U.S. patent application number 10/203046 was filed with the patent office on 2003-11-13 for adhesive for bonding to low surface energy surfaces.
Invention is credited to Gehlsen, Mark D, Khandpur, Ashish K, Ma, JingJing, Momchilovich, Bradley S, Stradinger, John J.
Application Number | 20030211308 10/203046 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 29400922 |
Filed Date | 2003-11-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030211308 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Khandpur, Ashish K ; et
al. |
November 13, 2003 |
Adhesive for bonding to low surface energy surfaces
Abstract
A novel polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer and a
pressure sensitive adhesive, tape and adhesive backed article made
therefrom, such as a polymer foam article having a substantially
smooth surface prepared by melt-mixing a polymer composition and a
plurality of microspheres, at least one of which is an expandable
polymeric microsphere, under process conditions, including
temperature and shear rate, selected to form an expandable
extrudable composition; and extruding the composition through a
die.
Inventors: |
Khandpur, Ashish K; (Lake
Elmo, MN) ; Ma, JingJing; (Woodbury, MN) ;
Gehlsen, Mark D; (Eagan, MN) ; Momchilovich, Bradley
S; (Stillwater, MN) ; Stradinger, John J;
(Roseville, MN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Jean A Lown
Office of Intellectual Property Counsel
3M Innovative Properties Company
PO Box 33427
St Paul
MN
55133-3427
US
|
Family ID: |
29400922 |
Appl. No.: |
10/203046 |
Filed: |
December 9, 2002 |
PCT Filed: |
February 2, 2001 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US01/03463 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/317.3 ;
428/355BL |
Current CPC
Class: |
B32B 2307/72 20130101;
Y10T 428/249983 20150401; C08L 2666/24 20130101; C09J 2453/00
20130101; B32B 2405/00 20130101; Y10T 428/31931 20150401; B32B
2266/0242 20130101; C09J 153/02 20130101; C09J 2433/006 20130101;
C09J 7/387 20180101; C09J 5/08 20130101; Y10T 428/1452 20150115;
B32B 27/065 20130101; B32B 5/18 20130101; C08L 2666/02 20130101;
C09J 151/003 20130101; C08F 297/044 20130101; C09J 7/10 20180101;
Y10T 428/1376 20150115; C09J 2453/006 20130101; C08L 2666/04
20130101; Y10T 428/2883 20150115; Y10T 428/31855 20150401; C09J
2301/412 20200801; C09J 153/00 20130101; C09J 7/26 20180101; C09J
151/003 20130101; C08L 2666/04 20130101; C09J 151/003 20130101;
C08L 2666/02 20130101; C09J 151/003 20130101; C08L 2666/24
20130101; C09J 153/02 20130101; C08L 2666/04 20130101; C09J 153/02
20130101; C08L 2666/02 20130101; C09J 153/02 20130101; C08L 2666/24
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/317.3 ;
428/355.0BL |
International
Class: |
B32B 003/00; B32B
007/12 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A pressure sensitive adhesive having a rubber phase, said
adhesive comprising: (a) 100 parts by weight of a polymodal
asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer; (b) at least one tackifier
in an amount sufficient to raise the calculated Fox T.sub.g of the
rubber phase of said adhesive to at least 245.degree. K.; (c) 0 to
about 50 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent; and (d) 0 to
about 300 parts by weight of a plasticizer; wherein said polymodal
asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer has the formula Q.sub.n Y
and comprises from about 4 to about 40 percent by weight of a
polymerized monovinyl aromatic compound and from about 96 to about
60 percent by weight of polymerized conjugated diene, wherein: Q
represents an individual arm of said block copolymer and has the
formula S--B; n represents the number of arms Q in said block
copolymer and is a whole number of at least 3; and Y is the residue
of a multifunctional coupling agent; and further wherein: (a) S is
a nonelastomeric polymer segment endblock of a polymerized
monovinyl aromatic homopolymer, there being at least two different
molecular weight endblocks in said copolymer, a higher molecular
weight endblock and a lower molecular weight endblock, wherein: (i)
the number average molecular weight of said higher molecular weight
endblock (Mn).sub.H is in the range of from about 5,000 to about
50,000; (ii) the number average molecular weight of said lower
molecular weight endblock (Mn).sub.L is in the range of from about
1,000 to about 10,000; and (iii) the ratio (Mn).sub.H/(Mn).sub.L is
at least 1.25; and (b) B is an elastomeric polymer segment midblock
which connects each arm to the residue of a multifunctional
coupling agent (Y) and comprises a polymerized conjugated diene or
combination of conjugated dienes, and wherein said adhesive has a
rubber phase exhibiting a calculated Fox T.sub.g of at least
245.degree. K and said adhesive forms a high strength bond to low
surface energy surfaces.
2. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
said adhesive is solvent free with only up to a 20% solvent
content.
3. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
the rubber phase of said adhesive has a calculated Fox T.sub.g of
at least 250.degree. K.
4. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
the rubber phase of said adhesive has a calculated Fox T.sub.g with
an upper limit of less than 300.degree. K.
5. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
said adhesive exhibits a 180.degree. peel strength on a low surface
energy substrate of at least about 20 N/dm.
6. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 5, wherein
said adhesive exhibits a 180.degree. peel strength on a low surface
energy substrate of at least about 60 N/dm.
7. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
said adhesive is in the form of a film.
8. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1 in
combination with a backing having first and second major surfaces,
and said adhesive is coated on at least a portion of at least one
of the major surfaces.
9. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 8, wherein
said backing is a foam core.
10. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 8, wherein
said backing further comprises a release surface.
11. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 8, wherein
said backing is a foam tape core made of the same or a different
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer, and said adhesive
is in the form of at least one co-extruded layer on said foam tape
core.
12. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 8, wherein
said backing is an acrylic foam tape core, and said adhesive is in
the form of at least one co-extruded layer on said foam tape
core.
13. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 8, wherein
said backing is in the form of a foam, at least one of the major
surfaces of which is substantially smooth having an Ra value less
than about 75 micrometers, as measured by laser triangulation
profilometry, and said foam comprises a plurality of microspheres,
at least one of which is an expandable polymeric microsphere.
14. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
said adhesive is in the form of a foam having at least one
substantially smooth major surface having an Ra value less than
about 75 micrometers, as measured by laser triangulation
profilometry, and said foam comprises a plurality of microspheres,
at least one of which is an expandable polymeric microsphere.
15. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
said adhesive is in the form of a foam having at least one
substantially smooth major surface having an Ra value less than
about 75 micrometers, as measured by laser triangulation
profilometry, and said foam comprises a plurality of said
expandable polymeric microspheres.
16. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 15, wherein
said foam is substantially free of broken polymeric
microspheres.
17. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 15 in
combination with at least one other polymer composition in the form
of a plurality of discrete structures bonded to or embedded in said
foam.
18. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said
adhesive exhibits a 90.degree. peel strength on a low surface
energy substrate of at least about 50 N/dm.
19. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 18, wherein said
adhesive exhibits a 90.degree. peel strength on a low surface
energy substrate of at least about 75 N/dm.
20. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said
tackifier is a low acidic or neutral tackifier.
21. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said
tackifier has a T.sub.g in the range of from about -50.degree. C.
to about 200.degree. C.
22. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said
tackifier has a softening point of above 80.degree. C.
23. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said at
least one tackifier is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogenated mixed aromatic tackifiers, aliphatic/aromatic
hydrocarbon liquid tackifiers; napthenic oils, mineral oils, and a
mixture of one or more thereof.
24. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said
adhesive comprises in the range of from about 50 parts to about 350
parts by weight of said at least one tackifier.
25. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein said
adhesive comprises in the range of from about 70 parts to about 300
parts by weight of said at least one tackifier.
26. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 1, wherein
the polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer is
crosslinked.
27. The pressure sensitive adhesive according to claim 26, wherein
said adhesive is a radiation crosslinkable composition.
28. A pressure sensitive adhesive tape, said tape comprising: a
foam backing having two major surfaces; and a pressure sensitive
adhesive being coated on at least a portion of at least one of the
major surfaces, at least one of foam backing and said adhesive
comprising a blend of two or more polymers with one of said
polymers comprising: (a) 100 parts by weight of a polymodal
asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer; (b) at least one tackifier;
(c) 0 to about 50 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent; and (d)
0 to about 300 parts by weight of a plasticizer; wherein said
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer has the formula
Q.sub.n Y and comprises from about 4 to about 40 percent by weight
of a polymerized monovinyl aromatic compound and from about 96 to
about 60 percent by weight of polymerized conjugated diene,
wherein: Q represents an individual arm of said block copolymer and
has the formula S--B; n represents the number of arms Q in said
block copolymer and is a whole number of at least 3; and Y is the
residue of a multifunctional coupling agent; and further wherein:
(a) S is a nonelastomeric polymer segment endblock of a polymerized
monovinyl aromatic homopolymer, there being at least two different
molecular weight endblocks in said copolymer, a higher molecular
weight endblock and a lower molecular weight endblock, wherein: (i)
the number average molecular weight of said higher molecular weight
endblock (Mn).sub.H is in the range of from about 5,000 to about
50,000; (ii) the number average molecular weight of said lower
molecular weight endblock (Mn).sub.L is in the range of from about
1,000 to about 10,000; and (iii) the ratio (Mn).sub.H/(Mn).sub.L is
at least 1.25; and (b) B is an elastomeric polymer segment midblock
which connects each arm to the residue of a multifunctional
coupling agent (Y) and comprises a polymerized conjugated diene or
combination of conjugated dienes.
29. The adhesive tape of claim 28, wherein, wherein said adhesive
forms a high strength bond to low surface energy surfaces.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an adhesive made from a
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer, more
particularly, to such an adhesive for forming high strength bonds
to low surface energy surfaces and, even more particularly, to
articles made with such adhesives, including adhesive tapes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Block copolymers are known in the art for a variety of
applications including for use in removable tape applications
wherein the tape is typically removed when it is no longer needed.
See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,393,787 and 5,296,547, both of
which are assigned to the present assignee. Such block copolymers
can be formulated into a pressure sensitive adhesive, which may be
used to make a variety of different types of tapes including
removeable tapes. Specific examples of the various tapes which may
be made include masking tapes, packaging tapes, medical tapes and
autoclave indicator tapes. Additionally, the pressure sensitive
adhesive may be used to make protective sheeting, labels, and
facestock.
[0003] Articles incorporating a polymer foam core are known. The
foam includes a polymer matrix and is characterized by a density
that is lower than the density of the polymer matrix itself.
Density reduction is achieved in a number of ways, including
through creation of gas-filled voids in the matrix (e.g., by means
of a blowing agent) or inclusion of polymeric microspheres (e.g.,
expandable microspheres) or non-polymeric microspheres (e.g., glass
microspheres).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The adhesives of the present invention are particularly
useful for forming strong bonds to low surface energy substrates.
As used herein, low surface energy substrates are those having a
surface energy of less than about 45 dynes per centimeter, more
typically less than about 40 dynes per centimeter, and most
typically less than about 35 dynes per centimeter.
[0005] In one aspect of the invention, a pressure sensitive
adhesive is provided that comprises 100 parts by weight of a
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer and at least one
tackifier or tackifying resin in an amount sufficient to raise the
calculated Fox T.sub.g of the rubber phase of the adhesive to at
least 245.degree. K. The amount of tackifier used depends on the
resulting T.sub.g, of the adhesive's rubber phase, that is obtained
by the addition of the tackifier. So, more tackifier can be added
to obtain the T.sub.g desired. The adhesive composition may also
include 0 to about 50 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent and 0
to about 300 parts by weight of a plasticizer. In general, the
difference between a tackifier and a plasticizer is that the
addition of a tackifier increases the T.sub.g of the adhesive's
rubber phase while the addition of the plasticizer decreases the
T.sub.g of the adhesive's rubber phase. The polymodal asymmetric
elastomeric block copolymer has the formula Q.sub.n Y and comprises
from about 4 to about 40 percent by weight of a polymerized
monovinyl aromatic compound and from about 96 to about 60 percent
by weight of polymerized conjugated diene. Q represents an
individual arm of the block copolymer and has the formula S--B; n
represents the number of arms Q in the block copolymer and is a
whole number of at least 3; and Y is the residue of a
multifunctional coupling agent. S is a nonelastomeric polymer
segment endblock of a polymerized monovinyl aromatic homopolymer,
there being at least two different molecular weight endblocks in
the copolymer, a higher molecular weight endblock and a lower
molecular weight endblock. The number average molecular weight of
the higher molecular weight endblock (Mn).sub.H is in the range of
from about 5,000 to about 50,000. The number average molecular
weight of the lower molecular weight endblock (Mn).sub.L is in the
range of from about 1,000 to about 10,000. The ratio
(Mn).sub.H/(Mn).sub.L is at least 1.25. B is an elastomeric polymer
segment midblock which connects each arm to the residue of a
multifunctional coupling agent (Y) and comprises a polymerized
conjugated diene or combination of conjugated dienes.
[0006] The adhesive has a rubber phase exhibiting a calculated Fox
T.sub.g of at least 245.degree. K., and the adhesive forms a high
strength bond to low surface energy surfaces. As used herein, low
surface energy surfaces or substrates exhibit a surface energy of
less than 45 dyne/cm, more typically less than 40 dyne/cm, or more
typically less than 35 dyne/cm. Preferably, the rubber phase of the
adhesive has a calculated Fox T.sub.g of at least 250.degree. K.
and, more preferably, 255.degree. K. In addition, the rubber phase
of the adhesive preferably has a calculated Fox T.sub.g with an
upper limit of less than 300.degree. K. and, more preferably, an
upper limit of 285.degree. K. In general, the ability of the
present inventive adhesive to bond to low surface energy surfaces
increases as the T.sub.g of the rubber phase increases. The T.sub.g
of the rubber phase is dependent on the weight fraction (i.e.,
concentration) and the T.sub.g of each of the various components of
the adhesive, as well as the weight fraction and T.sub.g of the
rubber portion of the copolymer.
[0007] The present inventive adhesive can exhibit a 1800 peel
strength on a low surface energy substrate (e.g., HDPE) of at least
about 20 N/dm, preferably, at least about 60 N/dm, more preferably
at least about 80 N/dm, and most preferably at least about 100
N/dm, for example, when the adhesive has a thickness of about 5 mil
(125 .mu.m) and is, for example, in the form of a film (e.g., a
transfer tape).
[0008] The present adhesive can be used in combination with a
backing (e.g., a foam core, a vinyl strip or sheet, etc.) having
first and second major surfaces, with the adhesive coated on at
least a portion of one or both of the major surfaces. The backing
can include a release surface (e.g., for a tape roll). The backing
can also be a foam tape core made of the same or a different
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer, and the adhesive
can be in the form of at least one co-extruded layer on the foam
tape core. The backing can also be an acrylic foam tape core and
the adhesive in the form of at least one co-extruded layer on the
foam tape core. The backing can be in the form of a foam, with one
or both of its major surfaces being substantially smooth, having an
Ra value less than about 75 micrometers, as measured by laser
triangulation profilometry, and comprising a plurality of
microspheres, at least one and preferably a plurality of which are
expandable polymeric microspheres. Typically, this foam is
substantially free of broken polymeric microspheres. The present
adhesive can also be used in combination with at least one other
polymer composition in the form of a plurality of discrete
structures bonded to or embedded in the foam.
[0009] In another aspect of the invention, an adhesive tape is
provided wherein the backing is a foam formed from a composition
comprising an polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer and
the adhesive comprises a blend of two or more polymers, which may
be pressure-sensitive, non-pressure-sensitive, or blends thereof.
Examples of suitable blends include a block copolymer and an
acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive, a block copolymer
pressure-sensitive adhesive and an acrylic polymer, a thermoplastic
polymer and a block copolymer pressure-sensitive adhesive, or a
thermoplastic polymer and a block copolymer. Preferably, the block
copolymer is a polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer.
The adhesive on the tape may be pressure-sensitive.
[0010] For an adhesive tape having any foam backing, it can be
desirable for the pressure sensitive adhesive, disposed on one or
more surfaces of the foam backing, to comprise a blend of a
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer pressure-sensitive
adhesive and an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive.
[0011] Thus, the present invention can include a pressure sensitive
adhesive tape that comprises a foam backing having major surfaces
and a pressure sensitive adhesive coated on at least a portion of
one or more of the major surfaces, where one or the other or both
of the foam backing and the adhesive comprise a blend of two or
more polymers. At least one of the polymers comprises:
[0012] (a) 100 parts by weight of a polymodal asymmetric
elastomeric block copolymer;
[0013] (b) at least one tackifier;
[0014] (c) 0 to about 50 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent;
and
[0015] (d) 0 to about 300 parts by weight of a plasticizer;
[0016] wherein said polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block
copolymer has the formula Q.sub.n Y and comprises from about 4 to
about 40 percent by weight of a polymerized monovinyl aromatic
compound and from about 96 to about 60 percent by weight of
polymerized conjugated diene, wherein:
[0017] Q represents an individual arm of said block copolymer and
has the formula S--B;
[0018] n represents the number of arms Q in said block copolymer
and is a whole number of at least 3; and
[0019] Y is the residue of a multifunctional coupling agent; and
further wherein:
[0020] (a) S is a nonelastomeric polymer segment endblock of a
polymerized monovinyl aromatic homopolymer, there being at least
two different molecular weight endblocks in said copolymer, a
higher molecular weight endblock and a lower molecular weight
endblock, wherein:
[0021] (i) the number average molecular weight of said higher
molecular weight endblock (Mn).sub.H is in the range of from about
5,000 to about 50,000;
[0022] (ii) the number average molecular weight of said lower
molecular weight endblock (Mn).sub.L is in the range of from about
1,000 to about 10,000; and
[0023] (iii) the ratio (Mn).sub.H/(Mn).sub.L is at least 1.25;
and
[0024] (b) B is an elastomeric polymer segment midblock which
connects each arm to the residue of a multifunctional coupling
agent (Y) and comprises a polymerized conjugated diene or
combination of conjugated dienes.
[0025] The present adhesive can exhibit a 900 peel strength on a
low surface energy substrate (e.g., HDPE) of at least about 50
N/dm, preferably, at least about 75 N/dm, more preferably at least
about 100 N/dm and most preferably at least about 150 N/dm, for
example, when the adhesive has a thickness of about 3 mil (75
.mu.m) to about 5 mil (125 .mu.m) and is, for example, in the form
of an adhesive skin laminated onto, or co-extruded with, an
adhesive or non-adhesive foam tape core having a thickness of about
1 mm. In general, the thicker the adhesive, with or without a foam
core, the higher the bond strength exhibited by the adhesive, up to
a limit, such as the cohesive strength of the foam.
[0026] Preferably, the tackifier used in the present adhesive is a
low acidic or neutral tackifier. As used herein, a low acidic or
neutral tackifier is one with an acid number of about 1 mg KOH/g or
less, as tested according to AMS 360.25 test method. In addition,
the tackifier preferably has a T.sub.g, as measured by differential
scanning calorimeter (DSC), in the range of from about -50.degree.
C. to about 200.degree. C. and, more preferably, from about
-30.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. The T.sub.g of the
adhesive's rubber phase is dependent, in significant part, on the
T.sub.g of the tackifier. In general, for a given weight of
tackifier, as the T.sub.g of the tackifier increases, the T.sub.g
of the adhesive increases. It is also preferable for the tackifier
to have a softening point of above 80.degree. C., and more
preferably of 90.degree. C. or higher. Preferably, the present
adhesive comprises at least one tackifier selected from the group
consisting of hydrogenated mixed aromatic tackifiers,
aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbon liquid tackifiers; napthenic oils,
mineral oils, and a mixture of one or more thereof. It can be
desirable for the adhesive to comprise in the range of from about
50 parts to about 350 parts, preferably, from about 70 parts to
about 300 parts and, more preferably, from about 90 parts to about
265 parts by weight of one or more tackifiers.
[0027] The present adhesive can be a radiation crosslinkable
composition such as, for example, by electron beam radiation,
ultraviolet radiation, etc., so as to produce a crosslinked
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer.
[0028] In an additional aspect of the invention, an article is
provided that includes a polymer foam having a substantially smooth
surface. The foam may be provided in a variety of shapes, including
a rod, a cylinder, a sheet, etc. In some embodiments, e.g., where
the foam is provided in the form of a sheet, the foam has a pair of
major surfaces, one or both of which are substantially smooth. The
foam includes a plurality of microspheres, at least one of which is
an expandable polymeric microsphere.
[0029] As used herein, a "polymer foam" refers to an article that
includes a polymer matrix in which the density of the article is
less than the density of the polymer matrix alone.
[0030] A "substantially smooth" surface refers to a surface having
an Ra value less than about 75 micrometers, as measured by laser
triangulation profilometry according to the procedure described in
the Examples, infra. Preferably, the surface has an Ra value less
than about 50 micrometers, more preferably less than about 25
micrometers. The surface is also characterized by the substantial
absence of visually observable macroscopic defects such as
wrinkles, corrugations and creases. In addition, in the case of an
adhesive surface, the surface is sufficiently smooth such that it
exhibits adequate contact and, thereby, adhesion to a substrate of
interest. The desired threshold level of adhesion will depend on
the particular application for which the article is being used.
[0031] An "expandable polymeric microsphere" is a microsphere that
includes a polymer shell and a core material in the form of a gas,
liquid, or combination thereof, that expands upon heating.
Expansion of the core material, in turn, causes the shell to
expand, at least at the heating temperature. An expandable
microsphere is one where the shell can be initially expanded or
further expanded without breaking. Some microspheres may have
polymer shells that only allow the core material to expand at or
near the heating temperature.
[0032] The article is a pressure sensitive adhesive article when
the article has a surface available for bonding that is either
tacky at room temperature (i.e., pressure sensitive adhesive
articles) or becomes tacky after being heated (i.e., heat-activated
adhesive articles). An example of an adhesive article is a foam
that itself is an adhesive, or an article that includes one or more
separate adhesive compositions bonded to the foam, e.g., in the
form of a continuous layer or discrete structures (e.g., stripes,
rods, filament, etc.), in which case the foam itself need not be an
adhesive. Examples of non-adhesive articles include non-adhesive
foams and adhesive foams provided with a non-adhesive composition,
e.g., in the form of a layer, substrate, etc., on all surfaces
available for bonding.
[0033] The foam can be substantially free of urethane crosslinks
and urea crosslinks, thus eliminating the need for isocyanates in
the composition. An example of such a material for the polymer foam
is an acrylic polymer or copolymer. In some cases, e.g., where high
cohesive strength and/or high modulus is needed, the foam may be
crosslinked.
[0034] The polymer foam preferably includes a plurality of
expandable polymeric microspheres. The foam may also include one or
more non-expandable microspheres, which may be polymeric or
non-polymeric microspheres (e.g., glass microspheres).
[0035] Examples of preferred expandable polymeric microspheres
include those in which the shell is essentially free of vinylidene
chloride units. Preferred core materials are materials other than
air that expand upon heating.
[0036] The foam may contain agents in addition to microspheres, the
choice of which is dictated by the properties needed for the
intended application of the article. Examples of suitable agents
include those selected from the group consisting of tackifiers,
plasticizers, pigments, dyes, solid fillers, and combinations
thereof. The foam may also include gas-filled voids in the polymer
matrix. Such voids typically are formed by including a blowing
agent in the polymer matrix material and then activating the
blowing agent, e.g., by exposing the polymer matrix material to
heat or radiation.
[0037] The properties of the article may be adjusted by bonding
and/or co-extruding one or more polymer compositions (e.g., in the
form of continuous layers or discrete structures such as stripes,
rods, filament, etc.) to or into the foam. Both foamed and
non-foamed compositions may be used. A composition may be bonded
directly to the foam or indirectly, e.g., through a separate
adhesive.
[0038] The article may be used as a "foam-in-place" article. The
term foam-in-place refers to the ability of the article to be
expanded or further expanded after the article has been placed at a
desired location. Such articles are sized and placed in a recessed
area or on an open surface, and then exposed to heat energy (e.g.,
infrared, ultrasound, microwave, resistive, induction, convection,
etc.) to activate, or further activate, the expandable microspheres
or blowing agent. Such recessed areas can include a space between
two or more surfaces (e.g., parallel or non-parallel surfaces) such
as found, for example, between two or more opposing and spaced
apart substrates, a through hole or a cavity. Such open surfaces
can include a flat or uneven surface on which it is desirable for
the article to expand after being applied to the surface. Upon
activation, the foam expands due to the expansion of the
microspheres and/or blowing agent, thereby partially or completely
filling the recess or space, or thereby increasing the volume (e.g.
height) of the article above the open surface.
[0039] It can be desirable for the foam to comprise a substantially
uncrosslinked or thermoplastic polymeric matrix material. It can
also be desirable for the matrix polymer of the foam to exhibit
some degree of crosslinking. Any crosslinking should not
significantly inhibit or prevent the foam from expanding to the
degree desired. One potential advantage to such crosslinking is
that the foam will likely exhibit improved mechanical properties
(e.g., increase cohesive strength) compared to the same foam with
less or no crosslinking. In the case of foams having a curable
polymer matrix, exposure to heat can also initiate cure of the
matrix.
[0040] It can further be desirable for the foam-in-place article to
comprise multiple layers, discrete structures or a combination
thereof (See, for example, FIGS. 4-6 and the below discussion
thereof), with each layer and discrete structure having a
difference in the way it foams-in-place (e.g., using expandable
microspheres, blowing agents or a combination thereof), a
difference in the degree to which it can be expanded in place, or a
combination thereof. For example, the concentration of expandable
microspheres and/or blowing agents can be different, the type of
expandable microspheres and/or blowing agents can be different, or
a combination thereof can be used. In addition, for example, one or
more of the layers and discrete structures can be expandable in
place while one or more other layers and discrete structures can be
unexpandable in place.
[0041] In yet another aspect of the invention, an article (e.g., an
adhesive article, as defined above) is provided that comprises a
polymer foam (as defined above) that includes: (a) a plurality of
microspheres, at least one of which is an expandable polymeric
microsphere (as defined above), and (b) a polymer matrix that is
substantially free of urethane crosslinks and urea crosslinks. The
matrix can include a blend of two or more polymers in which at
least one of the polymers in the blend is a pressure sensitive
adhesive polymer (i.e., a polymer that is inherently pressure
sensitive, as opposed to a polymer which must be combined with a
tackifier in order to form a pressure sensitive composition) and at
least one of the polymers is selected from the group consisting of
saturated thermoplastic elastomers, unsaturated thermoplastic
elastomers, and non-pressure-sensitive-adhesive thermoplastic
polymers. It can be desirable for the saturated thermoplastic
elastomers used to be acrylate-insoluble saturated thermoplastic
elastomers.
[0042] The foam preferably has a substantially smooth surface (as
defined above). In some embodiments, the foam has a pair of major
surfaces, one or both of which may be substantially smooth. The
foam itself may be an adhesive. The article may also include one or
more separate adhesive compositions bonded to the foam, e.g., in
the form of a layer. If desired, the foam may be crosslinked.
[0043] The polymer foam preferably includes a plurality of
expandable polymeric microspheres. It may also include
non-expandable microspheres, which may be polymeric or
non-polymeric microspheres (e.g., glass microspheres) The
properties of the article may be adjusted by directly or indirectly
bonding one or more foamed or non-foamed polymer compositions to
the foam.
[0044] The invention also features multi-layer articles that
include the above-described foam articles provided on a major
surface of a first substrate, or sandwiched between a pair of
substrates. Examples of suitable substrates include wood
substrates, synthetic polymer substrates, and metal substrates
(e.g., metal foils).
[0045] In yet a further aspect of the invention, a method is
provided for preparing an article, where the method includes: (a)
melt mixing a polymer composition and a plurality of microspheres,
one or more of which is an expandable polymeric microsphere (as
defined above), under process conditions, including temperature,
pressure and shear rate, selected to form an expandable extrudable
composition; (b) extruding the composition through a die to form a
polymer foam (as defined above); and (c) at least partially
expanding one or more expandable polymeric microspheres before the
polymer composition exits the die. It can be preferable for most,
if not all, of the expandable microspheres to be at least partially
expanded before the polymer composition exits the die. By causing
expansion of the expandable polymeric microspheres before the
composition exits the die, the resulting extruded foam can be
produced to within tighter tolerances, as described below in the
Detailed Description.
[0046] It is desirable for the polymer composition to be
substantially solvent-free. That is, it is preferred that the
polymer composition contain less than 20 wt. % solvent, more
preferably, contain substantially none to no greater than about 10
wt. % solvent and, even more preferably, contain no greater than
about 5 wt. % solvent.
[0047] In an additional aspect of the invention, another method is
provided for preparing an article that includes: (a) melt mixing a
polymer composition and a plurality of microspheres, one or more of
which is an expandable polymeric microsphere (as defined above),
under process conditions, including temperature, pressure and shear
rate, selected to form an expandable extrudable composition; and
(b) extruding the composition through a die to form a polymer foam
(as defined above). After the polymer foam exits the die, enough of
the expandable polymeric microspheres in the foam remain unexpanded
or, at most, partially expanded to enable the polymer foam to be
used in a foam-in-place application. That is, the extruded foam can
still be further expanded to a substantial degree at some later
time in the application. Preferably, the expandable microspheres in
the extruded foam retain most, if not all, of their
expandability.
[0048] In another aspect of the invention, another method is
provided for preparing an article that includes: (a) melt mixing a
polymer composition and a plurality of microspheres, one or more of
which is an expandable polymeric microsphere (as defined above),
under process conditions, including temperature, pressure and shear
rate, selected to form an expandable extrudable composition; and
(b) extruding the composition through a die to form a polymer foam
(as defined above) having a substantially smooth surface (as
defined above). It is also possible to prepare foams having a pair
of major surfaces in which one or both major surfaces are
substantially smooth.
[0049] Polymers used according to the present invention can
preferably possess a weight average molecular weight of at least
about 10,000 g/mol, and more preferably at least about 50,000
g/mol. It can also be preferable for the polymers used according to
the present invention to exhibit shear viscosities measured at a
temperature of 175.degree. C. and a shear rate of 100 sec.sup.-1,
of at least about 30 Pascal-seconds (Pa-s), more preferably at
least about 100 Pa-s and even more preferably at least about 200
Pa-s.
[0050] The article may be an adhesive article (as defined above),
e.g., a pressure sensitive adhesive article or a heat-activated
adhesive article. In some embodiments, the foam itself is an
adhesive.
[0051] Both the expandable extrudable composition and the extruded
foam preferably include a plurality of expandable polymeric
microspheres (as defined above). The extruded foam and the
expandable extrudable composition may also include one or more
non-expandable microspheres, which may be polymeric or
non-polymeric microspheres (e.g., glass microspheres).
[0052] The expandable extrudable composition may be co-extruded
with one or more additional extrudable polymer compositions, e.g.,
to form a polymer layer on a surface of the resulting foam. For
example, the additional extrudable polymer composition may be an
adhesive composition. Other suitable additional extrudable polymer
compositions include additional microsphere-containing
compositions.
[0053] The method may also include crosslinking the foam. For
example, the foam may be exposed to thermal, actinic, or ionizing
radiation or combinations thereof subsequent to extrusion to
crosslink the foam. Crosslinking may also be accomplished by using
chemical crosslinking methods based on ionic interactions.
[0054] The invention provides foam-containing articles, and a
process for preparing such articles, in which the articles can be
designed to exhibit a wide range of properties depending upon the
ultimate application for which the article is intended. For
example, the foam core may be produced alone or in combination with
one or more polymer compositions, e.g., in the form of layers to
form multi-layer articles. The ability to combine the foam with
additional polymer compositions offers significant design
flexibility, as a variety of different polymer compositions may be
used, including adhesive compositions, additional foam
compositions, removable compositions, layers having different
mechanical properties, etc. In addition, through careful control of
the foaming operation it is possible to produce a foam having a
pattern of regions having different densities.
[0055] Both thin and thick foams can be produced. In addition, both
adhesive and non-adhesive foams can be produced. In the latter
case, the foam may be combined with one or more separate adhesive
compositions to form an adhesive article. In addition, it is
possible to prepare foams from a number of different polymer
matrices, including polymer matrices that are incompatible with
foam preparation processes that rely on actinic radiation-induced
polymerization of microsphere-containing photopolymerizable
compositions. Examples of such polymer matrix compositions include
unsaturated thermoplastic elastomers and acrylate-insoluble
saturated thermoplastic elastomers. Similarly, it is possible to
include additives such as ultraviolet-absorbing pigments (e.g.,
black pigments), dyes, and tackifiers that could not be used
effectively in actinic radiation-based foam processes. It is
further possible, in contrast to solvent-based and actinic
radiation-based foam processes, to prepare foams having a
substantially homogeneous distribution of microspheres. In
addition, the present expanded foam (i.e., a foam containing
microspheres that have been at least partially expanded) can have a
uniform size distribution of the expanded microspheres from the
surface to the center of the foam. That is, there is no gradient of
expanded microsphere sizes from the surface to the center of the
foam, e.g., like that found in expanded foams which are made in a
press or a mold. Expanded foams that exhibit such a size
distribution gradient of their expanded microspheres can exhibit
weaker mechanical properties than such foams that have a uniform
size distribution of the expanded microspheres. Oven foaming of
these foam compositions require long residence times in the high
temperature oven due to the poor thermal conductivity of the foams.
Long residence times at high temperatures can lead to polymer and
carrier (e.g., release liner) degradation. In addition, poor heat
transfer can also lead to foams containing non-uniform expansion,
causing a density gradient. Such a density gradient can
significantly decrease the strength and otherwise detrimentally
impact the properties of the foam. The process associated with oven
foaming is also complicated and usually requires unique process
equipment to eliminate large scale corrugation and buckling of the
planar sheet. For a reference on oven foaming see, for example,
Handbook of Polymeric Foams & Foam Technology, eds: D. Klempner
& K. C. Frisch, Hanser Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1991.
[0056] Foams with a substantially smooth surface can be produced in
a single step. Accordingly, it is not necessary to bond additional
layers to the foam in order to achieve a smooth-surfaced article.
Substantially smooth-surfaced foams are desirable for a number of
reasons. For example, when the foam is laminated to another
substrate, the substantially smooth surface minimizes air
entrapment between the foam and the substrate. Moreover, in the
case of adhesive foams the substantially smooth surface maximizes
contact with a substrate to which the foam is applied, leading to
good adhesion.
[0057] The extrusion process enables the preparation of multi-layer
articles, or articles with discrete structures, in a single step.
In addition, when foaming occurs during the extrusion, it is
possible, if desired, to eliminate separate post-production foaming
processes. Moreover, by manipulating the design of the extrusion
die (i.e., the shape of the die opening), it is possible to produce
foams having a variety of shapes.
[0058] In addition, the present method may include heating the
article after extrusion to cause further expansion. The additional
expansion may be due to microsphere expansion, activation of a
blowing agent, or a combination thereof.
[0059] It is also possible to prepare "foam-in-place" articles by
controlling the process temperature during the initial foam
preparation such that expansion of the microspheres is minimized or
suppressed. The article can then be placed at a location of use or
application, (e.g., in a recessed area or on an open surface) and
heated, or exposed to an elevated temperature to cause microsphere
expansion. "Foam-in-place" articles can also be prepared by
including a blowing agent in the expandable extrudable composition
and conducting the extrusion process under conditions insufficient
to activate the blowing agent. Subsequent to foam preparation, the
blowing agent can be activated to cause additional foaming.
[0060] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following description of the preferred
embodiments thereof, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0061] FIG. 1(a) is a plot showing the Ra value obtained by laser
triangulation profilometry for the sample described in Example
12.
[0062] FIG. 1(b) is a photomicrograph obtained by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) of the surface of the sample described in Example
12.
[0063] FIG. 2(a) is a plot showing the Ra value obtained by laser
triangulation profilometry for the sample described in Example
58.
[0064] FIG. 2(b) is a SEM photomicrograph of the surface of the
sample described in Example 58.
[0065] FIG. 3 is a perspective drawing showing a foam having a
patterned surface.
[0066] FIG. 4 is a perspective drawing of an article featuring a
foam combined with an additional polymer composition.
[0067] FIG. 5 is a perspective drawing of an article featuring a
foam combined with two additional polymer compositions.
[0068] FIG. 6 is a perspective drawing of an article featuring a
foam combined with multiple additional polymer compositions.
[0069] FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of an extrusion process for
preparing articles according to the invention.
[0070] FIG. 8 is a plot showing the peel force applied in a
direction (MD) parallel to the filament direction as a function of
displacement for Examples 73, 77 and 78.
[0071] FIG. 9 is a plot showing the peel force applied in a
direction (CD) perpendicular to the filament direction as a
function of displacement for Examples 73, 77 and 78.
[0072] FIG. 10 is a plot showing the peel force applied in a
direction (MD) parallel to the filament direction as a function of
displacement for Examples 72, 79, 80 and 81.
[0073] FIG. 11 is a plot showing the peel force applied in a
direction (CD) perpendicular to the filament direction as a
function of displacement for Examples 72, 79, 80 and 81.
[0074] FIGS. 12a-12b are SEM photomicrographs of cross-sections, as
viewed in the machine direction (MD) and crossweb direction (CD),
respectively, of the unoriented foam described in Example 86.
[0075] FIGS. 12c-12d are SEM photomicrographs of cross-sections, as
viewed in the machine direction (MD) and crossweb direction (CD),
respectively, of the axially oriented foam described in Example
86.
[0076] FIGS. 13a and 13b are SEM photomicrographs of
cross-sections, as viewed in the machine direction (MD) and
crossweb direction (CD), respectively, of the polymer blend foam
described in Example 23.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0077] The adhesives of the invention are particularly useful for
adhering to low surface energy substrates. As used herein, low
surface energy substrates are those having a surface energy of less
than about 45 dynes per centimeter, more typically less than about
40 dynes per centimeter, and most typically less than about 35
dynes per centimeter. Included among such materials are
polypropylene, polyethylene (e.g., high density polyethylene or
HDPE), polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate. Other substrates may
also have properties of low surface energy due to a residue, such
as an oil residue or a film such as a paint, being on the surface
of the substrate. However, even though the present adhesive bonds
well to low surface energy surfaces, the invention is not limited
to being bonded to low surface energy substrates, as it has been
found that the inventive adhesive can also bond well to higher
surface energy substrates such as, for example, other plastics,
ceramics (e.g., glass), metals.
[0078] The substrate is selected depending on the particular
application in which it is to be used. For example, the adhesive
can be applied to sheeting products, (e.g., decorative graphics and
reflective products), label stock, and tape backings. Additionally,
the adhesive may be applied directly onto a substrate such as an
automotive panel, or a glass window so that another substrate or
object can be attached to the panel or window.
[0079] The adhesive can also be provided in the form of a
pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tape in which at least one
layer of the adhesive is disposed on a release liner for
application to a permanent substrate at a later time. The adhesive
can also be provided as a single coated or double coated tape in
which the adhesive is disposed on a permanent backing. Backings can
be made from plastics (e.g., polypropylene, including biaxially
oriented polypropylene, vinyl, polyethylene, polyester such as
polyethylene terephthalate), nonwovens (e.g., papers, cloths,
nonwoven scrims), metal foils, foams (e.g., polyacrylic,
polyethylene, polyurethane, neoprene), and the like. Foams are
commercially available from various suppliers such as 3M Co.,
Voltek, Sekisui, and others. The foam may be formed as a coextruded
sheet with the adhesive on one or both sides of the foam, or the
adhesive may be laminated to it. When the adhesive is laminated to
a foam, it may be desireable to treat the surface to improve the
adhesion of the adhesive to the foam or to any of the other types
of backings. Such treatments are typically selected based on the
nature of the materials of the adhesive and of the foam or backing
and include primers and surface modifications (e.g., corona
treatment, surface abrasion).
[0080] For a single-sided tape, the side of the backing surface
opposite that where the adhesive is disposed is typically coated
with a suitable release material. Release materials are known and
include materials such as, for example, silicone, polyethylene,
polycarbamate, polyacrylics, and the like. For double coated tapes,
another layer of adhesive is disposed on the backing surface
opposite that where the adhesive of the invention is disposed. The
other layer of adhesive can be different from the adhesive of the
invention, e.g., a polyacrylic adhesive, or it can be the same
adhesive as the invention, with the same or a different
formulation. Double coated tapes are typically carried on a release
liner.
[0081] Additionally, the present adhesive compositions can be
formed into foams by conventional techniques or, preferably, in
accordance with the methods disclosed in PCT Patent Application No.
PCT/US99/17344, having an international filing date of Jul. 30,
1999 and a priority date of Jul. 31, 1998, entitled ARTICLES THAT
INCLUDE A POLYMER FOAM AND METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME. Preferred
embodiments of such foams and the method of making them are
described below and illustrated in the drawings. In one preferred
embodiment, the adhesive of the present invention is adhered to one
or both surfaces of a polymer foam made in accordance with the
methods disclosed in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US99/17344.
[0082] The pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions of the present
invention can be made from using methods known in the art. They can
be made by dissolving the block copolymer, suitable tackifier(s),
any plasticizer(s), and any other additives in a suitable solvent,
and coating onto a substrate (e.g., release liner, tape backing,
panel) using conventional means (e.g., knife coating, roll coating,
gravure coating, rod coating, curtain coating, spray coating, air
knife coating). In a preferred embodiment, the pressure-sensitive
adhesive is prepared in a solvent free process (i.e., is
substantially solvent-free). That is, it is preferred that the
adhesive contain less than 20 wt. % solvent, more preferably,
contain substantially none to no greater than about 10 wt. %
solvent and, even more preferably, contain no greater than about 5
wt. % solvent. These processes are known and include compounding by
calendering or roll milling, and extruding (e.g., single screw,
twin screw, disk screw, reciprocating single screw, pin barrel
single screw, etc.). Commercially available equipment such as
BRABENDER.TM. or BANBURY.TM. internal mixers are also available to
batch mix the adhesive compositions. After compounding, the
adhesive may be coated through a die into a desired form, such as a
layer of adhesive, or it may be collected for forming at a later
time.
[0083] The copolymers useful in making the pressure-sensitive
adhesives of the invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,296,547. The copolymers are polymodal asymmetric elastomeric
block copolymers formed by anionic polymerization. After a
copolymer is formed, it may be formed into small pellets with
conventional equipment to facilitate handling of the copolymer.
[0084] As used herein, a tackifier is one that typically has a
higher T.sub.g than the rubber phase T.sub.g of the particular
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer being used and the
addition of the tackifier increases the T.sub.g of the rubber phase
of the adhesive composition. In addition, as used herein, a
plasticizer is one that typically has a lower T.sub.g than the
rubber phase T.sub.g of the particular polymodal asymmetric
elastomeric block copolymer being used and the addition of the
plasticizer decreases the T.sub.g of the rubber phase of the
adhesive composition.
[0085] In one embodiment of the invention, the copolymer is
compounded with conventional tackifying resins and/or plasticizers
in amounts sufficient to produce a pressure-sensitive adhesive so
that the rubber phase of the resulting pressure-sensitive adhesive
has a calculated Fox equation glass transition temperature
(T.sub.g) of greater than about 245.degree. K. (Kelvin), preferably
greater than about 250.degree. K., and more preferably greater than
about 255.degree. K., and less than about 300.degree. K., and
preferably less than about 285.degree. K. Pressure-sensitive
adhesives meeting these requirements are found to have the high
adhesion to low energy surfaces such as polyethylenes and
polypropylene. In calculating the glass transition temperature, it
is assumed that all of the added tackifier(s) goes into the rubbery
phase and are miscible within it. The glass transition temperature,
T.sub.g in degrees Kelvin (.degree. K.), of the resulting
pressure-sensitive adhesive is calculated according to the Fox
equation shown below:
1/T.sub.g=w.sub.c/T.sub.g,c+w.sub.s/T.sub.g,s+w.sub.1/T.sub.g,l
[0086] wherein T.sub.g,c, T.sub.g,s, and T.sub.g,l represent the
glass transition temperature of the rubbery phase in the copolymer,
the solid tackifier, and the liquid tackifier, respectively, and
w.sub.c, w.sub.s, and w.sub.l represent the weight fractions of the
rubbery phase of the copolymer, solid tackifier, and liquid
tackifier, respectively, in the adhesive. As used herein, the term
liquid tackifier is meant to include plasticizers such as oils that
meet the above tackifier definition. The weight of the rubbery
phase in the copolymer is determined by the amount of elastomeric
component that is added.
[0087] The amount of tackifier that is added can also be modified
to change the modulus of the adhesive for applications where high
shear strength is not needed and/or desired. The amounts of
tackifier may be added to modify the plateau modulus,G.sub.0,PSA of
the resulting pressure-sensitive adhesive according to the
following equation:
G.sub.0,PSA=v.sub.c.sup.2G.sub.0,c
[0088] wherein v.sub.c represents the volume fraction of the
rubbery component in the soft matrix phase comprising the rubbery
component and the tackifiers, and G.sub.0,c is the modulus of the
neat copolymer (elastomer). The modulus of the copolymer can be
determined from dynamic mechanical measurements. The present
adhesive compositions typically have a calculated plateau modulus
of less than 3.times.10.sup.6 dyne/cm (0.3 MPa) and, preferably,
less than 10.sup.6 dyne/cm.sup.2 (0.1 MPa).
[0089] In another embodiment of the invention, a pressure-sensitive
adhesive comprising a blend of a polymodal asymmetric elastomeric
block copolymer pressure-sensitive adhesive and an acrylic
pressure-sensitive adhesive is disposed on one or both major
surfaces of a foam backing to form a pressure-sensitive adhesive
tape. Suitable foam backings include those are described above as
well as the novel foam materials disclosed below.
[0090] In yet another embodiment of the invention, an adhesive tape
is provided in which the backing is a foam formed from a
composition comprising an polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block
copolymer and the adhesive comprises a blend of two or more
polymers, which may be pressure-sensitive, non-pressure-sensitive,
or blends thereof. Examples of suitable blends include a block
copolymer and an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive, a block
copolymer pressure-sensitive adhesive and an acrylic polymer, a
thermoplastic polymer and a block copolymer pressure-sensitive
adhesive, or a thermoplastic polymer and a block copolymer. The
block copolymer compositions preferably include a tackifier and are
pressure-sensitive adhesives. Preferably, the block copolymer is a
polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer. Suitable acrylic
polymers, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives, block copolymers,
and thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, those
listed below.
[0091] Foam Articles
[0092] The invention can feature articles that include a polymer
foam featuring a polymer matrix and one or more expandable polymer
microspheres like that disclosed in PCT Patent Application No.
PCT/US99/17344. Examination of the foam by electron microscopy
reveals that the foam microstructure is characterized by a
plurality of enlarged polymeric microspheres (relative to their
original size) distributed throughout the polymer matrix. At least
one of the microspheres (and preferably more) is still expandable,
i.e., upon application of heat it will expand further without
breaking. This can be demonstrated by exposing the foam to a heat
treatment and comparing the size of the microspheres obtain by
electron microscopy to their pre-heat treated size (also obtained
by electron microscopy).
[0093] The foam is further characterized by a surface that is
substantially smooth, as defined in the Summary of the Invention,
above. Laser triangulation profilometry results and scanning
electron photomicrographs are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 for
representative acrylic foams having substantially smooth surfaces
prepared as described in Examples 12 and 58, respectively,
described in further detail below. Each of the photomicrographs of
FIGS. 1(b) and 2(b) includes a 100 micrometer long measurement bar
B. Each of the samples in FIGS. 1(b) and 2(b) have been sectioned,
with the surface portion being light and the sectioned portion
being dark.
[0094] The foam may be provided in a variety of forms, including a
sheet, rod, or cylinder. In addition, the surface of the foam may
be patterned. An example of such a foam is shown in FIG. 3. Foam
100 is in the form of a sheet having a uniform pattern of bumps 102
arranged on the surface of the foam. Such articles are prepared by
differential foaming, as described in more detail, below. The
differential foaming process creates bumps 102 having a density
different from the density of the surrounding areas 104.
[0095] A variety of different polymer resins, as well as blends
thereof, may be used for the polymer matrix as long as the resins
are suitable for melt extrusion processing. For example, it may be
desirable to blend two or more acrylate polymers having different
compositions. A wide range of foam physical properties can be
obtained by manipulation of the blend component type and
concentration. The particular resin is selected based upon the
desired properties of the final foam-containing article. The
morphology of the immiscible polymer blend that comprises the foam
matrix can enhance the performance of the resulting foam article.
The blend morphology can be, for example, spherical, ellipsoidal,
fibrillar, co-continuous or combinations thereof. These
morphologies can lead to a unique set of properties that are not
obtainable by a single component foam system. Such unique
properties may include, for example, anisotropic mechanical
properties, enhanced cohesive strength. The morphology (shape &
size) of the immiscible polymer blend can be controlled by the free
energy considerations of the polymer system, relative viscosities
of the components, and most notably the processing & coating
characteristics. By proper control of these variables, the
morphology of the foam can be manipulated to provide superior
properties for the intended article.
[0096] FIGS. 13a and 13b show SEM photomicrographs of the
microstructure of the immiscible polymer blend of Example 23 (i.e.,
80 wt % of the Hot Melt Composition 1 and 20 wt % of Kraton.TM.
D1107). The Kraton.TM. D1107 was stained with OSO.sub.4 so as to
appear white, which enables this phase to be viewed. These Figures
demonstrate that the Kraton.TM. D1107 phase is a complex morphology
consisting of fibrillar and spherical microstructures, with sizes
of approximately 1 .mu.m. In FIG. 13a, the Kraton.TM. D1107
fibrillar phases are shown in cross-section and appear
spherical.
[0097] One class of useful polymers includes acrylate and
methacrylate adhesive polymers and copolymers. Such polymers can be
formed by polymerizing one or more monomeric acrylic or methacrylic
esters of non-tertiary alkyl alcohols, with the alkyl groups having
form 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., from 3 to 18 carbon atoms).
Suitable acrylate monomers include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate,
n-butyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,
cyclohexyl acrylate, iso-octyl acrylate, octadecyl acrylate, nonyl
acrylate, decyl acrylate, and dodecyl acrylate. The corresponding
methacrylates are useful as well. Also useful are aromatic
acrylates and methacrylates, e.g., benzyl acrylate and cyclobenzyl
acrylate.
[0098] Optionally, one or more monoethylenically unsaturated
co-monomers may be polymerized with the acrylate or methacrylate
monomers; the particular amount of co-monomer is selected based
upon the desired properties of the polymer. One group of useful
co-monomers includes those having a homopolymer glass transition
temperature greater than the glass transition temperature of the
acrylate homopolymer. Examples of suitable co-monomers falling
within this group include acrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide,
substituted acrylamides such as N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, itaconic
acid, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl
acetate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, isobornyl acrylate, cyano ethyl
acrylate, N-vinylcaprolactam, maleic anhydride,
hydroxyalkylacrylates, N,N-dimethyl aminoethyl (meth)acrylate,
N,N-diethylacrylamide, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, vinyl esters of
neodecanoic, neononanoic, neopentanoic, 2-ethylhexanoic, or
propionic acids (e.g., available from Union Carbide Corp. of
Danbury, Conn. under the designation "Vynates", vinylidene
chloride, styrene, vinyl toluene, and alkyl vinyl ethers.
[0099] A second group of monoethylenically unsaturated co-monomers
which may be polymerized with the acrylate or methacrylate monomers
includes those having a homopolymer glass transition temperature
less than the glass transition temperature of the acrylate
homopolymer. Examples of suitable co-monomers falling within this
class include ethyloxyethoxy ethyl acrylate (Tg=-71.degree. C.) and
a methoxypolyethylene glycol 400 acrylate (Tg=-65.degree. C.;
available from Shin Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd. under the
designation "NK Ester AM-90G").
[0100] A second class of polymers useful for the polymer matrix of
the foam includes acrylate-insoluble polymers. Examples include
semicrystalline polymer resins such as polyolefins and polyolefin
copolymers (e.g., based upon monomers having between 2 and 8 carbon
atoms such as low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene,
polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, etc.), polyesters and
co-polyesters, polyamides and co-polyamides, fluorinated
homopolymers and copolymers, polyalkylene oxides (e.g.,
polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide), polyvinyl alcohol,
ionomers (e.g., ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers neutralized
with base), and cellulose acetate. Other examples of
acrylate-insoluble polymers include amorphous polymers having a
solubility parameter (as measured according to the Fedors'
technique) less than 8 or greater than 11 such as
polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyurethanes,
aromatic epoxies, polycarbonate, amorphous polyesters, amorphous
polyamides, ABS copolymers, polyphenylene oxide alloys, ionomers
(e.g., ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers neutralized with salt),
fluorinated elastomers, and polydimethyl siloxane.
[0101] A third class of polymers useful for the polymer matrix of
the foam includes elastomers containing ultraviolet
radiation-activatable groups. Examples include polybutadiene,
polyisoprene, polychloroprene, random and block copolymers of
styrene and dienes (e.g., SBR), and ethylene-propylene-diene
monomer rubber. The third class is not the most efficient way to do
this.
[0102] A fourth class of polymers useful for the polymer matrix of
the foam includes pressure sensitive and hot melt adhesives
prepared from non-photopolymerizable monomers. Such polymers can be
adhesive polymers (i.e., polymers that are inherently adhesive), or
polymers that are not inherently adhesive but are capable of
forming adhesive compositions when compounded with tackifiers.
Specific examples include poly-alpha-olefins (e.g., polyoctene,
polyhexene, and atactic polypropylene), block copolymer-based
adhesives (e.g., di-block, tri-block, star-block and combinations
thereof), polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymers,
natural and synthetic rubbers, silicone adhesives, ethylene-vinyl
acetate, and epoxy-containing structural adhesive blends (e.g.,
epoxy-acrylate and epoxy-polyester blends).
[0103] Also suitable for the polymer matrix are blends of the
foregoing classes of polymers.
[0104] The expandable microspheres feature a flexible,
thermoplastic, polymeric shell and a core that includes a liquid
and/or gas which expands upon heating. Preferably, the core
material is an organic substance that has a lower boiling point
than the softening temperature of the polymeric shell. Examples of
suitable core materials include propane, butane, pentane,
isobutane, neopentane, and combinations thereof.
[0105] The choice of thermoplastic resin for the polymeric shell
influences the mechanical properties of the foam. Accordingly, the
properties of the foam may be adjusted through appropriate choice
of microsphere, or by using mixtures of different types of
microspheres. For example, acrylonitrile-containing resins are
useful where high tensile and cohesive strength are desired,
particularly where the acrylonitrile content is at least 50% by
weight of the resin, more preferably at least 60% by weight, and
even more preferably at least 70% by weight. In general, both
tensile and cohesive strength increase with increasing
acrylonitrile content. In some cases, it is possible to prepare
foams having higher tensile and cohesive strength than the polymer
matrix alone, even though the foam has a lower density than the
matrix. This provides the capability of preparing high strength,
low density articles.
[0106] Examples of suitable thermoplastic resins which may be used
as the shell include acrylic and methacrylic acid esters such as
polyacrylate; acrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer; and
methacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer. Vinylidene chloride-containing
polymers such as vinylidene chloride-methacrylate copolymer,
vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer,
acrylonitrile-vinylidene chloride-methacrylonitrile-methyl acrylate
copolymer, and acrylonitrile-vinylidene chloride-methacrylonitri-
le-methyl methacrylate copolymer may also be used, but are not
preferred where high strength is desired. In general, where high
strength is desired, the microsphere shell preferably has no more
than 20% by weight vinylidene chloride, more preferably no more
than 15% by weight vinylidene chloride. Even more preferred for
high strength applications are microspheres having essentially no
vinylidene chloride units.
[0107] Examples of suitable commercially available expandable
polymeric microspheres include those available from Pierce Stevens
(Buffalo, N.Y.) under the designations "F30D," "F80SD," and
"F100D." Also suitable are expandable polymeric microspheres
available from Akzo-Nobel under the designations "Expancel 551,"
"Expancel 461," and "Expancel 091." Each of these microspheres
features an acrylonitrile-containing shell. In addition, the F80SD,
F100D, and Expancel 091 microspheres have essentially no vinylidene
chloride units in the shell.
[0108] The amount of expandable microspheres is selected based upon
the desired properties of the foam product. In general, the higher
the microsphere concentration, the lower the density of the foam.
In general, the amount of microspheres ranges from about 0.1 parts
by weight to about 50 parts by weight (based upon 100 parts of
polymer resin), more preferably from about 0.5 parts by weight to
about 20 parts by weight.
[0109] The foam may also include a number of other additives.
Examples of suitable additives include tackifiers (e.g., rosin
esters, terpenes, phenols, and aliphatic, aromatic, or mixtures of
aliphatic and aromatic synthetic hydrocarbon resins), plasticizers,
pigments, dyes, non-expandable polymeric or glass microspheres,
reinforcing agents, hydrophobic or hydrophilic silica, calcium
carbonate, toughening agents, fire retardants, antioxidants, finely
ground polymeric particles such as polyester, nylon, or
polypropylene, stabilizers, and combinations thereof. Chemical
blowing agents may be added as well. The agents are added in
amounts sufficient to obtain the desired end properties.
[0110] The properties of the article may be adjusted by combining
one or more polymer compositions with the foam. These additional
compositions may take several forms, including layers, stripes,
etc. Both foamed and non-foamed compositions may be used. A
composition may be bonded directly to the foam or indirectly, e.g.,
through a separate adhesive. In some embodiments, the additional
polymer composition is removably bonded to the foam; such
compositions can subsequently be stripped from the foam.
[0111] Examples of articles featuring combinations of a foam and
one or more additional polymer compositions are shown in FIGS. 4-6.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown an article 200 featuring a
plurality of foam stripes 202 arranged in a patterned and combined
within a separate polymer layer 204. The density of stripes 202 is
different from the density of polymer layer 204 surrounding the
stripes.
[0112] FIG. 5 depicts another article 300 in which a plurality of
foam stripes 302 are arranged in a pattern and combined within a
separate polymer layer 304. Layer 304, in turn, is bonded to yet
another polymer layer 306 on its opposite face. The density of
stripes 302 is different from the density of layer 304 surrounding
the stripes.
[0113] FIG. 6 depicts yet another article 400 in which a plurality
of foam stripes 402 are embedded within a multilayer structure
featuring polymer layers 404, 406, and 408. The density of stripes
402 is different from the density of layers 404, 406, and 408.
[0114] Preferably, additional polymer compositions are bonded to
the foam core by co-extruding the extrudable microsphere-containing
composition with one or more extrudable polymer compositions, as
described in greater detail, below. The number and type of polymer
compositions are selected based upon the desired properties of the
final foam-containing article. For example, in the case of
non-adhesive foam cores, it may be desirable to combine the core
with one or more adhesive polymer compositions to form an adhesive
article. Other examples of polymer compositions prepared by
co-extrusion include relatively high modulus polymer compositions
for stiffening the article (semi-crystalline polymers such as
polyamides and polyesters), relatively low modulus polymer
compositions for increasing the flexibility of the article (e.g.,
plasticized polyvinyl chloride), and additional foam
compositions.
[0115] Extrusion Process
[0116] Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown an extrusion process for
preparing an article that includes a polymer foam featuring a
polymer matrix and one or more expandable polymer microspheres.
According to the process, polymer resin is initially fed into a
first extruder 10 (typically a single screw extruder) which softens
and grinds the resin into small particles suitable for extrusion.
The polymer resin will eventually form the polymer matrix of the
foam. The polymer resin may be added to extruder 10 in any
convenient form, including pellets, billets, packages, strands, and
ropes.
[0117] Next, the resin particles and all additives except the
expandable microspheres are fed to a second extruder 12 (e.g., a
single or twin screw extruder) at a point immediately prior to the
kneading section of the extruder. Once combined, the resin
particles and additives are fed to the kneading zone of extruder 12
where they are mixed well. The mixing conditions (e.g., screw
speed, screw length, and temperature) are selected to achieve
optimum mixing. Preferably, mixing is carried out at a temperature
insufficient to cause microsphere expansion. It is also possible to
use temperatures in excess of the microsphere expansion
temperature, in which case the temperature is decreased following
mixing and prior to adding the microspheres.
[0118] Where no mixing is needed, e.g., where there are no
additives, the kneading step may be omitted. In addition, where the
polymer resin is already in a form suitable for extrusion, the
first extrusion step may be omitted and the resin added directly to
extruder 12.
[0119] Once the resin particles and additives have been adequately
mixed, expandable polymeric microspheres are added to the resulting
mixture and melt-mixed to form an expandable extrudable
composition. The purpose of the melt-mixing step is to prepare an
expandable extrudable composition in which the expandable polymeric
microspheres and other additives, to the extent present, are
distributed substantially homogeneously throughout the molten
polymer resin. Typically, the melt-mixing operation uses one
kneading block to obtain adequate mixing, although simple conveying
elements may be used as well. The temperature, pressure, shear
rate, and mixing time employed during melt-mixing are selected to
prepare this expandable extrudable composition without causing the
microspheres to expand or break; once broken, the microspheres are
unable to expand to create a foam. Specific temperatures,
pressures, shear rates, and mixing times are selected based upon
the particular composition being processed.
[0120] Following melt-mixing, the expandable extrudable composition
is metered into extrusion die 14 (e.g., a contact or drop die)
through a length of transfer tubing 18 using a gear pump 16 that
acts as a valve to control die pressure and thereby prevent
premature expansion of the microspheres. The temperature within die
14 is preferably maintained at substantially the same temperature
as the temperature within transfer tubing 18, and selected such
that it is at or above the temperature required to cause expansion
of the expandable microspheres. However, even though the
temperature within tubing 18 is sufficiently high to cause
microsphere expansion, the relatively high pressure within the
transfer tubing prevents them from expanding. Once the composition
enters die 14, however, the pressure drops. The pressure drop,
coupled with heat transfer from the die, causes the microspheres to
expand and the composition to foam within the die. The pressure
within the die continues to drop further as the composition
approaches the exit, further contributing to microsphere expansion
within the die. The flow rate of polymer through the extruder and
the die exit opening are maintained such that as the polymer
composition is processed through the die, the pressure in the die
cavity remains sufficiently low to allow expansion of the
expandable microspheres before the polymer composition reaches the
exit opening of the die.
[0121] The shape of the foam is dictated by the shape of the exit
opening of the die 14. Although a variety of shapes may be
produced, the foam is typically produced in the form of a
continuous or discontinuous sheet. The extrusion die may be a drop
die, contact die, profile die, annular die, or a casting die, for
example, as described in Extrusion Dies: Design & Engineering
Computation, Walter Michaelis, Hanser Publishers, New York, N.Y.,
1984.
[0122] It can be preferable for most, if not all, of the expandable
microspheres to be partially or mostly expanded before the polymer
composition exits the die. By causing expansion of the expandable
polymeric microspheres before the composition exits the die, the
resulting extruded foam can be produced to within tighter density
and thickness (caliper) tolerances. A tighter tolerance is defined
as the machine (or longitudinal) direction and crossweb (or
transverse) direction standard deviation of density or thickness
over the average density or thickness (.sigma./x), respectively.
The .sigma./x that is obtainable according to the present invention
can be less than about 0.2, less than about 0.1, less than about
0.05, and even less than about 0.025. Without any intention to be
so limited, the tighter tolerances obtainable according to the
present invention is evidenced by the following examples.
[0123] As shown in FIG. 7, the foam may optionally be combined with
a liner 20 dispensed from a feed roll 22. Suitable materials for
liner 20 include silicone release liners, polyester films (e.g.,
polyethylene terephthalate films), and polyolefin films (e.g.,
polyethylene films). The liner and the foam are then laminated
together between a pair of nip rollers 24. Following lamination or
after being extruded but before lamination, the foam is optionally
exposed to radiation from an electron beam source 26 to crosslink
the foam; other sources of radiation (e.g., ion beam, thermal and
ultraviolet radiation) may be used as well. Crosslinking improves
the cohesive strength of the foam. Following exposure, the laminate
is rolled up onto a take-up roll 28.
[0124] If desired, the smoothness of one or both of the foam
surfaces can be increased by using a nip roll to press the foam
against a chill roll after the foam exits die 14. It is also
possible to emboss a pattern on one or both surfaces of the foam by
contacting the foam with a patterned roll after it exits die 14,
using conventional microreplication techniques, such as, for
example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,897,930 (Calhoun et
al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,215 (Mazurek et al.) and the PCT Patent
Publication No. WO 98/29516A (Calhoun et al.). The replication
pattern can be chosen from a wide range of geometrical shapes and
sizes, depending on the desired use of the foam. The substantially
smooth surface of the extruded foam enables microreplication of the
foam surface to a higher degree of precision and accuracy. Such
high quality microreplication of the present foam surface is also
facilitated by the ability of the foam to resist being crushed by
the pressure exerted on the foam during the microreplication
process. Microreplication techniques can be used without
significantly crushing the foam because the foam includes
expandable microspheres that do not collapse under the pressure of
the microreplication roll, compared to foaming agents like gas.
[0125] The extrusion process may be used to prepare "foam-in-place"
articles. Such articles find application, for example, as gaskets
or other gap-sealing articles, vibration damping articles, tape
backings, retroreflective sheet backings, anti-fatigue mats,
abrasive article backings, raised pavement marker adhesive pads,
etc. Foam-in-place articles may be prepared by carefully
controlling the pressure and temperature within die 14 and transfer
tubing 18 such that microsphere expansion does not occur to any
appreciable extent. The resulting article is then placed in a
desired area, e.g., a recessed area or open surface and heated at,
or exposed to, a temperature sufficiently high to cause microsphere
expansion.
[0126] Foam-in-place articles can also be prepared by incorporating
a chemical blowing agent such as
4,4'-oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide) in the expandable extrudable
composition. The blowing agent can be activated subsequent to
extrusion to cause further expansion, thereby allowing the article
to fill the area in which it is placed.
[0127] The extrusion process can also be used to prepare patterned
foams having areas of different densities. For example, downstream
of the point at which the article exits the die, the article can be
selectively heated, e.g., using a patterned roll or infrared mask,
to cause microsphere expansion in designated areas of the
article.
[0128] The foam may also be combined with one or more additional
polymer compositions, e.g., in the form of layers, stripes, rods,
etc., preferably by co-extruding additional extrudable polymer
compositions with the microsphere-containing extrudable
compositions. FIG. 7 illustrates one preferred co-extrusion process
for producing an article featuring a foam sandwiched between a pair
of polymer layers. As shown in FIG. 7, polymer resin is optionally
added to a first extruder 30 (e.g., a single screw extruder) where
it is softened and melt mixed. The melt mixed resin is then fed to
a second extruder 32 (e.g., a single or twin screw extruder) where
they are mixed with any desired additives. The resulting extrudable
composition is then metered to the appropriate chambers of die 14
through transfer tubing 34 using a gear pump 36. The resulting
article is a three-layer article featuring a foam core having a
polymer layer on each of its major faces.
[0129] It is also possible to conduct the co-extrusion process such
that a two-layer article is produced, or such that articles having
more than three layers (e.g., 10-100 layers or more) are produced,
by equipping die 14 with an appropriate feed block, or by using a
multi-vaned or multi-manifold die. Tie layers, primers layers or
barrier layers also can be included to enhance the interlayer
adhesion or reduce diffusion through the construction. In addition,
we also can improve the interlayer adhesion of a construction
having multiple layers (e.g., A/B) of different compositions by
blending a fraction of the A material into the B layer (A/AB).
Depending on the degree of interlayer adhesion will dictate the
concentration of A in the B layer. Multilayer foam articles can
also be prepared by laminating additional polymer layers to the
foam core, or to any of the co-extruded polymer layers after the
article exits die 14. Other techniques which can be used include
coating the extruded foam (i.e., extrudate) with stripes or other
discrete structures.
[0130] Post processing techniques, which may include lamination,
embossing, extrusion coating, solvent coating, or orientation, may
be performed on the foam to impart superior properties. The foams
may be uni-axially or multi-axially oriented (i.e., stretched in
one or more directions) to produce foam structures that contain
microvoids between or a separation of the foam matrix and the
expandable microspheres (See Examples 85-92). FIGS. 12a-12d show
SEM micrographs of the microstructure of the foam of Example 86,
before (FIGS. 12a and 12b) and after (FIGS. 12c and 12d) uniaxial
orientation. FIGS. 12a and 12c are cross-sectional views of the
foam microstructure as seen in the machine direction (MD). That is,
for FIGS. 12a and 12c, the foam was sectioned perpendicular to the
direction the foam flows as it exits the die and viewed in the
direction of flow. FIGS. 12b and 12d are cross-sectional views of
the foam microstructure as seen in the crossweb direction (CD).
That is, for FIGS. 12b and 12d, the foam was sectioned parallel to
the direction the foam flows as it exits the die and viewed in the
direction perpendicular to the direction of flow.
[0131] The selection of the foam matrix, expandable microsphere
type/concentration and orientation conditions can affect the
ability to produce microvoided foam materials. Orientation
conditions include the temperature, direction(s) of stretch, rate
of stretch, and degree of stretch (i.e., orientation ratio). It is
believed that the interfacial adhesion between the foam matrix and
the expandable microspheres should be such to allow at least some
debonding to occur around the microspheres upon stretching (i.e.,
orientation). It is also believed that poor interfacial adhesion
can be preferable. Furthermore, it has be found desirable for the
foam matrix to be capable of undergoing relatively high elongation
(e.g., at least 100%). Orientation of the foam samples can cause a
reduction in density of the foam (e.g., up to about 50%) due to the
formation of microvoids between the foam matrix and the
microspheres that form during orientation. Microvoids can remain
after the stretching (orientation) process or they can disappear
(i.e., collapse but the interface remains unbonded). In addition,
delamination between the foam matrix and the microspheres, with or
without a noticeable density reduction, can result in a significant
alteration of the mechanical properties of the foam (e.g., increase
in flexibility, reduction in stiffness, an increase in softness of
foam, etc.). Depending on the ultimate foam application, the
material selection and the orientation conditions can be selected
to generate desired properties.
[0132] It can be desirable for the extrudable polymer composition
to be crosslinkable. Crosslinking can improve the cohesive strength
of the resulting foam. It may be desirable for the crosslinking of
the extrudable polymer to at least start between the melt mixing
step and exiting of the polymer through the die opening, before,
during or after foaming, such as by the use of thermal energy
(i.e., heat activated curing). Alternatively or additionally, the
extrudable polymer composition can be crosslinked upon exiting the
die such as, for example, by exposure to thermal, actinic, or
ionizing radiation or combinations thereof. Crosslinking may also
be accomplished by using chemical crosslinking methods based on
ionic interactions. The degree of crosslinking can be controlled in
order to influence the properties of the finished foam article. If
the extruded polymer is laminated, as described herein, the polymer
extrudate can be crosslinked before or after lamination. Suitable
thermal crosslinking agents for the foam can include epoxies and
amines. Preferably, the concentrations are sufficiently low to
avoid excessive crosslinking or gel formation before the
composition exits the die.
[0133] Use
[0134] The foam-containing articles are useful in a variety of
applications including, for example and not by way of limitation,
aerospace, automotive, and medical applications. The properties of
the articles are tailored to meet the demands of the desired
applications. Specific examples of applications include vibration
damping articles, medical dressings, tape backings, retroreflective
sheet backings, anti-fatigue mats, abrasive article backings,
raised pavement marker adhesive pads, gaskets, sealants, signs,
nameplates, plaques, appliances, etc.
[0135] The following non-limiting examples serve to further
illustrate specific embodiments of the invention. All of the
materials are reported in parts by weight (parts).
[0136] Test Methods
[0137] Unless otherwise stated, the tapes were conditioned without
a protective liner in a constant temperature and humidity (CTH)
room (22.degree. C.; 50% relative humidity) for about 24 hours
before testing. All room temperature peel adhesion testing and room
temperature static shear measurements were also conducted in the
CTH room. Elevated temperature static shear (70.degree. C.) static
shear testing was conducted in a preheated convection oven.
[0138] 180.degree. Peel Adhesion
[0139] A pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tape was adhered to a
35 micrometer thick biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate
film using a hand held 2 kg hard rubber roller to form a test tape.
The side of the tape that faced the e-beam radiation was laminated
to a polyethylene terephthalate film. The test tape was slit to a
width of 1.27 cm and adhered to a test panel using two total passes
of a 2 kg (4.5 lb) hard rubber roller. The test panels were cleaned
by wiping twice with a tissue soaked with isopropanol and drying.
Panels used were glass (GL), polypropylene (PP), high density
polyethylene (PE), stainless steel (SS), and a metal panel painted
with RK-7072 automotive paint obtained from DuPont Co.(Paint).
Plastic panels were obtained from Aeromat Plastics, Burnsville,
Minn. and stainless steel panels were obtained from Assurance Mfg.,
Minneapolis, Minn. After conditioning the bonded assembly for at
least 24 hours in the CTH room, and the assembly is tested for
180.degree. peel adhesion using an IMASS slip/peel tester (Model
3M90, commercially available from Instrumentors Inc., Strongsville,
Ohio) at a rate of 30.5 cm/min (12 in/min) over a 10 second data
collection time. Test results are reported in Newtons/decimeter
(N/dm).
[0140] 90.degree. Peel Adhesion
[0141] A 1.27 cm by 11.4 cm strip of pressure-sensitive adhesive
tape on a release liner was laminated to a 1.6 cm wide strip of
0.127 mm thick aluminum foil. The release liner was then removed
and the tape is applied to a cleaned test panel (types of panels
described above) using four total passes of a 2 kg (4.5 lb) hard
rubber roller to form a test assembly. If the tape was a double
coated tape or a foam tape, the side of the tape having the test
adhesive was adhered to the test panel. Each test assembly was aged
at one of the following conditions before testing:
[0142] 1 hour at room temperature (22.degree. C) and 50% relative
humidity (1H-RT)
[0143] 24 hours room temperature (22.degree. C.) and 50% relative
humidity (24H-RT)
[0144] 3 days at room temperature (22.degree. C.) and 50% relative
humidity (3D-RT)
[0145] 3 days at 70.degree. C. (3D-70.degree. C.)
[0146] 5 days at room temperature (22.degree. C.) and 50% relative
humidity (5D-RT)
[0147] 5 days at 70.degree. C. (5D-70.degree. C.).
[0148] 7 days at room temperature (22.degree. C.) and 50% relative
humidity (7D-RT)
[0149] 7 days at 70.degree. C. (7D-70.degree. C.)
[0150] 5 days at 100.degree. C. and 100% humidity-5D-100/100
[0151] After aging, the panel was mounted in an Instron.TM. Tensile
Tester such that the tape was pulled off at a 900 angle at a speed
of 30.5 cm per minute unless otherwise indicated.
[0152] Results were determined in pounds per 0.5 inch, and
converted to Newtons per decimeter (N/dm).
[0153] Static Shear
[0154] A 1.27 cm wide pressure-sensitive adhesive tape on a release
liner was laminated to a 1.6 cm wide strip of 0.127 mm thick
aluminum foil. The release liner was removed and the tape was
adhered to a clean rigid anodized aluminum panel with four passes
of a 2 kg (4.5 lb) hard rubber roller such that a 1.27 cm by 2.54
cm portion of the tape was in firm contact with the panel and one
end portion of the tape extending beyond the panel. The prepared
panel was conditioned at room temperature, i.e., about 22.degree.
C. for at least 1 hour. The panel was then either hung in a
constant temperature and humidity environment (22.degree. C.; 50%
relative humidity) for RT shear testing or in an air circulating
oven maintained at 70.degree. C. (70.degree. C.). The sample was
positioned 2 degrees from the vertical to prevent a peel mode
failure. A 1000 gram weight was hung from the free end of the
sample for the case of RT static shear testing and a 500 gram
weight was hung for the 70.degree. C. static shear testing. For
70.degree. C. shear testing the panel was equilibrated in the oven
for 10 min before the 500 g weight was hung from the free end of
the tape. The time required for the weight to fall off was recorded
in minutes. If no failure occurred within 10,000 minutes, the test
was discontinued and results were recorded as 10000, indicating the
that time is actually greater than 10,000 minutes. If the tape had
fallen off in fewer than 10,000 minutes, the mode of failure was
noted as cohesive failure within the adhesive, and indicated in the
Table with a "C" or noted as adhesive failure when the adhesive
pulled cleanly from the panel, and indicated in the Table with a
"P".
[0155] Glossary of Materials
[0156] Regalite.TM. S101--Hydrogenated mixed aromatic tackifier
resin available from Hercules Inc., Wilmington, Del.
[0157] Regalite.TM. R125-Hydrogenated mixed aromatic tackifier
resin available from Hercules Inc., Wilmington, Del.
[0158] Escorez.TM. 2520 Aliphatic/Aromatic (mixed) hydrocarbon
liquid tackifier available from Exxon Chemical Company, Houston,
Tex.
[0159] Escorez.TM. 1310 Hydrocarbon aliphatic tackifier available
from Exxon Chemical Company, Houston, Tex.
[0160] Shellflex.TM. 371--Napthenic Oil available from Shell
Chemical Company, Houston, Tex.
[0161] Wingtack PIUs.TM.--aromatically modified petroleum resin
available from Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio
[0162] Zonarez.TM. A-25--A poly alpha-pinene resin available from
Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.
[0163] Irganox.TM. 1010--Antioxidant/Stabilizer available from Ciba
Speciality Chemicals Corporation, Tarrytown, N.Y.
[0164] Tinuvin.TM. 328--Ultra Violet (UV) light Stabilizer
available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation, Tarrytown,
N.Y.
[0165] Block Copolymer Preparation
[0166] A polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer was
prepared according to the method for Polymer B described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,393,787. The polymer had number average molecular
weights of 4,000 and 21,500 for the two endblocks, 135,400 for the
arm, and 1,087,000 for the star. The number average molecular
weight were measured according using a Hewlett Packard Model 1082B
size exclusion chromatograph equipped with two bimodal Zorbax PSM
kits (two columns at 60-S Angstroms and two columns at 1000-S
Angstroms) using the test method described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,296,547. The percent of high molecular weight arms was estimated
to be about 40%, and the weight percent styrene was determined from
the charge ratio of styrene and isoprene to be 6%. The copolymer
was processed into pellets suitable for extrusion or other
processing.
[0167] Hot Melt Composition A
[0168] A hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) composition was
prepared by feeding a dry mixture of 100 parts of pellets of the
above described copolymer, 2 parts an antioxidant (Irganox 1010),
and 2 parts of a UV stabilizer (Tinuvin 328) to the first zone of a
30 mm Werner & Pfleiderer (ZSK-30) co-rotating twin screw
extruder having three feed ports. The extruder screw had 12
sections with forward kneading in sections 2,4,6, and 8, and
conveying in the remainder of the sections. The pellet mixture was
fed to the extruder at a rate of about 2.06 kg/hr. Molten tackifier
(Regalite.TM.S 101) at a temperature of 163.degree. C. was pumped
into zone 5 at-a feed rate of 2.31 kg/hr, and oil (Escorez.TM.2520)
was pumped into zone 7 at a feed rate of 0.24 kg/hr. Screw speed
was approximately 275 RPM resulting in operating pressures of about
3.4 MPa (500 psi). The total output of the extruder was about 4.54
kg/hr. The temperature was 121.degree. C. in zones 1 and 2,
163.degree. C. in zones 3 and 4, 179.degree. C. in zones 5 and 6,
and 188.degree. C. in zones 7-12. The exit hose, maintained at
188.degree. C., conveyed the molten composition to a silicone
release lined box where it cooled under ambient conditions.
[0169] Hot Melt Composition B
[0170] A hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) composition was
prepared following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition A except
the feed rates of the copolymer, Regalite.TM.S 101 tackifier, and
Escorez.TM.2520 oil were 1.53 kg/hr, 2.35 kg/hr, and 0.66 kg/hr,
respectively.
[0171] Hot Melt Composition C
[0172] A hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) composition was
prepared following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition A above
except the feed rates of the copolymer, Regalite.TM.S101 tackifier,
and Escorez.TM.2520 oil were 1.53 kg/h, 2.71 kg/h, and 0.29 kg/h,
respectively.
[0173] Hot Melt Composition D
[0174] A hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was
prepared by mixing 97 parts isooctylacrylate, 3 parts acrylic acid,
0.15 part 2,2 dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure.TM.651
available from Ciba Geigy) and 0.03 parts of IOTG (isooctyl
thioglycolate). The composition was placed into film packages
measuring approximately 10 cm by 5 cm by 0.5 cm thick packages as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,610. The packaging film was a
0.0635 thick ethylene vinylacetate copolymer (VA-24 Film available
from CT Film of Dallas, Tex.) The packaged composition was immersed
in a water bath and at the same time exposed to ultraviolet
radiation at an intensity of 3.5 milliWatts per square centimeter
and a total energy of 1795 millijoules per square centimeter as
measured in NIST units to form a packaged
pressure-sensitive-adhesive.
[0175] Hot Melt Composition E
[0176] A hot melt pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was
prepared following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition D except
that 90 parts of 2-ethylhexylacrylate and 10 parts of acrylic acid
were used.
[0177] Hot Melt Composition F
[0178] A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was prepared
following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition D except that the
composition was 93 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 7 parts of
acrylic acid and the total energy was 1627 millijoules per square
centimeter as measured in NIST units.
[0179] Hot Melt Composition G
[0180] A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was prepared
following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition D except that the
composition was 90 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 10 parts of
acrylic acid.
[0181] Hot Melt Composition H
[0182] A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was prepared
following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition D except that the
composition was 95 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 5 parts of
acrylic acid.
[0183] Hot Melt Composition I
[0184] A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was prepared
following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition A except the feed
rates for the copolymer, Regalite.TM. S101 tackifier, and
Escorez.TM. 2520 oil were 1.52 Kg/hr, 2.48 Kg/hr and 0.5 Kg/hr,
respectively.
[0185] Hot Melt Composition J
[0186] A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was prepared
following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition D except that the
composition was 97 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 3 parts of
acrylic acid.
[0187] Hot Melt Composition K
[0188] A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was prepared
following the procedure for Hot Melt Composition A with the
following exceptions: Hot melt composition J was fed into an open
port at zone #2 with a 51 mm single screw extruder at a rate of 3.9
Kg/hr. The block copolymer pellet mixture described in Hot Melt
Composition A was fed at 1.2 Kg/hr. A 4 to 1 by weight blend of
Regalite.TM. 1125 and Escorez 180 (produced by Exxon) was
substituted for Regalite.TM. S101 and was fed at 2 Kg/hr. Also, no
Escorez.TM. 2520 oil was added.
EXAMPLES 1-10
[0189] Pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions were prepared by
adding the amounts of the block copolymer, tackifier
(Regalite.TM.S101), oil (Escorez.TM.2520), and antioxidant (Irganox
1010), all in parts by weight, shown in Table 1 to a glass jar.
Sufficient toluene was added to each glass jar to form a 40% by
weight solution. After the dry materials were dissolved in the
toluene by sitting overnight on a shaker, the solutions were each
knife coated onto a 50 micrometer (2 mil) silicone coated
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) release liner to a thickness of
about 312 micrometers. The coatings were dried in a preheated air
circulating oven set at 70.degree. C. for 15 minutes to remove the
solvent, leaving a 127 micrometer thick adhesive forming an
adhesive transfer tape. The adhesive tapes were then covered with a
protective silicone coated paper release liner to await further
processing.
[0190] The protective paper release liner was then removed and each
example was irradiated with electron beam radiation with a dose of
4 Mrad and 175 kV using an Electrocurtain CB-300 electron beam
system (available from Energy Sciences Inc., Wilmington, Mass.) to
cross-link the adhesive. The tapes were tested for 180.degree. Peel
Adhesion and Static Shear according to the above test procedures.
Test results, the Fox equation glass transition temperature
(T.sub.g), and the plateau modulus are shown in Table 1 for each
example.
1TABLE 1 Fox Regalite .TM. Escorez .TM. Irganox .TM. 180.degree.
Peel Adhesion - N/dm Static Shear Tg G.sub.0 Copolymer S101 2520
1010 24H-RT 5D-70.degree. C. Min Ex. .degree. K dyne/cm.sup.2 Parts
Parts Parts Parts Glass PP PE Glass PP PE RT 70.degree. C. 1 258
800000 100 94.5 4.9 2 152 115 68 NT NT NT 10000 NT 2 258 600000 100
97.2 31.6 2 177 120 79 NT NT NT 10000 NT 3 258 350000 100 103.5
93.3 2 206 126 84 NT NT NT 1269 P NT 4 263 600000 100 116.7 12.1 2
184 124 68 150 119 67 10000 10000 5 263 350000 100 129.1 67.7 2 254
158 113 NT NT NT 5694 P NT 6 263 100000 100 174.6 272.8 2 209 188
133 NT NT NT 1049 C NT 7 268 350000 100 153.7 43.0 2 191 180 121
222 152 111 10000 10000 8 268 100000 100 220.7 226.6 2 213 203 133
NT NT NT 1055 C NT 9 273 350000 100 177.5 19.3 2 224 194 64 254 201
152 10000 10000 10 273 100000 100 265.2 182.2 2 286 273 156 NT NT
NT 1579 C NT NT--Not tested
[0191] The data in Table 1 show that the adhesives of the invention
have excellent adhesion to low energy surfaces (polyethylene and
polypropylene) as well as high energy surfaces (glass), and can be
formulated to have excellent shear strength at elevated
temperatures. Additionally, the data in Examples 6,7, and 9 show
that elevated temperature aging of the samples prior to testing had
no deleterious effect on the adhesion properties.
EXAMPLES 11-16
[0192] Pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tapes were prepared
following the procedure for Example 1 except that varying amounts
of the different tackifiers and oils shown in Table 2 were used.
The adhesive tapes were irradiated at a dose of 4 Mrad at 225 kV.
180 Peel Adhesion (24H-RT) and Static Shear testing results are
shown in Table 2.
2 TABLE 2 G.sub.0 Regalite .TM. Shellflex .TM. 180.degree. Peel
Adhesion Static Shear Fox Dynes/ S101 371 N/dm Min Ex Tg.degree. K
cm.sup.2 Parts Parts Glass PP PE RT 70.degree. C. 11 263 600000
122.8 6.0 141 107 74 10000 10000 12 263 500000 135.2 14.6 152 131
79 10000 7466 P 13 265.5 600000 127.5 1.3 168 132 88 10000 9539 P
14 265.5 500000 140.4 9.4 172 128 95 10000 8287 P 15 265.5 350000
169.2 27.5 178 139 98 10000 2042 P 16 268 500000 145.5 4.3 193 147
102 10000 10000
[0193] The data in Table 2 illustrates the utility of a different
oil in compositions of the invention.
EXAMPLES 17-24
[0194] Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes were prepared following
the procedure for Example 1 except that a different tackifying
resin was used in the amounts indicated in Table 3 and 2 parts of a
UV stabilizer (Tinuvin 328) were added in addition to the
antioxidant. The tapes were irradiated with a dose of 8 Mrad at 175
kV and tested for 1800 peel adhesion (24H-RT) and static shear.
Results are also shown in the Table 3.
3 TABLE 3 G.sub.0 Regalite .TM. Escorex .TM. 180.degree. Peel
Adhesion Static Shear Fox Dynes/ S125 2520 N/dm Min Ex Tg.degree. K
cm.sup.2 Parts Parts Glass PP PE RT 70.degree. C. 17 263 800000
90.4 9.0 150 142 67 10000 10000 18 265 800000 95.7 3.6 184 142 78
10000 10000 19 265 600000 100.9 27.9 189 147 85 3254 P 10000 20 268
600000 110.0 18.8 218 120 101 6124 P 10000 21 268 350000 124.7 72.0
205 129 115 1126 P 219 P 22 270 600000 116.0 12.8 224 131 112 6456
P 10000 23 271 680000 115.5 0 244 224 112 10000 10000 24 268 760000
104.8 0 233 191 98 10000 10000
EXAMPLES 25-31
[0195] For Examples 25-28, a composition was prepared by mixing 100
parts of copolymer pellets, 2 parts of Irganox.TM.1010 antioxidant,
and 2 of parts Tinuvin.TM.328 UV stabilizer (Feed I). The mixture
was fed to zone 1 of a 30 mm Werner & Pfleiderer co-rotating
twin screw extruder (Model ZSK-30) having 12 section screws with
forward kneading in sections 2, 4, 6, and 8, and conveying sections
in the remaining sections. A molten tackifier (Regalite.TM.S 101),
heated to about 177.degree. C., was fed into zone 5 using a Helicon
pump (Feed II), and an oil (Escorez.TM.2520) was fed into zone 7
(Feed II). The feed rates for each example are shown in Table 4.
The screw speed was approximately 300 RPM resulting in operating
pressures of about 3.4-5.5 MPa (500-800 psi) and a total flow rate
in the range of about 2.72 to 3.62 kg/h. The temperature was
149.degree. C. in zones 1 and 2, 157.degree. C. in zones 3 and 4,
160.degree. C. in zones 5 and 6, and 163.degree. C. in zones 7-12.
The exit hose, maintained at 165.5.degree. C., conveyed the molten
pressure-sensitive adhesive composition to a 0.5 mm (20 mil)
shimmed, 15.24 cm wide drop die maintained at 165.5.degree. C.
where the extrudate was collected as a 125 micrometer thick
pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tape between two silicone
coated paper release liners.
[0196] One of the liners was then removed and each example was
irradiated with electron beam radiation using an Electrocurtain
CB-300 electron beam system (available from Energy Sciences Inc.,
Wilmington, Mass.). Examples 25-28 were irradiated with 225 kV and
a dose of 6 Mrads.
[0197] Adhesive tapes for Examples 29-31 were prepared following
the procedure for Example 25 except that the tackifier used was
Escorez.TM.1310LC and the oil used was Shellflex.TM. 371. Feed
rates are shown in Table 4. The Examples were irradiated with a
dose of 4 Mrad at 225 kV to cross link the adhesive.
[0198] Test results for 180.degree. peel adhesion (24H-RT) and
static shear of the adhesives are shown in Table 4.
4 TABLE 4 180.degree. Peel Static Shear - Feed I Feed II Feed III
Adhesion - N/dm min Ex Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h Glass PP PE RT 70.degree. C.
25 1.215 1.365 0.141 168 138 81 10000 10000 26 0.943 1.279 0.499
305 193 141 10000 185 P 27 0.943 1.393 0.39 295 205 145 10000 107 P
28 1.116 1.601 0.005 213 161 103 10000 10000 29 1.606 2.009 0 161
152 88 10000 10000 30 1.238 2.059 0.331 149 146 88 10000 38 C 31
0.930 1.606 0.191 180 176 95 10000 46 C
[0199] That data in Table 4 illustrate the utility of hot melt
coated compositions of the invention on low energy surfaces.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES C.sub.1-C.sub.5
[0200] A pressure-sensitive adhesive having 100 parts of copolymer,
40 parts of a tackifier (Wingtack.TM. Plus) and 30 parts of a
plasticizer (Zonarex.TM. A-25) was prepared following the procedure
for Example 1. The Fox Glass Transition Temperature (T.sub.g) of
the adhesive was 240.5.degree. K. Portions of the adhesive were
irradiated with electron beam radiation as voltages and doses shown
in Table 5. The adhesives were then tested for 180.degree. peel
adhesion and static shear; results are shown in Table 5.
5 TABLE 5 E-beam 180.degree. Peel Adhesion - Irradiation N/dm
Static Shear-min Example KV Mrad Glass PP PE RT 70.degree. C. C1
None None 78 66 14 10000 1615 C C2 150 5 68 57 11 10000 10000 C3
175 4 63 58 14 10000 10000 C4 175 5 59 56 17 10000 10000 C5 225 4
59 57 14 10000 10000
[0201] The data in Table 5 and from the previous examples
illustrate the superior adhesion that adhesives of the invention
have on low energy surfaces.
EXAMPLES 32-37
[0202] The pressure-sensitive adhesive foam tapes were prepared by
laminating the each of the cross-linked adhesive transfer tapes of
Examples 11-16 to a one mm thick acrylic foam that is the core of a
pressure-sensitive adhesive tape construction (VHB 4941 available
from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.) using four passes of a 2 kg (4.5
lb) hard rubber roller such that the side which faced the electron
beam radiation was against one of the major surfaces of the foam.
The tapes were tested for static shear and 90.degree. peel adhesion
according to the above test procedures on the substrates indicated.
Test results are shown in Table 6.
6 TABLE 6 90.degree. peel adhesion - N/dm Static shear Transfer
5D-RT 5D-70.degree. C. Min Ex Tape Steel PP PE Steel PP PE
70.degree. C. 32 Ex 11 401 427 168 284 385 203 10000 33 Ex 12 364
508 182 291 409 214 10000 34 Ex 13 382 482 196 315 412 205 10000 35
Ex 14 485 550 214 356 457 242 10000 36 Ex 15 394 511 198 408 489
252 10000 37 Ex 16 541 485 198 389 529 264 10000
[0203] The data in Table 6 illustrate acrylic foam tapes of the
invention.
[0204] The foam tape of Example 35 was also tested on other
commercially available plastic substrates for 90.degree. peel
adhesion. The substrates were cleaned as described above and were
obtained from Aeromat Plastics, Burnesville, Minn. Test assemblies
were conditioned at 3D-RT and 3D-70.degree. C. Test results are
shown in Table 7.
7 TABLE 7 90.degree. peel adhesion Plastic 3D-RT 3D-70.degree. C.
ABS 408 595 LDPE 280 177 PVC 411 485 Polystyrene 471 490
Polycarbonate* 508 548 PMMA** 501 620 Nylon 382 481 *Lexan .TM.
**Plexiglas .TM.
[0205] The data in Table 7 illustrate the utility of the invention
on various plastic substrates.
EXAMPLES 38-39
[0206] An expandable pressure-sensitive adhesive composition was
prepared by feeding a dry blended mixture having 67 parts of
copolymer, 33 parts Regalite.TM.S101 tackifier, 1.34 parts
Irganox.TM.1010, and 1.34 parts Tinuvin.TM.328 into zone 1 of 25 mm
Berstorff twin screw extruder (Model ZE-25, L/D=36:1, Florence,
Ky.) using a K-tron gravimetric feeder (Model F-1, S/N:930601,
Pitman, N.J.) such that the feed rate was 2.29 kg/h. A grid melter
(ITW Dynatech Model O22S, Burlington, Mass.) was used to feed 1.57
kg/h of molten Regalite.TM.S101 at a temperature of 182.degree. C.
into zone 3. A Zenith gear pump (1.2 cm.sup.3/rev. Zenith gear pump
obtained from Parker Hannifin Corp., Sanford, N.C.) was used to
feed 0.66 kg/h of heated Escorez.TM.2520 oil (25.degree. C.) into
zone 7. Encapsulated microspheres having a shell composition
containing acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile (F100D available
from Pierce-Stevens Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.) were added to zone 8 using
a K-tron gravimetric feeder (Model KCLKT20, Pitman, N.J.) at a feed
rate of 0.077 kg/h. The screw, having multiple kneading and
conveying sections, was run at 275 RPM. The extruder zones were set
with a decreasing temperature profile as follows: zone 2 & 3 at
160.degree. C., zones 5-7 at 120.degree. C., and zones 8-10 at
110.degree. C. The expandable adhesive composition was then fed
into a 5 cm.sup.3/rev Zenith gear pump at the exit of the 25 mm
extruder and transported to a Cloeren three layer feedblock (Model
96-1501, Orange, Tex.) using a 1.27 cm OD stainless steel transfer
piping that was operated at 149.degree. C., and then through a 25.4
cm wide die (Ultraflex 40 obtained from EDI Chippewa Falls, Wis.)
operated at 177.degree. C. with a die gap of 1.52 mm (60 mils). The
extruded material leaving the die was in the form of a foamed
adhesive sheet. The sheet was cast onto a chill roll that was set
at 10.degree. C., cooled to about 25.degree. C., and then
transferred onto a 0.127 mm thick polyethylene release liner. The
thickness of the foamed sheet, which was controlled by the
collecting web speed, for Example 38 was 0.5 mm. After cooling, the
foam sheet was covered with another 0.127 mm thick polyethylene
release liner and crosslinked using an electron beam processing
unit (Electrocurtain CB 300) operating at an accelerating voltage
of 300 kV and a measured dose of 6 megaRads (Mrads). The sheet was
exposed to the electron beam from each of the two major surfaces.
The resulting foamed adhesive sheet was tacky. Example 39 was
prepared following the procedure for Example 38 except the
thickness was 1 mm (40 mil).
[0207] The foamed adhesive sheets were tested for 90.degree. peel
adhesion and static shear strength. Test results are shown in Table
8.
EXAMPLES 40-49
[0208] A pressure-sensitive adhesive foam sheet was prepared
following the procedure for Example 39, except that the 3 layer
feedblock was also fed with molten Hot Melt Composition B such that
Composition B was co-extruded as skin layers on each major surface
of the foam sheet. Composition B was melted in a 5.08 cm Bonnot
single screw extruder (Model 2" WPKR, Green, Ohio) with a 5
cm.sup.3/rev Zenith gear pump and transported to the feedblock
using a 1.27 cm OD heated stainless steel transfer piping. The
single screw extruder, gear pump, and piping were operated at
177.degree. C. The skin layers and the layer containing the
microspheres were combined in the feedblock and then passed through
the single layer die where it exited as a foamed sheet having
adhesive skin layers. The sheet was collected in the manner
described above. Examples 40-46 were coextruded polymodal
asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer adhesive foam tapes made
with polymodal asymmetric elastomeric block copolymer adhesive
skins. The thickness of each of the skin layers of Hot Melt
Composition B was 75 micrometers (3 mil) for Example 40 and 125
micrometers (5 mil) for Examples 41. Example 42 was prepared
according to the procedure for Example 41 except that the
microsphere feed rate was 0.154 kg/h in zone 8 of the extruder.
Example 43 was prepared according to the procedure for Example 41
except that the microsphere feed rate was 0.231 kg/h in zone 8 of
the extruder. Example 44 was prepared according to the procedure
for Example 41 except that the co-extruded skins were made from Hot
Melt Composition A. Example 45 was prepared according to the
procedure for Example 41 except that the co-extruded skins were
made from Hot Melt Composition C. Example 46 was prepared following
the procedure for Example 41 except that the co-extruded skins were
Hot Melt Composition C and the feed rates of components varied as
follows. The dry blended mixture of 64 parts of copolymer, 36 parts
Regalite.TM.S 101 tackifier, 1.28 parts Irganox.TM.1010, and 1.28
parts Tinuvin.TM.328, was fed into zone 1 at feed rate of 2.422
kg/h; the grid melter fed 1.819 kg/h of molten Regalite.TM.S 101
into zone 3, and the Zenith gear pump fed 0.295 kg/h of
Escorez.TM.2520 oil into zone 7 of the extruder. The expandable
microspheres were added to zone 8 at 0.077 kg/h.
[0209] Example 47 was prepared following the procedure for Example
44 except the three feeds to zones 1, 3, and 7 were replaced by a
single feed of Hot Melt Composition D into zone 1 of the twin screw
extruder from a 5.08 cm Bonnot single screw extruder (Model 2"
WPKR, Green, Ohio) operated at a flow rate of 4.54 kg/h and
temperatures of 175.degree. C. The packages of adhesive (Hot Melt
Composition D), including the packaging material, had been softened
and mixed in the single screw extruder. The F100D expandable
microspheres were added at a feed rate of 0.091 kg/h to zone 8 of
the extruder and the co-extruded skins were Hot Melt Composition C.
After extrusion, the foams were electron beam crosslinked using
with a dose of 6 MRad at an accelerating voltage of 300 kV from
both sides of the foam. Example 48 was prepared following the
procedure for Example 47 except the feed in zone 1 was replaced
with Hot Melt Composition E.
[0210] Example 49 was prepared by laminating a 50 micrometer thick
acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tape (9471 LE
available from 3M Company, St Paul, Minn.) to each side of the foam
of Example 2 using four passes of a 2 kg (4.5 lb) hard rubber
roller. These exemplary adhesives and tapes were tested for 900
peel adhesion and static shear strength. Test results are shown in
Table 8.
8 TABLE 8 90.degree. Peel 90.degree. Peel Adhesion N/dm Adhesion
N/dm Static Shear - 3D-RT 3D-70.degree. min Ex SS PP PE SS PP PE RT
70 38 56 86 44 49 58 40 10000 10000 39 156 268 89 159 172 93 10000
10000 40 292 408 208 312 475 212 10000 10000 41 343 454 215 326 503
235 10000 10000 42 334 452 187 322 503 200 10000 10000 43 208 231
91 270 158 110 10000 10000 44 293 466 135 308 434 147 10000 2846 P
45 473 567 138 403 503 219 10000 5848 P 46 545 615 159 536 623 254
10000 1934 P 47 487 457 172 508 499 212 173 C 194 C 48 384 426 177
308 406 217 3201 C 855 C 49 131 163 42 NT NT NT 88* 3* NT--Not
tested *Failed at the adhesive skin/foam interface (i.e.,
delaminated)
EXAMPLES 50-53
[0211] Hot Melt Composition F was compounded in a 51 mm single
screw extruder (Bonnot) for Example 50. The temperatures in the
extruder and the flexible hose at the exit end of the extruder were
all set at 93.3.degree. C. and the flow rate was controlled with a
Zenith gear pump. The compounded adhesive was then fed to a 30 mm
co-rotating twin screw extruder with three additive ports (Wemer
Pfleider) operating at a screw speed of 200 rpm with a flow rate of
about 15 pounds/hour (6.8 kilograms/hour). The temperature for all
of the zones in the twin screw extruder was set 93.3.degree. C.
Expandable polymeric microspheres having a shell composition
containing acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile (F80 SD available
from Pierce Stevens, Buffalo, N.Y.) were added downstream to the
third feed port about three-fourths of the way down the extruder
barrel at a feed rate of 1.4 parts by weight per one hundred parts
of hot melt composition. The hose and die temperatures were set at
193.3.degree. C. The foamed extrudate containing the microspheres
was pumped to a 3-layer co-extrusion feedblock as the center layer
of a 3-layer construction. The feedblock temperature was set at
160.degree. C. Hot Melt Composition C was fed to a second 51 mm
single crew extruder (Bonnot) and compounded. The temperatures in
the extruder and the flexible hose at the exit end of the extruder
were all set at 150.degree. C. and the flow rate from was
controlled with a Zenith gear pump. The compounded composition was
then fed to the feedback, which split the incoming stream to
provide a layer of Hot Melt Composition to each face of the foamed
sheet which was then fed through a 20.32 cm wide drop die shimmed
to a thickness of 1.016 mm. The die temperature was set at
182.degree. C. The gear pump was set to provide 76 micrometer thick
layers of adhesive to each face of the foamed sheet. The resulting
foam acrylic sheet having adhesive outerlayers had a thickness of
about 1145 micrometers. The extruded sheet was cast onto a chill
roll that was set at 7.2.degree. C., cooled to about 25.degree. C.,
and then transferred onto a 0.127 mm thick polyethylene release
liner. The sheets were then cross-linked by exposing to electron
beam radiation at a measured dose of 6 Mrads and an accelerating
voltage of 300 kV from both sides.
[0212] Example 51 was prepared following the procedure for Example
50 except that Hot Melt Composition H was used as the foam layer
and Hot Melt Composition K as the adhesive skin layers. Example 52
was prepared following the procedure for Example 50 except that Hot
Melt Composition H was used as the foam layer and Hot Melt
Composition I as the adhesive skin layers. Example 53 was prepared
following the procedure for Example 50 except that Hot Melt
Composition H was used as the foam layer and Hot Melt Composition A
as the adhesive skin layers.
[0213] All of these foam tapes were tacky and were tested for peel
adhesion and static shear. Test results are shown in Table 9.
EXAMPLES 54-59
[0214] A commercially available polyethylene foam (0.16 cm thick 6E
Foam available from Voltek) was primed with Scotch-mount 4298
Adhesion Promotor (available from 3M Company) by applying a thin
layer of primer to each side of the foam with a sponge applicator
and allowing the solvent to evaporate (approximately 1 minute).
Then the transfer tapes were laminated to each side of the
polyethylene foam using hand pressure. Examples 57-59 were prepared
in the same manner except that the foam was 545 Polyurethane Foam
(available from Norton).
[0215] The transfer tapes used were: Examples 54 and 57-tape from
Example 7 except the e-beam conditions were 175 kV at 8 Mrad;
Examples 55 and 58-tape from Example 14; Examples 56 and 59-tape
from Example 28.
[0216] Testing results for the laminated tapes are shown in Table
9.
9 TABLE 9 90.degree. Peel Adhesion - N/dm T- Static 5D-100/ peel
Shear* 1H-RT 3D-RT 7D-70.degree. C. 100 N/dm 70.degree. C. Ex Paint
PP Paint PP Paint PP Paint Paint Min 50 238 NT 525 NT 536 NT 501
287 10,000 51 109 NT 235 NT 501 NT 364 273 10,000 52 77 NT 508 NT
462 NT 476 270 10,000 53 102 NT 469 NT 466 NT 312 210 10,000 54 424
NT 347 424 378 399 NT NT NT 55 116 876 175 133 399 392 NT NT NT 56
284 193 403 413 406 378 NT NT NT 57 249 154 298 308 371 550 NT NT
NT 58 245 182 312 308 501 438 NT NT NT 59 182 126 228 308 361 336
NT NT NT 60 144 NT 287 NT 549 NT 445 NT 10,000 NT--Not tested
*Tested with a 750 g weight and the overlap was 2.54 cm by 2.54
cm
EXAMPLE 60
[0217] Example 60 was prepared following the procedure of Example
50 with the following exceptions: Hot Melt Composition J was used
in the foam layer at a rate of 6.3 Kg/hr. Also, Escorez.TM. 180 was
added to the foam layer via Zenith pump and a heated hose (150 C)
and a rate of 7.5 parts per hundred by weight of Hot Melt
Composition J. The F80 SD expandable polymeric microspheres were
added at 1.0 part per hundred by weight of the total polymer in the
foam layer. Hot Melt Composition K was coated on each major surface
of the foam layer and was used as adhesive skin layers.
[0218] Variations and modifications are possible from the foregoing
disclosure without departing from either the spirit or scope of the
present invention as defined in the claims.
* * * * *