally, modification of the sugar may also be
considered. 2'-O-propyl and 2'-methoxyethoxy ribose modifications
stabilize oligonucleotides to nucleases in cell culture and in
vivo. Cell culture and in vivo tumor experiments using these types
of oligonucleotides targeted to c-raf-1 resulted in enhanced
potency.
[0136] The delivery route will be the one that provides the best
antisense effect as measured according to the criteria described
above. In vitro cell culture assays and in vivo tumor growth assays
using antisense oligonucleotides have shown that delivery mediated
by cationic liposomes, by retroviral vectors and direct delivery
are efficient. Another possible delivery mode is targeting using
antibody to cell surface markers for the tumor cells. Antibody to
GP88 or to its receptor may serve this purpose.
Inhibiting the Growth of Hematopoietic Malignant Cells
[0137] Preferred embodiments of the invention are directed to
methods and compositions for reducing, interfering with, and/or
inhibiting the growth and proliferation of hematopoietic malignant
cells. Hematopoictic cells are divided into three categories:
erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid cells. The erythroid cells are red
blood cells and their precursors. Myeloid cells include monocytes,
granulocytes, basophils, cosinophils and megakaryocytes. Myeloma is
a type of cancer originating from myeloid cells (monocytes).
Hematopoietic malignant cells include, but are not limited to
leukemias (e.g., ALL (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia), AML (acute
myelogenous leukemia), CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia), acute
bilineage leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia,
prolymphocytic leukemia, MDS (myelodysplastic syndromes), acquired
idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, acute myelofibrosis, chronic
myelomonocytic leukemia, essential thrombocythemia, myelodysplastic
disorders, myelofibrosis mycloid metaplasia, paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, refractory anemia, refractory
anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), refractory anemia with excess
blasts in transformation (RAEB-T)), and lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin
lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, plasma cell dyscrasia, multiple
mycloma, plasma cell leukemia, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia).
[0138] As described above, hematopoietic malignant cells express
elevated levels of GP88. The present invention demonstrates that
GP88 is the first growth factor shown to be a prognostic indicator
of hematopoietic malignancies (e.g., B-cell leukemias such as
multiple myeloma), and that GP88 antagonists reduce, inhibit,
and/or interfere with the growth of hematopoietic malignant
cells.
[0139] As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, GP88 protein (FIG. 16) and mRNA
(FIG. 17) is overexpressed in human multiple myeloma cell lines
ARP-1 and RPMI 8226 and human B cell lines Raji and Daudi and not
expressed in human T-cell lines Jurkat and KOPTI-K1. In addition,
GP88 stimulates growth and increases the percent survival of
multiple myeloma cells. The live cell density (i.e., growth) and
viability of RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells increased in a dose
dependant manner in response to increased amounts of GP88 (FIGS.
18A and 18B). As shown in FIG. 18A, the live cell density of RPMI
8226 cells increased by 3-fold in the presence of 200 ng/ml of
GP88. Likewise, the percent survival of RPMI 8226 cells increased
by 2-fold after 48 hours in the presence of 100 or 200 ng/ml of
GP88. The growth and viability response of RPMI 8226 mycloma cells
to GP88 is similar to that of myeloma cells to IL-6 (compare FIG.
18A col. 3 to col. 4 and FIG. 18B col. 3 to col. 4). Similar
results were obtained with ARP-1 multiple myeloma cells. The live
cell density of ARP-1 cells more than doubled in the presence of
200 ng/ml of GP88. (FIG. 19A). The percent survival of ARP-1
multiple myeloma cells doubled after 48 hours in the presence of
200 ng/ml of GP88. IL-6 also doubled both the live cell density and
percent survival after 48 hours of ARP-1 cells. (FIGS. 19A and
19B). Reducing, inhibiting, or interfering with the growth
stimulatory and survival effects of GP88 on myeloma cells reduces
the growth and survival of multiple myeloma cells, providing a
therapeutic benefit to multiple myeloma patients.
[0140] In one embodiment of the invention, a method of inhibiting,
reducing, or interfering with the growth of hematopoietic malignant
cells (e.g., B-cell leukemias cells such as mycloma cells) by
contacting hematopoietic malignant cells with a GP88 antagonist is
provided. As described above, GP88 antagonists (e.g., anti-GP88
antibodies) inhibit the growth of myeloma cells. In another
embodiment of the invention, the hematopoietic malignant cells are
human myeloma cells.
[0141] GP88 antagonists (e.g., anti-GP88 antibodies or antibody
fragments, and GP88 small molecules) bind to GP88 secreted from the
cell and inhibit and/or interfere with the biological activity of
GP88. GP88 antagonists can, for example, bind to GP88 and prevent
GP88 from binding to its receptor on the cell surface. GP88
antagonists (e.g., anti-GP88 antisense polynucleotides) can also
enter the cell and inhibit or interfere with the expression of the
GP88 protein. For example, anti-GP88 antisense polynucleotides can
hybridize with mRNA encoding GP88 and block translation of the GP88
protein. Alternatively, the GP88 antagonist may be conjugated or
linked to another molecule capable of interfering or inhibiting
cell growth (e.g., toxins, antibodies, antibody fragments, and
nucleic acids). GP88 antagonists also can interfere with the
biological activity of GP88 by binding to a molecule other than
GP88. For example, GP88 antagonists can bind to, inhibit, and/or
interfere with the activity of the GP88 receptor and thus interfere
with the binding of GP88 to its receptor.
[0142] The term "GP88 antagonist" refers to any composition that
inhibits or blocks GP88 expression, production or secretion, or any
composition that inhibits or blocks the biological activity of GP88
including, but not limited to, anti-GP88 antibodies, anti-GP88
antisense polynucleotides, anti-GP88 receptor antibodies, anti-GP88
small molecules. In one embodiment of the invention, the GP88
antagonist is an anti-GP88 antibody or antibody fragment. The term
"antibody fragment" refers to any section, portion, or part of an
antibody that retains the antigen binding properties of the
antibody. Anti-GP88 antibodies also include antibody fragments,
humanized antibodies, humanized antibody fragments and can be made
as described above.
[0143] The term "contacting" refers to delivering GP88 antagonist
to hematopoietic malignant cells (e.g., leukemia cells of B-cell
lineage) wherein the GP88 antagonist can interact with the cell
either directly (e.g., binding to GP88 inside the cell) or
indirectly (e.g., binding to GP88 and preventing GP88 from directly
contacting myeloma cells). A GP88 antagonist may be injected into
the blood stream of a patient suffering from a hematopoietic
malignancy to bind GP88 and prevent GP88 from stimulating
hematopoietic malignant cell growth. GP88 antagonist may also be
microinjected into a cell by shooting pellets coated with GP88
antagonist inside the cell in order to prevent secretion of GP88.
Hematopoietic malignant cells may also be transfected with nucleic
acid encoding a GP88 antagonist. Alternatively, patients can be
treated with a GP88 small molecule antagonist to block GP88
activity. Contacting hematopoietic malignant cells with GP88
antagonist blocks the activity of GP88 and therefore inhibits,
reduces, and/or interferes with the growth of the cells. GP88
antagonists such as anti-GP88 antibodies and anti-GP88 antisense
nucleic acids can be made and administered by any suitable
mechanism (e.g., injection, and aerosol) as described above.
[0144] Administration of GP88 antagonists to hematopoietic
malignant cells significantly reduces the growth of the cells. For
example, anti-GP88 neutralizing antibody inhibits the growth of
RPMI 8226 multiple mycloma cells by about 50% while treatment of
the same cells with non-immuno rabbit IgG did not show any
significant inhibition of cell growth. (FIG. 20). Addition of
exogenous GP88 reversed the inhibitory effect of the anti-GP88
neutralizing antibody. (FIG. 20). The reversal of GP88 antagonist
induced growth inhibition by the addition of exogenous GP88
demonstrates that GP88 is a growth factor for myeloma cells. The
growth of myeloma cells can be measured by several methods
including, but not limited to, measuring the live cell density in
vitro by staining cells with trypan blue, uptake of radioactive
nucleotides, cell mass, BudR incorporation, ELISA, cell metabolism,
spectroscopy, and direct measurement of the dimensions of a tumor
mass.
[0145] Preferred embodiments of the invention are also directed to
methods of diagnosing B-cell leukemia by detecting GP88 in tissue
samples containing B-cells (e.g., blood, bone marrow, lymph,
spleen, liver). The presence of GP88 in tissue samples containing
B-cells indicates B-cell leukemia. GP88 protein or nucleic acid can
be detected as described above. Also provided are methods of
diagnosing B-cell leukemia by detecting the presence of GP88 in
B-cells. The presence of GP88 in B-cells indicates B-cell
leukemia.
[0146] In another embodiment of the invention, the presence of GP88
in bone marrow cells indicates the presence of multiple myeloma
cells. The presence of immunoglobulin lambda or kappa light chains
in bone marrow cells is a marker for neoplastic or potentially
neoplastic myeloma cells. Hitzman et al., Immunoperoxidase staining
of bone marrow sections, Cancer 48(11):2438-46 (1981).
Immunostaining bone marrow sections for the presence of lambda or
kappa immunoglobulin light chains allows for detection of myeloma
cases that are difficult to diagnose such as nonsecretory myeloma.
Id. As shown in Table 1, such myeloma cells that stain positive for
kappa or lambda light chains also stain positive for GP88.
3TABLE 1 Expression of Ig light chain and GP88 in bone marrow
smears From multiple myeloma patients Patients Ig .kappa. chain Ig
.lambda. chain GP88 1 + - + 2 - - - 3 - + + 4 + - + 5a - - - 5b + -
+ 6 - - - 7 - + + 8 + - + 9 - - - 10 + - + 11 + - + 12 + - +
[0147] GP88 is not detected in bone marrow cells from patients in
remission or in cells that do not express kappa or lambda
immunoglobulin light chains. Furthermore, patients in remission for
multiple mycloma (e.g., Patient 5a) do not express GP88. Patient 5a
relapsed and displayed the symptoms of multiple myeloma (Patient
5b). Patient 5b was positive for both the kappa light chain and
GP88. Thus, GP88 serves as a biological marker for multiple
myeloma. An example of a triple stain for the presence of a control
(DAPI), kappa/lambda light chains, and GP88 in the same patient
sample is shown in FIGS. 25A, 25B, and 25C respectively. Detecting
the presence of GP88 in bone marrow cells is indicative of whether
multiple myeloma cells are present. The presence of GP88 can be
detected by GP88 antagonists (e.g., anti-GP88 antibodies, anti-GP88
nucleic acid) using a variety of methodologies including, but not
limited to, immunostaining, immunofluorescence, in situ
hybridization, western blot, northern blot, and southern blot.
The Presence of GP88 Indicates Whether a Patient is Responding or
Responsive to Anti-Cancer Therapy
[0148] Anti-cancer agents such as glucocorticoids and
glucocorticoid analogs (e.g., dexamethasone, prednisolone,
methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, betamethasone, prednisone,
fludrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, triamcinolone, and
paramethasone) alone or in combination with chemotherapy (e.g.,
alkylating agents) are used to treat patients with hematopoictic
malignancies (e.g., B-cell leukemia). However, certain patients may
not be responsive to anti-cancer therapy. In addition, it is well
known that patients that are initially responsive to anti-cancer
therapy develop resistance and no longer respond to the drugs.
[0149] For example, prolonged systemic exposure to glucocorticoids
may have severe adverse side effects such as: (1) endocrine and
metabolic disturbances including, but not limited to, Cushing-like
syndrome, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, premature epiphyseal
closure, secondary adrenocortical and pituitary unresponsiveness,
decreased glucose tolerance, and negative nitrogen and calcium
balance; (2) fluid and electrolyte disturbances such as sodium and
fluid retention, hypertension, potassium loss, and hypokalaemic
alkalosis; (3) musculo-skeletal effects (e.g., myopathy, abdominal
distension, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral
heads); (4) gastrointestinal effects including gastric and duodenal
ulceration, perforation, and hemorrhage; (5) dermatological effects
such as impaired wound healing, skin atrophy, striae, petechiae and
ecchymoses, bruising, facial erythema, increased sweating, and
acne; (6) central nervous system effects (e.g., psychic
disturbances ranging from euphoria to frank psychotic
manifestations, convulsions, pseudotumor cerebri (benign
intracranial hypertension) with vomiting and papilloedema); (7)
ophthalmic effects including glaucoma, increased intraocular
pressure, posterior subcapsular cataracts; and (8)
immunosuppressive effects such as increased susceptibility to
infections, decreased responsiveness to vaccination and skin tests.
Thus, unnecessary exposure to anti-cancer therapy (e.g.,
glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone), should be limited to the
extent possible to avoid causing complications and discomfort
without significant positive benefits.
[0150] Dexamethasone induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells.
As shown in FIG. 26, dexamethasone also inhibits GP88 protein
expression. GP88 protein expression was measured by Western blot
analysis of conditioned media collected by ARP-1 cell cultures in
the presence and absence of dexamethasone alone and in combination
with IL-6 (FIG. 26). Dexamethasone significantly inhibited the
expression of GP88 protein. The addition of exogenous GP88
overcomes the apoptosis-inducing effects of dexamethasone (FIGS.
27A and 27B). As shown in FIGS. 27A and 27B, GP88 significantly
increased both cell growth (FIG. 27A) and cell viability (FIG. 27B)
of ARP-1 cells treated with dexamethasone. FIG. 28 shows that GP88
significantly reduces the cleavage of an apoptosis marker PARP
(Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) in dexamethasone-treated ARP-1
cells. Cleavage of PARP into two fragments is a marker of cell
apoptosis. Thus, GP88 has an anti-apoptotic effect and can inhibit
dexamethasone-induced killing of B-cell leukemia cells.
[0151] Increased levels of GP88 in MM cells are responsible for the
transition of MM cells to a glucocorticoid resistant form. As shown
in FIG. 29, cells transfected with GP88 (ARP-1/PCDGF) produced ten
times more GP88 than untransfected cells or control ARP-1 cells
that were transfected with empty vector (ARP-1/EV). (FIG. 29). MM
cells transfected with GP88 show an increased growth rate and
viability (resistance to the killing effect of dexamethasone)
(FIGS. 30A and 30B). As shown in FIG. 30A, the ARP-1/PCDGF cells
had a higher growth rate and were more resistant to the apoptotic
effects of dexamethasone (columns 1 and 2) than the ARP-1/empty
vector control cells (columns 3 and 4). Likewise, the ARP-1/PCDGF
cells showed increased viability in response to the addition of
dexamethasone (columns 1 and 2) that the ARP-1/empty vector cells.
Thus, the presence of GP88 indicates that B-cells are or have
become dexamethasone-resistant.
[0152] Methods of determining whether a patient is responding or
responsive to anti-cancer therapy by detecting the presence of GP88
in a tissue sample containing B-cells are also provided by the
invention. The term "responding" to anti-cancer therapy refers to
patients who are receiving anti-cancer therapy. One embodiment of
the invention will determine if such patients should continue to
receive anti-cancer therapy. The term "responsive" to anti-cancer
therapy refers to patients who are not yet receiving anti-cancer
therapy. Another embodiment of the invention will determine if such
patients should begin to receive anti-cancer therapy. Increased
levels of GP88 in tissue samples (e.g., detectable increase in the
level of GP88) containing B-cells over time indicate that the
patient is not responding or responsive to anti-cancer therapy
(e.g., glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone). Alternatively,
increased levels of GP88 in B-cells compared to normal or
peripheral tissues is sufficient to indicate that the patient is
not responding or responsive to glucocorticoid therapy. GP88
protein and/or nucleic acids (e.g., DNA or RNA encoding GP88) can
be detected as described above (e.g., using anti-GP88 antibodies,
antisense nucleic acids). In another embodiment, the GP88 level in
an individual patient's B cells or tissues containing B-cells can
be periodically monitored. An increased level of GP88 in a
patient's B-cells or in tissues containing B-cells over time
indicates that the patient is not responding or responsive to
anti-cancer therapy.
Recombinant GP88
[0153] The present invention is also directed to DNA expression
systems for expressing a recombinant GP88 polypeptide or a
functional derivative thereof substantially free of other mammalian
DNA sequences. Such DNA may be double or single stranded. The DNA
sequence should preferably have about 20 or more nucleotides to
allow hybridization to another polynucleotide. In order to achieve
higher specificity of hybridization, characterized by the absence
of hybridization to sequences other than those encoding the GP88
protein or a homologue or functional derivative thereof, a length
of at least 50 nucleotides is preferred.
[0154] The present invention is also directed to the above DNA
molecules, expressible vehicles or vectors as well as hosts
transfected or transformed with the vehicles and capable of
expressing the polypeptide. Such hosts may be prokaryotic,
preferably bacteria, or eukaryotic, preferably yeast, mammalian or
insect cells. A preferred vector system includes baculovirus
expressed in insect cells. The DNA can be incorporated into host
organisms by transformation, transduction, transfection, infection
or related processes known in the art. In addition to DNA and mRNA
sequences encoding the GP88 polypeptide, the invention also
provides methods for expression of the nucleic acid sequence.
Further, the genetic sequences and oligonucleotides allow
identification and cloning of additional polypeptides having
sequence homology to the polypeptide GP88 described here.
[0155] An expression vector is a vector which (due to the presence
of appropriate transcriptional and/or translational control
sequences) is capable of expressing a DNA (or cDNA) molecule which
has been cloned into the vector and thereby produces a polypeptide
or protein. Expression of the cloned sequence occurs when the
expression vector is introduced into an appropriate host cell. If a
prokaryotic expression vector is employed, then the appropriate
host cell would be any prokaryotic cell capable of expressing the
cloned sequence. Similarly, if an eukaryotic expression system is
employed, then the appropriate host cell would be any eukaryotic
cell capable of expressing the cloned sequence. Baculovirus vector,
for example, can be used to clone GP88 cDNA and subsequently
express the cDNA in insect cells.
[0156] A DNA sequence encoding GP88 polypeptide or its functional
derivatives may be recombined with vector DNA in accordance with
conventional techniques including blunt-ended or staggered ended
termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide
appropriate termini, filling in cohesive ends as appropriate,
alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and
ligation with proper enzyme ligases. Techniques for such
manipulations are discussed in (35).
[0157] A nucleic acid molecule is capable of expressing a
polypeptide if it contains nucleotide sequences which contain
transcriptional and translational regulatory information and such
sequences are operably linked to nucleotide sequences which encode
the polypeptide. An operable linkage is a linkage in which the
regulatory DNA sequences and the DNA sequence sought to be
expressed are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression.
The precise nature of the regulatory regions needed for gene
expression may vary from organism to organism but shall in general
include a promoter region, which in prokaryotes contains both the
promoter (which directs the initiation of RNA transcription) as
well as the DNA sequences which when transcribed into RNA will
signal the initiation of protein synthesis. Such regions will
normally include those 5' non-coding sequences involved with the
initiation of transcription, translation such as the TATA box,
capping sequence, CAAT sequence and the like.
[0158] If desired, the 3' non-coding region to the gene sequence
encoding the protein may be obtained by described methods
(screening appropriate cDNA library or PCR amplification). This
region may be retained for the presence of transcriptional
termination regulatory sequences such as termination and
polyadenylation. Thus, by retaining the 3' region naturally
contiguous to the DNA sequence coding for the protein, the
transcriptional termination signals may be provided. Where the
transcription termination signals are not provided or
satisfactorily functional in the expression host cells, then a 3'
region from another gene may be substituted.
[0159] Two DNA sequences such as a promoter region sequence and
GP88 encoding sequence are said to be operably linked if the nature
of the linkage between the sequences does not result in the
introduction of a frame-shift mutation or interfere with the
ability of the promoter sequence to direct transcription of the
polypeptide gene sequence.
[0160] The promoter sequences may be prokaryotic, eukaryotic or
viral. Suitable promoters are inducible, repressible or
constitutive. Examples of suitable prokaryotic promoters are
reviewed by.
[0161] Eukaryotic promoters include but are not limited to the
promoter for the mouse methallothionein I gene, the TK promoter of
Herpes Virus, the gene gal4 promoter, the SV40 early promoter, the
mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, and the cytomegalovirus
(CMV) promoter. Strong promoters are preferred. Examples of such
promoters are those which recognize the T3, SP6 and T7 polymerases,
the PL promoter of bacteriophage lambda, the recA promoter, the
promoter of the mouse methallothionein I gene, the SV40 promoter
and the CMV promoter.
[0162] It is to be understood that application of the teachings of
the present invention to a specific problem or environment will be
within the capability of one having ordinary skill in the art in
light of the teachings contained herein. The present invention is
more fully illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Cell Lines and Reagents
[0163] Daudi, Raji, KOPM-28, ARP-1, RPMI 8226, Jurkat, KOPT-K1, and
HL-60 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC, Manhassas, Va.). RPMI 1640 medium, FBS, and Trizol was
obtained from Invitrogen life technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.).
Alexa 456 conjugated goat anti mouse IgG F(ab')2 and Alexa 488
conjugated goat anti rabbit IgG F(ab')2 were obtained from
Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oreg.). IL-6 was obtained from Upstate
Biotechnology Inc. (Lack Placid, N.Y.). PD98059, anti phosph-MAPK
antibody, anti phosph-Akt antibody, anti Akt antibody, anti
phosph-tyr-STAT3 were obtained from New England Biolabs (Beverly,
Mass.). Anti STAT3 was obtained from BD Biosciences. Anti MAPK
antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruze,
Calif.). LY194002 was obtained from Biomol (Plymouth Meeting, Pa.).
Supersignal Western chemiluminescent substrate was obtained from
Pierce (Rockford, Ill.). Immobilon-P transfer membranes were
obtained from Millipore (Bedford, Mass.). Monoclonal antibodies to
anti human .kappa. or .lambda. light chains were obtained from Dako
(Carpinteria, Calif.). Protein A sepharose was obtained from
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Piscataway, N.J.). GP88 and anti-GP88
antibody were purified in our lab and are described in U.S. Pat.
No. ______ [insert]. All other reagents were obtained from
Sigma.
GP88 Protein Expression
[0164] Daudi, Raji, KOPM-28, ARP-1, RPMI 8226, Jurkat, HL-60, and
KOPT-K1 were cultured at a density of 1.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml in
RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Until the cells reach a
density of 1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml, the culture media equivalent
to 1.5.times.10.sup.7 live cells were collected to measure GP88
protein expression. Immunoprecipitaion and Western Blot analysis
were carried out as described previously (18) using 50 ug/ml
anti-GP88 F(ab') conjugated to HRP as the detecting antibody.
Northern Blot Analysis
[0165] RPMI 8226 and ARP-1 cell were cultured in 10% FBS RPMI
medium. RNA isolation was carried out using Trizol. Northern Blot
analysis was carried out as described previously (18).
Cell Growth and Survival Assay
[0166] RPMI 8226 or ARP-1 cells were cultured in 10% FBS RPMI.
Before the assay, cells were washed by serum free RPMI 1640 twice
and cultured in serum free RPMI 1640 medium for 24 hours. GP88 or
IL-6 was added to media at indicated concentration. Live cell
density and viability were determined by trypan blue exclusion and
cell counting. Experiments were carried out in triplicate sets with
results expressed as mean.+-.SD.
Anti-GP88 Neutralizing Assay
[0167] RPMI 8226 cells were cultured in 10% FBS RPMI 1640, washed
by RPMI 1640 twice, and cultured in RPMI 1640 media at
1.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml. Affinity purified anti-GP88, non-immuno
rabbit IgG, or affinity purified anti-GP88 antibody with GP88 was
added as appropriate. After 48 hours, live cell density was checked
by trypan blue staining and cell counting. Experiments were carried
out in triplicate sets and the result was expressed as
mean.+-.SD.
MAPK Assay
[0168] ARP-1 cells were cultured in 10% FBS RPMI 1640 medium,
washed by RPMI 1640 twice, and resuspended at 2.5.times.10.sup.5
live cells/ml in RPMI 1640. After overnight starvation, ARP-1 cells
were either treated with or without 30 .mu.M PD98059 for 60 min.
GP88 was added to final concentration of 200 ng/ml except wells for
negative controls. Ten milliliters of cell culture was used for
each sample. After ten minutes of incubation, the cells were lysed
by loading buffer. Cell lysates were separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE
gel. The phosph-MAPK and total MAPK proteins were detected by
anti-phoph-MAPK and anti MAPK antibodies respectively using Western
blot analysis.
Akt Assay
[0169] ARP-1 cells were cultured in 10% FBS RPMI 1640 medium,
washed in RPMI 1640 twice, and resuspended at 2.5.times.10.sup.5
live cells/ml in RPMI 1640. After overnight starvation, ARP-1 cells
were either treated with or without 50 .mu.M LY194002 for ten
minutes. GP88 was added to the experimental wells on a microtiter
plate at a final concentration of 200 ng/ml. GP88 was not added to
control wells. Ten milliliters of cell culture was used for each
sample. After ten minutes of incubation, cells were lysed by
loading buffer. Cell lysates were separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE
gel. The phosph-Akt and total Akt proteins were detected by
anti-phoph-Akt and anti Akt antibodies respectively using Western
blot analysis.
STAT3 Assay
[0170] ARP-1 cells were cultured in 10% FBS RPMI 1640 medium,
washed twice in RPMI 1640 medium, and resuspended at
2.5.times.10.sup.5 live cells/ml in RPMI 1640. After starvation of
the cell culture overnight, ARP-1 cells were treated with 200 ng/ml
GP88 or 10 ng/ml IL-6 for 15 min. Cells were lysed by loading
buffer and separated on a 7.5% SDS-PAGE. 3.times.10.sup.6 cells
were used for each sample. The phosph-tyr-STAT3 and total STAT3
proteins were detected by anti-phoph-tyr-STAT3 and anti STAT3
antibodies respectively using Western blot analysis.
Immunocytochemistry Studies
[0171] Bone marrow smears obtained from multiple mycloma patients
at the University of Maryland Greenbaum Cancer Center were fixed
for 15 minutes on ice with 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS, washed by
PBS, and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X100 for 15 minutes at room
temperature. The slides were stained with 0.85 .mu.g/ml rabbit
anti-human GP88 antibody at room temperature for 1 hour, washed by
PBS, and incubated with secondary 2 .mu.g/ml Alexa 488-conjugated
goat anti rabbit IgG F(ab')2 at room temperature for 1 hour. These
slides were also stained with 0.25 .mu.g/ml monoclonal antibodies
to anti human K or X light chains at room temperature for 1 hour,
washed by PBS, and followed by incubation with 1 .mu.g/ml Alexa4S6
conjugated goat anti mouse IgG F(ab')2 at room temperature for 1
hour. Finally, samples were stained by 0.5 .mu.g/ml DAPI at room
temperature for 15 minutes. Stained bone marrow samples were
observed with Olympus BX40 fluorescence microscope equipped with
100W mercury lamp and appropriate filters.
GP88 Expression in Human Hematological Cell Line
[0172] We examined GP88 expression in several human leukemic cell
lines. Samples examined were standardized to the same cell number.
FIG. 16 shows GP88 protein expression was high in human B cell
lines (Raji and Daudi) and human MM cell lines (ARP-1 and RPMI
8226). In contrast, no GP88 was produced in human T cell lines
(Jurkat and kOPT-K1) and promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60). A low
level of GP88 was found in macrophage cell line (KOPM-28). HL-60 is
a promyclocytic cell line that can be induced to differentiate
terminally to granulocyte-like cells or monocyte/macrophage-like
cells upon exposure to different reagents (19). These results show
that GP88 is preferentially expressed by hematological malignancies
of B cell lineage. The level of GP88 mRNA expression in the MM cell
lines ARP-1 and RPMI 8226 is shown in FIG. 17.
GP88 Function in Two Human MM Cell Lines: RPMI 8226 and ARP-1
[0173] The effect of exogenously added GP88 on the growth and
survival of RPMI 8226 (FIG. 18) and ARP-1 (FIG. 19) was examined
and compared to IL-6, a known paracrine growth stimulator of MM
cell growth. As shown in FIG. 3A, RPMI 8226 cells were starved in
RPMI medium only for 24 hours, then GP88 or IL-6 was added to
medium. After 24 hour treatment 50 ng/ml (5.7.times.10-7 M), 100
ng/ml (1.1.times.10-6 M), 200 ng/ml (2.3.times.10-6 M) GP88, and 10
ng/ml (4.5.times.10-7 M) IL-6 stimulated the growth of RPMI 8226
cells by 1.3, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.6-fold, respectively. After 48 hour
treatment, 50, 100, 200 ng/ml GP88, and 10 ng/ml IL-6 stimulated
the growth of RPMI 8226 cells by 1.7, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.8 fold,
respectively. These data show that GP88 stimulates the growth of
RPMI 8226 cells in a dose and time dependent fashion similarly to
IL-6. In addition to stimulating the growth of human MM cells,
exogenous GP88 also stimulated cell survival of RPMI 8226 similarly
to IL-6 (FIG. 18B).
[0174] Dex-sensitive ARP-1 cells exhibited similar growth and
survival effects in response to GP88. As shown in FIG. 19A, ARP-1
cells were starved in serum-free medium for 24 hours, then GP88 or
IL-6 was added to medium. At 24 hours of treatment, 200 ng/ml GP88
and 10 ng/ml IL-6 stimulated the growth of ARP-1 cells by 1.3 and
1.4 fold, respectively. After 48 hours of treatment, 200 ng/ml GP88
and 10 ng/ml IL-6 stimulated the growth of ARP-1 cells by 2.3 and
2.6 fold, respectively. Similarly exogenous GP88 also stimulated
cell survival of ARP-1 (FIG. 19B).
Effect of Anti-GP88 Neutralizing Antibody on the Growth of RPMI
8226 Cells
[0175] In order to check whether GP88 produced and secreted by MM
cells was required for cell growth, we examined the effect of
anti-GP88 neutralizing antibody on the growth of RPMI 8226 cells.
We have shown previously that this antibody was able to inhibit the
proliferation of breast cancer cells overexpressing GP88 (20). As
shown in FIG. 20, treatment of RPMI 8226 cell with 200 .mu.g/ml
affinity purified anti-GP88 antibody inhibited RPMI 8226 cell
growth by about 50% in serum free condition. However, treatment of
RPMI 8226 cells with 200 .mu.g/ml non-immuno rabbit IgG did not
significantly inhibit RPMI 8226 cell growth. Addition of exogenous
200 ng/ml GP88 prevented the inhibition effect of anti-GP88
antibody. These results show that GP88 stimulated MM cell growth in
an autocrine fashion.
Signaling Pathway Stimulated by GP88 in ARP-1 Cells
[0176] We examined signal pathways involved in growth factor signal
transduction to determine their role, if any, in the GP88 signal
transduction pathway in MM cells. MAPK signal pathway plays a key
role in proliferation process and MAPK activity is stimulated in
response to many different growth factors (21, 22). PI3K signal
pathway is primarily associated with survival and cell growth
regulation (23, 24). FIG. 21 shows that stimulation of ARP-1 cell
growth and survival by 200 ng/ml of GP88 was blocked by the MEK
inhibitor PD98059 at 30 .mu.M. FIG. 22 shows 200 ng/ml GP88
activated the phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2 and this
phosphorylation was also inhibited by 30 .mu.M PD98059. Together,
these results show that GP88 activated MAPK signal pathway in ARP-1
cells and that MAPK was responsible for stimulation of cell growth
by GP88. To determine the role of the PI3K signal pathway, we
assessed the phosphorylation of Akt. Akt contains an amino-terminal
pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that binds phosphorylated lipids at
the membrane in response to activation of PI3 kinase (25, 26). FIG.
23 shows that GP88 stimulates the phosphorylation of Akt in ARP-1
cells and this phosphorylation was inhibited by PI3 K inhibitor
LY294002 at 50 .mu.M. These results showed that GP88 activated PI3
kinase signal pathway in ARP-1 cells.
[0177] MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways are two important signaling
pathways in human MM cells induced by IL-6 (6). In order to check
whether GP88 activates JAK/STAT pathways in human MM cells, the
phosphorylation of STAT3 was assessed following stimulation of MM
cells by 200 ng/ml GP88 or 10 ng/ml IL-6. As shown in FIG. 24, only
IL-6, but not GP88, stimulates the phosphorylation of STAT3. These
data suggest that GP88 does not activate the JAK/STAT3 pathway in
human MM cells.
Immunocytochemistry Studies of Human Patient Bone Marrow Smears
[0178] We examined GP88 expression in 13 bone marrow biopsy samples
from patients with multiple myeloma by immunocytochemistry staining
of GP88 and human .kappa./.lambda. light chains. The presence
.kappa. or .lambda. light chains in bone marrow cells is a marker
of myeloma cells (27). Table 1 demonstrates that GP88 was
overexpressed in bone marrow smears of MM patients. Staining of the
samples with anti-human .kappa. or .lambda. light chains showed
that the myeloma cells that stained positive for GP88 were positive
for .kappa. or .lambda. light chains indicating that the cells that
overexpress GP88 in bone marrow smears of MM patients are the
multiple myeloma cells. GP88-positive cells were not observed in
the bone marrow smears from patients in remission (patients 2, 5a,
6 and 9) where .kappa. or .lambda. light chain-positive cells were
not detected. It is important to note that when the relapse of MM
disease occurred in patient 5a, GP88 expression was detected in the
bone marrow samples and co-localized with cells expressing K light
chains (5b in, Table 1). The .kappa./.lambda. chain positive cells
showed 100% GP88 positive staining by counting 100 .kappa./.lambda.
chain positive cells. A typical triple staining by DAPI,
.kappa./.lambda. chain, and GP88 is shown in FIG. 25. These data
clearly indicated that GP88 expression is associated with myeloma
cells from all MM patients examined and correlated well with the
presence of the disease.
The Effects of Dexamethasone (Dex) and IL-6 Effect on GP88 Protein
Expression in ARP-1 Cells
[0179] ARP-1 cells were seeded in 10% CT-FBS RPMI 1640 in the
presence of 10-7M Dex or 10 ng/ml IL-6 added alone or in
combination. Control cells were cultivated with vehicle medium that
did not contain Dex or IL-6. After 48 hours, the cell culture
medium was changed to RPMI 1640 for 24 hours and the conditioned
medium was collected. The GP88 secreted in the conditioned medium
was measured by immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis (FIG.
26). Dex inhibited the expression of GP88 in Dex-treated ARP-1
cells.
The Effects of Exogenous Addition of GP88 and IL-6 on Dex-Induced
Cell Death
[0180] ARP-1 cells were cultured in media containing 10% CT-FBS
RPMI 1640 medium in the presence of 10-7 M Dex, 200 ng/ml GP88, or
10 ng/ml IL-6 added alone or in combination. After 48 hours, the
live cell density and cell viability were checked by trypan blue
exclusion and counting with a hemocytometer. FIG. 27A shows the
effect on live cell density and FIG. 27B shows the effect on cell
viability. GP88 increased the growth and viability of Dex-treated
ARP-1 cells.
The Effects of GP88 on PARP Cleavage in ARP-1 Cells
[0181] ARP-1 cells were seeded and treated with 10-7 M Dex, 200
ng/ml PCDGF, and 10 ng/ml IL-6 as described above. Cells were
collected at 24 hours and 48 hours. ARP-1 cells were lysed and 100
.mu.g protein per lane were used to analyze PARP cleavage by
SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. GP88 inhibited the apoptotic
effects of Dex on Dex-treated ARP-1 cells (FIG. 28).
Overexpression of GP88 in ARP-1 Cells
[0182] Dexamethasone-sensitive human MM cell line ARP-1 was
transfected with expression vector pcDNA3 containing a CMV
promoter, a neomycin resistant gene, and GP88 cDNA by
electroporation. Transfected cells were selected in the presence of
G418. GP88 expression in the cell culture media was detected by
immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis. As shown in FIG. 29,
ARP-1 cells transfected with GP88 (ARP-1/PCDGF) had elevated levels
of GP88 compared to cells transfected with an empty expression
vector (ARP-1/EV).
The Effects of Dex on ARP-1 and GP88 Overexpressed ARP-1 cells
[0183] ARP-1/PCDGF cells that overexpress GP88 and ARP-1/EV were
cultured in 10% CT-FBS RPMI with or without 10-7 M Dex. Cell
density (A) and viability (B) were measured after 24 hours. As
shown in FIGS. 30A and 30B, Dex-induced reduction in cell growth
and viability was significantly reduced in cells with elevated
levels of GP88 (columns 1 and 2) compared to cells that did not
express GP88 (columns 3 and 4).
The Effects of GP88 Over Expression Dex-Induced PARP Cleavage
[0184] Empty vector control and PCDGF overexpressing ARP-1 cells
were treated with or without 10-7 M Dex. After 48 hours, the cells
were lysed to measure the expression of intact and cleaved PARP
(FIG. 31). Cells overexpressing GP88 (ARP-1/PCDGF) showed greatly
reduced cleavage of PARP compared to cells that did not express
GP88. Thus, GP88 inhibits the apoptotic effects of dexamethasone on
ARP-1 cells.
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interleukin-6 has no discriminatory role in paraproteinaemia nor a
prognostic role in multiple myeloma. British Journal of Haematology
107, no.1: 132.
[0218]
Sequence CWU 1
1
17 1 2137 DNA Mouse epithelin/granulin CDS (23)..(1789) The
sequence is identical to that of the published mouse granulin
except for one nucleotide (T instead of G) at position 1071 of GP88
cDNA (position 1056 of mouse granulin). 1 cggaccccga cgcagacaga cc
atg tgg gtc ctg atg agc tgg ctg gcc ttc 52 Met Trp Val Leu Met Ser
Trp Leu Ala Phe 1 5 10 gcg gca ggg ctg gta gcc gga aca cag tgt cca
gat ggg cag ttc tgc 100 Ala Ala Gly Leu Val Ala Gly Thr Gln Cys Pro
Asp Gly Gln Phe Cys 15 20 25 cct gtt gcc tgc tgc ctt gac cag gga
gga gcc aac tac agc tgc tgt 148 Pro Val Ala Cys Cys Leu Asp Gln Gly
Gly Ala Asn Tyr Ser Cys Cys 30 35 40 aac cct ctt ctg gac aca tgg
cct aga ata acg agc cat cat cta gat 196 Asn Pro Leu Leu Asp Thr Trp
Pro Arg Ile Thr Ser His His Leu Asp 45 50 55 ggc tcc tgc cag acc
cat ggc cac tgt cct gct ggc tat tct tgt ctt 244 Gly Ser Cys Gln Thr
His Gly His Cys Pro Ala Gly Tyr Ser Cys Leu 60 65 70 ctc act gtg
tct ggg act tcc agc tgc tgc ccg ttc tct aag ggt gtg 292 Leu Thr Val
Ser Gly Thr Ser Ser Cys Cys Pro Phe Ser Lys Gly Val 75 80 85 90 tct
tgt ggt gat ggc tac cac tgc tgc ccc cag ggc ttc cac tgt agt 340 Ser
Cys Gly Asp Gly Tyr His Cys Cys Pro Gln Gly Phe His Cys Ser 95 100
105 gca gat ggg aaa tcc tgc ttc cag atg tca gat aac ccc ttg ggt gct
388 Ala Asp Gly Lys Ser Cys Phe Gln Met Ser Asp Asn Pro Leu Gly Ala
110 115 120 gtc cag tgt cct ggg agc cag ttt gaa tgt cct gac tct gcc
acc tgc 436 Val Gln Cys Pro Gly Ser Gln Phe Glu Cys Pro Asp Ser Ala
Thr Cys 125 130 135 tgc att atg gtt gat ggt tcg tgg gga tgt tgt ccc
atg ccc cag gcc 484 Cys Ile Met Val Asp Gly Ser Trp Gly Cys Cys Pro
Met Pro Gln Ala 140 145 150 tct tgc tgt gaa gac aga gtg cat tgc tgt
ccc cat ggg gcc tcc tgt 532 Ser Cys Cys Glu Asp Arg Val His Cys Cys
Pro His Gly Ala Ser Cys 155 160 165 170 gac ctg gtt cac aca cga tgc
gtt tca ccc acg ggc acc cac acc cta 580 Asp Leu Val His Thr Arg Cys
Val Ser Pro Thr Gly Thr His Thr Leu 175 180 185 cta aag aag ttc cct
gca caa aag acc aac agc gca gtg tct ttg cct 628 Leu Lys Lys Phe Pro
Ala Gln Lys Thr Asn Ser Ala Val Ser Leu Pro 190 195 200 ttt tct gtc
gtg tgc cct gat gct aag acc cag tgt ccc gat gat tct 676 Phe Ser Val
Val Cys Pro Asp Ala Lys Thr Gln Cys Pro Asp Asp Ser 205 210 215 acc
tgc tgt gag cta ccc act ggg aag tat ggc tgc tgt cca atg ccc 724 Thr
Cys Cys Glu Leu Pro Thr Gly Lys Tyr Gly Cys Cys Pro Met Pro 220 225
230 aat gcc atc tgc tgt tcc gac cac ctg cac tgc tgc ccc cag gac act
772 Asn Ala Ile Cys Cys Ser Asp His Leu His Cys Cys Pro Gln Asp Thr
235 240 245 250 gta tgt gac ctg atc cag agt aag tgc cta tcc aag aac
tac acc acg 820 Val Cys Asp Leu Ile Gln Ser Lys Cys Leu Ser Lys Asn
Tyr Thr Thr 255 260 265 gat ctc ctg acc aag ctg cct gga tac cca gtg
aag gag gtg aag tgc 868 Asp Leu Leu Thr Lys Leu Pro Gly Tyr Pro Val
Lys Glu Val Lys Cys 270 275 280 gac atg gag gtg agc tgc cct gaa gga
tat acc tgc tgc cgc ctc aac 916 Asp Met Glu Val Ser Cys Pro Glu Gly
Tyr Thr Cys Cys Arg Leu Asn 285 290 295 act ggg gcc tgg ggc tgc tgt
cca ttt gcc aag gcc gtg tgt tgt gac 964 Thr Gly Ala Trp Gly Cys Cys
Pro Phe Ala Lys Ala Val Cys Cys Asp 300 305 310 gat cac att cat tgc
tgc ccg gca ggg ttt cag tgt cac aca gag aaa 1012 Asp His Ile His
Cys Cys Pro Ala Gly Phe Gln Cys His Thr Glu Lys 315 320 325 330 gga
acc tgc gaa atg ggt atc ctc caa gta ggg tgg atg aag aag gtc 1060
Gly Thr Cys Glu Met Gly Ile Leu Gln Val Gly Trp Met Lys Lys Val 335
340 345 ata gcc ccc ctc cgc ctg cca gac cca cag atc ttg aag agt gat
aca 1108 Ile Ala Pro Leu Arg Leu Pro Asp Pro Gln Ile Leu Lys Ser
Asp Thr 350 355 360 cct tgt gat gac ttc act agg tgt cct aca aac aat
acc tgc tgc aaa 1156 Pro Cys Asp Asp Phe Thr Arg Cys Pro Thr Asn
Asn Thr Cys Cys Lys 365 370 375 ctc aat tct ggg gac tgg ggc tgc tgt
ccc atc cca gag gct gtc tgc 1204 Leu Asn Ser Gly Asp Trp Gly Cys
Cys Pro Ile Pro Glu Ala Val Cys 380 385 390 tgc tca gac aac cag cat
tgc tgc cct cag ggc ttc aca tgt ctg gct 1252 Cys Ser Asp Asn Gln
His Cys Cys Pro Gln Gly Phe Thr Cys Leu Ala 395 400 405 410 cag ggg
tac tgt cag aag gga gac aca atg gtg gct ggc ctg gag aag 1300 Gln
Gly Tyr Cys Gln Lys Gly Asp Thr Met Val Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys 415 420
425 ata cct gcc cgc cag aca acc ccg ctc caa att gga gat atc ggt tgt
1348 Ile Pro Ala Arg Gln Thr Thr Pro Leu Gln Ile Gly Asp Ile Gly
Cys 430 435 440 gac cag cat acc agc tgc cca gta ggg caa acc tgc tgc
cca agc ctc 1396 Asp Gln His Thr Ser Cys Pro Val Gly Gln Thr Cys
Cys Pro Ser Leu 445 450 455 aag gga agt tgg gcc tgc tgc cag ctg ccc
cat gct gtg tgc tgt gag 1444 Lys Gly Ser Trp Ala Cys Cys Gln Leu
Pro His Ala Val Cys Cys Glu 460 465 470 gac cgg cag cac tgt tgc ccg
gcc ggg tac acc tgc aac gtg aag gcg 1492 Asp Arg Gln His Cys Cys
Pro Ala Gly Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Lys Ala 475 480 485 490 agg acc tgt
gag aag gat gtc gat ttt atc cag cct ccc gtg ctc ctg 1540 Arg Thr
Cys Glu Lys Asp Val Asp Phe Ile Gln Pro Pro Val Leu Leu 495 500 505
acc ctc ggc cct aag gtt ggg aat gtg gag tgt gga gaa ggg cat ttc
1588 Thr Leu Gly Pro Lys Val Gly Asn Val Glu Cys Gly Glu Gly His
Phe 510 515 520 tgc cat gat aac cag acc tgt tgt aaa gac agt gca gga
gtc tgg gcc 1636 Cys His Asp Asn Gln Thr Cys Cys Lys Asp Ser Ala
Gly Val Trp Ala 525 530 535 tgc tgt ccc tac cta aag ggt gtc tgc tgt
aga gat gga cgt cac tgt 1684 Cys Cys Pro Tyr Leu Lys Gly Val Cys
Cys Arg Asp Gly Arg His Cys 540 545 550 tgc ccc ggt ggc ttc cac tgt
tca gcc agg gga acc aag tgt ttg cga 1732 Cys Pro Gly Gly Phe His
Cys Ser Ala Arg Gly Thr Lys Cys Leu Arg 555 560 565 570 aag aag att
cct cgc tgg gac atg ttt ttg agg gat ccg gtc cca aga 1780 Lys Lys
Ile Pro Arg Trp Asp Met Phe Leu Arg Asp Pro Val Pro Arg 575 580 585
ccg cta ctg taaggaaggg ctacagactt aaggaactcc acagtcctgg 1829 Pro
Leu Leu gaaccctgtt ccgagggtac ccactactca ggcctcccta gcgcctcctc
ccctaacgtc 1889 tccccggcct actcatcctg agtcacccta tcaccatggg
aggtggagcc tcaaactaaa 1949 accttctttt atggaaagaa ggctctggcc
aaaagccccg tatcaaactg ccatttcttc 2009 cggtttctgt ggaccttgtg
gccaggtgct cttcccgagc cacaggtgtt ctgtgagctt 2069 gcttgtgtgt
gtgtgcgcgt gtgcgtgtgt tgctccaata aagtttgtac gctttctgaa 2129
aaaaaaaa 2137 2 589 PRT Mouse epithelin/granulin 2 Met Trp Val Leu
Met Ser Trp Leu Ala Phe Ala Ala Gly Leu Val Ala 1 5 10 15 Gly Thr
Gln Cys Pro Asp Gly Gln Phe Cys Pro Val Ala Cys Cys Leu 20 25 30
Asp Gln Gly Gly Ala Asn Tyr Ser Cys Cys Asn Pro Leu Leu Asp Thr 35
40 45 Trp Pro Arg Ile Thr Ser His His Leu Asp Gly Ser Cys Gln Thr
His 50 55 60 Gly His Cys Pro Ala Gly Tyr Ser Cys Leu Leu Thr Val
Ser Gly Thr 65 70 75 80 Ser Ser Cys Cys Pro Phe Ser Lys Gly Val Ser
Cys Gly Asp Gly Tyr 85 90 95 His Cys Cys Pro Gln Gly Phe His Cys
Ser Ala Asp Gly Lys Ser Cys 100 105 110 Phe Gln Met Ser Asp Asn Pro
Leu Gly Ala Val Gln Cys Pro Gly Ser 115 120 125 Gln Phe Glu Cys Pro
Asp Ser Ala Thr Cys Cys Ile Met Val Asp Gly 130 135 140 Ser Trp Gly
Cys Cys Pro Met Pro Gln Ala Ser Cys Cys Glu Asp Arg 145 150 155 160
Val His Cys Cys Pro His Gly Ala Ser Cys Asp Leu Val His Thr Arg 165
170 175 Cys Val Ser Pro Thr Gly Thr His Thr Leu Leu Lys Lys Phe Pro
Ala 180 185 190 Gln Lys Thr Asn Ser Ala Val Ser Leu Pro Phe Ser Val
Val Cys Pro 195 200 205 Asp Ala Lys Thr Gln Cys Pro Asp Asp Ser Thr
Cys Cys Glu Leu Pro 210 215 220 Thr Gly Lys Tyr Gly Cys Cys Pro Met
Pro Asn Ala Ile Cys Cys Ser 225 230 235 240 Asp His Leu His Cys Cys
Pro Gln Asp Thr Val Cys Asp Leu Ile Gln 245 250 255 Ser Lys Cys Leu
Ser Lys Asn Tyr Thr Thr Asp Leu Leu Thr Lys Leu 260 265 270 Pro Gly
Tyr Pro Val Lys Glu Val Lys Cys Asp Met Glu Val Ser Cys 275 280 285
Pro Glu Gly Tyr Thr Cys Cys Arg Leu Asn Thr Gly Ala Trp Gly Cys 290
295 300 Cys Pro Phe Ala Lys Ala Val Cys Cys Asp Asp His Ile His Cys
Cys 305 310 315 320 Pro Ala Gly Phe Gln Cys His Thr Glu Lys Gly Thr
Cys Glu Met Gly 325 330 335 Ile Leu Gln Val Gly Trp Met Lys Lys Val
Ile Ala Pro Leu Arg Leu 340 345 350 Pro Asp Pro Gln Ile Leu Lys Ser
Asp Thr Pro Cys Asp Asp Phe Thr 355 360 365 Arg Cys Pro Thr Asn Asn
Thr Cys Cys Lys Leu Asn Ser Gly Asp Trp 370 375 380 Gly Cys Cys Pro
Ile Pro Glu Ala Val Cys Cys Ser Asp Asn Gln His 385 390 395 400 Cys
Cys Pro Gln Gly Phe Thr Cys Leu Ala Gln Gly Tyr Cys Gln Lys 405 410
415 Gly Asp Thr Met Val Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys Ile Pro Ala Arg Gln Thr
420 425 430 Thr Pro Leu Gln Ile Gly Asp Ile Gly Cys Asp Gln His Thr
Ser Cys 435 440 445 Pro Val Gly Gln Thr Cys Cys Pro Ser Leu Lys Gly
Ser Trp Ala Cys 450 455 460 Cys Gln Leu Pro His Ala Val Cys Cys Glu
Asp Arg Gln His Cys Cys 465 470 475 480 Pro Ala Gly Tyr Thr Cys Asn
Val Lys Ala Arg Thr Cys Glu Lys Asp 485 490 495 Val Asp Phe Ile Gln
Pro Pro Val Leu Leu Thr Leu Gly Pro Lys Val 500 505 510 Gly Asn Val
Glu Cys Gly Glu Gly His Phe Cys His Asp Asn Gln Thr 515 520 525 Cys
Cys Lys Asp Ser Ala Gly Val Trp Ala Cys Cys Pro Tyr Leu Lys 530 535
540 Gly Val Cys Cys Arg Asp Gly Arg His Cys Cys Pro Gly Gly Phe His
545 550 555 560 Cys Ser Ala Arg Gly Thr Lys Cys Leu Arg Lys Lys Ile
Pro Arg Trp 565 570 575 Asp Met Phe Leu Arg Asp Pro Val Pro Arg Pro
Leu Leu 580 585 3 19 PRT mouse granulin PEPTIDE (1)..(19) Internal
peptide of mouse GP88 used to raise the antisera against the GP88
used in the immunoaffinity step. 3 Lys Lys Val Ile Ala Pro Arg Arg
Leu Pro Asp Pro Gln Ile Leu Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Asp Thr 4 12 PRT
mouse granulin PEPTIDE (1)..(12) Internal peptide of mouse GP88
used to raise the antisera against the GP88 used in the
immunoaffinity step. 4 Pro Asp Ala Lys Thr Gln Cys Pro Asp Asp Ser
Thr 1 5 10 5 14 PRT mouse granulin PEPTIDE (1)..(14) Internal
peptide of mouse GP88 used to raise the antisera against the GP88
used in the immunoaffinity step. 5 Ser Ala Arg Gly Thr Lys Cys Leu
Arg Lys Lys Ile Pro Arg 1 5 10 6 19 PRT Human granulin PEPTIDE
(1)..(19) Internal peptide of human GP88 used to develop
neutralizing anti-human GP88 monoclonal antibody. 6 Glu Lys Ala Pro
Ala His Leu Ser Leu Pro Asp Pro Gln Ala Leu Lys 1 5 10 15 Arg Asp
Val 7 14 PRT Human granulin PEPTIDE (1)..(14) Internal peptide of
human GP88 used to develop neutralizing anti-human GP88 monoclonal
antibody. 7 Ala Arg Arg Gly Thr Lys Cys Leu Arg Arg Glu Ala Pro Arg
1 5 10 8 24 DNA mammalian primer (1)..(24) Internal peptide of CMV
promoter used as PCR primer. 8 cctacttggc agtacatcta cgta 24 9 27
DNA mammalian primer (1)..(27) GP88 cDNA start codon used as
oligonucleotide PCR primer. 9 cgagaattca ggcagaccat gtgggtc 27 10
27 DNA mammalian primer (1)..(27) Antisense primer oligonucleotide
primer 10 cgagaattca ggcagaccat gtgggtc 27 11 23 DNA mammalian
primer (1)..(23) Antisense primer oligonucleotide primer 11
ctgacggttc actaaacgag ctc 23 12 25 DNA mammalian primer (1)..(25)
primer 12 ggatccacgg agttgttacc tgatc 25 13 25 DNA mammalian primer
(1)..(25) oligonucleotide PCR primer 13 gaattcgcag gcagaccatg tggac
25 14 21 DNA mammalian primer (1)..(21) Antisense oligonucleotide
to human GP88 14 gggtccacat ggtctgcctg c 21 15 24 DNA mammalian
primer (1)..(24) Antisense oligonucleotide to human GP88 15
gccaccagcc ctgctgttaa ggcc 24 16 2095 DNA Human GP88 cDNA CDS
(13)..(1791) Nucleotide sequence of human granulin/epithelin
precursor (human GP88). Human Granulin Genebank M75161. 16
cgcaggcaga cc atg tgg acc ctg gtg agc tgg gtg gcc tta aca gca ggg
51 Met Trp Thr Leu Val Ser Trp Val Ala Leu Thr Ala Gly 1 5 10 ctg
gtg gct gga acg cgg tgc cca gat ggt cag ttc tgc cct gtg gcc 99 Leu
Val Ala Gly Thr Arg Cys Pro Asp Gly Gln Phe Cys Pro Val Ala 15 20
25 tgc tgc ctg gac ccc gga gga gcc agc tac agc tgc tgc cgt ccc ctt
147 Cys Cys Leu Asp Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Ser Cys Cys Arg Pro Leu
30 35 40 45 ctg gac aaa tgg ccc aca aca ctg agc agg cat ctg ggt ggc
ccc tgc 195 Leu Asp Lys Trp Pro Thr Thr Leu Ser Arg His Leu Gly Gly
Pro Cys 50 55 60 cag gtt gat gcc cac tgc tct gcc ggc cac tcc tgc
atc ttt acc gtc 243 Gln Val Asp Ala His Cys Ser Ala Gly His Ser Cys
Ile Phe Thr Val 65 70 75 tca ggg act tcc agt tgc tgc ccc ttc cca
gag gcc gtg gca tgc ggg 291 Ser Gly Thr Ser Ser Cys Cys Pro Phe Pro
Glu Ala Val Ala Cys Gly 80 85 90 gat ggc cat cac tgc tgc cca cgg
ggc ttc cac tgc agt gca gac ggg 339 Asp Gly His His Cys Cys Pro Arg
Gly Phe His Cys Ser Ala Asp Gly 95 100 105 cga tcc tgc ttc caa aga
tca ggt aac aac tcc gtg ggt gcc atc cag 387 Arg Ser Cys Phe Gln Arg
Ser Gly Asn Asn Ser Val Gly Ala Ile Gln 110 115 120 125 tgc cct gat
agt cag ttc gaa tgc ccg gac ttc tcc acg tgc tgt gtt 435 Cys Pro Asp
Ser Gln Phe Glu Cys Pro Asp Phe Ser Thr Cys Cys Val 130 135 140 atg
gtc gat ggc tcc tgg ggg tgc tgc ccc atg ccc cag gct tcc tgc 483 Met
Val Asp Gly Ser Trp Gly Cys Cys Pro Met Pro Gln Ala Ser Cys 145 150
155 tgt gaa gac agg gtg cac tgc tgt ccg cac ggt gcc ttc tgc gac ctg
531 Cys Glu Asp Arg Val His Cys Cys Pro His Gly Ala Phe Cys Asp Leu
160 165 170 gtt cac acc cgc tgc atc aca ccc acg ggc acc cac ccc ctg
gca aag 579 Val His Thr Arg Cys Ile Thr Pro Thr Gly Thr His Pro Leu
Ala Lys 175 180 185 aag ctc cct gcc cag agg act aac agg gca gtg gcc
ttg tcc agc tcg 627 Lys Leu Pro Ala Gln Arg Thr Asn Arg Ala Val Ala
Leu Ser Ser Ser 190 195 200 205 gtc atg tgt ccg gac gca cgg tcc cgg
tgc cct gat ggt tct acc tgc 675 Val Met Cys Pro Asp Ala Arg Ser Arg
Cys Pro Asp Gly Ser Thr Cys 210 215 220 tgt gag ctg ccc agt ggg aag
tat ggc tgc tgc cca atg ccc aac gcc 723 Cys Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys
Tyr Gly Cys Cys Pro Met Pro Asn Ala 225 230 235 acc tgc tgc tcc gat
cac ctg cac tgc tgc ccc caa gac act gtg tgt 771 Thr Cys Cys Ser Asp
His Leu His Cys Cys Pro Gln Asp Thr Val Cys 240 245 250 gac ctg atc
cag agt aag tgc ctc tcc aag gag aac gct acc acg gac 819 Asp Leu Ile
Gln Ser Lys Cys Leu Ser Lys Glu
Asn Ala Thr Thr Asp 255 260 265 ctc ctc act aag ctg cct gcg cac aca
gtg ggc gat gtg aaa tgt gac 867 Leu Leu Thr Lys Leu Pro Ala His Thr
Val Gly Asp Val Lys Cys Asp 270 275 280 285 atg gag gtg agc tgc cca
gat ggc tat acc tgc tgc cgt cta cag tcg 915 Met Glu Val Ser Cys Pro
Asp Gly Tyr Thr Cys Cys Arg Leu Gln Ser 290 295 300 ggg gcc tgg ggc
tgc tgc cct ttt acc cag gct gtg tgc tgt gag gac 963 Gly Ala Trp Gly
Cys Cys Pro Phe Thr Gln Ala Val Cys Cys Glu Asp 305 310 315 cac ata
cac tgc tgt ccc gcg ggg ttt acg tgt gac acg cag aag ggt 1011 His
Ile His Cys Cys Pro Ala Gly Phe Thr Cys Asp Thr Gln Lys Gly 320 325
330 acc tgt gaa cag ggg ccc cac cag gtg ccc tgg atg gag aag gcc cca
1059 Thr Cys Glu Gln Gly Pro His Gln Val Pro Trp Met Glu Lys Ala
Pro 335 340 345 gct cac ctc agc ctg cca gac cca caa gcc ttg aag aga
gat gtc ccc 1107 Ala His Leu Ser Leu Pro Asp Pro Gln Ala Leu Lys
Arg Asp Val Pro 350 355 360 365 tgt gat aat gtc agc agc tgt ccc tcc
tcc gat acc tgc tgc caa ctc 1155 Cys Asp Asn Val Ser Ser Cys Pro
Ser Ser Asp Thr Cys Cys Gln Leu 370 375 380 acg tct ggg gag tgg ggc
tgc tgt cca atc cca gag gct gtc tgc tgc 1203 Thr Ser Gly Glu Trp
Gly Cys Cys Pro Ile Pro Glu Ala Val Cys Cys 385 390 395 tcg gac cac
cag cac tgc tgc ccc cag cga tac acg tgt gta gct gag 1251 Ser Asp
His Gln His Cys Cys Pro Gln Arg Tyr Thr Cys Val Ala Glu 400 405 410
ggg cag tgt cag cga gga agc gag atc gtg gct gga ctg gag aag atg
1299 Gly Gln Cys Gln Arg Gly Ser Glu Ile Val Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys
Met 415 420 425 cct gcc cgc cgc ggt tcc tta tcc cac ccc aga gac atc
ggc tgt gac 1347 Pro Ala Arg Arg Gly Ser Leu Ser His Pro Arg Asp
Ile Gly Cys Asp 430 435 440 445 cag cac acc agc tgc ccg gtg ggc gga
acc tgc tgc ccg agc cag ggt 1395 Gln His Thr Ser Cys Pro Val Gly
Gly Thr Cys Cys Pro Ser Gln Gly 450 455 460 ggg agc tgg gcc tgc tgc
cag ttg ccc cat gct gtg tgc tgc gag gat 1443 Gly Ser Trp Ala Cys
Cys Gln Leu Pro His Ala Val Cys Cys Glu Asp 465 470 475 cgc cag cac
tgc tgc ccg gct ggc tac acc tgc aac gtg aag gct cga 1491 Arg Gln
His Cys Cys Pro Ala Gly Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Lys Ala Arg 480 485 490
tcc tgc gag aag gaa gtg gtc tct gcc cag cct gcc acc ttc ctg gcc
1539 Ser Cys Glu Lys Glu Val Val Ser Ala Gln Pro Ala Thr Phe Leu
Ala 495 500 505 cgt agc cct cac gtg ggt gtg aag gac gtg gag tgt ggg
gaa gga cac 1587 Arg Ser Pro His Val Gly Val Lys Asp Val Glu Cys
Gly Glu Gly His 510 515 520 525 ttc tgc cat gat aac cag acc tgc tgc
cga gac aac cga cag ggc tgg 1635 Phe Cys His Asp Asn Gln Thr Cys
Cys Arg Asp Asn Arg Gln Gly Trp 530 535 540 gcc tgc tgt ccc tac gcc
cag ggc gtc tgt tgt gct gat cgg cgc cac 1683 Ala Cys Cys Pro Tyr
Ala Gln Gly Val Cys Cys Ala Asp Arg Arg His 545 550 555 tgc tgt cct
gct ggc ttc cgc tgc gca cgc agg ggt acc aag tgt ttg 1731 Cys Cys
Pro Ala Gly Phe Arg Cys Ala Arg Arg Gly Thr Lys Cys Leu 560 565 570
cgc agg gag gcc ccg cgc tgg gac gcc cct ttg agg gac cca gcc ttg
1779 Arg Arg Glu Ala Pro Arg Trp Asp Ala Pro Leu Arg Asp Pro Ala
Leu 575 580 585 aga cag ctg ctg tgagggacag tactgaagac tctgcagccc
tcgggacccc 1831 Arg Gln Leu Leu 590 actcggaggg tgccctctgc
tcaggcctcc ctagcacctc cccctaacca aattctccct 1891 ggaccccatt
ctgagctccc catcaccatg ggaggtgggg cctcaatcta aggcccttcc 1951
ctgtcagaag ggggttgagg caaaagccca ttacaagctg ccatcccctc cccgtttcag
2011 tggaccctgt ggccaggtgc ttttccctat ccacaggggt gtttgtgtgt
tgggtgtgct 2071 ttcaataaag tttgtcactt tctt 2095 17 593 PRT Human
GP88 cDNA 17 Met Trp Thr Leu Val Ser Trp Val Ala Leu Thr Ala Gly
Leu Val Ala 1 5 10 15 Gly Thr Arg Cys Pro Asp Gly Gln Phe Cys Pro
Val Ala Cys Cys Leu 20 25 30 Asp Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Ser Cys
Cys Arg Pro Leu Leu Asp Lys 35 40 45 Trp Pro Thr Thr Leu Ser Arg
His Leu Gly Gly Pro Cys Gln Val Asp 50 55 60 Ala His Cys Ser Ala
Gly His Ser Cys Ile Phe Thr Val Ser Gly Thr 65 70 75 80 Ser Ser Cys
Cys Pro Phe Pro Glu Ala Val Ala Cys Gly Asp Gly His 85 90 95 His
Cys Cys Pro Arg Gly Phe His Cys Ser Ala Asp Gly Arg Ser Cys 100 105
110 Phe Gln Arg Ser Gly Asn Asn Ser Val Gly Ala Ile Gln Cys Pro Asp
115 120 125 Ser Gln Phe Glu Cys Pro Asp Phe Ser Thr Cys Cys Val Met
Val Asp 130 135 140 Gly Ser Trp Gly Cys Cys Pro Met Pro Gln Ala Ser
Cys Cys Glu Asp 145 150 155 160 Arg Val His Cys Cys Pro His Gly Ala
Phe Cys Asp Leu Val His Thr 165 170 175 Arg Cys Ile Thr Pro Thr Gly
Thr His Pro Leu Ala Lys Lys Leu Pro 180 185 190 Ala Gln Arg Thr Asn
Arg Ala Val Ala Leu Ser Ser Ser Val Met Cys 195 200 205 Pro Asp Ala
Arg Ser Arg Cys Pro Asp Gly Ser Thr Cys Cys Glu Leu 210 215 220 Pro
Ser Gly Lys Tyr Gly Cys Cys Pro Met Pro Asn Ala Thr Cys Cys 225 230
235 240 Ser Asp His Leu His Cys Cys Pro Gln Asp Thr Val Cys Asp Leu
Ile 245 250 255 Gln Ser Lys Cys Leu Ser Lys Glu Asn Ala Thr Thr Asp
Leu Leu Thr 260 265 270 Lys Leu Pro Ala His Thr Val Gly Asp Val Lys
Cys Asp Met Glu Val 275 280 285 Ser Cys Pro Asp Gly Tyr Thr Cys Cys
Arg Leu Gln Ser Gly Ala Trp 290 295 300 Gly Cys Cys Pro Phe Thr Gln
Ala Val Cys Cys Glu Asp His Ile His 305 310 315 320 Cys Cys Pro Ala
Gly Phe Thr Cys Asp Thr Gln Lys Gly Thr Cys Glu 325 330 335 Gln Gly
Pro His Gln Val Pro Trp Met Glu Lys Ala Pro Ala His Leu 340 345 350
Ser Leu Pro Asp Pro Gln Ala Leu Lys Arg Asp Val Pro Cys Asp Asn 355
360 365 Val Ser Ser Cys Pro Ser Ser Asp Thr Cys Cys Gln Leu Thr Ser
Gly 370 375 380 Glu Trp Gly Cys Cys Pro Ile Pro Glu Ala Val Cys Cys
Ser Asp His 385 390 395 400 Gln His Cys Cys Pro Gln Arg Tyr Thr Cys
Val Ala Glu Gly Gln Cys 405 410 415 Gln Arg Gly Ser Glu Ile Val Ala
Gly Leu Glu Lys Met Pro Ala Arg 420 425 430 Arg Gly Ser Leu Ser His
Pro Arg Asp Ile Gly Cys Asp Gln His Thr 435 440 445 Ser Cys Pro Val
Gly Gly Thr Cys Cys Pro Ser Gln Gly Gly Ser Trp 450 455 460 Ala Cys
Cys Gln Leu Pro His Ala Val Cys Cys Glu Asp Arg Gln His 465 470 475
480 Cys Cys Pro Ala Gly Tyr Thr Cys Asn Val Lys Ala Arg Ser Cys Glu
485 490 495 Lys Glu Val Val Ser Ala Gln Pro Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala Arg
Ser Pro 500 505 510 His Val Gly Val Lys Asp Val Glu Cys Gly Glu Gly
His Phe Cys His 515 520 525 Asp Asn Gln Thr Cys Cys Arg Asp Asn Arg
Gln Gly Trp Ala Cys Cys 530 535 540 Pro Tyr Ala Gln Gly Val Cys Cys
Ala Asp Arg Arg His Cys Cys Pro 545 550 555 560 Ala Gly Phe Arg Cys
Ala Arg Arg Gly Thr Lys Cys Leu Arg Arg Glu 565 570 575 Ala Pro Arg
Trp Asp Ala Pro Leu Arg Asp Pro Ala Leu Arg Gln Leu 580 585 590
Leu
* * * * *