U.S. patent application number 10/411319 was filed with the patent office on 2003-11-06 for polyhydroxyalkanoate, method for production thereof and microorganisms for use in the same.
This patent application is currently assigned to CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA. Invention is credited to Honma, Tsutomu, Imamura, Takeshi, Kenmoku, Takashi, Kobayashi, Shin, Kobayashi, Toyoko, Suda, Sakae, Yano, Tetsuya.
Application Number | 20030208029 10/411319 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27580515 |
Filed Date | 2003-11-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030208029 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Honma, Tsutomu ; et
al. |
November 6, 2003 |
Polyhydroxyalkanoate, method for production thereof and
microorganisms for use in the same
Abstract
A polyhydroxyalkanoate having a monomer unit composition
represented by General Formula (1): A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1) wherein
A is represented by General Formula (2), B is at least one selected
from the group consisting of monomer units represented by General
Formula (3) or (4), and m has a value of 0.01 or larger and smaller
than 1: 1 wherein n has a value of 0 to 10, k has a value of 3 or
5, and R is at least one group selected from the group consisting
of groups represented by General Formulae (5) to (7): 2 in Formula
(5) R1 is a group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen
atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and q is an integer selected
from 1 to 8; in Formula (6) R2 is a group selected from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and r is an
integer selected from 1 to 8; in Formula (7) R3 is a group selected
from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms,
--CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5 and
--C.sub.3F.sub.7; and s is an integer selected from 1 to 8. The
efficient production methods are also provided.
Inventors: |
Honma, Tsutomu; (Atsugi-shi,
JP) ; Kobayashi, Toyoko; (Yokohama-shi, JP) ;
Yano, Tetsuya; (Atsugi-shi, JP) ; Kobayashi,
Shin; (Kawasaki-shi, JP) ; Imamura, Takeshi;
(Chigasaki-shi, JP) ; Suda, Sakae; (Ushiku-shi,
JP) ; Kenmoku, Takashi; (Fujisawa-shi, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FITZPATRICK CELLA HARPER & SCINTO
30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA
NEW YORK
NY
10112
US
|
Assignee: |
CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
TOKYO
JP
|
Family ID: |
27580515 |
Appl. No.: |
10/411319 |
Filed: |
April 11, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10411319 |
Apr 11, 2003 |
|
|
|
09748205 |
Dec 27, 2000 |
|
|
|
6586562 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
528/272 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10S 435/874 20130101;
C12P 7/62 20130101; C08G 63/06 20130101; C08G 63/6822 20130101;
C08G 63/6852 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
528/272 |
International
Class: |
C08G 063/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 27, 1999 |
JP |
11-371863 |
Jan 31, 2000 |
JP |
2000-023078 |
Jan 31, 2000 |
JP |
2000-023080 |
Jan 31, 2000 |
JP |
2000-023083 |
Mar 30, 2000 |
JP |
2000-095011 |
Mar 30, 2000 |
JP |
2000-095012 |
Mar 30, 2000 |
JP |
2000-095013 |
Jul 7, 2000 |
JP |
2000-207089 |
Jul 7, 2000 |
JP |
2000-207091 |
Nov 27, 2000 |
JP |
2000-359789 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A polyhydroxyalkanoate having a monomer unit composition
represented by General Formula (1): A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1) wherein
A is represented by General Formula (2), B is at least one selected
from the group consisting of monomer units represented by General
Formula (3) or (4), and m has a value of 0.01 or larger and smaller
than 1: 67wherein n has a value of 0 to 10, k has a value of 3 or
5, and R is at least one group selected from the group consisting
of groups represented by General Formulae (5) to (7): 68in Formula
(5) R1 is a group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen
atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and q is an integer selected
from 1 to 8; in Formula (6) R2 is a group selected from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and r is an
integer selected from 1 to 8; in Formula (7) R3 is a group selected
from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms,
--CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5 and
--C.sub.3F.sub.7; and s is an integer selected from 1 to 8;
provided that following R are excluded from the choice: when
selecting one type of group as R in the general formula (2): groups
of Formula (5) in which R1 is H and q=2, R1 is H and q=3, and R1 is
--NO.sub.2 and q=2; groups of Formula (6) in which R2 is a halogen
atom and r=2, provided that two components are selected as B from
General Formula (3) or (4), R2 is --CN and r=3, and R2 is
--NO.sub.2 and r=3; and the groups of Formula (7) in which R3 is H
and s=1, and R3 is H and s=2; and when selecting two types of
groups as R in General Formula (2), the combinations of two types
of groups of Formula (6) in which R2 is a halogen atom and r=2, and
R2 is a halogen atom and r 4, provided that one component is
selected as B from General Formula (3) or (4).
2. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid of Formula (8) as a
monomer unit. 69
3. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- valeric acid of Formula (9)
as a monomer unit. 70
4. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (10) as a
monomer unit. 71
5. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (11) as a
monomer unit. 72
6. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (12) as a
monomer unit. 73
7. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (13) as a
monomer unit. 74
8. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to claim 1, comprising
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid of Formula (14) as a monomer unit.
75
9. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to claim 1, comprising
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid of Formula (15) as a monomer unit.
76
10. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to claim 1, comprising
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid of Formula (16) as a
monomer unit, the monomer unit not being a 3-component-system.
77
11. A polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid of Formula (8) and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid of Formula (16) as
monomer units. 78
12. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to claim 1, comprising
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid of Formula (15) and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid of Formula (17) as monomer units.
79
13. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to claim 1, comprising
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid of Formula (14),
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexan- oic acid of Formula (18), and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid of Formula (19) as monomer units.
80
14. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to claim 1, comprising
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid of Formula (15),
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyhepta- noic acid of Formula (17), and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid of Formula (20) as monomer units.
81
15. The polyhydroxyalkanoate according to any one of claims 1 to
14, wherein the number average molecular weight is 10000 to
200000.
16. 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid of Formula 21. 82
17. A process of producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate, comprising a
step of culturing a microorganism capable of synthesizing a
polyhydroxyalkanoate of which monomer unit is represented by
Formula (1) from an alkanoate in a medium containing the alkanoate:
A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1) wherein A is represented by General Formula
(2), B is at least one selected from the group consisting of
monomer units represented by General Formula (3) or (4), and m is
0.01 or larger and smaller than 1, 83wherein n is an integer
selected from 0 to 10, k is 3 or 5, and R is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of the groups represented by
General Formulae (5) to (7): 84in Formula (5) R1 is a group
selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), halogen
atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5 and
--C.sub.3F.sub.7; and q is an integer selected from 1 to 8; in
Formula (6) R2 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and r is an integer selected
from 1 to 8; in Formula (7) R3 is a group selected from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN,
--NO.sub.21--CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and s
is an integer selected from 1 to 8; provided that following R are
excluded from the choice: when selecting one type of group as R in
General Formula (2): groups of Formula (5) in which R1 is H and q
2, R1 is H and q=3, and R1 is --NO.sub.2 and q=2; the groups of
Formula (6) in which R2 is a halogen atom and r=2, R2 is --CN and
r=3, and R2 is --NO.sub.2 and r=3; and groups of Formula (7) in
which R3 is H and s=1, and R3 is H and s=2; and when selecting two
types of groups as R in General Formula (2), groups of Formula (6)
in which R2 is a halogen atom and r=2.
18. A process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate, comprising a step
of culturing a microorganism capable of producing the
polyhydroxyalkanoate utilizing alkanoate in a medium containing the
alkanoate and a saccharide.
19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the alkanoate is
represented by Formula (22) and the polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises
a monomer unit of Formula (23): 85wherein R is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of groups of Formula (24):
86wherein R4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl
group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxy group, or a
substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl group, and t is an integer
of 1 to 8 independently; 87wherein R' is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of the selected R and groups
represented by Formula (24) where R.sub.4 is the same as the
selected R but t is shorter by multiply of 2 than t of the selected
R and not 0.
20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the microorganism is
cultured in one step in a medium containing the alkanoate of
Formula (22) and a saccharide.
21. The process according to claim 18, wherein the microorganism is
cultured in at least two steps: one is in a medium containing the
alkanoate of Formula (22) and a saccharide and the subsequent one
is in a medium containing the alkanoate of Formula (22) and a
saccharide with nitrogen source limitation.
22. The process according to claim 18, wherein the microorganism is
cultured by inoculating the microorganism precultured in a medium
containing a saccharide.
23. The process according to claim 18, wherein the saccharide is at
least one selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose
and mannose.
24. A process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate, comprising a step
of culturing a microorganism capable of producing a
polyhydroxyalkanoate utilizing an alkanoate in a medium containing
the alkanoate and a polypeptone.
25. The process according to claim 24, wherein the alkanoate is
represented by Formula (22) and the polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises
a monomer unit of Formula (23): 88wherein R is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of the groups of Formula (24):
89wherein R4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl
group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxy group, or a
substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl group, and t is an integer
of 1 to 8 independently 90wherein R' is at least one group selected
from the group consisting of the selected R and groups represented
by Formula (24) where R.sub.4 is the same as the selected R but t
is shorter by multiply of 2 than t of the selected R and not 0.
26. The process according to claim 24, wherein the microorganism is
cultured in one step in a medium containing the alkanoate of
Formula (22) and polypeptone.
27. The process according to claim 24, wherein the microorganism is
cultured in at least two steps: one is in a medium containing an
alkanoate represented by Formula (22) and polypeptone, and the
subsequent one is in a medium containing the alkanoate with
nitrogen source limitation.
28. A process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a step
of culturing a microorganism capable of producing a
polyhydroxyalkanoate utilizing an alkanoate in a medium containing
the alkanoate and an organic acid involved in TCA cycle.
29. The process according to claim 28, wherein the alkanoate is
represented by Formula (22) and the polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises
a monomer unit represented by Formula (23): 91wherein R is at least
one group selected from the group consisting of groups of Formula
(24): 92wherein R4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl
group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxy group, or a
substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl group, and t is an integer
of 1 to 8 independently; 93wherein R' is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of the selected R and groups
represented by Formula (24) where R.sub.4 is the same as the
selected R but t is shorter by multiply of 2 than t of the selected
R and not 0.
30. The process according to claim 28, wherein the microorganism is
cultured in one step in the medium containing the alkanoate of
Formula (22) and an organic acid involved in TCA cycle.
31. The process according to claim 28, wherein the microorganism is
cultured in at least two steps: one is in a medium containing an
alkanoate of Formula (22) and an organic acid involved in TCA cycle
and the subsequent one is in a medium containing the alkanoate of
Formula (22) and an organic acid involved in TCA cycle with
nitrogen source limitation.
32. The process according to claim 28, wherein the organic acid
involved in TCA cycle is at least one selected from the group
consisting of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, citric acid, succinic
acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and salts thereof.
33. A process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate, wherein the a
microorganism is cultured in at least two steps: one is in a medium
containing an alkanoate and a polypeptone and the subsequent one is
in a medium containing the alkanoate and pyruvic acid or salt
thereof with nitrogen source limitation.
34. The process according to claim 33, wherein the alkanoate is
represented by Formula (22) and the polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises
a monomer unit of Formula (23): 94wherein R is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of the groups of Formula (24):
95wherein R4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl
group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxy group, or a
substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl group, and t is an integer
of 1 to 8 independently; 96wherein R' is at least one group
selected from the group consisting of the selected R and groups
represented by Formula (24) where R.sub.4 is the same as the
selected R but t is shorter by multiply of 2 than t of the selected
R and not 0.
35. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate according to any
one of claims 17, 18, 24, 28 and 33, wherein the microorganism
belongs to Pseudomonas sp.
36. The process according to claim 35, wherein the microorganism is
at least one strain selected from the group consisting of
Pseudomonas cichorii YN2, FERM BP-7375; Pseudomonas cichorii H45,
FERM BP-7374; Pseudomonas putida P91, FERM BP-7373; and Pseudomonas
jessenii P161, FERM BP-7376.
37. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (8) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluoroph- enyl)valeric acid utilizing
5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid in a medium containing
5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid of Formula (25). 97
38. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (9) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluor- omethylphenyl)valeric acid utilizing
5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid in a medium containing
5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid of Formula (21). 98
39. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (10) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophe- noxy)butyric acid utilizing
4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid in a medium containing
4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (26). 99
40. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (11) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophe- noxy)butyric acid utilizing
4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid in a medium containing
4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (27). 100
41. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (12) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluoroph- enoxy)butyric acid utilizing
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid in a medium containing
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (28). 101
42. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (13) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluoroph- enoxy)butyric acid utilizing
4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid in a medium containing
4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid of Formula (29). 102
43. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (30) according to any one of claims 18, 24,
28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable
of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit of
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaler- ic acid utilizing 5-phenylvaleric acid in
a medium containing 5-phenylvaleric acid of Formula (31). 103
44. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (32) according to any one of claims 18, 24,
28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable
of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit of
3-hydroxy-6-phenylhexan- oic acid utilizing 6-phenylhexanoic acid
in a medium containing 6-phenylhexanoic acid of Formula (33).
104
45. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (14) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer
unit of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybuty- ric acid utilizing
4-phenoxybutyric acid in a medium containing 4-phenoxybutyric acid
of Formula (34). 105
46. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (15) according to any one of claims 17, 18,
24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism
capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit
of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvale- ric acid utilizing 5-phenoxyvaleric
acid in a medium containing 5-phenoxyvaleric acid of Formula (35).
106
47. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (16) according to any one of claims 18, 24,
28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable
of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit of
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluoroph- enoxy)valeric acid utilizing
5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid in a medium containing
5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid of Formula (36). 107
48. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a
monomer unit of Formula (37) according to any one of claims 18, 24,
28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable
of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising a monomer unit of
3-hydroxy-4-cyclohexylb- utyric acid utilizing 4-cyclohexylbutyric
acid in a medium containing 4-cyclohexylbutyric acid of Formula
(38). 108
49. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of Formulae (8) and (16) according to any one of
claims 18, 24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a
microorganism capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophe- nyl)valeric acid and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid utilizing
5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid and 5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid
in a medium containing 5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid of Formula
(25) and the 5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid of Formula (36).
109
50. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of Formulae (15) and (17) according to any one of
claims 17, 18, 24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a
microorganism capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid utilizing 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid
in a medium containing 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid of Formula (39).
110
51. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of Formulae (14), (18) and (19) according to any one
of claims 17, 18, 24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a
microorganism capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid,
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic
acid utilizing 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid in a medium containing
8-phenoxyoctanoic acid of Formula (40). 111
52. The process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of Formulae (15), (17) and (20) according to any one
of claims 17, 18, 24, 28 and 33, comprising a step of culturing a
microorganism capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid,
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyhexanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic
acid utilizing 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid in a medium containing
11-phenoxyundecanoic acid of Formula (41). 112
53. Pseudomonas cichorii H45, FERM BP-7374.
54. Pseudomonas cichorii YN2, FERM BP-7375.
55. Pseudomonas putida P91, FERM BP-7373.
56. Pseudomonas jessenii P161, FERM BP-7376.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to a novel
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a method for production of such PHA and
microorganisms for use in the same.
[0003] 2. Related Background Art
[0004] Synthetic polymers derived from petroleum have been used as
plastics etc. for a long time. Recently, the treatment of the used
plastics has become one of serious social problems. These synthetic
polymers have advantages of hard-to-decompose have been used in the
place of metal or glass materials. On mass consumption and mass
disposal, however, this feature of hard-to-decompose makes them
accumulated in waste-disposal facilities, or when they are burned,
it causes increased carbon dioxide exhaust, and harmful substances
such as dioxin and endocrine-disruptors may be generated to cause
environmental pollution. On the other hand, polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) produced by microorganisms (hereinafter referred to as
"microbial polyester") represented by poly-3-hydroxy butyric acid
(PHB) can be used as the conventional plastics to make various
kinds of products with melting processes etd., and can be
decomposed by organisms unlike oil-derived synthetic polymers.
Therefore, the microbial polyester is bio-decomposed and thus
incorporated in the natural material cycle when discarded, and
would not remain in the natural environment to cause pollution
unlike many conventional synthetic polymer compounds. Furthermore,
since the microbial polyesters do not require incineration
processes, they are also effective in terms of prevention of air
pollution and global warming. Thus, they can be used as a plastic
enabling environmental integrity. In addition, the application of
the microbial polyesters to medical soft members is under
consideration (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-159,
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-169980, Japanese Patent
Application Laid-Open No. 6-169988, Japanese Patent Application
Laid-Open No. 6-225921 and the like).
[0005] Heretofore, various bacteria have been reported to produce
and accumulate PHB or copolymers of other hydroxyalkanoic acids in
the cells ("Biodegradable Plastics Handbook", edited by
Biodegradable Plastics Society, issued by NTS Co. Ltd., P178-197,
(1995)). It is known that such microbial PHAs may have a variety of
compositions and structures depending on types of the producing
microorganisms, the composition of culture media, culture
conditions and the like, and up to now, studies regarding the
control of these compositions and structures have been carried out
to improve the properties of PHA.
[0006] For example, Alcaligenes eutropus H16 (ATCC No. 17699) and
its mutant strains reportedly produce copolymers of 3-hydroxy
butyric acid (3HB) and 3-hydroxy valeric acid (3HV) at a variety of
composition ratios according to the carbon source in culture
(Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-15604, Japanese Patent
Publication No. 7-14352, Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-19227
and the like).
[0007] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-74492 discloses
a method in which the copolymer of 3HB and 3HV is produced by
bringing Methylobacterium sp., Paracoccus sp., Alcalugenes sp. or
Pseudomonas sp. into contact primary alcohol having 3 to 7
carbons.
[0008] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-93049 and
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-265065 disclose that
two-component copolymers of 3HB and 3-hydroxy hexanoic acid (3HHx)
are produced by culturing Aeromonas caviae using oleic acid or
olive oil as a carbon source.
[0009] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-191893 discloses
that Comamonas acidovorans IFO 13852 produces polyester having 3HB
and 4-hydroxy butyric acid as monomer units in culture with
gluconic acid and 1,4-butandiol as a carbon source.
[0010] Also, in recent years, active researches about PHA composed
of 3-hydroxyalkanoate (3HA) of medium-chain-length (abbreviated to
mcl) having up to about 12 carbons. Synthetic routes can be
classified broadly into two types, and their specific examples will
be shown in (1) and (2) below.
[0011] (1) Synthesis using .beta.-Oxidation
[0012] Japanese Patent No. 2642937 discloses that PHA having
monomer units of 3-hydroxyalkanoate having 6 to 12 carbons is
produced by providing as a carbon source aliphatic hydrocarbon to
Pseudomonas oleovorans ATCC 29347. Furthermore, it is reported in
Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 58(2), 746 (1992) that Pseudomonas
resinovorans produces polyester having 3-hydroxybutyric acid,
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and
3-hydroxydecanoic acid at a ratio of 1:15:75:9 as monomer units,
using octanoic acid as a single carbon source, and also produces
polyester having 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (quantitative
ratio of 8:62:23:7) as units, using hexanoic acid as a single
carbon source. Herein, it is assumed that 3HA monomer units having
longer chain length than that of the starting fatty acid are made
by way of fatty acid synthetic route that will be described next in
(2).
[0013] (2) Synthesis using Fatty Acid Synthetic Route
[0014] It is reported in Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 16(3), 119 (1994)
that Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 strain produces polyester made of
3-hydroxyalkanoic acids such as 3-hydroxybutyric acid,
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic
acid and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxyalkenoic acids such
as 3-hydroxy-5-cis-decenoic acid, 3-hydroxy-5-cis-dodecenoic acid,
using sodium gluconate as a single carbon source.
[0015] By the way, the biosynthesis of PHA is usually carried out
by a PHA synthase using as a substrate "D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA"
occurring as an intermediate of a variety of metabolic pathways in
the cell.
[0016] Herein, "CoA" means a "coenzyme A". And, as described in the
prior art of the above (1), the biosynthesis of PHA is carried out
with "D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA" occurring in the ".beta. oxidation
cycle" being a starting substance in the case where fatty acids
such as octanoic acid and nonanoic acid are used as carbon
sources.
[0017] Reactions through which PHA is synthesized by way of the
".beta. oxidation cycle" will be shown below. 3
[0018] On the other hand, as described in the prior art of the
above (2), in the case where the PHA is biosynthesized using
saccharides such as glucose and the like, the biosynthesis is
carried out with "D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA" converted from
"D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP" occurring in the "fatty acid synthesis
pathway" being a starting substance. Herein, "ACP" means a "acyl
carrier protein".
[0019] By the way, as described previously, the PHA synthesized in
both (1) and (2) described above is PHA constituted by monomer
units having alkyl groups in side chains. However, if a wider range
of application of the microbial PHA like this, for example an
application as a functional polymer is considered, it is expected
that PHA having various substituents (for example phenyl groups)
introduced in the side chain is significantly useful. With respect
to the synthesis of such PHA, for the synthesis using .beta.
oxidation, a report regarding PHA having the aryl group and the
like in the side chain can be found in, for example,
Macromolecules, 24, p5256-5260 (1991). Specifically, it is reported
that Pseudomonas oleovorans produces polyester having 3-hydroxy
valeric acid, 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid, 3-hydroxynonanoic acid,
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-5-phenyl valeric acid
(quantitative ratio of 0.6:16.0:41.1:1.7:40.6) as units in the
amount of 160 mg for 1 L of culture solution (ratio in dry weight
to the cell mass is 31.6%), using 5-phenylvaleric acid and nonanoic
acid (mole ratio of 2:1, total concentration of 10 mmol/L) as a
medium, and also produces polyester having 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid and
3-hydroxy-5-phenyl valeric acid (quantitative ratio of
7.3:64.5:3.9:24.3) as units in the amount of 200 mg for 1 L of
culture solution (ratio in dry weight to the cell mass is 39.2%),
using 5-phenyl valeric acid and octanoic acid (mole ratio of 1:1,
total concentration of 10 mmol/L). It is conceivable that the PHA
in this report is principally synthesized by way of the .beta.
oxidation pathway due to that fact that nonanoic acid and octanoic
acid are used.
[0020] As described above, in the microbial PHA, those with various
kinds of compositions/structures are obtained by changing the type
of microorganisms for use in its production, culture medium
compositions, culture conditions, but if considering the
application of the microbial PHA as plastics, they could not be
sufficient yet in terms of properties. In order to further expand
the range of the microbial PHA utility, it is important that the
improvement of its properties are more widely considered, and for
this purpose, the development and the search of the PHA containing
monomer units of further diverse structures, its manufacturing
processes and microorganisms enabling desired PHA to be produced
efficiently are essential.
[0021] On the other hand, the PHA of a type having substituents
introduced in the side chain as described previously is selected in
accordance with the property for which the introduced substituent
is desired, thereby making it possible to expect its development as
a "functional polymer" having very useful functions and properties
resulting from the property and the like of the introduced
substituent, and the development and the search of excellent PHA
allowing such functionality and the biodegradability to be
compatible with each other, its manufacturing processes and
microorganisms enabling desired PHA to be produced efficiently are
also important challenges.
[0022] Another example of such PHA having substituents introduced
in the side chain includes PHA having the above described phenyl
groups, and further phenoxy groups in the side chain.
[0023] For another example of phenyl group, it is reported in
Macromolecules, 29, 1762-1766 (1996) that Pseudomonas oleovorans
produces PHA including 3-hydroxy-5-(4-toryl) valeric acid as a
monomer unit through the culture in a culture medium including
5-(4-toryl) valeric acid (5-(4-methylphenyl) valeric acid) as a
substrate.
[0024] Furthermore, it is reported in Macromolecules, 32, 2889-2895
(1999) that Pseudomonas oleovorans produces PHA including
3-hydroxy-5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) valeric acid and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-nitrophen- yl) valeric acid as monomer units through
the culture in a culture medium including 5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)
valeric acid and nonanoic acid as a substrate.
[0025] Also, for an example of the phenoxy group, it is reported in
Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 1665-1672 (1994) that Pseudomonas
oleovorans produces PHA including 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxy valeric acid
and 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid as units from
11-phenoxyundecanoic acid.
[0026] Also, it is reported in Macromolecules, 29, 3432-3435 (1996)
that Pseudomonas oleovorans is used to produce PHA including
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic
acid as units from 6-phenoxyhexanoic acid, PHA including
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyr- ic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid
and 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid as units from
8-phenoxyoctanoic acid, and PHA including
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid and 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic
acid as units from 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid. Excerpts of yields of
polymers from this report are shown in Table 1.
[0027] Furthermore, in Can. J. Microbiol., 41, 32-43 (1995), PHA
including 3-hydroxy-p-cyanophenoxyhexanoic acid or
3-hydroxy-p-nitrophenoxyhexanoic acid as a monomer unit is
successfully produced with octanoic acid and p-cyanophenoxyhexanoic
acid or p-nitrophenoxyhexanoic acid being a substrate, using
Pseudomonas oleovorans ATCC 29347 and Pseudomonas putida KT
2442.
[0028] In Japanese Patent No. 2989175, a homopolymer constituted by
3-hydroxy-5-(monofluorophenoxy)pentanoate(3H5(MFP)P) units or
3-hydroxy-5-(difluorophenoxy)pentanoate(3H5(DFP)P) units and a
copolymer containing at least 3H5(MFP)P units or 3H5(DFP)P units;
Pseudomonas putida for synthesizing these polymers; and a method of
producing the aforesaid polymers using Pseudomonas species are
described.
[0029] These productions are carried out through "two-stage
culture" as described below.
[0030] Time of culture: First stage, 24 hours; Second stage, 96
hours
[0031] A substrate and a resulting polymer at each stage will be
shown below.
[0032] (1) Resulting Polymer: 3H5 (MFP)P Homopolymer
[0033] Substrate at the First Stage: Citric Acid, Yeast Extract
[0034] Substrate at the Second Stage: Monofluorophenoxyundecanoic
Acid
[0035] (2) Resulting Polymer: 3H5 (DFP)P Homopolymer
[0036] Substrate at the First Stage: Citric Acid, Yeast Extract
[0037] Substrate at the Second Stage: Difluorophenoxyundecanoic
Acid
[0038] (3) Resulting Polymer: 3H5 (MFP)P Copolymer
[0039] Substrate at the First Stage: Octanoic Acid or Nonanoic
Acid, Yeast Extract
[0040] Substrate at the Second Stage Monofluorophenoxyundecanoic
Acid
[0041] (4) Resulting Polymer: 3H5 (DFP)P Copolymer
[0042] Substrate at the First Stage: Octanoic Acid or Nonanoic
Acid, Yeast Extract
[0043] Substrate at the second stage: Difluorophenoxyundecanoic
acid
[0044] As its effect, a medium-chain-length fatty acid having
substituents may be materialized to synthesize a polymer having
phenoxy groups with ends of the side chain replaced by one to two
fluorine atoms, and stereoregularity and water repellency can be
provided while maintaining a high melting point and good
processability.
[0045] Also, PHA including cyclohexyl groups in monomer units is
expected to show polymeric properties different from those of PHA
including normal aliphatic hydroxyalkanoic acid as a unit, and an
example of production using Pseudomonas oleovorans has been
reported (Macromolecules, 30, 1611-1615 (1997)).
[0046] According to this report, when Pseudomonas oleovorans was
cultured in a culture medium where nonanoic acid (hereinafter
described as NA) and cyclohexylbutyric acid (hereinafter described
as CHBA) or cyclohexyl valeric acid (hereinafter described as CHVA)
coexisted, PHA including units containing cyclohexyl groups and
units originating from nonanoic acid were obtained (each ratio
unknown)
[0047] About the yields, it is reported that quantitative ratios of
CHBA and NA are varied with substrate concentration total of 20
mmol/L and results as shown in Table 2 were obtained.
[0048] However, in this example, the yield of polymers per culture
solution is not sufficient, and the obtained PHA itself has
aliphatic hydroxyalkanoic acid coexist in its monomer unit.
[0049] In this way, in the case where PHA with a variety of
substituents introduced in the side chain is produced, as seen in
the reported example of Pseudomonas oleovorans described previously
and the like, a method is used in which alkanoate having a
substituent to be introduced is used not only as a stock for the
polymer but also as a carbon source for growth.
[0050] However, for the method in which alkanoate having a
substituent to be introduced is used not only as a stock for the
polymer but also as a carbon source for growth, the supply of an
energy source based on the production of the acetyl-CoA by .beta.
oxidation from such alkanoate is expected, and in this method, only
a substrate having a certain degree of chain length is capable of
producing acetyl-CoA by .beta. oxidation, thus limiting alkanoate
that can be used as a substrate of PHA, which is a major problem.
Also, generally, since substrates with the chain length decreased
by two methylene chains an after another are newly produced by the
.beta. oxidation, and these are captured as monomer units of PHA,
the PHA that is synthesized is often a copolymer constituted by
monomer units that are different in the chain length by two
methylene chains one after another. In the reported example
described above, a copolymer constituted by three types of monomer
units, that is 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid originating from
8-phenoxyoctanoic acid which is a substrate,
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric
acid which are by-products originating from metabolites is
produced. In this respect, if PHA constituted by single monomer
units is to be obtained, it is quite difficult to use this method.
Furthermore, for a method premised on the supply of an energy
source based on the production of acetyl-CoA by the .beta.
oxidation, the growth of microorganisms is slow and the synthesis
of PHA requires lots of time, and the yield of the synthesized PHA
is often low, which is also a major problem.
[0051] For this reason, a method in which, in addition to the
alkanoate having substituents to be introduced, microorganisms are
cultured in the culture medium in which fatty acids of
medium-chain-length and the like such as octanoic acid and nonanoic
acid as the carbon source for growth, followed by extracting PHA is
considered to be effective and is generally used.
[0052] However, according to the study by the inventors, the PHA
synthesized by way of the .beta. oxidation pathway using fatty
acids of medium-chain-length such as octanoic acid and nonanoic
acid as the carbon source for growth has poor purity, and 50% or
more of the polymers are made of mcl-3HA monomer units originating
from the carbon source (for example, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid,
3-hydroxynonanoic acid and the like). These mcl-3HA units make
polymers adhesive at room temperature when they are sole
components, and if they coexist in the PHA of the present invention
in large quantity, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the
polymer is significantly lowered. Thus, to obtain hard polymers at
room temperature, the coexistence of mcl-3HA monomer units is not
desired. Also, it is known that such a hetero-side chain structure
interferes intra-molecular or inter-molecular interaction
originating from the side chain structure, and has significant
influence on crystallinity and orientation. For achieving the
improvement of polymer properties and the addition of
functionality, the coexistence of these mcl-3HA monomer units
raises a major problem. Means for solving this problem includes
providing a refinement process to separate/remove "undesired"
monomer units such as mcl-3HA monomer units originating from the
carbon source for growth, in order to acquire PHA constituted by
monomer units having only specified substituents. However, the
problem is that operations are complicated and a significant
decrease in the yield can not be avoided. A more serious problem is
that if desired monomer units and undesired monomer units form a
copolymer, it is quite difficult to remove only undesired monomer
units. Particularly, in the case where the purpose is to synthesize
PHA including monomer units having groups obtained from unsaturated
hydrocarbons, ester groups, aryl groups, cyan groups, nitro groups,
groups obtained from halogenated hydrocarbons, groups having
epoxide and the like introduced therein as side chain structures,
the mcl-3HA monomer unit often forms a copolymer with a desired
monomer unit, and it is extremely difficult to remove the mcl-3HA
monomer unit after PHA is synthesized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0053] The present invention solves the above described problems,
and provides PHA including monomer units of diverse structures
having substituents in the side chain, which is useful as device
materials, medical materials and the like, and a method of
producing such PHA using microorganisms, and particularly a
production method in which the coexistence of undesired monomer
units is reduced, desired PHA can be obtained in high purity and
also in high yields. The present invention is also intended to
provide strains enabling such PHA to be synthesized in high purity
and with efficiency.
[0054] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a polyhydroxyalkanoate having a monomer unit composition
represented by a general formula (1):
A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1)
[0055] wherein A is represented by General Formula (2), B is at
least one selected from the group consisting of monomer units
represented by General Formula (3) or (4), and m has a value of
0.01 or larger and smaller than 1: 4
[0056] wherein
[0057] n has a value of 0 to 10, k has a value of 3 or 5, and
[0058] R is at least one group selected from the group consisting
of groups represented by General Formulae (5) to (7): 5
[0059] in Formula (5)
[0060] R1 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and q is an integer selected
from 1 to 8;
[0061] in Formula (6)
[0062] R2 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and r is an integer selected
from 1 to 8;
[0063] in Formula (7)
[0064] R3 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and s is an integer selected
from 1 to 8;
[0065] provided that following R are excluded from the choice:
[0066] when selecting one type of group as R in the general formula
(2):
[0067] groups of Formula (5) in which R1 is H and q=2, R1 is H and
q=3, and R1 is --NO.sub.2 and q=2;
[0068] groups of Formula (6) in which R2 is a halogen atom and r=2,
provided that two components are selected as B from General Formula
(3) or (4), R2 is --CN and r=3, and R2 is --NO.sub.2 and r=3; and
the groups of Formula (7) in which R3 is H and s=1, and R3 is H and
s=2; and
[0069] when selecting two types of groups as R in General Formula
(2), the combinations of two types of groups of Formula (6) in
which R2 is a halogen atom and r=2, and R2 is a halogen atom and
r=4, provided that one component is selected as B from General
Formula (3) or (4).
[0070] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is
provided 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid of Formula (21).
6
[0071] According to another aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a method of producing a polyhydroxyalkanoate,
comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable of
synthesizing a polyhydroxyalkanoate of which monomer unit is
represented by Formula (1) from an alkanoate in a medium containing
the alkanoate:
A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1)
[0072] wherein A is represented by General Formula (2), B is at
least one selected from the group consisting of monomer units
represented by General Formula (3) or (4), and m is 0.01 or larger
and smaller than 1, 7
[0073] wherein
[0074] n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, k is 3 or 5, and
[0075] R is at least one group selected from the group consisting
of the groups represented by General Formulae (5) to (7): 8
[0076] in Formula (5)
[0077] R1 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and q is an integer selected
from 1 to 8;
[0078] in Formula (6)
[0079] R2 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and r is an integer selected
from 1 to 8;
[0080] in Formula (7)
[0081] R3 is a group selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom (H), halogen atoms, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--C.sub.2F.sub.5 and --C.sub.3F.sub.7; and s is an integer selected
from 1 to 8;
[0082] provided that following R are excluded from the choice:
[0083] when selecting one type of group as R in General Formula
(2):
[0084] groups of Formula (5) in which R1 is H and q=2, R1 is H and
q=3, and R1 is --NO.sub.2 and q=2;
[0085] the groups of Formula (6) in which R2 is a halogen atom and
r=2, R2 is --CN and r=3, and R2 is --NO.sub.2 and r=3; and
[0086] groups of Formula (7) in which R3 is H and s=1, and R3 is H
and s=2; and
[0087] when selecting two types of groups as R in General Formula
(2),
[0088] groups of Formula (6) in which R2 is a halogen atom and
r=2.
[0089] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate,
comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable of producing
the polyhydroxyalkanoate utilizing alkanoate in a medium containing
the alkanoate and a saccharide.
[0090] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate,
comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable of producing
a polyhydroxyalkanoate utilizing an alkanoate in a medium
containing the alkanoate and a polypeptone.
[0091] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate
comprising a step of culturing a microorganism capable of producing
a polyhydroxyalkanoate utilizing an alkanoate in a medium
containing the alkanoate and an organic acid participating in TCA
cycle.
[0092] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a process of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate,
wherein the a microorganism is cultured in at least two steps: one
is in a medium containing an alkanoate and a polypeptone and the
subsequent one is in a medium containing the alkanoate and pyruvic
acid or salt thereof with nitrogen source limitation.
[0093] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided Pseudomonas cichorii H45, FERM BP-7374.
[0094] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a novel bacterial strain Pseudomonas cichorii
YN2, FERM BP-7375.
[0095] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a novel bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida P91,
FERM BP-7373.
[0096] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a novel bacterial strain Pseudomonas jessenii
P161, FERM BP-7376.
[0097] As already stated above, the present invention provides
novel polyhydroxyalkanoates and novel substituted alkanoic acids to
be a raw material therefor and novel microorganisms which have
ability to produce and accumulate in the cell the novel
polyhydroxyalkanoates, and provides methods for producing the
polyhydroxyalkanoates using such microorganism. According to them,
the polyhydroxyalkanoates useful as functional polymers in which
different functional groups are introduced can be manufactured very
efficiently and in high purity, therefore it may be expected to be
applied to each field such as device and medical materials.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0098] FIG. 1 is a chart which shows the measurement of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectrum of 3HFPV synthesized in Example 1;
[0099] FIG. 2 is a chart which shows the measurement of .sup.1H
nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of PHA obtained in Example
6;
[0100] FIG. 3 is a chart which shows the measurement of .sup.13C
nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of PHA obtained in Example
6;
[0101] FIG. 4 is a chart which shows the measurement of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectrum of 5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid
obtained in Example 7;
[0102] FIG. 5 is a chart which shows the Total Ion Chromatography
(TIC) of GC-MS for a methyl esterification compound of a monomer
unit constituting PHA obtained in Example 8;
[0103] FIGS. 6A and 6B are charts which show the mass spectra of
the peaks on TIC for a methyl esterification compound of a monomer
unit constituting PHA obtained in Example 8;
[0104] FIGS. 7A and 7B are charts which show the mass spectra of
the peaks on TIC for a methyl esterification compound of a monomer
unit constituting PHA obtained in Example 8;
[0105] FIG. 8 is a chart which shows TIC for a methyl
esterification compound of a monomer unit constituting PHA obtained
in Example 9;
[0106] FIG. 9 is a chart which shows TIC for a methyl
esterification compound of a monomer unit constituting PHA obtained
in Example 10;
[0107] FIG. 10 is a chart which shows TIC for a methyl
esterification compound of a monomer unit constituting PHA obtained
in Example 11;
[0108] FIGS. 11A and 11B are charts which show the Total Ion
Chromatography (TIC) of 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid
(FIG. 11A) and its mass spectrum (FIG. 11B);
[0109] FIGS. 12A and 12B are charts which show the analytical
results of the methylated compounds of PHA copolymers obtained in
Example 14. FIG. 12A is the Total Ion Chromatography (TIC) of the
methylated compounds of PHA copolymers and FIG. 12B is the mass
spectrum for the peak (around 36.5 min.) containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid which is an
objective unit on the TIC;
[0110] FIGS. 13A and 13B are charts which show the analytical
results of the methylated compounds of PHA copolymers obtained in
Example 15. FIG. 13A is the Total Ion Chromatography (TIC) of the
methylated compounds of PHA copolymers and FIG. 13B is the mass
spectrum for the peak (around 36.5 min.) containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid which is an
objective unit on the TIC;
[0111] FIG. 14 is a chart which shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectrum of
PHA obtained in Example 30;
[0112] FIG. 15 is a chart which shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectrum of
PHA obtained in Example 34;
[0113] FIG. 16 is a chart which shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectrum of
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid;
[0114] FIG. 17 is a chart which shows the .sup.13C-NMR spectrum of
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid;
[0115] FIG. 18 are charts which show the GC-MS spectrum data
measured after methanolysis of PHA recovered from the cultured
cells of strain YN2 in Example 41;
[0116] FIG. 19 is a chart which shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectrum of
PHA recovered from the cultured microbial cells of strain YN2 in
Example 41;
[0117] FIG. 20 is a chart which shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectrum of
4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid;
[0118] FIG. 21 is a chart which shows the .sup.13C-NMR spectrum of
4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid;
[0119] FIG. 22 are charts which show the GC-MS spectrum data
measured after methanolysis of PHA recovered from the cultured
microbial cells of strain YN2 in Example 47;
[0120] FIG. 23 is a chart which shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectrum of
PHA recovered from the cultured microbial cells of strain YN2 in
Example 47;
[0121] FIG. 24 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
53;
[0122] FIG. 25 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valerate obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 53;
[0123] FIG. 26 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
54;
[0124] FIG. 27 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valerate obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 54;
[0125] FIG. 28 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
55;
[0126] FIG. 29 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
55;
[0127] FIG. 30 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valerate (3HFPxV) obtained from the
GC-MS measurement in Example 55;
[0128] FIG. 31 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
56;
[0129] FIG. 32 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
56;
[0130] FIG. 33 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valerate (3HFPV) obtained from the
GC-MS measurement in Example 56;
[0131] FIG. 34 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
57;
[0132] FIG. 35 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
57;
[0133] FIG. 36 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valerate (3HFPV) obtained from the
GC-MS measurement in Example 57;
[0134] FIG. 37 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valerate (3HFPxV) obtained from the
GC-MS measurement in Example 57;
[0135] FIG. 38 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
58;
[0136] FIG. 39 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
58;
[0137] FIG. 40 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
58;
[0138] FIG. 41 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 58;
[0139] FIG. 42 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 58;
[0140] FIG. 43 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoate (3HPxN) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 58;
[0141] FIG. 44 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
59;
[0142] FIG. 45 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyhexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
59;
[0143] FIG. 46 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
59.
[0144] FIG. 47 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
59;
[0145] FIG. 48 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
59;
[0146] FIG. 49 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
59;
[0147] FIG. 50 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 59;
[0148] FIG. 51 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 59;
[0149] FIG. 52 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoate (3HPxN) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 59;
[0150] FIG. 53 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
60;
[0151] FIG. 54 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-hexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
60;
[0152] FIG. 55 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
60;
[0153] FIG. 56 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
60;
[0154] FIG. 57 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
60;
[0155] FIG. 58 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
60;
[0156] FIG. 59 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 60;
[0157] FIG. 60 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 60;
[0158] FIG. 61 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoate (3HPxN) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 60;
[0159] FIG. 62 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
61;
[0160] FIG. 63 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyrate (3HPxB) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 61;
[0161] FIG. 64 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoate (3HPxHx) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 61;
[0162] FIG. 65 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoate (3HPxO) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 61;
[0163] FIG. 66 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
62;
[0164] FIG. 67 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyrate (3HPxB) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 62;
[0165] FIG. 68 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoate (3HPxHx) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 62;
[0166] FIG. 69 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoate (3HPxO) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 62;
[0167] FIG. 70 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
63;
[0168] FIG. 71 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-octanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
63;
[0169] FIG. 72 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
63;
[0170] FIG. 73 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyrate (3HPxB) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 63;
[0171] FIG. 74 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoate (3HPxHx) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 63;
[0172] FIG. 75 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoate (3HPxO) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 63;
[0173] FIG. 76 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
64;
[0174] FIG. 77 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyhexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
64;
[0175] FIG. 78 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
64;
[0176] FIG. 79 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC.-MS measurement in Example
64;
[0177] FIG. 80 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
64;
[0178] FIG. 81 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
64;
[0179] FIG. 82 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyrate (3HPxB) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 64;
[0180] FIG. 83 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoate (3HPxHx) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 64;
[0181] FIG. 84 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoate (3HPxO) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 64;
[0182] FIG. 85 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
65;
[0183] FIG. 86 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
65;
[0184] FIG. 87 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
65;
[0185] FIG. 88 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 65;
[0186] FIG. 89 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 65;
[0187] FIG. 90 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
66;.
[0188] FIG. 91 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 66;
[0189] FIG. 92 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 66;
[0190] FIG. 93 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
67;
[0191] FIG. 94 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyhexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
67;
[0192] FIG. 95 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
67;
[0193] FIG. 96 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
67;
[0194] FIG. 97 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
67;
[0195] FIG. 98 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
67;
[0196] FIG. 99 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 67;
[0197] FIG. 100 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 67;
[0198] FIG. 101 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyhexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
68;
[0199] FIG. 102 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
68;
[0200] FIG. 103 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
68;
[0201] FIG. 104 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
68;
[0202] FIG. 105 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
68;
[0203] FIG. 106 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 68;
[0204] FIG. 107 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 68;
[0205] FIG. 108 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
69;
[0206] FIG. 109 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyhexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
69;
[0207] FIG. 110 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
69;
[0208] FIG. 111 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
69;
[0209] FIG. 112 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
69;
[0210] FIG. 113 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
69;
[0211] FIG. 114 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 69;
[0212] FIG. 115 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyhexanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
70;
[0213] FIG. 116-is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
70;
[0214] FIG. 117 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
70;
[0215] FIG. 118 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
70;
[0216] FIG. 119 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydodecenoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
70;
[0217] FIG. 120 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 70;.
[0218] FIG. 121 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
71;
[0219] FIG. 122 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
71;
[0220] FIG. 123 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 71;
[0221] FIG. 124 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-octanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
72;
[0222] FIG. 125 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 72;
[0223] FIG. 126 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxybutyrate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
73;
[0224] FIG. 127 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxyoctanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
73;
[0225] FIG. 128 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxydecanoate obtained from the GC-MS measurement in Example
73; and
[0226] FIG. 129 is a chart which shows the mass spectrum of methyl
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV) obtained from the GC-MS
measurement in Example 73.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0227] For solving the above described problems, the inventor et
al. strenuously carried out researches for search of innovative
microorganisms capable of producing PHA and accumulating the same
in the cells and a method of manufacturing desired PHA using the
innovative microorganism, particularly with the aim of developing
PHA having substituted or unsubstituted phenoxy groups, phenyl
groups and cyclohexyl groups on the side chain, which is useful as
device materials and medical materials, and completed the
invention.
[0228] The polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention is
characterized by having a monomer unit composition represented by
formula (1).
A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1)
[0229] (wherein A is represented by formula (2), B is at least one
or more selected from monomer units represented by formula (3) or
(4), and m is 0.01 or more and less than 1). 9
[0230] (In formulae, n is 0 to 10, k is 3 or 5, and R is at least
one or more groups selected from groups represented by formulae (5)
to (7)). 10
[0231] (In formula (5), R1 is a group selected from hydrogen atom
(H), halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5
and --C.sub.3F.sub.7, and q is selected from integers of 1 to
8;
[0232] In formula (6), R2 is a group selected from hydrogen atom
(H), halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5
and --C.sub.3F.sub.7, and r is selected from integers of 1 to
8;
[0233] In formula (7), R3 is a group selected from hydrogen atom
(H), halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5
and --C.sub.3F.sub.7, and s is selected from integers of 1 to
8;
[0234] wherein, when one kind of group is selected,
[0235] as R in formula (2),
[0236] the group of R1=H and q=2, the group of R1=H and q=3, and
the group of R1=-NO.sub.2 and q=2 in formula (5),
[0237] the group of R2=halogen atom and r=2 [however, only when two
components are selected from formula (3) or (4) as the above
described B], the group of R2=--CN and r=3, and the group of
R2=--NO.sub.2 and r=3 in formula (6), and
[0238] the group of R3=H and s=1 and the group of R3=H and s=2 in
formula (7)
[0239] are excluded from alternatives, and
[0240] when two kinds of groups are selected,
[0241] in formula (6), a combination of two kinds of groups of
R2=halogen atom and r=2 and 4 [however, only when one component is
selected from formula (3) or (4) as the above described B]
[0242] are excluded from alternatives).
[0243] Herein, the polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention
may include more than two kinds of monomer units represented by
formula (2), but it is preferably designed so that the appropriate
number of monomer units are included, considering the needed
polymer's functionality and properties. Generally, when alkanoates
up to about five kinds are used as a raw material of desired
monomer units, "secondary" substrates with the chain length
sequentially decreased by two methylene units are newly produced by
.beta. oxidation from part of the alkanoates, as described
previously, and captured as monomer units of the PHA. Thus, about
ten kinds or less of monomer units represented by formula (2) are
included in PHA and it is expected that the object of the present
invention be sufficiently achieved. Furthermore, if fine control of
the functionality and the property is desired, configuration with
more species of monomer units is also possible.
[0244] Also, with respect to substituted positions of R1, R2 and
R3, for any of a ortho, meta or para position, and for a first
position in the case of the cyclohexyl group of R3,
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing corresponding monomer units can be
configured, but if there is no significant differences in
functionality and properties for any isomer, it is advantageously
configured with constituents at the meta or para position in terms
of yields or ease with which it is captured in the polymer.
[0245] Also, the method of manufacturing polyhydroxyalkanoate of
the present invention is a method of manufacturing
polyhydroxyalkanoate having monomer unit composition represented by
formula (1) using microorganisms, characterized in that
microorganisms are cultured together with the alkanoate and the
polyhydroxyalkanoate is extracted from the cells of organisms to
obtain the polyhydroxyalkanoate having monomer unit composition
represented by formula (1).
A.sub.mB.sub.(1-m) (1)
[0246] (wherein A is represented by formula (2), B is at least one
or more selected from monomer units represented by formula (3) or
(4), and m is 0.01 or more and less than 1). 11
[0247] (In formulae, n is 0 to 10, k is 3 or 5, and R is at least
one or more groups selected from groups represented by formulae (5)
to (7)). 12
[0248] (In formula (5), R1 is a group selected from hydrogen atom
(H), halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5
and --C.sub.3F.sub.7, and q is selected from integers of 1 to
8;
[0249] In formula (6), R2 is a group selected from hydrogen atom
(H), halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5
and --C.sub.3F.sub.7, and r is selected from integers of 1 to
8;
[0250] In formula (7), R3 is a group selected from hydrogen atom
(H), halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5
and --C.sub.3F.sub.7, and s is selected from integers of 1 to
8;
[0251] wherein, when one kind of group is selected,
[0252] as R in formula (2),
[0253] the group of R1=H and q=2, the group of R1=H and q=3, and
the group of R1=--NO.sub.2 and q=2 in formula (5),
[0254] the group of R2=halogen atom and r=2, the group of R2=--CN
and r=3, and the group of R2=--NO.sub.2 and r=3 in formula (6),
and
[0255] the group of R3=H and s=1 and the group of R3=H and s=2 in
formula (7)
[0256] are excluded from alternatives, and
[0257] when two kinds of groups are selected,
[0258] in formula (6), a combination of two kinds of groups of
R2=halogen atom and r=2
[0259] are excluded from alternatives).
[0260] Herein, the polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention
may more than two kinds of monomer units represented by formula
(2), but it is preferably synthesized so that the appropriate
number of monomer units are included, considering the needed
polymer's functionality and properties. Generally, when alkanoates
of up to about five kinds are used as a raw material for desired
substrates, "secondary" substrates with the chain length shortened
by two methylene units are newly produced by .beta. oxidation from
the alkanoates as described previously, and captured as monomer
units in PHA. Thus, monomer units of up to ten kinds represented by
formula (2) are included in PHA, and it is expected that the object
of the present invention is sufficiently achieved. Furthermore, if
fine control of the functionality and the property is desired,
culture may be performed to include more species of monomer
units.
[0261] Also, with respect to substituted positions of R1, R2 and
R3, for any of a ortho, meta or para position, and for a first
position in the case of the cyclohexyl group of R3,
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing corresponding monomer units can be
configured, but if there is no significant differences in
functionality and properties for any isomer, it is advantageously
configured with constituents at the meta or para position in terms
of yields or ease with which it is captured in the polymer.
[0262] Furthermore, the inventors did strenuous research to develop
a method for obtaining desired PHA having little or no undesired
monomer units coexisting therein, and as a result, found that when
the microorganism is cultured in a culture medium containing as the
sole carbon source the alkanoate to be the raw material for PHA and
a saccharide, it is possible to produce PHA having little or no
undesired monomer units coexisting therein, leading to the
completion of the invention.
[0263] That is, the method of manufacturing polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) of the present invention is a method of manufacturing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) using microorganisms, characterized by having a
process in which a microorganism capable of synthesizing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) from the alkanoate represented by general formula (22)
are cultured in a culture medium containing as the sole carbon
source the alkanoate of formula (22) and a saccharide. 13
[0264] (In above formulae, R is at least one or more groups
represented by formula (24), and R' is one or more groups selected
from the groups selected in formula (22), the group of t-2 in the
selected groups, the group of t-4 in the selected groups and the
group of t-6 in the selected groups. Herein, t-2, t-4 and t-6 can
be only integers of 1 or more.) 14
[0265] (In the above formula, R4 represents a saturated or
unsaturated phenyl group, a saturated or unsaturated phenoxy group,
and a saturated or unsaturated cyclohexyl group, and t represents
an integer in the range of 1 to 8 independently.)
[0266] Herein, more than one kinds of alkanoate represented by
formula (22) may be used when culture is carried out, but the
appropriate number thereof are preferably used, considering the
needed polymer's functionality and properties. Generally, when
alkanoates of up to five kinds represented by formula (22) are used
as raw materials for the desired monomer units, "secondary"
substrates with the chain length shortened by two methylene units
are newly produced by .beta. oxidation from part of the alkanoates
as described previously, and captured as monomer units of PHA.
Thus, monomer units of up to ten kinds represented by formula (2),
for example, are included in PHA, and it is expected that the above
described object be sufficiently achieved. Furthermore, if fine
control of the functionality and the property is desired, more
kinds of alkanoates can be used.
[0267] Substituents at the group of R4 described above include
halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5,
--C.sub.3F.sub.7 and the like. With respect to substituted
positions of R4, in any of a ortho, meta or para position, and in a
first position in the case of the cyclohexyl group,
polyhydroxyalkanoate constituted by corresponding monomer units can
be obtained, but if there is no significant differences in
functionality and properties for any isomer, constituents at the
meta or para position can be suitably used in terms of yields or
ease with which it is captured in the polymer.
[0268] Also, for saccharides, for example, glucose, fructose,
mannose and the like may be suitably used.
[0269] Furthermore, the inventors did strenuous research to develop
a method for producing desired PHA having little or no undesired
monomer units coexisting therein, and as a result, found that when
the microorganism is cultured in a culture medium containing as the
sole carbon source an alkanoate to be the raw material for PHA and
polypeptone only, it is possible to produce PHA having little or no
undesired monomer units coexisting therein, leading to the
completion of the invention.
[0270] That is, the method of manufacturing polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) of the present invention is a method of manufacturing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) using microorganisms, characterized by having a
process in which microorganisms capable of synthesizing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) from the alkanoate represented by formula (22) are
cultured in a culture medium containing the alkanoate and
polypeptone as the only carbon source. 15
[0271] (In the above described formulae, R is at least one or more
groups represented by formula (24), and R' is one or more groups
selected from the groups selected in formula (22), the group of t-2
in the selected groups, the group of t-4 in the selected groups and
the group of t-6 in the selected groups. Herein, t-2, t-4 and t-6
can be only integers of 1 or more.) 16
[0272] (In the above described formula, R4 represents a saturated
or unsaturated phenyl group, a saturated or unsaturated phenoxy
group, and a saturated or unsaturated cyclohexyl group, and t
represents an integer in the range of 1 to 8 independently.)
Herein, more than one kinds of alkanoate represented by formula
(22) may be used when culture is carried out, but the appropriate
number thereof are preferably used, considering the needed
polymer's functionality and properties. Generally, when up to five
kinds of alkanoates represented by formula (22) are used as raw
materials for the desired monomer units, secondary" substrates with
the chain length shortened by two methylene units are newly
produced by .beta. oxidation from a part of the alkanoates as
described previously, and captured as the monomer units in PHA.
Thus, up to about ten kinds of monomer units represented by formula
(2), for example, are included in PHA, and it is expected that the
above described object be sufficiently achieved. Furthermore, if
fine control of the functionality and the property is desired, more
kinds of alkanoate can be used.
[0273] Substituents at the group of R4 described above include
halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5,
--C.sub.3F.sub.7 and the like. With respect to substituted
positions of R4, in any of a ortho, meta or para position, and in a
first position in the case of the cyclohexyl group,
polyhydroxyalkanoate constituted by corresponding monomer units can
be obtained, but if there is no significant differences in
functionality and properties for any isomer, constituents at the
meta or para position can be suitably used in terms of yields or
ease with which it is captured in the polymer.
[0274] Furthermore, the inventors did strenuous research to develop
a method for efficiently producing desired PHA having little or no
undesired monomer units coexisting therein, and as a result, found
that when the microorganism are cultured in a culture medium
containing as the sole carbon source an alkanoate to be the raw
material for PHA and an organic acid associated with the TCA cycle,
it is possible to produce PHA having little or no undesired monomer
units coexisting therein, leading to the completion of the
invention.
[0275] That is, the method of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
of the present invention is a method of producing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) using microorganisms, characterized by having a
process in which microorganisms capable of synthesizing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) from the alkanoate represented by the following
general formula (22) are cultured in a culture medium including the
alkanoate and only an organic acid associated with the TCA cycle as
a carbon source other than the alkanoate represented by the
following formula (22). 17
[0276] (In the above described formulae, R is at least one or more
groups represented by formula (24), and R' is one or more groups
selected from the groups selected in formula (22), the group of t-2
in the selected groups, the group of t-4 in the selected groups and
the group of t-6 in the selected groups. Herein, t-2, t-4 and t-6
can be only integers of 1 or more.) 18
[0277] (In the above described formula, R4 represents a saturated
or unsaturated phenyl group, a saturated or unsaturated phenoxy
group, and a saturated or unsaturated cyclohexyl group, and t
represents an integer in the range of 1 to 8 independently.)
[0278] Herein, more than one kinds of alkanoate represented by
formula (22) may be used when culture is carried out, but the
appropriate number thereof are preferably used, considering the
needed polymer's functionality and properties. Generally, when up
to about five kinds of alkanoates represented by formula (22) are
used as the raw materials, "secondary" substrates with the chain
length shortened by two methylene units are newly produced by
.beta. oxidation from a part of the alkanoates as described
previously, and captured as the monomer units of PHA. Thus, up to
about ten kinds of monomer units, for example, as represented by
formula (2), are included in PHA, and it is expected that the above
described object be sufficiently achieved. Furthermore, if fine
control of the functionality and the property is desired, more
kinds of alkanoates can be used.
[0279] Substituents at the group of R4 described above include
halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5,
--C.sub.3F.sub.7 and the like. With respect to substituted
positions of R4, in any of a ortho, meta or para position, and in a
first position in the case of the cyclohexyl group,
polyhydroxyalkanoate constituted by corresponding monomer units can
be obtained, but if there is no significant differences in
functionality and properties for any isomer, constituents at the
meta or para position can be suitably used in terms of yields or
ease with which it is captured in the polymer.
[0280] Also, for organic acids associated with the TCA cycle,
organic acids existing in the TCA cycle itself, for example citric
acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and salts thereof,
and organic acids existing on the main flux to the TCA cycle, for
example lactic acid, pyruvic acid and salts thereof may be suitably
used.
[0281] Furthermore, the inventors did strenuous research to develop
a method for obtaining desired PHA having little or no undesired
monomer units coexisting therein efficiently, and as a result,
found that when microorganisms are cultured in at least two steps:
first in a medium containing as the sole carbon source an alkanoate
to be a raw material for PHA and polypeptone, and then in a medium
containing the alkanoate and pyruvic acid or salts thereof as the
sole carbon source with nitrogen limitation, it is possible to
produce PHA having little or no undesired monomer units coexisting
therein.
[0282] That is, the method of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
of the present invention is a method of manufacturing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) using microorganisms, characterized by having a
process in which microorganisms capable of synthesizing
polyhydroxyalkanoate containing monomer units represented by
formula (23) from the alkanoate represented by the following
general formula (22) are cultured in at least two steps: first in a
culture medium containing as the sole carbon source the alkanoate
represented by formula (22) and polypeptone, and then in a culture
medium containing as the sole carbon source the alkanoate
represented by formula (22) and pyruvic acid or salts thereof under
nitrogen limitation. 19
[0283] (In the above described formulae, R is at least one or more
groups represented by formula (24), and R' is one or more groups
selected from the groups selected in the above described formula
(22), the group of t-2 in the selected groups, the group of t-4 in
the selected groups and the group of t-6 in the selected groups.
Herein, t-2, t-4 and t-6 can be only integers of 1 or more.) 20
[0284] (In the above described formula, R4 represents a saturated
or unsaturated phenyl group, a saturated or unsaturated phenoxy
group, and a saturated or unsaturated cyclohexyl group, and t
represents an integer in the range of 1 to 8 independently.)
[0285] Herein, more than one kinds of alkanoate represented by
formula (22) may be used when culture is carried out, but the
appropriate number thereof are preferably used, considering the
needed polymer's functionality and properties. Generally, when up
to about five kinds of alkanoates represented by formula (22) are
used as the raw materials, "secondary" substrates shortened by two
methylene units are newly produced by .beta. oxidation from part of
the alkanoates as described previously, and captured as the monomer
units in PHA, up to about ten kinds of monomer units, for example,
those represented by formula (2), are included in PHA, and it is
expected that the above described object be sufficiently achieved.
Furthermore, if fine control of the functionality and the property
is desired, more kinds of alkanoate can be used.
[0286] Substituents at the group of R4 described above include
halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5,
--C.sub.3F.sub.7 and the like. With respect to substituted
positions of R4, in any of a ortho, meta or para position, and in a
first position in the case of the cyclohexyl group,
polyhydroxyalkanoate constituted by corresponding monomer units can
be obtained, but if there is no significant differences in
functionality and properties for any isomer, constituents at the
meta or para position can be suitably used in terms of yields or
ease with which it is captured in the polymer.
[0287] Also, new strains related to the present invention are
characterized by having synthetic systems of polyhydroxyalkanoate
including alkanoate represented by formula (22) to monomer units
represented by formula (23). 21
[0288] (In the above described formulae, R is at least one or more
groups represented by formula (24), and R' is one or more groups
selected from the groups selected in the above described formula
(22), the group of t-2 in the selected groups, the group of t-4 in
the selected groups and the group of t-6 in the selected groups.
Herein, t-2, t-4 and t-6 can be only integers of 1 or more.) 22
[0289] (wherein R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group,
a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxy group, or a substituted or
unsubstituted cyclohexyl group; and t is independently an integer
of 1-8).
[0290] A substituent in the above described R4 group includes a
halogen atom, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --C.sub.2F.sub.5,
--C.sub.3F.sub.7 or the like.
[0291] Hereinafter, a new polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present
invention will be illustrated.
[0292] A new polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention is the
one of formula (8): 23
[0293] which contains 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid as a
monomer unit.
[0294] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (9): 24
[0295] which contains 3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric
acid as a monomer unit.
[0296] In addition, a material substrate when producing new PHA of
the present invention using microorganisms is
5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) valeric acid of the following chemical
formula (21): 25
[0297] and the material substrate itself is a new compound.
[0298] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (10): 26
[0299] which contains 3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid as a
monomer unit.
[0300] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (11): 27
[0301] which contains 3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid as a
monomer unit.
[0302] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (12): 28
[0303] which contains 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid as
a monomer unit.
[0304] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (13): 29
[0305] which contains 3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid as
a monomer unit.
[0306] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (14): 30
[0307] which contains 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid as a monomer
unit. Herein, as the monomer unit except 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric
acid of formula (14), at least one or more of the monomer units of
formula (3) or (4) are contained. 31
[0308] (wherein n is 0-10)(wherein k is 3 or 5)
[0309] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (15): 32
[0310] which contains 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid as a monomer
unit. Herein, as the monomer unit except 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric
acid of formula (15), at least one or more of the monomer units of
formula (3) or (4) are contained. 33
[0311] (wherein n is 0-10) (wherein k is 3 or 5)
[0312] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoate is of formula (16): 34
[0313] which contains 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid as
a monomer unit. Herein, as the monomer unit except
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophe- noxy)valeric acid of formula (16), the
polyhydroxyalkanoate contains at least one or more of the monomer
units of formula (3) or (4) and excludes the monomer unit of three
component system. 35
[0314] (wherein n is 0-10) (wherein k is 3 or 5)
[0315] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoates are of formulas (8) and
(16): 36
[0316] which contain 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid as monomer units.
[0317] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoates are of formulas (15) and
(17): 37
[0318] which contain 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid as monomer units. Herein, as the
monomer unit except 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid of formulas (15) and (17), at
least one or more of the monomer units of formula (3) or (4) are
contained. 38
[0319] (wherein n is 0-10) (wherein k is 3 or 5)
[0320] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoates are of formulas (14),
(18) and (19): 39
[0321] which contain 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid,
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic
acid as monomer units. Herein, as the monomer unit except
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybuty- ric acid, 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid
and 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid of formulas (14), (18) and
(19), at least one or more of the monomer units of formula (3) or
(4) are contained. 40
[0322] (wherein n is 0-10) (wherein k is 3 or 5)
[0323] Further, the polyhydroxyalkanoates are of formulas (15),
(17) and (20): 41
[0324] which contain 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid,
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic
acid as monomer units. Herein, as the monomer unit except
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvale- ric acid, 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic
acid and 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoi- c acid of formulas (15), (17)
and (20), at least one or more of the monomer units of formula (3)
or (4) are contained. 42
[0325] (wherein n is 0-10) (wherein k is 3 or 5)
[0326] Hereinafter, a manufacturing method for
polyhydroxyalkanoates will be illustrated.
[0327] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid (3HFPV) of
formula (8) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid (FPVA) of formula (25). 43
[0328] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having a step of cultivating
microorganisms which produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing the
monomer unit of 3HFPV of formula (8) using FPVA in a culture medium
containing FPVA of formula (25).
[0329] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing FPVA of formula (25) and saccharides.
[0330] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing FPVA of formula (25) and polypeptone.
[0331] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing FPVA of formula (25) and organic acids associated
with the TCA cycle.
[0332] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 step culturing: first in a culture medium containing FPVA of
formula (25) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing FPVA of formula (25) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0333] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid
(3HCF.sub.3PV) of formula (9) by being cultured in a culture medium
containing 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid (CF.sub.3PVA) of
formula (21). 44
[0334] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention comprise is characterized by culturing the
microorganism which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing
the monomer unit of 3HCF.sub.3PV of formula (9) from CF.sub.3PVA of
formula (21) in a culture medium containing CF.sub.3PVA.
[0335] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing CF.sub.3PVA of formula (21) and a saccharide.
[0336] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing CF.sub.3PVA of formula (21) and polypeptone.
[0337] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing CF.sub.3PVA of formula (21) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0338] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
two step culturing: first in a culture medium containing
CF.sub.3PVA of formula (21) and polypeptone, and then in a culture
medium containing CF.sub.3PVA of formula (21) and pyruvic acid or
its salt with nitrogen limitation.
[0339] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid
(3HNO.sub.2PxB) formula (10) by being cultured in a culture medium
containing 4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid (NO.sub.2PxBA) of formula
(26). 45
[0340] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by culturing a microorganism
which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing the monomer unit
of 3HNO.sub.2PxB represented by formula (10) using NO.sub.2PxBA in
a culture medium containing NO.sub.2PxBA of formula (26).
[0341] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing NO.sub.2PxBA of formula (26) and a
saccharide.
[0342] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing NO.sub.2PxBA of formula (26) and polypeptone.
[0343] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing NO.sub.2PxBA of formula (26) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0344] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed by at least 2
steps of culturing, first in a culture medium containing
NO.sub.2PxBA of formula (26) and polypeptone, and then in a culture
medium containing NO.sub.2PxBA and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0345] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid (3HCNPxB)
of formula (11) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid (CNPxBA) of formula (27). 46
[0346] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having steps of cultivating
the microorganism which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HCNPxB represented by formula (11)
from CNPxBA of formula (27) in a culture medium containing
CNPxBA.
[0347] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing CNPxBA of formula (27) and a saccharide.
[0348] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing CNPxBA of formula (27) and polypeptone.
[0349] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing CNPxBA of formula (27) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0350] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed by at least 2
steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing CNPxBA of
formula (27) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing CNPxBA of formula (27) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0351] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid (3HFPxB)
of formula (12) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyri- c acid (FPxBA) of formula (28). 47
[0352] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating a microorganism which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HFPxB of formula (12) using FPxBA
in a culture medium containing FPxBA of formula (28).
[0353] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing FPxBA of formula (28) and a saccharide.
[0354] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing FPxBA of formula (28) and polypeptone.
[0355] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing FPxBA of formula (28) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0356] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing FPxBA of
formula (28) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing FPxBA of formula (28) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0357] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid (3HmFPxB)
of formula (13) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyri- c acid (mFPxBA) of formula (29). 48
[0358] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having steps of cultivating
microorganisms which produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing the
monomer unit of 3HmFPxB of formula (13) using mFPxBA in a culture
medium containing mFPxBA of formula (29).
[0359] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing mFPxBA of formula (29) and saccharides.
[0360] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing mFPxBA of formula (29) and polypeptone.
[0361] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing mFPxBA of formula (29) and organic acids
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0362] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing mFPxBA
of formula (29) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing mFPxBA of formula (29) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0363] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (3HPV) of formula
(30) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
5-phenylvaleric acid (PVA) of formula (31). 49
[0364] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HPV of formula (30) using PVA in a
culture medium containing PVA of formula (31) and a saccharide.
[0365] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing PVA of formula (31) and polypeptone.
[0366] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed in a culture
medium containing PVA of formula (31) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0367] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed by at least 2
steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing PVA of
formula (31) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PVA of formula (31) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0368] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid (3HPHx) of formula
(32) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
6-phenylhexanoic acid (PHxA) of formula (33). 50
[0369] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HPHx of formula (32) using PHxA in
a culture medium containing PHxA of formula (33) and a
saccharide.
[0370] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PHxA of formula (33) and polypeptone.
[0371] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PHxA of formula (33) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0372] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed by at least 2
steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing PHxA of
formula (33) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PHxA of formula (33) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0373] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB) of formula
(14) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
4-phenoxybutyric acid (PxBA) of formula (34). 51
[0374] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HPxB of formula (14) using PxBA in
a culture medium containing PxBA of formula (34).
[0375] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxBA of formula (34) and a saccharide.
[0376] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxBA of formula (34) and polypeptone.
[0377] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxBA of formula (34) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0378] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing PxBA of
formula (34) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PxBA of formula (34) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0379] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) of formula
(15) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
5-phenoxyvaleric acid (PxVA) of formula (35). 52
[0380] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HPxV of formula (15) using PxVA in
a culture medium containing PxVA of formula (35).
[0381] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxVA of formula (35) and a saccharide.
[0382] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxVA of formula (35) and polypeptone.
[0383] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxVA of formula (35) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0384] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed by at least 2
steps of culturing: first in a culture medium containing PxVA of
formula (35) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PxVA of formula (35) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0385] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid (3HFPxV)
of formula (16) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeri- c acid (FPXVA) of formula (36). 53
[0386] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HFPxV of formula (16) using FPxVA
in a culture medium containing FPxVA of formula (36) and a
saccharide.
[0387] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing FPxVA of formula (36) and polypeptone.
[0388] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing FPxVA of formula (36) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0389] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing, first in a culture medium containing FPXVA of
formula (36) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing FPXVA of formula (36) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0390] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing a
monomer unit of 3-hydroxy-4-cyclohexylbutyric acid (3HCHB) of
formula (37) by being cultivated in a culture medium containing
4-cyclohexylbutyric acid (CHBA) of formula (38). 54
[0391] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer unit of 3HCHB of formula (37) using CHBA in
a culture medium containing CHBA of formula (38) and a
saccharide.
[0392] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing CHBA of formula (38) and polypeptone.
[0393] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing CHBA of formula (38) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0394] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed by at least 2
steps in a culture medium containing CHBA of formula (38) and
polypeptone followed by in a culture medium containing CHBA of
formula (38) and pyruvic acid or its salt with nitrogen
limitation.
[0395] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid (3HFPV)
and 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid (3HFPxV) of formulas
(8) and (16), respectively, by being cultivated in a culture medium
containing 5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid (FPVA) and
5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid (FPXVA) of formulas (25) and (36),
respectively. 55
[0396] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer units of 3HFPV and 3HFPxV of formulas (8)
and (16), respectively, using FPVA and FPxVA in a culture medium
containing FPVA and FPXVA of formulas (25) and (36), respectively,
and a saccharide.
[0397] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing FPVA and FPXVA of formulas (25) and (36),
respectively, and polypeptone.
[0398] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing FPVA and FPxVA of formulas (25) and (36),
respectively, and an organic acid associated with the TCA
cycle.
[0399] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing; first in a culture medium containing FPVA and
FPXVA of formulas (25) and (36), respectively, and polypeptone, and
then in a culture medium containing FPVA and FPxVA of formulas (25)
and (36), respectively, and pyruvic acid or its salt with nitrogen
limitation.
[0400] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) of formulas (15) and
(17), respectively, by being cultivated in a culture medium
containing 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (PxHpA) of formulas (39). 56
[0401] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer units of 3HPxV and 3HPxHp of formulas (15)
and (17), respectively, using PxHpA in a culture medium containing
PxHpA of formula (39) and a saccharide.
[0402] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxHpA of formula (39) and polypeptone.
[0403] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxHpA of formula (39) and an organic acid.
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0404] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing; first in a culture medium containing PxHpA of
formula (39) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PxHpA of formula (39) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0405] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB),
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) of formulas (14), (18) and
(19), respectively, by being cultivated in a culture medium
containing 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (PxOA) of formula (40). 57 58
[0406] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer units of 3HPxB, 3HPxHx and 3HPxO of formulas
(14), (18) and (19), respectively, using PxOA in a culture medium
containing PxOA of formula (40) and a saccharide.
[0407] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxOA of formula (40) and polypeptone.
[0408] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is cultivated in a culture
medium containing PxOA of formula (40) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0409] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing first in a culture medium containing PxOA of
formula (40) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PxOA of formula (40) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0410] The present inventors have succeeded in obtaining
microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV),
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) of formulas (15), (17) and
(20), respectively, by being cultivated in a culture medium
containing 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid (PxUDA) of formula (41).
59
[0411] A manufacturing method for polyhydroxyalkanoates of the
present invention is characterized by having the step of
cultivating microorganisms which can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
containing the monomer units of 3HPxV, 3HPxHp and 3HPxN of formulas
(15), (17) and (20), respectively, using PxUDA in a culture medium
containing PxUDA of formula (41) and a saccharide.
[0412] In addition, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxUDA of formula (41) and polypeptone.
[0413] Further, another manufacturing method is characterized in
that cultivation of the microorganism is performed in a culture
medium containing PxUDA of formula (41) and an organic acid
associated with the TCA cycle.
[0414] Furthermore, another manufacturing method is characterized
in that cultivation of the microorganisms is performed by at least
2 steps of culturing; first in a culture medium containing PxUDA of
formula (41) and polypeptone, and then in a culture medium
containing PxUDA of formula (41) and pyruvic acid or its salt with
nitrogen limitation.
[0415] Further, four new strains suitably usable for production of
the above described polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention
include Pseudomonas cichorii YN2, FERM BP-7375, Pseudomonas
cichorii H45, FERM BP-7374, Pseudomonas putida P91, FERM BP-7373
and Pseudomonas jessenii P161, FERM BP-7376.
[0416] The PHAs according to the present invention are those PHAs
which contain monomer units with a variety of structures having
substituents useful as device and medical materials and others on
the side chain, and more specifically, those which have the
above-mentioned substituted or non-substituted phenoxy, phenyl and
cyclohexyl groups on the side chain. In addition, the method
according to the present invention enables the production of
desired PHAs at a high purity and a high yield by using the
microorganisms. Furthermore, the present invention can provide
strains capable of efficient synthesis of the PHAs at a high
purity. In general, the PHAs according to the present invention are
of only the R form, and are isotactic polymers.
[0417] <Saccharides and Organic Acids Involved in the TCA Cycle:
Differences from Conventional Technology>
[0418] One method for producing PHA according to the present
invention is characterized in that when a microorganism is
cultured, in addition to alkanoate for introducing the desired
monomer unit, only saccharide(s) or organic acid(s) involved in the
TCA cycle as the carbon source other than the alkanoate are added
into the medium, so that the PHA produced by and accumulated in the
microorganism has a significantly high content of the monomer unit
of interest or alternatively only the monomer unit of interest. The
effect of facilitating the preference of this particular monomer
unit is achieved by adding into the medium only saccharide(s) or
organic acid(s) involved in the TCA cycle as the carbon source
other than the alkanoate.
[0419] That is, the inventors have found that when culture is
carried out using saccharide(s) or organic acid(s) involved in the
TCA cycle as the co-existing substrate and together with alkanoate
for introducing the desired monomer unit, the PHA of interest is
produced at a particularly superior yield and purity, compared to
conventional methods employing mcl-alkanoate, such as nonanoate or
octanoate, as the co-existing substrate, and that this effect is
achieved by culture methods allowing acetyl-CoA that is a carbon
source as well as an energy source of the microorganism to be
produced by processes independent on the .beta.-oxidation, and have
reached the present invention.
[0420] In the methods according to the invention, saccharide
compounds, for example, glucose, fructose, mannose, and the like,
are utilized as growth substrates for microorganisms, and the
produced PHA is of alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer
unit which is existing with saccharide(s), so that there is
contained none of or an extremely small amount of monomer units
derived from the saccharides such as glucose and others. In this
point, the methods according to the present invention is
essentially different in structures and effects from conventional
methods for microbial production of PHA in which saccharides
themselves, such as glucose and others, are employed as the raw
substrate of the monomer unit to be introduced into the PHA.
[0421] <Polypeptone: Differences from Conventional
Technology>
[0422] One method for producing PHA according to the present
invention is characterized in that when a microorganism is
cultured, in addition to alkanoate, a raw material, for introducing
the desired monomer unit, only polypeptone as the carbon source
other than the alkanoate is added into the medium, so that the PHA
produced by and accumulated in the microorganism has a
significantly high content of the monomer unit of interest or
alternatively only the monomer unit of interest. The effect of
facilitating the preference of this particular monomer unit is
achieved by adding into the medium only polypeptone as the carbon
source other than the alkanoate.
[0423] As examples of utilizing polypeptone in microbial production
of PHA, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 5-49487,
5-64591, 5-214081, 6-145311, 6-284892, 7-48438, 8-89264, 9-191893,
and 11-32789 disclose that when PHA is produced by microorganisms,
polypeptone is allowed to be contained in the media. However, all
of these utilize polypeptone during pre-culture, that is, at the
stage of simply growing cells, and there are not contained
substrates resulting in the monomer unit of PHA during pre-culture.
Furthermore, there are no examples utilizing polypeptone at the
stage of allowing cells to produce PHA. In contrast, the present
invention is intended to produce and accumulate PHA, as well as to
grow cells, with alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit
and by co-existing only polypeptone as the carbon sources other
than the alkanoate. The production method according to the present
invention employing polypeptone, therefore, has quite different
structures and effects from conventional examples employing
polypeptone. Moreover, there is no mention of the preference of the
particular monomer units which is the effect of the present
invention, and no indication of the effect of the preference of the
particular monomer units having as substituents phenoxy, phenyl and
cyclohexyl groups in the composition of PHAs produced by the
microorganisms, as in the present invention.
[0424] The PHAs, production methods, and microorganisms of the
present invention will be explained in more detail below.
[0425] <Supplying Pathways of PHA Monomer Units>
[0426] At first will be detailed the "fatty acid synthesis
pathway," one of pathways supplying mcl-3HA monomer units to be
mixed into the PHA of interest.
[0427] In the case where saccharides such as glucose and the like
are substrates, alkanoates necessary for cellular components are
biosynthesized form the "fatty acid synthesis pathway" in which
acetyl-CoA produced from saccharides through the "glycolytic
pathway" is a starting substance. The fatty acid synthesis involves
the de novo synthesis pathway and the carbon-chain elongation
pathway, as explained below.
[0428] 1) De novo Synthesis Pathway
[0429] This pathway is catalyzed by two enzymes, acetyl-CoA
carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) and fatty acid synthase (E.C. 2.3.1.85).
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is an enzyme interposing biotin, and
ultimately catalyzing the following reaction to produce malonyl-CoA
from acetyl-CoA. This reaction is of follows:
acetyl-CoA+ATP+HCO.sub.3.sup.-malonyl-CoA+ADP+Pi
[0430] Also, fatty acid synthase is an enzyme catalyzing a cycles
of reactions of
transfer--decarbonation--reduction--dehydration--reduction. The
entire reactions are represented as follows:
acetyl-CoA+n malonyl-CoA+2n NADPH+2n
H.sup.+.fwdarw.CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub- .2nCOOH+n CO.sub.2+2n
NADP.sup.++(n-1) CoA
[0431] Reaction products may be free acids, CoA-derivatives, or
ACP-derivatives, depending on the type of enzymes.
[0432] Now, acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are represented by the
following chemical formulae (42) and (43), respectively. 60
[0433] In addition, Co-A stands for co-enzyme A, and is represented
by the following chemical formula (44). 61
[0434] Within this reaction pathway, the route described below
gives "D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP," an intermediate to be the monomer
substrate for the PHA biosynthesis. Additionally, as shown in the
following reaction formulae, this route extends finally to
palmitate with repeated addition of two carbons. Therefore, as the
monomer substrate for the PHA biosynthesis are provided seven
"D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACPs" having even numbers of the carbons, from
"D-3-hydroxybutyryl-ACP" to "D-3hydroxypalmityl-ACP." 62
[0435] 2) Carbon-Chain Elongation Pathway
[0436] This pathway is broadly divided into two pathways: a pathway
in which malonyl-CoA is added to acyl-ACP, which is finally
converted to acyl-ACP having the carbon chain extended with two
carbons (and CO.sub.2) (referred to as Pathway A) and a pathway in
which acetyl-CoA is added to acyl-CoA, which is finally converted
to acyl-CoA having the carbon chain extended with two carbons
(referred to as Pathway B). Each pathway will be explained
below.
[0437] Pathway A
[0438] R--CO-ACP+malonyl-ACP.fwdarw.
[0439] R--CO--CH.sub.2--CO-ACP+CO.sub.2
[0440] R--CO--CH.sub.2--CO-ACP
[0441] R--CHOH--CH.sub.2--CO-ACP
[0442] R--CH.dbd.CH--CO-ACP
[0443] R--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--CO-ACP
[0444] Pathway B
[0445] R--CO--COA+acetyl-CoA R--CO--CH.sub.2--CO-CoA
[0446] R--CO--CH.sub.2--CO-CoA
R--CHOH--CH.sub.2--CO-CoA.fwdarw.
[0447] R--CH.dbd.CH--CO-CoA R--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--CO-CoA
[0448] In either Pathway A or B, it is thought that
"D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA" or "D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP" is yielded as an
intermediate, and "D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA" is utilized as the monomer
substrate for the PHA synthesis as it is, while
"D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP" is utilized as the monomer substrate for the
PHA synthesis after converting to "D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA" by ACP-COA
transferase.
[0449] In the case where saccharides such as glucose and the like
are used as a substrate, it is thought that an mcl-3HA monomer unit
is generated within microbial cells via the "glycolytic pathway"
and the "fatty acid synthesis pathway" as described above. In the
case where organic acids involved in the TCA cycle are used as a
substrate, acetyl-CoA is yielded directly from pyruvic acid by
pyruvate dehydrogenase. Organic acids in the TCA cycle, for
example, malic acid yields pyruvic acid by malate dehydrogenase,
followed by acetyl-CoA by the above-mentioned reaction. Oxaloacetic
acid yields phosphoenolpyruvic acid by phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase, which, in turn, is catalyzed to produce pyruvic acid
by pyruvate kinase, followed by acetyl-CoA by the above-mentioned
reaction. It is thought that acetyl-CoA produced by these reactions
goes through the "fatty acid synthesis pathway" to produce an
mcl-3HA monomer unit.
[0450] In these cases, it is thought that mcl-alkanoates, for
example, octanoate, nonanoate, and the like, or alkanoates having
functional groups other than straight aliphatic alkyl added at the
end, for example, such as 5-phenylvalerate,
5-(4-fluorophenyl)valerate, 6-phenylhexanoate, 4-phenoxybutyrate,
and 4-cyclohexylbutyrate are converted to their CoA-derivatives by
CoA-ligases (EC 6.2.1.3, etc), followed by "D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA" to
be the monomer substrate for the PHA biosynthesis directly by a
series of enzymes responsible for the .beta.-oxidation pathway.
[0451] In short, the mcl-3HA monomer units generated from
saccharides or organic acids involved in the TCA cycle is produced
via quite a lot of enzymatic reaction steps (i.e., indirectly), but
the mcl-alkanoates should yield the mcl-3HA monomer units quite
directly.
[0452] There will now be described the generation of acetyl-CoA
responsible for microbial growth. In the method in which
mcl-alkanoate is co-existed in addition to alkanoate for
introducing the monomer unit of interest, these alkanoates go
through the .beta.-oxidation pathway to produce acetyl-CoA.
Generally, mcl-alkanoates are believed to have a superior
substrate-affinity for a series of enzymes in the .beta.-oxidation
pathway, as compared with alkanoates having a bulky substituent
(alkanoates having substituents such as phenyl, phenoxy, cyclohexyl
group, or the like), and thus acetyl-CoA is effectively produced by
co-existence with mcl-alkanoates. For this reason, it is
advantageous to microbial growth utilizing acetyl-CoA as the energy
and carbon source.
[0453] However, since mcl-alkanoates pathway are directly converted
to the monomer unit for PHA via the .beta.-oxidation, it is a
significant problem that the produced PHAs also contains the
mcl-3HA monomer unit a lot, in addition to the monomer unit of
interest.
[0454] To solve this problem, methods are desirable in which rather
than mcl-alkanoate, such substrates that can provide acetyl-CoA or
the energy and carbon source effectively are selected and allowed
to co-exist with the alkanoate of interest. As mentioned above,
acetyl-CoA can be the monomer unit of PHA by going into the fatty
acid synthesis pathway, but this process is an indirect process of
many steps compared with mcl-alkanoate in .beta.-oxidation.
Therefore, it is possible to achieve a production method not to
incorporate or decrease mcl-3HA in PHA by selecting culture
conditions such as the substrate concentration to generate
acetyl-CoA.
[0455] Alternatively, there are commonly used production methods by
which culture is carried out at the first step only for the purpose
of microbial growth and at the second step is added to the medium
only the alkanoate of interest as the carbon source. In this case,
ATP is required by acyl-CoA ligase which is an initial enzyme of
the beta-oxidation pathway converting the alkanoate to acyl-CoA.
Consequently, the inventors' investigation has provided the result
that the production methods are more effective by which substrates
capable of being utilized as the energy source by microorganisms
are also co-existed at the second step, and accomplished the
present invention.
[0456] As substrates which can effectively provide acyl-CoA or the
energy and carbon source in method according to the present
invention, as long as compounds can yield acyl-CoA or the energy
and carbon source without going through the beta-oxidation pathway,
for example, aldoses including glyceraldehyde, erythrose,
arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, mannose, and fructose,
alditols such as glycerol, erythritol, and xylitol, aldonic acids
such as gluconic acid, uronic acids such as glucuronic acid and
galacturonic acid, saccharides such as disaccharides including
maltose, sucrose, and lactose, and in addition, organic acids
involved in the TCA cycle such as lactic, pyruvic, malic, citric,
succinic, fumaric acids and their salts, and further, medium
components derived from natural products such as polypeptone, beef
extract, and casamino acid, and the like, any compounds can be
used, or selected as appropriate, based on usefulness as a
substrate for the strains employed. Furthermore, if their
combinations result in a small degree of mixture with mcl-3HA, two
or more compounds also can be selected for use.
[0457] <Microorganisms>
[0458] As mentioned in Background of the Invention, there are
reports of microorganisms that produce and accumulate within the
cell PHA containing the monomer unit of, for example,
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyrate, 3-hydroxy-5-fluorophenoxyvalerate,
3-hydroxy-6-cyanophenoxyhexanoate,
3-hydroxy-6-nitrophenoxyhexanoate,
3-hydroxy-7-fluorophenoxyheptanoate, such as Pseudomonas
oleovorance and Pseudomonas putida as described in Macromolecules,
29, 3432-3435 (1996), Can. J. Microbiol., 41, 32-43 (1995),
Japanese Patent No. 2989175, and others. However, there are no
report of microorganisms that produce and accumulate within the
cell PHA containing the monomer unit
of-3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyrates having substituents such as
fluorine, cyano, nitro groups. Macromolecules, 32, 2889-2895 (1999)
reported that Pseudomonas oleovorance produces PHA containing the
monomer units of 3-hydroxy-5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)valerate and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-nitrophenyl)valerate by culturing it in a medium
containing 5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)valerate and nonanoate as
substrates. However, there are no reports on microorganisms that
produce and accumulate within the cell PHA containing as the
monomer unit 3-hydroxy-phenylalkanoates having a substituent such
as fluorine, trifluoromethyl group. Therefore, the present
invention has been achieved by screening microorganisms capable of
incorporating these new monomer units into PHA.
[0459] Novel microorganisms of the present invention have a
previously unknown capability of producing and accumulating within
the cell PHA containing a new monomer unit derived from an
alkanoate using the alkanoate as a substrate. Microorganisms
displaying such a novel enzymatic reaction have been found by the
inventors by screening. The novel microorganisms of the present
invention are Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 (FERM BP-7375),
Pseudomonas cichorii strain H45 (FERM BP-7374), Pseudomonas putida
strain P91 (FERM BP-7373), and Pseudomonas jessenii strain P161
(FERM BP-7376). Other than these microorganisms, microorganisms to
be utilized in the production method of PHA according to the
present invention can be obtained by culturing a bacterial strain,
for example, of genus Pseudomonas, employing the alkanoates as the
substrate, for example.
[0460] There will be given details concerning strains YN2, H45,
P91, and P161.
[0461] <Bacteriological Properties of Strain YN2>
[0462] (1) Morphological Properties
[0463] Shape and size of cells: rod, 0.8 .mu.m.times.1.5 to 2.0
.mu.m
[0464] Polymorphism of cells: negative
[0465] Mobility: motile
[0466] Sporulation: negative
[0467] Gram staining: negative
[0468] Colony shape: circular; entire, smooth margin; low convex;
smooth surface; glossy; translucent
[0469] (2) Physiological Properties
[0470] Catalase: positive
[0471] Oxidase: positive
[0472] O/F test: oxidative (non-fermentative)
[0473] Nitrate reduction: negative
[0474] Indole production: positive
[0475] Acid production from glucose: negative
[0476] Arginine dihydrolase: negative
[0477] Urease: negative
[0478] Esculin hydrolysis: negative
[0479] Gelatin hydrolysis: negative
[0480] .beta.-Galactosidase: negative
[0481] Fluorescent pigment production on King's B agar:
positive
[0482] Growth under 4% NaCl: positive (weak growth)
[0483] Poly-.beta.-hydroxybutyrate accumulation: negative (*)
[0484] Tween 80 hydrolysis: positive
[0485] (*) Colonies cultured on nutrient agar were stained with
Sudan Black for determination.
[0486] (3) Substrate Assimilation
[0487] Glucose: positive
[0488] L-Arabinose: positive
[0489] D-Mannose: negative
[0490] D-Mannitol: negative
[0491] N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine: negative
[0492] Maltose: negative
[0493] Potassium gluconate: positive
[0494] n-Caprate: positive
[0495] Adipate: negative
[0496] dl-Malate: positive
[0497] Sodium citrate: positive
[0498] Phenyl acetate: positive
[0499] <Bacteriological Properties of Strain H45>
[0500] (1) Morphological Properties
[0501] Shape and size of cells: rod, 0.8 .mu.m.times.1.0 to 1.2
.mu.m
[0502] Polymorphism of cells: negative
[0503] Mobility: motile
[0504] Sporulation: negative
[0505] Gram staining: negative
[0506] Colony shape: circular; entire, smooth margin; low convex;
smooth surface; glossy; cream-colored
[0507] (2) Physiological Properties
[0508] Catalase: positive
[0509] Oxidase: positive
[0510] O/F test: oxidative
[0511] Nitrate reduction: negative
[0512] Indole production: negative
[0513] Acid production from glucose: negative
[0514] Arginine dihydrolase: negative
[0515] Urease: negative
[0516] Esculin hydrolysis: negative
[0517] Gelatin hydrolysis: negative
[0518] .beta.-Galactosidase: negative
[0519] Fluorescent pigment production on the King's B agar:
positive
[0520] Growth under 4% NaCl: negative
[0521] Poly-.beta.-hydroxybutyrate accumulation: negative
[0522] (3) Ability to Assimilate Substrates
[0523] Glucose: positive
[0524] L-Arabinose: negative
[0525] D-Mannose: positive
[0526] D-Mannitol: positive
[0527] N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine: positive
[0528] Maltose: negative
[0529] Potassium gluconate: positive
[0530] n-Caprate: positive
[0531] Adipate: negative
[0532] dl-Malate: positive
[0533] Sodium citrate: positive
[0534] Phenyl acetate: positive
[0535] <Bacteriological Properties of Strain P91>
[0536] (1) Morphological Properties
[0537] Shape and size of cells: rod, 0.6 .mu.m.times.1.5 .mu.m
[0538] Polymorphism of cells: negative
[0539] Mobility: motile
[0540] Sporulation: negative
[0541] Gram staining: negative
[0542] Colony shape: circle; entire, smooth margin; low convex;
smooth surface; glossy; cream-colored
[0543] (2) Physiological Properties
[0544] Catalase: positive
[0545] Oxidase: positive
[0546] O/F test: oxidative
[0547] Nitrate reduction: negative
[0548] Indole production: negative
[0549] Acid production from glucose: negative
[0550] Arginine dihydrolase: positive
[0551] Urease: negative
[0552] Esculin hydrolysis: negative
[0553] Gelatin hydrolysis: negative
[0554] .beta.-Galactosidase: negative
[0555] Fluorescent pigment production on the King's B agar:
positive
[0556] (3) Substrate Assimilation
[0557] Glucose: positive
[0558] L-Arabinose: negative
[0559] D-Mannose: negative
[0560] D-Mannitol: negative
[0561] N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine: negative
[0562] Maltose: negative
[0563] Potassium gluconate: positive
[0564] n-Caprate: positive
[0565] Adipate: negative
[0566] dl-Malate: positive
[0567] Sodium citrate: positive
[0568] Phenyl acetate: positive
[0569] <Bacteriological Properties of the Strain P161>
[0570] (1) Morphological Properties
[0571] Shape and size of cells: spheres, .phi.0.6 .mu.m rods, 0.6
.mu.m.times.1.5 to 2.0 .mu.m
[0572] Polymorphism of cells: elongated form
[0573] Mobility: motile
[0574] Sporulation: negative
[0575] Gram staining: negative
[0576] Colony shape: circle; entire, smooth margin; low
[0577] convex; smooth surface; pale yellow
[0578] (2) Physiological Properties
[0579] Catalase: positive
[0580] Oxidase: positive
[0581] O/F test: oxidative
[0582] Nitrate reduction: positive
[0583] Indole production: negative
[0584] Acid production from glucose: negative
[0585] Arginine dihydrolase: positive
[0586] Urease: negative
[0587] Esculin hydrolysis: negative
[0588] Gelatin hydrolysis: negative
[0589] .beta.-Galactosidase: negative
[0590] Fluorescent pigment production on the King's B agar:
positive
[0591] (3) Substrate Assimilation
[0592] Glucose: positive
[0593] L-Arabinose: positive
[0594] D-Mannose: positive
[0595] D-Mannitol: positive
[0596] N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine: positive
[0597] Maltose: negative
[0598] Potassium gluconate: positive
[0599] n-Caprate: positive
[0600] Adipate: negative
[0601] dl-Malate: positive
[0602] Sodium citrate: positive
[0603] Phenyl acetate: positive
[0604] Based on these bacteriological properties, and referring to
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1 (1984) and
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. (1994),
strains YN2 and H45 were revealed to belong to Pseudomonas
cichorii, and strain P91 was revealed to belong to Pseudomonas
putida. Accordingly, these strains were designated Pseudomonas
cichorii strain YN2, Pseudomonas cichorii strain H45, and
Pseudomonas putida strain P91.
[0605] Strain P161, on the other hand, was revealed to belong to
the genus Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas sp.), but its bacteriological
properties could not identify its taxonomic position. Then, to do
classification based on genetic properties, the DNA sequence of 16S
rRNA coding region of strain P161 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been
determined to examine the homology with the DNA sequences of 16S
RNA coding region of known microorganisms of genus Pseudomonas. The
results have shown that there is a remarkably high homology of the
DNA sequences between strain P161 and Pseudomonas jessenii.
Furthermore, bacteriological properties of Pseudomonas jessenii
described in System. Appl. Microbiol., 20, 137-149 (1997) and
System. Appl. Microbiol., 22, 45-58 (1999) were found to have a
high similarity to those of strain P161. From these results, strain
P161 was designated Pseudomonas jessenii strain P161, since it was
concluded that it is appropriate that strain P161 should be
attributed to belong to Pseudomonas jessenii.
[0606] Strains YN2, H45, P91, and P161 have been deposited at
National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology (Patent
Microorganism Depository Center), Agency of Industry Science and
Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, under the
deposition numbers "FERM BP-7375," "FERM BP-7374," "FERM BP-7373,"
and "FERM BP-7376," respectively.
[0607] <Culture: General>
[0608] The PHAs of interest can be produced by culturing these
microorganisms in a medium containing alkanoate for introducing the
desired monomer unit and growth substrates according to the present
invention. These PHAs are generally of only the R-form, and are
isotactic polymers.
[0609] For usual culture of microorganisms to be employed in the
production method of PHA according to the present invention, for
example, for preparation of cell stocks, for maintaining of the
number and activities of the cells, any type of media can be used,
such as common natural media and synthetic media supplemented with
nutrients, unless they have adverse effects on the growth or
existence of the microorganisms. Culture conditions such as
temperature, aeration, stirring, and the like are selected as
appropriate, depending on the microorganism employed.
[0610] In the case where microorganisms are used to produce and
accumulate PHA, inorganic media and others containing alkanoate for
introducing the desired monomer unit can be employed as a medium
for the PHA production.
[0611] For inorganic media employed in the above-mentioned culture
method, any media can be used, as long as they contain components
allowing microorganisms to grow, such as phosphorus sources (for
example, phosphates), nitrogen sources (for example, ammonium
salts, nitrates), and the like. Such inorganic media may include,
for example, MSB medium, E medium (J. Biol. Chem. 218, 97-106
(1956)), M9 medium, and others.
[0612] The composition of M9 medium employed in Examples of the
present invention is as follows:
1 Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4: 6.2 g KH.sub.2PO.sub.4: 3.0 g NaCl: 0.5 g
NH.sub.4Cl: 1.0 g
[0613] (per litter of medium, pH 7.0)
[0614] Culture conditions may include, for example, shaking culture
and stirring culture under aerobic conditions at 15 to 40.degree.
C., and preferably 20 to 35.degree. C.
[0615] The culture steps can utilize any processes employed for
usual culture of microorganisms, such as batch, flow batch,
semi-continuous, continuous, and reactor-type cultures, and may
take multi-step processes connecting plural steps of these
processes.
[0616] For respective growth substrates, specific culture steps
will be described as follows:
[0617] <Culture: mcl-Alkanoates>
[0618] As a method of, for example, two-step culture, there is a
method by which the first-step culture is carried out in an
inorganic medium or the like containing a first alkanoate having 6
to 12 carbon atoms, such as octanoate and nonanoate, as the growth
substrate at an amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to 0.2% by
weight and a second alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer
unit at an amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight
until the time of the late logarithmic growth phase to the
stationary phase, and at the second step, cells after the
first-step culture is completed are collected by centrifugation or
the like, followed by further culturing them in an inorganic medium
containing the second alkanoate at an amount of the order of 0.01%
by weight to 0.5% by weight and no nitrogen sources, and after the
culture is completed, the cells are harvested to extract the
desired PHA.
[0619] Alternatively, there is another method by which culture is
carried out by supplying a first alkanoate having 6 to 12 carbon
atoms, such as octanoate and nonanoate, at an amount of the order
of 0.1% by weight to 0.2% by weight and a second alkanoate for
introducing the desired monomer unit at an amount of the order of
0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight, and cells are harvested at the
time of the late logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase
to extract the desired PHA.
[0620] In the methods in which mcl-alkanoate as the growth
substrate is added to the medium, the obtained PHAs are ones in
which is mixed a large amount of the monomer unit derived from the
mcl-alkanoate added as the growth substrate. Such PHAs are
generally of only the R form, and are isotactic polymers.
[0621] <Culture: Saccharides>
[0622] As a method, for example, a two-step culture, there is a
method by which the first-step culture is carried out in an
inorganic medium or the like containing saccharide(s) (for example,
glucose, mannose, fructose, etc.) as the growth substrate at an
amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight and
alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit at an amount of
the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight until the time of
the late logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase, and at
the second step, cells after the first-step culture is completed
are collected by centrifugation or the like, followed by further
culturing them in an inorganic medium containing saccharide(s) (for
example, glucose, mannose, fructose, etc.) as the growth substrate
at an amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, the
alkanoate at an amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by
weight, and no nitrogen sources, and after the culture is
completed, the cells are harvested to extract the desired PHA.
[0623] Alternatively, there is another method by which culture is
carried out by supplying saccharide(s) (for example, glucose,
mannose, fructose, etc.) as the growth substrate at amounts of the
order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight and alkanoate for
introducing the desired monomer unit at an amount of the order of
0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight, and cells are harvested at the
time of the late logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase
to extract the desired PHA.
[0624] In these cases, the concentration of the saccharides (for
example, glucose, mannose, fructose, etc.) to be added to the
medium is selected as appropriate, depending on the type of
alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit, the genus and
species of the microorganism, the cell density, or the culture
process, although addition can be selected such that the content in
the medium is usually in the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by
weight. On the other hand, the concentration of the alkanoate to be
raw material is also selected as appropriate, depending on the
genus and species of the microorganism, the cell density, or the
culture process, although addition can be selected such that the
content in the medium is usually in the order of 0.01% by weight to
0.5% by weight. Thus, by culturing the microorganism in a medium
containing saccharide(s) (for example, glucose, mannose, fructose,
etc.) and the alkanoate, the desired PHAs can be produced and
accumulated in which the monomer unit other than the intended one
is incorporated at a small amount or not at all. These PHAs are
generally of only the R form, and are isotactic polymers.
[0625] <Culture: Polypeptone>
[0626] As a method of, for example, a two-step culture, there is a
method by which the first-step culture is carried out in an
inorganic medium or the like containing polypeptone as the growth
substrate at an amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by
weight and alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit at an
amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight until the
time of the late logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase,
and at the second step, cells after the first-step culture is
completed are collected by centrifugation or the like, followed by
further culturing them in an inorganic medium containing the
alkanoate at an amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by
weight, and no nitrogen sources, and after the culture is
completed, the cells are harvested to extract the desired PHA.
[0627] Alternatively, there is another method by which culture is
carried out by supplying polypeptone at an amount of the order of
0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight and alkanoate for introducing the
desired monomer unit at an amount of the order of 0.01% by weight
to 0.5% by weight, and cells are harvested at the time of the late
logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase to extract the
desired PHA.
[0628] In these cases, the concentration of polypeptone to be added
to the medium is selected as appropriate, depending on the type of
alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit, the genus and
species of the microorganism, the cell density, or the culture
process, although addition can be selected such that the content in
the medium is usually in the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by
weight. For polypeptone, it is also possible to use, as
appropriate, any commercial available polypeptone that is commonly
employed for culturing microorganisms and the like. On the other
hand, the concentration of the alkanoate to be raw material is also
selected as appropriate, depending on the genus and species of the
microorganism, the cell density, or the culture process, although
addition may be selected such that the content in the medium is
usually in the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight. Thus, by
culturing the microorganism in a medium containing polypeptone and
the alkanoate, the desired PHAs can be produced and accumulated in
which the monomer unit other than the intended one is incorporated
at a small amount or not at all. These PHAs are generally of only
the R form, and are isotactic polymers.
[0629] <Culture: Organic Acids of TCA Cycle>
[0630] As a method of, for example, a two-step culture, there is a
method by which the first-step culture is carried out in an
inorganic medium or the like containing organic acid(s) involved in
the TCA cycle (for example, lactic, pyruvic, citric, succinic,
fumaric, malic acids and the like, and salts thereof) as the growth
substrate at an amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by
weight and alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit at an
amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight until the
time of the late logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase,
and at the second step, cells after the first-step culture is
completed are collected by centrifugation or the like, followed by
further culturing them in an inorganic medium containing organic
acid(s) of the TCA cycle (for example, lactic, pyruvic, citric,
succinic, fumaric, malic acids and the like, and salts thereof) as
the growth substrate at an amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to
2.0% by weight, the alkanoate at an amount of the order of 0.01% by
weight to 0.5% by weight, and no nitrogen sources, and after the
culture is completed, the cells are harvested to extract the
desired PHA.
[0631] Alternatively, there is another method by which culture is
carried out by supplying organic acid(s) of the TCA cycle (for
example, lactic, pyruvic, citric, succinic, fumaric, malic acids
and the like, and salts thereof) at an amount of the order of 0.1%
by weight to 2.0% by weight and alkanoate for introducing the
desired monomer unit at an amount of the order of 0.01% by weight
to 0.5% by weight, and cells are harvested at the time of the late
logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase to extract the
desired PHA.
[0632] In these cases, the concentration of organic acids of the
TCA cycle (for example, lactic, pyruvic, citric, succinic, fumaric,
malic acids and the like, and salts thereof) to be added to the
medium is selected as appropriate, depending on the type of
alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit, the genus and
species of the microorganism, the cell density, or the culture
process, although addition can be selected such that the content in
the medium is usually in the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by
weight. On the other hand, the concentration of the alkanoate to be
raw material is also selected as appropriate, depending on the
genus and species of the microorganism, the cell density, or the
culture process, although addition can be selected such that the
content in the medium is usually in the order of 0.01% by weight to
0.5% by weight. Thus, by culturing the microorganism in a medium
containing organic acid(s) of the TCA cycle (for example, lactic,
pyruvic, citric, succinic, fumaric, malic acids and the like, and
salts thereof) and the alkanoate, the desired PHAs can be produced
and accumulated in which the monomer unit other than the intended
one is incorporated at a small amount or not at all. These PHAs are
generally of only the R form, and are isotactic polymers.
[0633] <Culture: Polypeptone+Pyruvic Acid and Salts
Thereof>
[0634] As a method of, for example, a two-step culture, there is a
method by which the first-step culture is carried out in an
inorganic medium or the like containing polypeptone as the growth
substrate at an amount of the order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by
weight and alkanoate for introducing the desired monomer unit at an
amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight until the
time of the late logarithmic growth phase to the stationary phase,
and at the second step, cells after the first-step culture is
completed are collected by centrifugation or the like, followed by
further culturing them in an inorganic medium containing pyruvic
acid or salt thereof as the growth substrate at an amount of the
order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, the alkanoate at an
amount of the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight, and no
nitrogen sources, and after the culture is completed, the cells are
harvested to extract the desired PHA.
[0635] In these cases, the concentration of polypeptone and pyruvic
acid or salt thereof to be added to the medium is selected as
appropriate, depending on the type of alkanoate for introducing the
desired monomer unit, the genus and species of the microorganism,
the cell density, or the culture process, although addition can be
selected such that the content in the medium is usually in the
order of 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight in each case. On the
other hand, the concentration of the alkanoate to be raw material
is also selected as appropriate, depending on the genus and species
of the microorganism, the cell density, or the culture process,
although addition can be selected such that the content in the
medium is usually in the order of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by
weight. Thus, by culturing the microorganism in two steps utilizing
a medium containing polypeptone and the alkanoate and a medium
containing pyruvic acid or salt thereof and the alkanoate, the
desired PHAs can be produced and accumulated in which the monomer
unit other than the intended one is incorporated at a small amount
or not at all. These PHAs are generally of only the R form, and are
isotactic polymers.
[0636] <PHA Recovery>
[0637] For PHA recovery from cells in the method according to the
present invention, usually-operating extraction with organic
solvents such as chloroform is most convenient, but in the
circumstances where it is difficult to use organic solvents, it is
also possible to utilize methods of collecting PHA by removing
cellular components other than PHA by means of treatment with
detergents such as SDS and the like, treatment with enzymes such as
lysozyme and the like, treatment with chemicals such as EDTA,
sodium hypochlorite, ammonia, and the like.
[0638] <Molecular Weight>
[0639] The PHAs according to the present invention can be obtained
by utilizing the above-mentioned methods. It is desirable that the
PHAs have a number average molecular weight of more than at least
10,000 or so, in order to allow stable physical properties as
polymer, for example, such as glass transition temperature,
softening point, melting point, crystallinity, orientation defined
by the monomer unit of which the polymer is composed, to be fixed.
The PHAs according to the present invention have a number average
molecular weight of about 20,000 or higher, and therefore can be
sufficiently expected to display stable physical properties as
polymer. From the viewpoint of convenience of treatments such as
dissolving processes, the PHAs preferably have a number average
molecular weight of up to 200,000 or so, and more preferably not
more than 100,000. As mentioned above, these PHAs are generally
composed of only the R form, and are isotactic polymers.
[0640] Culturing of the microorganisms, production and accumulation
of PHAs within cells by the microorganisms, and recovery of PHAs
from the cells are not limited to the methods described above. For
example, in addition to four strains described above,
microorganisms to be employed in the method of producing PHAs
according to the present invention can utilize microorganisms
having similar production capabilities of producing PHAs according
to the present invention as those of these four strains.
[0641] It is likely that these PHAs are useful, for example, for
device and medical materials and others, as well as applications in
which common plastics are used. Those having fluorine atom(s),
trifluoromethyl group, and the like introduced as a substituent
group, in particular, are expected to have a superior
biocompatibility, and therefore applications to medical uses.
Furthermore, they are predicted to have a water-repellent effect
due to containing fluorine atom(s), trifluoromethyl group, and the
like, and thus applications to water-repellent treatments in
various fields are also possible. Specifically, applications to
temporary water-repellent treatments also can be contemplated
utilizing biodegradability resulting from aliphatic polyesters.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0642] The substrate FPVA was first synthesized by the Grignard
reaction according to the method described in "Macromolecules, 29,
1762-1766 (1996) and 27, 45-49 (1994)". 5-bromovaleric acid was
dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), and 3 mol/L of a
methyl magnesium chloride THF solution was added dropwise at
-20.degree. C. in an argon atmosphere. After stirring for about 15
min, a THF solution of 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene and magnesium was
further dropped and a THF solution of 0.1 mol/L Li.sub.2CuCl.sub.4
was added (temperature was maintained at -20.degree. C.). The
reaction solution was resumed to room temperature and further
stirred overnight. Then the solution was poured into a 20% sulfuric
acid solution cooled on ice, and stirred. The aqueous layer was
recovered, saturated with salt, and extracted with ether. After the
extract was further extracted with 100 mL of deionized water, to
which 50 g of potassium hydroxide was added, the extract was
acidified with a 20% sulfuric acid solution and the precipitate was
recovered.
[0643] The precipitate was analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance
equipment (FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400) under the following conditions:
nuclide: .sup.1H and .sup.13C; solvent: heavy chloroform
(containing TMS). The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 3.
Example 2
[0644] Cells of strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1% and FPVA 0.1%, and shake-cultured at
30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were
collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing FPVA 0.2% but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further shake-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After
24 hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once
with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0645] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. The results are shown in Table 4.
Example 3
[0646] Cells of strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1% and FPVA 0.1%, and shake-cultured at
30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were
collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing FVPA 0.2% but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After
24 hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once
with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0647] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform, stirred at 6.sup.0.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45
.mu.m in diameter, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary
evaporator and the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol.
The precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. The results are shown in Table 5.
Example 4
[0648] Cells of strain P91 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1% and shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C.
at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were collected by
centrifugation, resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium containing
nonanoic acid 0.1% and FPVA 0.1% but not a nitrogen source
(NH.sub.4Cl), and further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were collected by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0649] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in
diameter, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator
and the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. The results are shown in Table 6.
Example 5
[0650] Cells of strain P161 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1% and shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C.
at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were collected by
centrifugation, resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium containing
nonanoic acid 0.1% and FPVA 0.1% but not a nitrogen source
(NH.sub.4Cl), and further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were collected by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0651] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in
diameter, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator
and the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. The results are shown in Table 7.
Example 6
[0652] After 100 mg of PHA derived from strain H45 was dissolved in
1 mL of chloroform, n-hexane was added until it was clouded. This
was centrifuged to recover and vacuum-dried the precipitate. This
was again dissolved in 1 mL of chloroform, n-hexane was added, and
the procedure of recovering the precipitate was repeated three
times.
[0653] After the precipitate obtained was subjected to methanolysis
according to the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. As a result, the precipitate was found to be PHA whose
monomer unit consisted of 3HFPV monomer alone as shown in Table
8.
[0654] In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance equipment (FT-NMR:
Bruker DPX400) was used for analysis under the following condition:
nuclide: .sup.1H and .sup.13C; solvent: heavy chloroform
(containing TMS). The results are shown in FIG. 2, Table 9, FIG. 3
and Table 10.
Example 7
[0655] (Synthesis of FPXVA)
[0656] After 240 mL of dehydrated acetone was put into a
three-necked round-bottom flask, sodium iodide (0.06 mol),
potassium carbonate (0.11 mol) and 4-fluorophenol (0.07 mol) were
added and thoroughly stirred. 5-bromoethylvalerate (0.06 mol) was
dropped into the solution in a nitrogen atmosphere, refluxed at
60.+-.5.degree. C. and allowed to react for 24 hours. After
reaction, the reaction solution was concentrated to dryness with an
evaporator and redissolved in methylene chloride. Water was added
and the solution was separated. The organic layer was dehydrated
with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated to dryness with
an evaporator.
[0657] Hot methanol was added to the reactant, dissolved, slowly
cooled and reprecipitated to obtain
5-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethylvalerate. At this time, the yield from
5-bromoethylvalerate was 68 mol %.
[0658] The reactant (ester) obtained was dissolved in ethanol-water
(9.1 (v/v)) so as to be 5 weight %. Ten-fold molar quantity of
potassium hydroxide was added and allowed to react at 0 to
4.degree. C. for 4 hours to hydrolyze the ester.
[0659] The reaction solution was poured into 10 volumes of a 0.1
mol/L hydrochloric acid solution and the precipitate was recovered
by filtration. The precipitate (reactant) recovered was
vacuum-dried at room temperature for 36 hours. The dried substance
obtained was dissolved in a small quantity of hot ethanol, and the
solution was gradually cooled, reprecipitated, vacuum-dried at room
temperature for 24 hours to obtain the target compound
5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid. The yield of this compound from
5-bromoethyl valerate was 49 mol %.
[0660] The compound obtained was analyzed by NMR under the
following conditions:
[0661] <Equipment>
[0662] FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400
[0663] .sup.1H resonance frequency: 400 MHZ
[0664] <Measurement Conditions>
[0665] nuclide: .sup.1H
[0666] solvent: CDCl.sub.3
[0667] reference: capillary-contained TMS/CDCI.sub.3
[0668] temperature: room temperature
[0669] The spectral chart is shown in FIG. 4 and the results of
identification are shown in Table 11.
[0670] The above results confirmed that the desired FPxVA was
certainly synthesized.
Example 8
[0671] (Production of PHA by Strain P91)
[0672] Cells of strain P91 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1 weight % and FPxVA 0.1 weight %, and
shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 24
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in
200 mL of M9 medium containing nonanoic acid 0.1 weight % and FPxVA
0.1 weight % but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and further
shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 24
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0673] After the lyophilized pellet was weighed, it was suspended
in 100 mL of chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours
to extract PHA. After the extract was filtered with a membrane
filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore size, the filtrate was concentrated
with a rotary evaporator and the concentrate was reprecipitated in
cold methanol. Only the precipitate was then recovered and
vacuum-dried to obtain and weigh PHA. The yields are shown in Table
12.
[0674] The PHA obtained was measured for the molecular weight by
gel permeation chromatography (GPC; Toso HCL-8020, column: Polymer
Laboratory PLgel MIXED-C (5 .mu.m), solvent: chloroform, converted
on a polystyrene basis). The molecular weight is shown in Table
13.
[0675] In addition, after the PHA obtained was subjected to
methanolysis according to the conventional method, it was analyzed
by GC-MS and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. The TIC and the mass spectrum of each peak are shown in
FIG. 5 to FIGS. 7A and 7B. Peak (1) was shown to represent
3-hydroxymethylheptanoate, Peak (2) 3-hydroxymethyloctanoate, Peak
(3) 3-hydroxymethylnonanoate, and Peak (4) 3
hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy) methylvalerate.
[0676] The above results indicated that the polymer obtained was
PHA containing the units of 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxynonanoic acid and
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid.
Example 9
[0677] (Production of PHA by Strain YN2 (1))
[0678] Except that strain P91 was replaced by strain YN2, the same
procedures as described in Example 8 were used to produce PHA, and
each analysis was performed. The yields are shown in Table 12, the
molecular weight in Table 13, and the TIC of GC-MS in FIG. 8. Peak
(1) was shown to represent 3-hydroxymethylheptanoate, Peak (2)
3-hydroxymethyloctanoate, Peak (3) 3-hydroxymethylnonanoate, and
Peak (4) 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophen- oxy) methylvalerate.
[0679] The above results indicated that the polymer obtained was
PHA containing the units of 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxynonanoic acid and
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid.
Example 10
[0680] (Production of PHA by Strain P161)
[0681] Except that strain P91 was replaced by strain P161, the same
procedures as described in Example 8 were used to produce PHA, and
each analysis was performed. The yields are shown in Table 12, the
molecular weight in Table 13, and the TIC of GC-MS in FIG. 9. Peak
(1) was shown to represent 3-hydroxymethylheptanoate, Peak (2)
3-hydroxymethyloctanoate, Peak (3) 3-hydroxymethylnonanoate, and
Peak (4) 3 hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophen- oxy) methylvalerate.
[0682] The above results indicated that the polymer obtained was
PHA containing the units of 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxynonanoic acid and
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid.
Example 11
[0683] (Production of PHA by Strain H45)
[0684] Except that strain P91 was replaced by H45 strain, the same
procedures as described in Example 8 were used to produce PHA, and
each analysis was performed. The yields are shown in Table 12, the
molecular weight in Table 13, and the TIC of GC-MS in FIG. 10. Peak
(1) was shown to represent 3-hydroxymethylheptanoate, Peak (2)
3-hydroxymethyloctanoate- , Peak (3) 3-hydroxymethylnonanoate, and
Peak (4) 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophe- noxy) methylvalerate.
[0685] The above results indicated that the polymer obtained was
PHA containing the units of 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxynonanoic acid and
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid.
Example 12
[0686] (Production of PHA by Strain YN2 (2))
[0687] Cells of strain YN2 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing hexanoic acid 0.1 weight % and FPxVA 0.1 weight %, and
shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 72
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation and resuspended
in 200 mL of M9 medium containing hexanoic acid 0.1 weight % and
FPXVA 0.1 weight % but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After
30 hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once
with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0688] PHA was extracted with the same procedures as described in
Example 8, and each analysis was performed. The yields are shown in
Table 12 and the molecular weight is shown in Table 13. The results
of GC-MS analysis revealed that the PHA obtained by this method had
the following composition:
[0689] 3-hydroxybutyric acid: 8.1%
[0690] 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid: 51.2%
[0691] 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid: 1.3%
[0692] 3-hydroxydecanoic acid: 7.0%
[0693] 3-hydoxydodecanoic acid: 10.6%
[0694] unidentified substances: 9.9%
[0695] 3 hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid: 11.9%
[0696] The above results indicated that the polymer obtained was
PHA containing the units of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric
acid.
Example 13
[0697] (Synthesis of TFMPVA)
[0698] The substrate TFMPVA was first synthesized by the Grignard
reaction according to the method described in "Macromolecules, 29,
1762-1766 (1996) and 27, 45-49 (1994)." 5-bromovaleric acid was
dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 3 mol/L of a
methyl magnesium chloride THF solution was added dropwise at
-20.degree. C. in an argon atmosphere. After stirring for about 15
min, a THF solution of 1-bromo-4-trifluorobenzene and magnesium was
further dropped and a THF solution of 0.1 mol/L Li.sub.2CuCl.sub.2
was added (temperature was maintained at -20.degree. C.). The
reaction solution was restored to room temperature and further
stirred overnight. Then the solution was poured into a 20% sulfuric
acid solution cooled on ice, and stirred. The aqueous layer was
recovered, saturated with salt, and extracted with ether. After the
extract was further extracted with 100 mL of deionized water, to
which 50 g of potassium hydroxide was added, the extract was
acidified with a 20% sulfuric acid solution and the precipitate was
recovered.
[0699] The compound recovered was methylesterified by the
conventional method and analyzed with a gas chromatograph-mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu GC-MS QP-5050, column: DB-WAXETR (30
m.times.0.32 mm.times.0.5 .mu.m) (manufactured by J&W Inc.) The
TIC (total ion chromatogram) and mass spectrum are shown in FIGS.
11A and 11B. These results revealed that the target TFMPVA was
synthesized.
Example 14
[0700] (Production of Polymer by Strain H45)
[0701] Cells of strain H45 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1% and TFMPVA 0.1%, and shaken-cultured
at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were
collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing TFMPVA 0.2% but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After
24 hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once
with cold methanol, lyophilized and weighed.
[0702] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain and weigh
PHA. The yields are shown in Table 14.
[0703] Evaluation of the molecular weight of the PHA by gel
permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso HLC-8020, column: Polymer
Laboratory PLgel MIXED-C (5 .mu.m), solvent: chloroform, converted
on a polystyrene basis) revealed Mn=64,000 and Mw=110,000.
[0704] After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis
according to the conventional method, it was analyzed by gas
chromatography-spectromet- ry (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method,
column: DB-WAXETR (30 m.times.0.32 mm.times.0.5 .mu.m)) and the
methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were identified. The TIC
(total ion chromatogram) and the mass spectrum of a peak (close to
36.5') representing the target unit
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid are shown in
FIGS. 12A and 12B, respectively. The TIC area ratio of each unit of
the PHA is shown in Table 15.
[0705] The above results indicated that one method of the present
invention produced PHA containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)va- leric acid as a monomer
unit.
Example 15
[0706] (Production of Polymer by Strain P91)
[0707] Cells of strain P91 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing nonanoic acid 0.1% and TFMPVA 0.1%, and shaken-cultured
at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 30 hours, the cells were
collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing TFMPVA 0.1% and nonanoic acid 0.05% but not a nitrogen
source (NH.sub.4Cl), and further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C.
at 125 strokes/min. After 30 hours, the cells were collected by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, lyophilized and
weighed.
[0708] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain and weigh
PHA.
[0709] The yield is shown in Table 16.
[0710] Evaluation of the molecular weight of the PHA by gel
permeation chromatography (GPC; Toso HLC-8020, column: Polymer
Laboratory PLgel MIXED-C (5 .mu.m), solvent: chloroform, converted
on a polystyrene basis) revealed Mn=69,000 and Mw=120,000.
[0711] After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis
according to the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method, column: DB-WAXETR (30 m.times.0.32 mm.times.0.5 .mu.m)) and
the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were identified. The TIC
(total ion chromatogram) and the mass spectrum of a peak (close to
36.5') representing the target unit
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)valeric acid are shown in
FIGS. 13A and 13B, respectively. The TIC area ratio of each unit of
the PHA is shown in Table 17.
[0712] The above results indicated that one method of the present
invention produced PHA containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)va- leric acid as a monomer
unit.
Example 16
[0713] Cells of strain YN2 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing D-glucose 0.5% or n-nonanoic acid 0.1% and PVA 0.1%, and
shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 40
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and lyophilized to obtain a lyophilized pellet.
[0714] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 28 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate was resuspended in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. As a result, PHA containing 3HPV being the desired
PVA-derived monomer unit at a higher ratio was obtained in high
yield by using D-glucose as a carbon source for growth as shown in
Table 18.
Example 17
[0715] Cells of strain YN2 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing D-glucose 0.5% or n-nonanoic acid 0.1% and PVA 0.1%, and
shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 48
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in
200 mL of M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% or n-nonanoic acid
0.1% and PVA 0.1% but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After
40 hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once
with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0716] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. As a result, PHA containing 3HPV being the desired
PVA-derived monomer unit at a higher ratio was obtained in a high
yield by using D-glucose as a carbon source for growth, as shown in
Table 19.
Example 18
[0717] Cells of strain YN2 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing D-mannose 0.5% or D-fructose 0.5% and PVA 0.1%, and
cultured with shaking at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After
100 hours in the D-mannose system and 40 hours in the D-fructose
system, the cells were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in
200 mL of M9 medium containing D-mannose 0.5% or D-fructose 0.5%
and PVA 0.1% but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and further
shaken-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 48
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0718] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. The
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. As a result, as shown in Table 20, D-mannose and
D-fructose were also as effective as D-glucose as the carbon source
to obtain PHA having a high proportion of 3HPV being the desired
PVA-derived monomer unit at a high PHA yield.
Example 19
[0719] Cells of strain P161 were inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing D-glucose 0.5% or n-nonanoic acid 0.1% and PVA 0.1%, and
cultured with shaking at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 48
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in
200 mL of M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% or n-nonanoic acid
0.1% and PVA 0.1% but not a nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 40
hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0720] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract PHA. After the
extract was filtered with a membrane filter of 0.45 .mu.m in pore
size, the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and
the concentrate was reprecipitated in cold methanol. Only the
precipitate was then recovered and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After the PHA obtained was subjected to methanolysis according to
the conventional method, it was analyzed with a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) and the methyl esters of the PHA monomer unit were
identified. As a result, PHA having a higher proportion of 3HPV as
the desired PVA-derived monomer unit was obtained in high yield by
using D-glucose as a carbon source, as shown in Table 21.
Example 20
[0721] The cells of strain YN2 were shake-cultured in 200 mL of M9
medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and
0.1% of FPVA under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 48 hours. The cells were recovered by centrifugal
separation, and resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium, containing 0.5%
of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and 0.1% of FPVA but no
nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), where they were further
shake-cultured under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 40 hours. The cells were recovered by centrifugal
separation, washed once with cold methanol, and lyophilized.
[0722] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours, to extract the PHA. The
extract solution was filtered through a membrane having a pore size
of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold methanol, and the
precipitate only was recovered and dried under a vacuum, to obtain
the PHA. The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units.
The results are given in Table 22. As shown, culturing with
D-glucose as the carbon source for growth gives the PHA having a
higher proportion of 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid as
the desired FPVA-derived monomer unit in higher yield.
Example 21
[0723] Cells of strain P161 was shake-cultured in 200 mL of M9
medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and
0.1% of PHxA under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 48 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium, containing
0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and 0.1% of PHxA but
no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), where they were further
shake-cultured under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 40 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0724] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours, to extract the PHA. The
extract solution was filtered through a membrane having a pore size
of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold methanol, and the
precipitate only was recovered and dried under a vacuum, to obtain
the PHA. The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units.
The results are given in Table 23. As shown, culturing with
D-glucose as the carbon source for growth gives the PHA having a
higher proportion of 3-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid as the desired
PHxA-derived monomer unit in higher yield.
Example 22
[0725] Cells of strain YN2 were shake-cultured in 200 mL of M9
medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and
0.1% of PxBA under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 48 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium, containing
0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and 0.1% of PxBA but
no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), where they were further
shake-cultured under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 40 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0726] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours, to extract the PHA. The
extract solution was filtered through a membrane having a pore size
of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold methanol, and the
precipitate only was recovered and dried under a vacuum, to obtain
the PHA. The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units.
The results are given in Table 24. As shown, culturing with
D-glucose as the carbon source for growth gives the PHA having a
higher proportion of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid as the desired
PxBA-derived monomer unit in higher yield.
Example 23
[0727] Cells of strain H45 was shake-cultured in 200 mL of M9
medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and
0.1% of PxBA under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 48 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium, containing
0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and 0.1% of PxBA but
no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), where they were further
shake-cultured under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 40 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0728] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours, to extract the PHA. The
extract solution was filtered through a membrane having a pore size
of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold methanol, and the
precipitate only was recovered and dried under a vacuum, to obtain
the PHA. The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units.
The results are given in Table 25. As shown, culturing with
D-glucose as the carbon source for growth gives the PHA having a
higher proportion of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid as the desired
PxBA-derived monomer unit in higher yield.
Example 24
[0729] Cells of strain P161 were shake-cultured in 200 mL of M9
medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and
0.1% of PxBA under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 48 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and resuspended in 200 mL of M9 medium, containing
0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and 0.1% of PXBA but
no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), where they were further
shake-cultured under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 40 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0730] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours, to extract the PHA. The
extract solution was filtered through a membrane having a pore size
of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold methanol, and the
precipitate only was recovered and dried under a vacuum, to obtain
the PHA. The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units.
The results are given in Table 26. As shown, culturing with
D-glucose as the carbon source for growth gives the PHA having a
higher proportion of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid as the desired
PxBA-derived monomer unit in higher yield.
Example 25
[0731] Cells of strain YN2 were shake-cultured in 200 mL of M9
medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose or 0.1% of n-nonanoic acid and
0.1% of CHBA under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125
strokes/min for 40 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0732] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in 20 mL of chloroform,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 28 hours, to extract the PHA. The
extract solution was filtered through a membrane having a pore size
of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The
concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold methanol, and the
precipitate only was recovered and dried under a vacuum, to obtain
the PHA. The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units.
The results are given in Table 27. As shown, culturing with
D-glucose as the carbon source for growth gives the PHA having a
higher proportion of 3HCHB as the desired CHBA-derived monomer unit
in higher yield.
Example 26
[0733] (Production of poly-3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric Acid by Strain
YN2)
[0734] A colony of strain YN2 on M9 agar medium containing 0.1% of
nonanoic acid (hereinafter referred as to NA) was inoculated in a
total of 4 types of media (each 200 mL), (1) M9 liquid medium
containing 0.5% of a yeast extract (DIFCO, hereinafter referred to
as YE) and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, (2) M9 liquid medium
containing 0.5% of a beef extract (DIFCO, hereinafter referred to
as BE) and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, (3) M9 liquid medium
containing 0.5% of Casamino acid (DIFCO, hereinafter referred to as
CA) and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, and (4) M9 liquid medium
containing 0.5% of polypeptone (Wako Jun-yaku, hereinafter referred
to as PP) and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, and cultured at
30.degree. C. for 24 hours. The cells were recovered from each
medium by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0735] The lyophilized pellets from each medium were weighed and
suspended in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55.degree. C. for
20 hours, to extract the PHA. Each extract solution was filtered
through a membrane having a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m and
concentrated by a evaporator. The concentrated solution was
reprecipitated in cold methanol, to obtain the polymer, which was
dried under a vacuum at room temperature and weighed. The yield
results are given in Table 28.
[0736] The PHA composition thus prepared was analyzed by the
following procedure. Approximately 10 mg of the PHA was dissolved
in 2 mL of chloroform in a 25 mL egg-plant type flask, to which 2
mL of a methanol solution containing 3% sulfuric acid was added.
The mixture was heated at 100.degree. C. with reflux for 3.5 hours
for the reactions. On completion of the reactions, the effluent was
incorporated with 10 mL of deionized water and vigorously shaken
for 10 min. It was separated into two layers, and the lower
chloroform layer was taken out, dehydrated with magnesium sulfate,
and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS,
Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method, with a 0.32 mm by 30 m
column (J&W, DB-WAX)), to identify the methyl-esterified
product of the PHA monomer units. The PHA monomer units were found
to comprise 96% of 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid unit and 4% of
3-hydroxybutyric acid unit.
[0737] The results indicate that one of the embodiments of the
present invention gives the PHA containing a very high proportion
of the 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid unit in a high yield.
Example 27
[0738] (Production of poly-3-hydroxy-4-cyclohexylbutyric Acid by
Strain YN2)
[0739] A colony of strain YN2 grown on M9 agar medium containing
0.1% of NA was inoculated into 2 types of media (each 200 mL), (1)
M9 liquid medium containing 0.5% of YE and 0.1% of
4-cyclohexylbutyric acid, and (2) M9 liquid medium containing 0.5%
of PP and 0.1% of 4-cyclohexylbutyric acid, and cultured at
30.degree. C. for 24 hours. The cells were recovered from each
medium by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0740] The lyophilized pellets from each medium were weighed and
suspended in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55.degree. C. for
20 hours, to extract the PHA. Each extract solution was filtered
through a membrane having a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m and
concentrated by a evaporator. The concentrated solution was
reprecipitated in cold methanol, to obtain the polymer, which was
dried under a vacuum at room temperature and weighed. The yield
results are given in Table 29.
[0741] The PHA composition thus prepared was analyzed in a manner
similar to that for EXAMPLE 26. The PHA monomer units were found to
comprise 97% of 3-hydroxy-4-cyclohexylbutyric acid unit and 3% of
3-hydroxybutyric acid unit.
[0742] The results indicate that one of the embodiments of the
present invention gives the PHA containing a very high proportion
of the 3-hydroxy-4-cyclohexylbutyric acid unit in a high yield.
Example 28
[0743] (Production of poly-3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric Acid by
Strain YN2)
[0744] A colony of strain YN2 grown on M9 agar medium containing
0.1% of NA was inoculated in 2 types of media (each 200 mL), (1) M9
liquid medium containing 0.5% of YE and 0.1% of 5-phenoxyvaleric
acid, and (2) M9 liquid medium containing 0.5% of PP and 0.1% of
5-phenoxyvaleric acid, and cultured at 30.degree. C. for 26 hours.
The cells were recovered from each medium by centrifugation, washed
once with cold methanol, and lyophilized.
[0745] The lyophilized pellets from each medium were weighed and
suspended in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55.degree. C. for
20 hours, to extract the PHA. Each extract solution was filtered
through a membrane having a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m and
concentrated by a evaporator. The concentrated solution was
reprecipitated in cold methanol, to obtain the polymer, which was
dried under a vacuum at room temperature and weighed. The yield
results are given in Table 30.
[0746] The PHA composition thus prepared was analyzed in a manner
similar to that in EXAMPLE 26. The PHA monomer units were found to
comprise 95% of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid unit and 5% of
3-hydroxybutyric acid unit.
[0747] The results indicate that one of the embodiments of the
present invention gives the PHA containing a very high proportion
of the 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid unit in a high yield.
Example 29
[0748] (Production of poly-3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric Acid by Strain
H45)
[0749] A colony of strain H45 grown on M9 agar medium containing
0.1% of NA was inoculated in 4 types of media (each 200 mL), (1) M9
liquid medium containing 0.5% of YE and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric
acid, (2) M9 liquid medium containing 0.5% of sodium glutamate
(Kishida Kagaku, hereinafter referred to as SG) and 0.1% of
5-phenylvaleric acid, (3) M9 liquid medium containing 0.5% of CA
and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, and (4) M9 liquid medium
containing 0.5% of PP and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, and
cultured at 30.degree. C. for 28 hours. The cells were recovered
from each medium by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
and lyophilized.
[0750] The lyophilized pellets from each medium were weighed and
suspended in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55.degree. C. for
20 hours, to extract the PHA. Each extract solution was filtered
through a membrane having a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m and
concentrated by a evaporator. The concentrated solution was
reprecipitated in cold methanol, to obtain the polymer, which was
dried under a vacuum at room temperature and weighed. The yield
results are given in Table 31.
[0751] The PHA composition thus prepared was analyzed in a manner
similar to that in EXAMPLE 26. The PHA was found to be essentially
the homopolymer of 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid.
[0752] The results indicate that one of the embodiments of the
present invention gives the PHA containing a very high proportion
of the 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid unit in a high yield.
Example 30
[0753] (Production of poly-3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric Acid by Strain
P161)
[0754] A colony of strain P161 grown on M9 agar medium containing
0.1% of NA was inoculated in 4 types of media (each 200 mL), (1) M9
liquid medium containing 0.5% of YE and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric
acid, (2) M9 liquid medium containing 0.5% of SG and 0.1% of
5-phenylvaleric acid, (3) M9 liquid medium containing 0.5% of BE
and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, and (4) M9 liquid medium
containing 0.5% of PP and 0.1% of 5-phenylvaleric acid, and
cultured at 30.degree. C. for 24 hours. The cells were recovered
from each medium by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
and lyophilized.
[0755] The lyophilized pellets from each medium were weighed and
suspended in 100 mL of chloroform, and stirred at 55.degree. C. for
20 hours, to extract the PHA. Each extract solution was filtered
through a membrane having a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m and
concentrated by a evaporator. The concentrated solution was
reprecipitated in cold methanol, to obtain the polymer, which was
dried under a vacuum at room temperature and weighed. The yield
results are given in Table 32.
[0756] The PHA composition thus prepared was analyzed in a manner
similar to that in EXAMPLE 26. The PHA monomer units were found to
comprise 97% of 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid unit and 3% of
3-hydroxybutyric acid unit.
[0757] The results indicate that one of the embodiments of the
present invention gives the PHA containing a very high proportion
of the 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid unit in a high yield.
Example 31
[0758] Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 was shake-cultured in 10 mL
of M9 medium containing 0.5% of D-glucose under the conditions of
30.degree. C. and 125 strokes/min for 72 hours, and 2 mL of the
culture was transferred for further shake-culture in 200 mL of M9
medium containing 0.5% of D-glucose and 0.1% of NO.sub.2PxBA under
the conditions of 30.degree. C. and 125 strokes/min for another 72
hours. The cells were recovered by centrifugation, and resuspended
in 200 mL of M9 medium, containing 0.5% of D-glucose and 0.1% of
NO.sub.2PxBA but no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), where they were
further shake-cultured under the conditions of 30.degree. C. and
125 strokes/min for 48 hours. The cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, and
lyophilized.
[0759] The lyophilized pellets were suspended in 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours, to extract
the PHA. The extract solution was filtered through a membrane
having a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m and concentrated by a rotary
evaporator. The concentrated solution was reprecipitated in cold
methanol, and the precipitate only was recovered and dried under a
vacuum, to obtain the PHA.
[0760] The PHA thus prepared was analyzed by NMR under the
following conditions:
[0761] <Analyzer>
[0762] FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400
[0763] Resonance frequency: .sup.1H=400 MHz
[0764] <Analysis Conditions>
[0765] Nuclide to be analyzed: .sup.1H
[0766] Solvent: CDCl.sub.3
[0767] Reference: TMS/CDCl.sub.3 sealed in a capillary
[0768] Temperature: room temperature
[0769] FIG. 14 shows the .sup.1H-NMR spectral patterns, Table 33
the results of identification of the patterns, and Table 34 the
composition of the monomer units of
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid. As shown in Table 33, the
PHA is the one represented by the chemical formula (45), containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid as the monomer unit.
63
[0770] The PHA thus prepared was subjected to methanolysis by the
normal procedure, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, based on the EI method), to
identify the methyl-esterified product of the PHA monomer units,
other than 3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid. The results
are given in Table 34.
[0771] The PHA had a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 81,900
and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 226,200, as determined
by a gel permeation chromatograph (GPC; Toso HLC-8020, column:
Polymer Laboratory's PLgel MIXED-C(5 .mu.m), solvent: chloroform,
as polystyrene).
Example 32
[0772] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 were inoculated
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1%
NO.sub.2PxBA, and shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
stroke/min. After 45 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% D-glucose, 0.1% NO.sub.2PxBA and nitrogen
(NH.sub.4Cl)-free, and further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at
125 stroke/min. After 48 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0773] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by a
rotating evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with
cold methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered
and vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0774] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 31. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitorophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 35.
[0775] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 35.
Example 33
[0776] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 were inoculated
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% Polypeptone and
0.1% NO.sub.2PxBA, and shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
stroke/min. After 21 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% sodium pyruvate, 0.1% NO.sub.2PxBA and nitrogen
(NH.sub.4Cl)-free, and further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at
125 stroke/min. After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0777] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0778] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 31. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitorophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 36.
[0779] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 36.
Example 34
[0780] First, cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 were
inoculated into 10 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5%
D-glucose and shake-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min,
and then 2 mL of the culture was added into 200 mL of M9 culture
medium containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1% CNPxBA, and shake
cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. 48 hours later, the
cells were recovered by centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL
of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% D-glucose, 0.1% CNPxBA and
nitrogen (NH.sub.4Cl)-free, and further shake cultured at
30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. 47 hours later, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and
lyophilized.
[0781] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0782] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis on the
following conditions.
[0783] <Measuring Apparatus>
[0784] FT-NMR: Bruker DPX 400
[0785] Resonance frequency: .sup.1H=400 MHz
[0786] <Measuring Condition>
[0787] Measuring nuclide: .sup.1H.
[0788] Measuring solvent: CDCl.sub.3
[0789] Reference: capillary inclusion TMS/CDCl.sub.3
[0790] Measuring temperature: room temperature
[0791] FIG. 15 illustrates .sup.1H-NMR spectra, Table 37 shows
their corresponding results, and Table 38 shows the ratio of
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid monomer unit contained in
PHA. As shown in the Table 37, it was confirmed that the PHA was
the PHA expressed by the chemical formula (46) containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophe- noxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit.
64
[0792] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 38.
[0793] Moreover, the molecular weight of the PHA was evaluated by
gel permeation chromatography (GPC; Toso HLC-8020, column; Polymer
Laboratory PL gel MIXED-C (5 .mu.m), solvent; (chloroform,
polystyrene reduced) to obtain Mn=58200 and Mw=108100.
Example 35
[0794] First, cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain H45 were
inoculated into 10 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5%
D-glucose and shake-cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min,
and then 2 mL of the culture were added into 200 mL of M9 culture
medium containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1% CNPxBA, and shake
cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. 48 hours later, the
cells were recovered by centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL
of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% D-glucose, 0.1% CNPxBA and
nitrogen (NH.sub.4Cl)-free, and further shake cultured at
30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. 47 hours later, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and
lyophilized.
[0795] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0796] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 34. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 39.
[0797] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 39.
Example 36
[0798] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 were inoculated
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1%
CNPxBA, and shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min.
After 48 hours, the cells were recovered by centrifugation and
re-suspended into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5%
D-glucose, 0.1% CNPxBA and nitrogen (NH.sub.4Cl)-free, and further
shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. After 48 hours,
the cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol and lyophilized.
[0799] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0800] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 34. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 40.
[0801] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 40.
Example 37
[0802] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain H45 were inoculated
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1%
CNPxBA, and shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min.
After 48 hours, the cells were recovered by centrifugation and
re-suspended into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5%
D-glucose, 0.1% CNPxBA and nitrogen (NH.sub.4Cl)-free, and further
shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. After 48 hours,
the cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol and lyophilized.
[0803] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0804] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 34. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 41.
[0805] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 41.
Example 38
[0806] Cells of Pseudomonas Cichorii strain YN2 were inoculated
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% polypeptone and
0.1% CNPxBA and cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125
stroke/min. After 23 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% sodium pyruvate, 0.1% CNPxBA but no nitrogen source
(NH.sub.4Cl), and further cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
stroke/min. After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0807] The lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0808] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 34. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 42.
[0809] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 42.
Example 39
[0810]
[0811] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain H45 were inoculated
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% polypeptone and
0.1% CNPxBA, and cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125
stroke/min. After 23 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% Sodium pyruvate, 0.1% CNPxBA but no nitrogen source
(NH.sub.4Cl), and further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
stroke/min. After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0812] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0813] The resulting PHA was determined by NMR analysis under the
condition shown in the Example 34. As a result, it was confirmed
that the PHA was the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid as a monomer unit, as
shown in Table 43.
[0814] Further, the resulting PHA was done methanolysis according
to the conventional method, and then analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI
method) to identify methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit
and identify monomer unit other than
3-hydroxy-4-(4-cyanophenoxy)butyric acid. The result was shown in
the Table 43.
Example 40
[0815] (Synthesis of 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric Acid)
[0816] A new compound, 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid was prepared
by the synthetic method mentioned below.
[0817] Into a round-bottom flask with four opening was put 240 mL
of dehydrated acetone, added 15.2 g (0.11 mol) of potassium
carbonate, and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere. Into this
solution were added 9.0 g (0.06 mol) of sodium iodide and 7.9 g
(0.07 mol) of 4-fluorophenol, and thoroughly stirred at room
temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. 11.7 g (0.06 mol) of
4-bromoethyl butyrate was then added, and heat refluxed at
65.degree. C. for 24 hours.
[0818] After aforesaid reaction was completed, the solvent acetone
was removed by rotating evaporator, and its residue was
re-dissolved in chloroform. Water was added for phase separation,
and the organic layer was collected. After the organic layer was
dehydrated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, chloroform was removed
by rotating evaporator. Then, it was dried by a vacuum pump to
provide 14.0 g of crude 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl butyrate (gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer: GC-MS Shimadzu QP-5050, GC-MS peak
ratio purity: 65.2% with EI method). Without purifying the
resulting crude 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl butyrate, it was used in
the following ester hydrolytic reaction.
[0819] The resulting crude 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl butyrate was
dissolved in 300 mL of ethanol-water (1:9 (V/V)) mixed solution,
and approximately ten-fold molar equivalent weight of potassium
hydroxide was added to react for four hours under ice cooling (at 0
to 4.degree. C.). This cocktail was poured into 3 L of 0.1 mol/L
hydrochloric acid to precipitate. Precipitates were filtrated,
separated, and dried by vacuum pump to provide crude
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid.
[0820] The resulting crude 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid
(precipitate) was dissolved in a small amount of hot methanol, and
gradually cooled to recrystallize. Filtrated recrystallization
materials were dried by vacuum pump to provide objective compound,
4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid. In this series of processes, the
resulting 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid was 52.7% in yield based
on the raw material 4-bromoethylbutyrate.
[0821] In order to verify that the resulting compound was the
objective 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid, NMR analysis was carried
out by the following measuring apparatus under measuring condition
to identify the structure.
[0822] <Measuring Apparatus>
[0823] FT-NMR: Bruker DPX 400
[0824] <Measuring Condition>
[0825] Resonance frequency: .sup.1H 400 MHz
[0826] .sup.13C 100 MHz
[0827] Measuring nuclide: .sup.1H, .sup.13C
[0828] Used solvent: CDCl.sub.3
[0829] Reference: capillary inclusion TMS/CDCl.sub.3
[0830] Measuring temperature: room temperature
[0831] Determined .sup.1H-NMR spectra chart and .sup.13C-NMR
spectra chart were illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17, respectively.
Table 44 and 45 show analytical (corresponding) result of each
signal for NMR spectra illustrated in the FIGS. 16 and 17. This
analytical (corresponding) result confirmed that the resulting
compound was the objective 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid.
Example 41
[0832] First, cells of Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 (FERM
BP-7375) were inoculated into 10 mL of M9 culture medium containing
0.5% D-glucose, and shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125
stroke/min for 72 hours. Then 2 mL of the culture was added into
200 mL of M9 culture medium (no inorganic nitrogen source,
NH.sub.4Cl) containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1% pFPxBA, and
continuously shake cultured at 125 stroke/min. After 45 hours, the
cells were recovered by centrifugation and re-suspended into 200 mL
of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1% pFPxBA, and
further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 stroke/min. After 46
hours, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0833] This lyophilized pellet was suspended into 20 mL of
chloroform, and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract
PHA. After the extracts were filtrated through a membrane filter
with a pore size of 0.45 .mu.m, they were concentrated by rotating
evaporator, and the concentrates were re-precipitated with cold
methanol, and further the precipitates alone were recovered and
vacuum dried to provide PHA.
[0834] The resulting PHA was done methanolysis according to the
conventional method, and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify
methylesterified materials of PHA monomer unit. FIG. 18 illustrates
measured GC-MS spectra data, and the upper chart shows GC spectrum,
and the lower chart shows an MS spectrum corresponding to the main
peak on the GC spectrum. This result shows that the resulting PHA
contains 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid (3HpFPxB) as a
main component of monomer unit, in addition it also contains a
small amount of six kinds of monomer units, and can be represented
by the following chemical formula (47). 65
[0835] Furthermore, the molecular weight of the PHA was determined
by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; Toso.HLC-8020, column;
Polymer laboratory.PL gel.MIX ED-C.5 .mu.m, solvent; chloroform,
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[0836] Identification result, average molecular weight, as well as
yield of lyophilized pellet and recovered polymer are shown in
Table 46. It shows that the resulting PHA is the PHA containing
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid (3HpFPxB) as a monomer
unit. Further, it is likely that the extracted PHA includes 3HpFPxB
unit as a major component, however, it is the mixture containing
more than one kind of component as a monomer unit selected from the
group consisting of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydorxyhexanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, 3-hydroxydodecanoic
acid, 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid. Estimated average molecular weight
was Mn=42400 for number-average molecular weight, on the other
hand, Mw=90600 for weight-average molecular weight.
[0837] This PHA was also determined by NMR analysis with the same
measuring apparatus and same measuring condition as shown in the
Example 40. The measured .sup.1H-NMR spectra chart is shown in FIG.
19. Table 47 shows the analytical (corresponding) result of each
signal for major peak for NMR spectra illustrated in the FIG. 19.
This analytical (corresponding) result confirmed that the resulting
PHA contained 3HpFPxB unit as a major component.
Example 42
[0838] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii H45; FERM BP-7374 were
inoculated in 10 mL of M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5%, and was
shake-cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. for 72 hours.
Then 2 ml of the culture was transferred into 200 ml of M9 medium
containing 0.5% D-glucose and 0.1% pFPxBA, and further shake
cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 45 hours,
cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and re-suspended
in M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1%, but not
containing inorganic nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and further
cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 46 hours, cells
were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol
and lyophilized.
[0839] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0840] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 48, result of identification, and,
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA with
3HpFPxB as a monomer unit. The extracted PHA mainly consists of
3HpFPxB as a main component, and is considered to be a mixture
containing more than one of compounds selected from the group
consisting of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, 3-hydroxydodecanoic
acid and 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid, as a monomer unit.
Example 43
[0841] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii YN2 were inoculated in 200 ml
M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1% and was shake
cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 96 hours, the
cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and re-suspended
in 200 ml of M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1%
but not containing an inorganic nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), and
further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After
64 hours, cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0842] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0843] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 49, result of identification, and
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA with
3HpFPxB as a major monomer unit.
Example 44
[0844] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii H45 were inoculated in M9
medium 200 mL containing D-glucose 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1% and was
shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 96 hours,
cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and re-suspended
in M9 medium not containing inorganic nitrogen source NH.sub.4Cl,
containing D-glucose 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1% (200 ml), then further
shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 64 hours,
cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol and lyophilized.
[0845] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter of pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0846] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 50, result of identification, and,
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA with
3HpFPxB as a major monomer unit.
Example 45
[0847] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii YN2 were inoculated in 200 ml
of M9 medium containing polypeptone 0.5.sctn.and pFPxBA 0.1% and
was shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 24
hours, cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and
re-suspended in 200 ml of M9 medium containing sodium pyruvate 0.5%
and pFPxBA 0.1%, but not containing inorganic nitrogen source
NH.sub.4Cl, and further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0848] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter (pore size 0.45 .mu.m),
concentrated by rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0849] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 51, result of identification, weight
obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the recovered
polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA with 3HpFPxB as
a major monomer unit.
Example 46
[0850] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii H45 were inoculated in 200 ml
of M9 medium containing polypeptone 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1% and was
shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours,
the cells were recovered by centrifugation, and re-suspended in 200
ml of M9 medium not containing inorganic nitrogen source
NH.sub.4Cl, and containing sodium pyruvate 0.5% and pFPxBA 0.1%,
then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min.
After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed
once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0851] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 um,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0852] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 52, result of identification, and,
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA with
3HpFPxB as a major monomer unit.
Example 47
[0853] (Synthesis of 4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric Acid)
[0854] Novel compound 4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid was prepared
by the following synthetic method.
[0855] Dehydrated acetone 240 mL was poured in a four-neck
round-bottom flask, and potassium carbonate 15.2 g (0.11 mol) was
added thereto, then stirred under nitrogen atmosphere. Sodium
iodide 9.0 g (0.06 mol) and 3-fluorophenol 7.9 g (0.07 mol) were
added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred sufficiently at
room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then ethyl
4-bromobutyrate 11.7 g (0.06 mol) and refluxed at 65.degree. C. for
24 hours.
[0856] After completed the above reaction, solvent acetone was
distilled off using rotary evaporator, and the residue was
dissolved in chloroform. Water was added therein for separation and
the organic layer was collected. The organic layer was dehydrated
by adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate and the chloroform was
distilled off by using rotary evaporator. Further, the residue was
dried in vacuo using vacuum pump to obtain crude ethyl
4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyrate 14 g (purification 87.9%, GC-MS peak
ratio, determined by EI method using gas chromatography-mass
spectrograph: GC-MS Shimadzu QP-5050). The thus obtained crude
ethyl 4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyrate was used subsequent ester
hydrolysis without purification.
[0857] The thus obtained crude ester 3.0 g was dissolved in a
mixture of ethanol-water [1:9 (V/V)] 100 mL, to which about 10-fold
excess molar equivalent of potassium hydroxide was added, and the
mixture was reacted at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction
mixture was poured into about 200 mL of 0.1 mol/l aqueous
hydrochloric acid to precipitate. The precipitate was filtered,
separated and dried in vacuo under the vacuum pump to obtain crude
4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyric acid.
[0858] The thus obtained crude 4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyric acid
(precipitate) was dissolved in a small amount of hot methanol and
gradually cooled for recrystallization. Filtered recrystallized
product was dried using vacuum pump to obtain 4-(3-fluorophenoxy)
butyric acid.
[0859] The yield of 4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyric acid obtained from
crude ester 3.0 g was 2.4 g. Consequently, total yield in the whole
process based on the raw material ethyl 4-bromobutyrate is
93.2%.
[0860] For verification of the objective compound.
4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyric acid, structure of the obtained
compound was identified by NMR using following measuring apparatus
and conditions.
[0861] <Measuring Apparatus>
[0862] FT-NMR: Bruker DPX400
[0863] <Measuring Condition>
[0864] Resonance frequency: .sup.1H 400 MHZ
[0865] .sup.13C 100 MHZ
[0866] Measuring nuclide: .sup.1H and .sup.13C
[0867] Solvent used: CDCl.sub.3
[0868] Reference: Capillary sealed TMS/CDCl.sub.3
[0869] Measuring temperature: room temperature
[0870] .sup.1H-NMR spectrum and .sup.13C-NMR spectrum are shown in
FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, respectively. In Table 53 and Table 54,
results of analyses (assignments) of respective signals of NMR
spectra, which are shown in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, are shown.
According to the result of analysis (assignment), the obtained
compound is confirmed to be the objective compound
4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyric acid.
Example 48
[0871] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii YN2; FERM BP-7375 were
inoculated in 10 mL of M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and
shake cultured at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min for 72 hours.
Then 2 mL of the culture was transferred into 200 ml of M9 medium
containing D-glucose 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% and shake cultured at 125
strokes/min. After 45 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and re-suspended in 200 ml of M9 medium containing
D-glucose 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% but not containing inorganic
nitrogen source NH.sub.4Cl, and further shake cultured at
30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 47 hours, cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and
lyophilized.
[0872] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0873] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In FIG. 22, measured GC-MS spectrum data is
shown. Upper part of FIG. 22 indicates GC spectrum, and the lower
part indicates MS spectrum corresponding to main peaks on the above
GC spectrum. As a result, the thus obtained PHA is the PHA, which
contains 3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy- ) butyric acid (3HmFPxB) as
a major monomer unit as well as small amount of 6 types of monomer
units, and the compound can be illustrated as the following
chemical structure (48). 66
[0874] Molecular weight of PHA was measured by using gel-permeation
chromatography (GPC: Toso HLC-8020; Column: Polymer Laboratory
PLgel MIX ED-C, 5 .mu.m; Solvent: chloroform: Molecular weight:
reduced value for polystyrene).
[0875] In Table 55, result of identification, average molecular
weight, and weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and
the recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA,
which contains 3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy) butyric acid (3HmFPxB)
as a monomer unit. The extracted PHA mainly consists of 3HmFPxB
unit as a main component, and is considered to be a mixture
containing more than one of compounds selected from the group
consisting of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, 3-hydroxydodecanoic
acid and 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid, as a monomer unit. The evaluated
average molecular weight is: number average molecular weight
Mn=34500 and weight-average molecular weight Mw=75200.
[0876] NMR analysis of the PHA was performed by the same procedures
using same measuring apparatus and measuring conditions as
described in example 47. Measured .sup.1H-NMR spectrum is shown in
FIG. 23. In Table 56, result of analysis (assignment) of major peak
signals of NMR spectrum in FIG. 23 is shown. According to the
result of analysis (assignment), the obtained compound is confirmed
to have 3HmFPxB unit as a major component.
Example 49
[0877] Cells of Pseudomonas cichorii H45; FERM BP-7374 were
inoculated in 10 mL of M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and was
cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min for 72
hours. Then 2 mL of the culture was transferred into 200 mL of M9
medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% and shake cultured
at 30.degree. C. at 125 strokes/min. After 45 hours, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, and were re-suspended in 200 mL of M9
medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% but not containing
inorganic nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), then further shake cultured
at 30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 47 hours, cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and
lyophilized.
[0878] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0879] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 57, result of identification, and
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA,
which contains 3HmFPxB as a monomer unit. The extracted PHA mainly
consists of 3HmFPxB unit as a main component, and is considered to
be a mixture containing more than one of compounds selected from
the group consisting of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyhexanoic
acid, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, and
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid, as a monomer unit.
Example 50
[0880] Pseudomonas cichorii H45 was inoculated in 200 ml of M9
medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% and was cultured
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 96 hours,
cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and re-suspended
in M9 medium containing D-glucose 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% but not
containing the inorganic nitrogen source NH.sub.4Cl, then further
shake cultured at 30.degree. C., 125 strokes/min. After 64 hours,
cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol and lyophilized.
[0881] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0882] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 58, result of identification, and
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA
containing 3HmFPxB as a major monomer unit.
Example 51
[0883] Pseudomonas cichorii YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9
medium containing polypeptone 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% and was cultured
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours,
cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and re-suspended
in 200 ml of M9 medium containing sodium pyruvate 0.5% and mFPxBA
0.1% but not containing the inorganic nitrogen source NH.sub.4Cl,
then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C., 125 strokes/min.
After 24 hours, bacterial cells were recovered by centrifugation,
washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0884] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0885] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 59, result of identification, and
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA
containing 3HmFPxB as a major monomer unit.
Example 52
[0886] Pseudomonas cichorii H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9
medium containing polypeptone 0.5% and mFPxBA 0.1% and was cultured
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours,
cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and were
re-suspended in 200 mL of M9 medium containing sodium pyruvate 0.5%
and mFPxBA 0.1% but not containing inorganic nitrogen source
NH.sub.4Cl, then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C., 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0887] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 20 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0888] The thus obtained PHA was subjected to methanolysis, and the
product was analyzed using gas-chromatography mass spectrograph
(GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050, EI method) to identify methyl esterified
PHA monomer units. In Table 60, result of identification, and
weight obtained and yield of the lyophilized pellet and the
recovered polymer are shown. The thus obtained PHA is the PHA
containing 3HmFPxB as a major monomer unit.
Example 53
[0889] <Production of PHA Containing HFPxV Unit by Strain YN2
(One Step Culture using Polypeptone)>
[0890] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals Co.) 0.5% and
5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid (FPxVA) 0.1% and was cultured at
30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 27 hours,
cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol, lyophilized and were weighed.
[0891] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0892] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0893] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
molecular weight and analytical result of the monomer unit are
shown in Table 61. Ratio of monomer unit was calculated by area
ratio of GC-MS total ion chromatogram (TIC). Mass spectra obtained
by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid methyl ester are shown
in FIG. 24 and FIG. 25.
[0894] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid unit can be produced by
the strain YN2 with a substrate 5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric
acid.
Example 54
[0895] <Production of PHA Containing HFPV Unit by Strain YN2
(One Step Culture using Polypeptone)>
[0896] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals Co.) 0.5% and
5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid (FPVA) 0.1% and was cultured at
30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 27 hours, the
cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol, lyophilized and weighed.
[0897] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0898] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0899] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
molecular weight and analytical result of the monomer unit are
shown in Table 62. Ratio of monomer unit was calculated by area
ratio of GC-MS total ion chromatogram (TIC). Mass spectra obtained
by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 26 and FIG. 27.
[0900] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid unit can be produced by
the strain YN2 with a substrate 5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric
acid.
Example 55
[0901] <Production of PHA Containing HFPxV Unit by Strain YN2
(Two Step Culture using Glucose)>
[0902] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and 5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid
(FPxVA) 0.1% and was cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cultured cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and were re-suspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and FPxBA 0.1% but not containing nitrogen
source (NH.sub.4Cl), then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C.,
125 strokes/min. After 62 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0903] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0904] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0905] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v) The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (CC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 63.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid (3HFPxV) methyl ester
obtained by GC-MS measurement are shown in FIG. 28 to FIG. 30.
[0906] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid (3HFPxV) unit can be
produced by the strain YN2 with a substrate 5-(4-fluorophenoxy)
valeric acid.
Example 56
[0907] <Production of PHA Containing HFPV Unit by Strain YN2
(Two Step Culture using Glucose)>
[0908] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and 5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid (FPVA)
0.1% and was cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cultured cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and were re-suspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and FPxVA 0.1% but not containing the
nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl), then further shake cultured at
30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 62 hours, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and
lyophilized.
[0909] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0910] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0911] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 64.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid (3HFPV) methyl ester
obtained by GC-MS measurement are shown in FIG. 31 to FIG. 33.
[0912] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid (3HFPV) unit can be
produced by the strain YN2 with a substrate 5-(4-fluorophenyl)
valeric acid.
Example 57
[0913] <Production of PHA Containing HFPV Unit and HFPxV Unit by
Strain YN2 (Two Step Culture using Glucose)>
[0914] Two M9 media containing glucose 0.5% and 5-(4-fluorophenyl)
valeric acid (FPVA) 0.1%, and containing glucose 0.5% and
5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid (FPXVA) 0.1% were prepared
respectively. Cells of strain YN2 were inoculated in 200 mL of each
M9 medium, and cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125
strokes/min. After 94 hours, the cultured cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and the cells of these two cultures were
re-suspended together in 200 mL of M9 medium containing glucose
0.5%, FPVA 0.1% and FPxVA 0.1% but not containing nitrogen source
(NH.sub.4Cl), then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C., 125
strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol and lyophilized.
[0915] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hours to extract PHA. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain PHA by
vacuum drying.
[0916] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0917] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 65.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid (3HFPV) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid (3HFPxV) methyl ester
obtained by GC-MS measurement are shown in FIG. 34 to FIG. 37.
[0918] Results indicate that PHA copolymer containing
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl) valeric acid (3HFPV) unit and
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid (3HFPxV) unit can be
produced by the strain YN2 with a substrate 5-(4-fluorophenyl)
valeric acid and 5-(4-fluorophenoxy) valeric acid.
Example 58
[0919] <Production of PHA Containing HPxN Unit, HPxHp Unit and
HPxV Unit by Strain YN2 (One Step Culture using
Polypeptone)>
[0920] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals Co.) 0.5% and
11-phenoxyundecanoic acid (PxUDA) 0.1% and was cultured at
30.degree. C. with shaking 125 strokes/min. After 64 hours, the
cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol, lyophilized and weighed.
[0921] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in acetone 100 mL, and
stirred at room temperature (23.degree. C.) for 72 hours to extract
polymer. The extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size
0.45 .mu.m, concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the
concentrate with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to
obtain the polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0922] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0923] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 66.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 38 to FIG. 43.
[0924] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxy valeric acid (3HPxV),
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) can be produced by strain
YN2 with a substrate 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid.
Example 59
[0925] <Production of PHA Containing HPxN Unit, HPxHp Unit and
HPxV Unit by Strain YN2 (Two Steps Culture using Glucose)>
[0926] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid (PxUDA) 0.1%
and was cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min.
After 64 hours, the cultured cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and were re-suspended in woo mL of M9 medium 200 mL
containing glucose 0.5% and PxUDA 0.1% but not containing nitrogen
source (NH.sub.4Cl), then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C.,
125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by
centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, lyophilized and
weighed.
[0927] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0928] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0929] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 67.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl ester,
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 44 to FIG. 52.
[0930] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV),
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) can be produced by the
strain YN2 with a substrate 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid.
Example 60
[0931] <Production of PHA Containing HPxN Unit, HPxHp Unit and
HPxV Unit by Strain H45 (Two Steps Culture using Glucose)>
[0932] Strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium containing
glucose 0.5% and 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid (PxUDA) 0.1% and was
cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 64
hours, the cultured cells were recovered by centrifugation, and
were re-suspended in 200 mL of M9 medium containing glucose 0.5%
and PxUDA 0.1% but not containing nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl),
then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C., 125 strokes/min.
After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed
once with cold methanol, lyophilized and weighed.
[0933] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0934] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0935] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 68.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl ester,
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 53 to FIG. 61.
[0936] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV),
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) and
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanoic acid (3HPxN) can be produced by the
strain H45 with a substrate 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid.
Example 61
[0937] <Production of PHA Containing HPxO unit, HPxHx Unit and
HPxB Unit by Strain YN2 (One Step Culture using
Polypeptone)>
[0938] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals-Co.) 0.5% and
8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (PxOA) 0.1% and was shake cultured at
30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0939] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0940] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0941] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 69.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB) methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 62 to FIG. 65.
[0942] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB),
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) can be produced by the
strain YN2 with a substrate 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid.
Example 62
[0943] <Production of PHA Containing HPxO Unit, HPxHx Unit and
HPxB Unit by Strain H45 (One Step Culture using
Polypeptone)>
[0944] The strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals Co.) 0.5% and
8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (PxOA) 0.1% and was shake cultured at
30.degree. C. in 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0945] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0946] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0947] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 70.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB) methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 66 to FIG. 69.
[0948] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB),
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) can be produced by the
strain H45 with a substrate 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid.
Example 63
[0949] <Production of PHA Containing HPxO Unit, HPxHx Unit and
HPxB Unit by Strain YN2 (Two Steps Culture using Glucose)>
[0950] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (PxOA) 0.1% and
was cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min.
After 48 hours, the cultured cells were recovered by
centrifugation, and were re-suspended in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and PxOA 0.1% but not containing nitrogen
source (NH.sub.4Cl), then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C.
in 125 strokes/min. After 24 hours, bacterial cells were recovered
by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, lyophilized and
were weighed.
[0951] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0952] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0953] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 71.
Mass spectra obtained by.GC-MS measurement of 3-hydroxybutyric acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl ester,
3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric
acid (3HPxB) methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid
(3HPxHx) methyl ester and 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO)
methyl ester are shown in FIG. 70 to FIG. 75.
[0954] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB),
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) can be produced by the
strain YN2 with a substrate 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid.
Example 64
[0955] <Production of PHA Containing HPxO Unit, HPxHx Unit and
HPxB Unit by Strain H45 (Two Steps Culture using Glucose)>
[0956] The strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing glucose 0.5% and 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (PxOA) 0.1% and
cultured at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 48
hours, cultured bacterial cells were recovered by centrifugation,
and were re-suspended in 200 mL of M9 medium containing glucose
0.5% and PxOA 0.1% but not containing nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl),
then further shake cultured at 30.degree. C., 125 strokes/min.
After 24 hours, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, washed
once with cold methanol, lyophilized and weighed.
[0957] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0958] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0959] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 72.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS measurement of 3-hydroxybutyric acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid methyl ester,
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoic
acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB) methyl
ester, 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) methyl ester are shown in
FIG. 76 to FIG. 84.
[0960] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing three units
of 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (3HPxB),
3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (3HPxHx) and
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (3HPxO) can be produced by the
strain H45 with a substrate 8-phenoxyoctanoic acid.
Example 65
[0961] <Production of PHA Containing HPxHp Unit and HPxV Unit by
Strain YN2 (One Step Culture using Polypeptone)>
[0962] The strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium
containing polypeptone (Wako Pure Chemicals Co.) 0.5% and
7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (PxHpA) 0.1% and was cultured at 30.degree.
C. with shaking at 125 strokes/min. After 64 hours, the cells were
recovered by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0963] The lyophilized pellet was suspended in chloroform 100 mL,
and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hours to extract polymer. The
extract was filtered using membrane filter, pore size 0.45 .mu.m,
concentrated using rotary evaporator, precipitated the concentrate
with cold methanol, and recovered the precipitate to obtain the
polymer by vacuum drying, then weighed as such.
[0964] Molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso, HLC-8020;
Column: Polymer Laboratory, PL-gel, MIXED-C 5 .mu.m; Solvent:
chloroform; Molecular weight: reduced value for polystyrene).
[0965] Unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed by the
following manner. The polymer sample 5 mg was poured into the 25 mL
round-neck flask, and chloroform 2 mL and 2 mL of methanol
containing sulfuric acid (3%, v/v). The mixture was refluxed at
100.degree. C. for 3.5 hours, further added water thereto for
separation. The organic layer was analyzed by means of
gas-chromatography mass spectrograph (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050,
Column: DB-WAXETR (J & W Inc.), EI method) to identify methyl
esterified PHA monomer unit. Yields of bacterial cells and polymer,
and analytical result of the monomer unit are shown in Table 73.
Mass spectra obtained by GC-MS of 3-hydroxybutyric acid methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid
methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) methyl ester
and 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) methyl ester are
shown in FIG. 85 to FIG. 89.
[0966] Result indicates that PHA copolymer containing two units of
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) can be produced by
strain YN2 with a substrate 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid.
Example 66
[0967] <Production of PHA Containing HPxHp Unit and HPxV Unit by
Using Strain H45 (Polypeptone, One-Step Culture)>
[0968] Strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 medium containing
0.5% polypeptone (Wako Jun-Yaku Kogyo available) and 0.1%
7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (PxHpA) and cultured with shaking at 125
strokes/min at 30.degree. C. After 64 hr, the cells were collected
by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol, lyophilized and
weighed.
[0969] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract the
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated by using a rotary evaporator
and the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol,
and the precipitate was collected, vacuum-dried and weight as the
polymer.
[0970] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[0971] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed by a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 74 shows
the yield of the cells and polymers and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 90 to 92 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) methyl ester,
respectively.
[0972] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing two units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) could be produced using
strain H45 and 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid as the substrate.
Example 67
[0973] <Production of PHA Containing HPxHp Unit and HPxV Unit by
Using Strain YN2 (Glucose, Two-Step Culture)>
[0974] Strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% glucose and 0.1% 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (PxHpA)
and cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After
64 hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% glucose and 0.1%
PxHpA and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured with
125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 24 hr, the cells
were collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0975] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated by using a rotary evaporator
and the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol,
and the precipitate was collected and vacuum-dried to obtain a
polymer, then this polymer was weighed.
[0976] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[0977] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify the
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 75 shows
the yield of the cells and polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 93 to 100 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyhexanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydecanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoate methyl ester,
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) methyl ester,
respectively.
[0978] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing two units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) could be produced using
strain YN2 and 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid as the substrate.
Example 68
[0979] <Production of PHA Containing HPxHp Unit and HPxV Unit by
Using Strain H45 (Glucose, Two-Step Culture)>
[0980] Strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% glucose and 0.1% 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (PxHpA)
and cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After
64 hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% glucose and 0.1%
PxHpA and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured with
125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 24 hr, the cells
were collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0981] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and
the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol, and
the precipitate was collected and vacuum-dried to obtain a polymer,
then this polymer was weighed.
[0982] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[0983] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 76 shows
the yield of the cells and polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 101 to 107 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement, of 3-hydroxyhexanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydodecanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoate
methyl ester, 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoate (3HPxHp) methyl ester,
respectively.
[0984] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing two units of 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) and
3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (3HPxHp) could be produced using
strain H45 with 7-phenoxyheptanoic acid as the substrate.
Example 69
[0985] <Production of PHA Containing PHPxV Unit by Using Strain
YN2 (Sodium Malate Two-Step Culture)>
[0986] Strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5* sodium malate and 0.1% 5-phenoxyvaleric acid (PxVA)
and cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After
60 hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended
into 200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% sodium malate and
0.1% PxVA and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured
with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 24 hr, the
cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold
methanol, lyophilized and weighed.
[0987] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated by using a rotary evaporator
and the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol,
further the precipitate alone was collected and vacuum-dried to
obtain a polymer, then this polymer was weighed.
[0988] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[0989] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 77 shows
the yield of the cells and polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 108 to 114 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement, of 3-hydroxybutyrate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyhexanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydecanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoate methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) methyl ester, respectively.
[0990] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) unit could be
produced using strain YN2 with 5-phenoxyvaleric acid as the
substrate.
Example 70
[0991] <Production of PHA Containing HPxV Unit by Using Strain
H45 (Sodium Malate Two-Step Culture)>
[0992] Strain H45 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture containing
0.5% sodium malate and 0.1% 5-phenoxyvaleric acid (PxVA) and
cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 60
hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended into
200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% sodium maleate and 0.1%
PxVA and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured with
125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 24 hr, the cells
were collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0993] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and
the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol, and
the precipitate was collected and vacuum-dried to obtain a polymer,
then this polymer was weighed.
[0994] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[0995] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 78 shows
the yield of the cells and. polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 115 to 120 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement, of 3-hydroxyhexanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydodecanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydodecenoate
methyl ester and 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvalerate (3HPxV) methyl ester,
respectively.
[0996] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (3HPxV) unit could be
produced using strain H45 with 5-phenoxyvaleric acid as the
substrate.
Example 71
[0997] <Production of PHA Containing HPV Unit by Using Strain
YN2 (Fructose Two-Step Culture)>
[0998] Strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% fructose and 0.1% 5-phenylvaleric acid (PVA) and
cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 120
hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended into
200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% fructose and 0.1% PxVA
and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured with 125
strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 50 hr, the cells were
collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[0999] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated by using a rotary evaporator
and the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol,
further the precipitate alone was collected and vacuum-dried to
obtain a polymer, then this polymer was weighed.
[1000] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[1001] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 79 shows
the yield of the cells and polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 121 to 123 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement of 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxydecanoate methyl ester and
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV) methyl ester, respectively.
[1002] From this result, it was revealed that a PHA copolymer
containing 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (3HPV) unit could be
produced using strain YN2 with 5-phenylvaleric acid as the
substrate.
Example 72
[1003] <Production of PHA Containing HPV Unit by Using Strain
YN2 (Mannose Two-Step Culture)>
[1004] Strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% mannose and 0.1% 5-phenylvaleric acid (PVA) and
cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 43
hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended into
200 mL of M9 culture medium containing 0.5% mannose and 0.1% PxVA
and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured with 125
strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 91 hr, the cells were
collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[1005] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and
the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol, and
the precipitate was collected and vacuum-dried to obtain a polymer,
then this polymer was weighed.
[1006] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured by
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[1007] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing.
3% (v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 80 shows
the yield of the cells and polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 124 and 125 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement, of 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl
ester and 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV) methyl ester,
respectively.
[1008] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (3HPV) unit could be
produced using strain YN2 with 5-phenylvaleric acid as the
substrate.
Example 73
[1009] <Production of PHA Containing HPV Unit by Using Strain
YN2 (Sodium Lactate Two-Step Culture)>
[1010] Strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of M9 culture medium
containing 0.5% sodium lactate and 0.1% 5-phenylvaleric acid (PVA)
and cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After
46 hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, re-suspended
into 200 mL of M9 culture containing 0.5% sodium lactate and 0.1%
PxVA and no nitrogen source (NH.sub.4Cl) and further cultured with
125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 28 hr, the cells
were collected by centrifugation, washed once with cold methanol,
lyophilized and weighed.
[1011] This lyophilized pellet was suspended in 100 mL of
chloroform and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 24 hr to extract
polymer. After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane
filter, the extract was concentrated by using a rotary evaporator
and the concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol,
and the precipitate was collected and vacuum-dried to obtain a
polymer, then this polymer was weighed.
[1012] The molecular weight of the obtained polymer was measured
using gel permeation chromatography (GPC: Toso/HLC-8020; column:
Polymer Laboratory/PL gel/MIXED-C/5 .mu.m; solvent: chloroform;
polystyrene reduced molecular weight).
[1013] The unit composition of the obtained polymer was analyzed as
follows: To 5 mg of a polymer sample put in a 25 mL volume round
bottom flask, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of methanol containing 3%
(v/v) sulfuric acid was added, the mixture was subjected to
100.degree. C. and 3.5 hr reflux and separated with a further
addition of water, then the organic layer was analyzed on a gas
chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; column:
DB-WAXETR (J & W Co. available); EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. Table 81 shows
the yield of the cells and polymer and the analyzed result of the
monomer unit. Besides, FIGS. 126 to 129 show the mass spectra,
obtained by the GC-MS measurement, of 3-hydroxybutyrate methyl
ester, 3-hydroxyoctanoate methyl ester, 3-hydroxydecanoate methyl
ester and 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV) methyl ester,
respectively.
[1014] From this result, it was revealed that PHA copolymer
containing 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (3HPV) unit could be
produced using strain YN2 with 5-phenylvaleric acid as the
substrate.
Example 74
[1015] <Production of PHA Containing HPxB Unit by Using Strain
YN2 (Disodium Malate Two-Step Culture)>
[1016] Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of
5 types of M9 culture media each containing 0.1%
4-phenoxy-n-butyric acid (PxBA) and one of 0.5% of disodium malate
semihydrate, L-sodium glutamate monohydrate, D(+)-glucose and
n-nonanoic acid and polypeptone (Nihon Seiyaku) respectively, and
cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at 30.degree. C. After 48
hr, the cells were collected by centrifugation, washed once with
cold methanol and vacuum-dried.
[1017] These five pellets were suspended in 20 mL of chloroform
separately and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 20 hr to extract PHA.
After filtered through a 0.45 .mu.m pore-size membrane filter, each
extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and the
concentrated solution was re-precipitated in cold methanol, and
each precipitate was collected and vacuum-dried to obtain PHA.
After subjected to methanolysis in accordance with the usual way,
the obtained PHAs were analyzed using a gas chromatograph--mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; EI method) to identify the
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. As a result,
in case of culturing with disodium malate as the growth carbon
source, as shown in Table 82, PHA having a high proportion of
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxy-n-butyric acid (3HPxB) unit, a desired monomer
unit derived from 4-phenoxy-n-butyric acid, was obtained at a high
yield. Furthermore, Table 83 shows the yield of the cells and
polymer and the composition of the polymer in the case of culture
using disodium malate.
Example 75
[1018] <Production of PHA Containing HPxB Unit by Using Strain
YN2 (Disodium Malate Two-Step Culture: Mass Culture)>
[1019] Pseudomonas cichorii strain YN2 was inoculated in 200 mL of
M9 culture medium containing 0.5% yeast extract (Oriental Yeast
Industries), and cultured with 125 strokes/min of shaking at
30.degree. C. as a seed culture. In a 10 L jar fermenter containing
5 L of M9 medium containing 0.5% of disodium malate semihydrate and
0.1% 4-phenoxy-n-butyric acid, 50 mL of seed cells was inoculated
and shake cultured at 30.degree. C. with 80 stroke/min under
aeration of 2.5 L/min. After 39 hr, the cells were collected by
centrifugation. This pellet was suspended in 120 mL of an approx.
1.7% sodium hypochlorite solution and shaken at 4.degree. C. for 2
hr to extract PHA. PHA was collected by centrifugation and dried to
obtain 56 mg of PHA per liter culture medium.
[1020] After subjected to methanolysis in accordance with the usual
way, the obtained PHA was analyzed using a gas chromatograph--mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, Shimadzu QP-5050; EI method) to identify a
methyl esterified substance of the PHA monomer unit. As a result,
the composition ratio (GC-MS, peak area ratio) of
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxy-n-butyr- ic acid unit, a desired monomer unit
derived from 4-phenoxy-n-butyric acid, was 99.7%.
2 TABLE 1 Weight of Weight of Carbon Source dry cell dry polymer
Yield (alkanoate) (mg/L) (mg/L) (%) 6-phenoxyhexanoic 950 100 10.5
acid 8-phenoxyoctanoic 820 90 11 acid 11-phenoxyundecanoic 150 15
10 acid
[1021]
3TABLE 2 NA:CHBA CDW PDW Yield Unit 5:5 756.0 89.1 11.8 NA, CHBA
1:9 132.8 19.3 14.5 NA, CHBA CDW: Cell (Dry Weight) PDW: Polymer
(Dry Weight) Yield: PDW/CDW (%)
[1022]
4TABLE 3 Chemical Shift/ppm type Assignment 1.67 m c, d 2.39 t b
2.62 t e 6.97 t h, j 7.12 t g, k 10.7 broad COOH
[1023]
5 TABLE 4 P. cichorii strain H45 Cell (Dry weight) 750 mg/L Polymer
(Dry weight) 400 mg/L Polymer (Dry weight)/Cell (Dry weight) 53%
Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 13% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 3%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 37% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid 47%
[1024]
6 TABLE 5 P. cichorii strain YN2 Cell (Dry weight) 850 mg/L Polymer
(Dry weight) 420 mg/L Polymer (Dry weight)/Cell (Dry weight) 49%
Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 1%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 15% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 2%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 68% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid 13%
[1025]
7 TABLE 6 P. putida P 91 strain Cell (Dry weight) 670 mg/L Polymer
(Dry weight) 51 mg/L Polymer (Dry weight)/Cell (Dry weight) 8%
Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 11% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 2%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 34% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid 52%
[1026]
8 TABLE 7 P. jessenii strain P161 Cell (Dry weight) 1200 mg/L
Polymer (Dry weight) 640 mg/L Polymer (Dry weight)/Cell (Dry
weight) 53% Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric
acid 1% 3-hydroxyvaleric acid 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 17% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 3%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 45% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid 33%
[1027]
9 TABLE 8 Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio) Purified PHA
3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic
acid 0% 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric acid 100%
[1028]
10TABLE 9 (Results of .sup.1H spectrometry) Resonance frequency:
400 MHz .delta. (ppm) Assignment 0.9 to 1.7 broad peak .fwdarw.
impurity 1.8 to 1.9 m:2H, --CH.sub.2 .fwdarw. d 2.4 to 2.6 m:4H,
--CH.sub.2 .times. 2 .fwdarw. b, e 5.2 to 5.3 m:1H, --OCH .fwdarw.
c 6.9 to 7.0 t:2H, proton at the ortho position of the F group
.fwdarw. h, j 7.1 t:2H, proton at the para position of the F group
.fwdarw. g, k 7.3 s:solvent (CDCl.sub.3) m:multiplet, t:triplet,
s:singlet
[1029]
11TABLE 10 (Results of .sup.13C spectrometry) Resonance frequency:
100 MHz .delta. (ppm) Assignment 31.0 --CH.sub.2 .fwdarw. d 35.9
--CH.sub.2 .fwdarw. e 39.4 --CH.sub.2 .fwdarw. b 70.5 --CH .fwdarw.
c 77.1 to 77.7 Solvent (CDCl.sub.3) 115.5, 115.7 --CH at the ortho
position of the F group .fwdarw. h, j 130.0 --CH at the meta
position of the F group .fwdarw. g, k 136.8 C at the para position
of the F group .fwdarw. f 160.5, 163.0 --C at the F substituent
position .fwdarw. i 169.6 carbonyl group --C.dbd.O .varies.3 a
[1030]
12TABLE 11 (Results of .sup.1H-NMR spectrum identification (see
FIG. 4)) Chemical Shift/ Integral/ ppm H type Identification 1.85 4
m c, d 2.46 2 t b 3.95 2 t e 6.83 2 m h, j 6.97 2 t g, k 10.15
broad OH m:multiple, t:triplet, d:doublet
[1031]
13TABLE 12 (Various microorganisms and the yields of produced PHA)
CDW(mg/L) PDW(mg/L) PDW/CDW(%) strain P91 650 50 7.7 (Example 8)
strain YN2 1 1250 755 60.4 (Example 9) strain P161 1150 680 59.1
(Example 10) strain H45 1150 600 52.2 (Example 11) strain YN2 2 500
240 48.0 (Example 12)
[1032]
14TABLE 13 (Molecular weight of PHA produced by each microorganism)
Mn (.times. 10.sup.4) Mw (.times. 10.sup.5) Mw/Mn strain P91 5.1
1.0 2.0 (Example 8) strain YN2 1 8.8 2.4 2.7 (Example 9) strain
P161 6.8 1.8 2.7 (Example 10) strain H45 8.8 2.2 2.5 (Example 11)
strain YN2 2 5.7 1.4 2.5 (Example 12)
[1033]
15TABLE 14 Dried cell Dried polymer Yield (mg/L) (mg/L)
(polymer/cell, %) 850 110 12.9
[1034]
16 TABLE 15 3-hydroxyvaleric acid 1.4% 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid
29.3% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 3.2% 3-hydroxynonanoic acid 64.6%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethyl- 1.5% phenyl)valeric acid
[1035]
17TABLE 16 Dried cell Dried polymer Yield (mg/L) (mg/L)
(polymer/cell, %) 720 29 4.0
[1036]
18 TABLE 17 3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0.6% 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid
21.5% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 4.0% 3-hydroxynonanoic acid 70.5%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 1.1% 3-hydroxy-5-(4-trifluoromethyl- 2.3%
phenyl)valeric acid
[1037]
19 TABLE 18 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1300 1000 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 945 570
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 73% 57% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 1%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 14% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 1% 2%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 70% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 2% 0%
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid 97% 12%
[1038]
20 TABLE 19 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 750 800 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 400 385
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 53% 48% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 14% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 76% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid 100% 10%
[1039]
21TABLE 20 Carbon Source for growth D-mannose D-fructose Cell (Dry
Weight) (mg/L) 780 760 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 452 418 Polymer
(Dry Weight)/ 58% 55% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit Composition
(area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0%
0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 2% 1% 3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid 98%
98%
[1040]
22TABLE 21 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1150 1180 Polymer (Dry Weight) 830 752 Polymer
(Dry Weight)/ 72% 64% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit Composition
(area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 2% 3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0%
1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 17%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 1% 3% 3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 44%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 3% 0% 3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid 96%
33%
[1041]
23TABLE 22 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1250 920 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 900 543
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 72% 59% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 11% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 1% 0%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 80% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 2% 0%
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric 97% 9% acid
[1042]
24TABLE 23 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1100 900 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 143 119
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 13% 13% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 2% 2%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1% 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 18% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 1% 3%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 48% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid 96% 28%
[1043]
25TABLE 24 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 685 440 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 137 263
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 20% 60% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 1%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 30% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 3% 4%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 62% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 4% 1%
3-hydrocyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 1% 1%
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid 92% 0%
[1044]
26TABLE 25 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 450 340 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 18 216
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 4% 64% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1% 0%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 28% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 5% 4%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 67% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 5% 0%
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 1% 0%
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid 88% 0%
[1045]
27TABLE 26 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 600 400 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 51 144
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 9% 36% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 3% 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1% 1%
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 26% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 9% 5%
3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 63% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 11% 2%
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid 76% 2%
[1046]
28TABLE 27 n-nonanoic Carbon Source for growth D-glucose acid Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1150 900 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 590 420
Polymer (Dry Weight)/ 51% 47% Cell (Dry Weight) Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 1% 0%
3-hydroxyvaleric acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid 0% 13%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 0% 5% 3-hydroxynonanoic acid 0% 69%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 10% 0% 3-hydroxyundecanoic acid 0% 0%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0% 0% 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid 89%
13%
[1047]
29 TABLE 28 CDW (mg/L) PDW (mg/L) Yield (%) (1) YE 1225 488 39.8
(2) BE 600 185 30.8 (3) CA 950 445 46.8 (4) PP 1200 755 62.9 CDW:
Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) PDW: Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) Yield:
PDW/CDW (%)
[1048]
30 TABLE 29 CDW (mg/L) PDW (mg/L) Yield (%) (1) YE 1100 225 20.5
(2) PP 1200 850 70.8 CDW: Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) PDW: Polymer
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) Yield: PDW/CDW (%)
[1049]
31 TABLE 30 CDW (mg/L) PDW (mg/L) Yield (%) (1) YE 1050 205 19.5
(2) PP 1000 345 34.5 CDW: Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) PDW: Polymer
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) Yield: PDW/CDW (%)
[1050]
32 TABLE 31 CDW (mg/L) PDW (mg/L) Yield (%) (1) YE 750 220 29.3 (2)
SG 700 260 37.1 (3) CA 900 340 37.7 (4) PP 1100 450 40.9 CDW: Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) PDW: Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) Yield: PDW/CDW
(%)
[1051]
33 TABLE 32 CDW (mg/L) PDW (mg/L) Yield (%) (1) YE 950 325 34.2 (2)
SG 750 240 32.0 (3) BE 450 130 28.9 (4) PP 1000 450 45.0 CDW: Cell
(Dry Weight) (mg/L) PDW: Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) Yield: PDW.CDW
(%)
[1052]
34TABLE 33 Identification results of the .sup.1H-NMR spectral
patterns (cf. FIG. 14) Chemical shift (ppm) Identification 2.80 b1
4.24 d1 5.50 c1 7.00 f1, j1 8.20 g1, l1
[1053]
35 TABLE 34 Cell (Dry Weight) 280 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 30 mg/L
Polymer (Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 10.7% Ratio of monomer unit
determined by NMR (mole ratio) 3HNO.sub.2PxB contained in PHA 3.3
mol % Fatty acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 9.3% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 12.2% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 15.7%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 15.7% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 12.9%
[1054]
36 TABLE 35 Cell (Dry Weight) 250 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 30 mg/L
Polymer (Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 12.0% Ratio of monomer unit
determined by NMR (mole ratio) 3HNO.sub.2PxB contained in PHA 4.3
mol % Fatty acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 1.3% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 12.6% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 38.8%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 22.7% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 24.6%
[1055]
37 TABLE 36 Cell (Dry Weight) 785 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 55 mg/L
Polymer (Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 7.0% Ratio of monomer unit
determined by NMR (mole ratio) 3HNO.sub.2PxB contained in PHA 3.8
mol % Fatty acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 2.9% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.5%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 12.1% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 40.0%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 14.7% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 28.8%
[1056]
38TABLE 37 Identification results of .sup.1H-NMR spectral patterns
(cf. FIG. 15) Chemical shift (ppm) Identification 2.79 b1 4.18 d1
5.51 c1 6.98 f1, j1 7.58 g1, l1
[1057]
39TABLE 38 PHA production by Pseudomonas cichorii YN2 Cell (Dry
Weight) 900 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 180 mg/L Polymer (Dry
Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 20.0% Ratio of monomer unit determined by
NMR (mole ratio) 3HCNPxBA contained in PHA 4.1 mol % Fatty
acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 9.3% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 12.2% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 47.9%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 15.7% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 12.9%
[1058]
40TABLE 39 PHA production by Pseudomonas cichorii H45 Cell (Dry
Weight) 775 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 150 mg/L Polymer (Dry
Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 19.4% Ratio of monomer unit determined by
NMR (mole ratio) 3HCNPxBA contained in PHA 3.2 mol % Fatty
acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 70.5% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 10.3% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 13.4%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 2.3% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 2.6%
[1059]
41TABLE 40 PHA production by Pseudomonas cichorii YN2 Cell (Dry
Weight) 930 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 200 mg/L Polymer (Dry
Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 21.5% Ratio of monomer unit determined by
NMR (mole ratio) 3HCNPxBA contained in PHA 4.5 mol % Fatty
acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 12.5% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 12.2% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 47.3%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 15.2% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 10.8%
[1060]
42TABLE 41 PHA production by Pseudomonas cichorii H45 Cell (Dry
Weight) 750 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 135 mg/L Polymer (Dry
Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 18.0% Ratio of monomer unit determined by
NMR (mole ratio) 3HCNPxBA contained in PHA 4.4 mol % Fatty
acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 25.0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.1%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 21.4% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 37.3%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 6.0% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 8.2%
[1061]
43TABLE 42 PHA production by Pseudomonas cichorii YN2 Cell (Dry
Weight) 1030 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 130 mg/L Polymer (Dry
Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 12.6% Ratio of monomer unit determined by
NMR (mole ratio) 3HCNPxBA contained in PHA 7.2 mol % Fatty
acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 7.3% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.9%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 14.3% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 48.2%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 12.8% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 15.5%
[1062]
44TABLE 43 PHA production by Pseudomonas cichorii H45 Cell (Dry
Weight) 695 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 55 mg/L Polymer (Dry
Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 7.9% Ratio of monomer unit determined by
NMR (mole ratio) 3HCNPxBA contained in PHA 2.6 mol % Fatty
acid-derived monomer unit composition (peak area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 2.3% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.7%
3-hydroxyoctaboic acid 19.5% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 52.1%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 10.3% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 14.1%
[1063]
45TABLE 44 .sup.1H-NMR Spectrum (cf. FIG. 16) Chemical shift
Integral (ppm) value type Identification 2.11 2H quint CH.sub.2 c
2.59 2H t CH.sub.2 b 3.97 2H t CH.sub.2 d 6.82 2H m g, i 6.95 2H m
f, j 8.00 to 13.00 1H br OH
[1064]
46TABLE 45 .sup.13C-NMR Spectrum (cf. FIG. 17) Chemical shift (ppm)
type Identification 24.21 s CH.sub.2 c 30.39 s CH.sub.2 b 66.96 s
CH.sub.2 d 115.23 & 115.31 d f, j or g, i 115.56 & 115.79 d
f, j or g, i 154.70 & 154.71 d e 155.97 & 158.33 d h 179.40
s C.dbd.O a
[1065]
47TABLE 46 PHA production containing 3HpFPxB unit by strain YN2
Cell (Dry Weight) 885 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 220 mg/L Polymer
(Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 24.9% Polymer Molecular Weight Mn =
42,400 Mw = 90,600 Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 1.8% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 5.4% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 10.4%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 2.9% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 5.9%
3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid 72.6%
[1066]
48TABLE 47 .sup.1H-NMR Spectrum (cf. FIG. 19) Chemical shift (ppm)
Identification 2.76 2H, CH.sub.2 b1 3.95 to 4.06 2H, CH.sub.2 d1
5.46 1H, CH c1 6.71 to 6.90 4H, --C.sub.6H.sub.4-- f1, g1, i1,
j1
[1067]
49TABLE 48 Production of PHA containing 3HpFPxB unit by culturing
strain H45 Cell (dry weight) 640 mg/L Polymer (dry weight) 90 mg/L
Polymer (dry weight)/Cell (dry weight) 14.0% Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 4.6%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.0% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 15.2%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 19.8% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 4.0%
3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 7.4% 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenyl)buty- ric
acid 47.0%
[1068]
50TABLE 49 Production of PHA containing 3HpFPxB unit by culturing
strain YN2 Cell (dry weight) 780 mg/L Polymer (dry weight) 200 mg/L
Polymer (dry weight)/Cell (dry weight) 25.6% Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0.3%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0.8% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 3.9%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 6.7% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 2.1%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 3.7% 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenyl)buty- ric
acid 82.5%
[1069]
51TABLE 50 Production of PHA containing 3HpFPxB unit by culturing
strain H45 Cell (dry weight) 590 mg/L Polymer (dry weight) 45 mg/L
Polymer (dry weight)/Cell (dry weight) 7.6% Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0.2%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.9% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 11.9%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 12.1% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 2.2%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 5.0% 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)but-
yric 66.7% acid
[1070]
52TABLE 51 Production of PHA containing 3HpFPxB unit by culturing
strain YN2 Cell (dry weight) 960 mg/L Polymer (dry weight) 155 mg/L
Polymer (dry weight)/Cell (dry weight) 16.1% Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0.5%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.0% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 8.9%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 23.4% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 7.0%
3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 14.2% 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)but-
yric 45.0% acid
[1071]
53TABLE 52 Production of PHA containing 3HpFPxB unit by culturing
strain H45 Cell (dry weight) 545 mg/L Polymer (dry weight) 30 mg/L
Polymer (dry weight)/Cell (dry weight) 5.5% Monomer Unit
Composition (area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 2.3%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.6% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 15.6%
3-hydroxydecanoic acid 36.9% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 8.7%
3-hydroxydedecenoic acid 12.9% 3-hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenyl)buty-
ric 22.0% acid
[1072]
54TABLE 53 .sup.1H-NMR Spectrum (cf. FIG. 20) Chemical Integral
shift (ppm) value type Identification 2.11 2H d, quint CH.sub.2 c
2.59 2H t CH.sub.2 b 3.97 2H t CH.sub.2 d 6.62 3H m h, i, j 7.21 1H
m f 10.62 1H br OH
[1073]
55TABLE 54 .sup.13C-NMR Spectrum (cf. FIG. 21) Chemical shift (ppm)
type Identification 24.1 s CH.sub.2 c 30.34 s CH.sub.2 b 66.62 s
CH.sub.2 d 101.23 & 102.19 d f 107.39 & 107.60 d h 110.08
& 110.11 d j 130.04 & 130.14 d i 159.92 & 160.03 d e
162.29 & 164.73 d g 179.19 s C.dbd.O a
[1074]
56TABLE 55 PHA production containing 3HmFPxB unit by strain YN2
Cell (Dry Weight) 745 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 80 mg/L Polymer
(Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 10.7% Polymer Molecular Weight Mn =
34,500 Mw = 75,200 Monomer Unit Composition (area ratio)
3-hydroxybutyric acid 1.2% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 6.5% 3-hydropxydecanoic acid 9.5%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 3.5% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 5.9%
3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric 72.5% acid
[1075]
57TABLE 56 .sup.1H-NMR Spectrum (cf. FIG. 23) Chemical shift (ppm)
Identification 2.75 2H, CH.sub.2 b1 4.00 2H, CH.sub.2 d1 5.48 1H,
CH c1 6.52 to 6.62 3H, h1, i1, j1 7.26 3H, f1
[1076]
58TABLE 57 PHA production containing 3HmFPxB unit by strain H45
Cell (Dry Weight) 630 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 45 mg/L Polymer
(Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 7.1% Monomer Unit Composition (area
ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 3.7% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.2%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 21.0% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 29.2%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 8.2% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 10.1%
3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric 25.6% acid
[1077]
59TABLE 58 PHA production containing 3HmFPxB unit by strain H45
Cell (Dry Weight) 515 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 40 mg/L Polymer
(Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 7.8% Monomer Unit Composition (area
ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 3.0% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 2.0%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 16.8% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 16.8%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 4.7% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 7.4%
3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric 49.3% acid
[1078]
60TABLE 59 PHA production containing 3HmFPxB unit by strain YN2
Cell (Dry Weight) 900 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 90 mg/L Polymer
(Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 10.0% Monomer Unit Composition (area
ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 20.1% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.5%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 9.8% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 15.5%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 5.5% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 9.7%
3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric 37.9% acid
[1079]
61TABLE 60 PHA production containing 3HmFPxB unit by strain H45
Cell (Dry Weight) 565 mg/L Polymer (Dry Weight) 25 mg/L Polymer
(Dry Weight)/Cell (Dry Weight) 4.4% Monomer Unit Composition (area
ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 4.2% 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 1.9%
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 17.8% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 38.0%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 9.5% 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid 13.8%
3-hydroxy-4-(3-fluorophenoxy)butyric acid 14.8%
[1080]
62 TABLE 61 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 665 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 105 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
1.6 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 3.7
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 75.2 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric
acid (%) 24.8
[1081]
63 TABLE 62 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1120 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 625 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) '3 10.sup.4 4.8
Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 9.9
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 17.4 3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeric
acid (%) 82.6
[1082]
64 TABLE 63 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 835 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 395 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
5.2 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 14.9
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 10.6 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 9.5
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valer- ic acid (%) 79.9
[1083]
65 TABLE 64 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1450 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4 6.0
Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 14.8
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 2.8 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 2.7
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valer- ic acid (%) 94.5
[1084]
66 TABLE 65 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1605 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4 4.6
Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 12.6
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 0.5 3-hydroxydecanoic caid (%) 0.4
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenyl)valeri- c acid (%) 90.0
3-hydroxy-5-(4-fluorophenoxy)valeric acid (%) 9.1
[1085]
67 TABLE 66 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1200 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 500 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
2.2 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 4.9
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 3.4 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 0.3
3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 0.5 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%)
34.1 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic (%) 51.1
3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanion- ic acid (%) 10.6
[1086]
68 TABLE 67 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1305 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 765 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
5.0 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 11.6
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 0.1 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (%) 0.3
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 3.0 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 5.2
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 1.6 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid (%) 2.0
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%) 40.7 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyhepta-
noic (%) 40.4 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonaionic acid (%) 6.7
[1087]
69 TABLE 68 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1085 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 585 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
4.0 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 8.9
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 0.4 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (%) 0.3
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 3.2 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 5.1
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 1.1 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid (%) 0.9
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%) 43.0 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyhepta-
noic (%) 43.9 3-hydroxy-9-phenoxynonanionic acid (%) 2.1
[1088]
70 TABLE 69 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1100 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 440 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
4.0 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 7.4
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 16.4 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (%)
13.4 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexan- oic acid (%) 67.9
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (%) 2.3
[1089]
71 TABLE 70 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 860 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 190 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
3.4 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 6.8
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 0.2 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (%)
5.1 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexano- ic acid (%) 82.9
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (%) 11.8
[1090]
72 TABLE 71 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1405 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 700 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
4.9 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 10.7
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 4.8 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 1.2
3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 0.5 3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (%)
7.8 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexanoic acid (%) 74.8
3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyocta- noic acid (%) 10.9
[1091]
73 TABLE 72 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1255 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 560 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
4.8 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 9.7
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 0.2 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (%) 0.1
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 0.9 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 0.9
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 0.1 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid (%) 0.2
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybutyric acid (%) 2.5 3-hydroxy-6-phenoxyhexano-
ic acid (%) 82.8 3-hydroxy-8-phenoxyoctanoic acid (%) 12.3
[1092]
74 TABLE 73 Cell *Dry Weight) (mg/L) 995 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 505 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
4.6 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 9.2
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 1.4 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 0.1
3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 0.2 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%)
29.7 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (%) 68.6
[1093]
75 TABLE 74 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 815 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 270 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
3.3 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 6.4
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 1.2 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%)
26.7 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyhepta- noic acid (%) 72.1
[1094]
76 TABLE 75 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1520 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 860 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
6.1 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 13.0
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 0.1 3-hydroxyhewxanoic acid (%) 0.4
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 3.5 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 4.1
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 1.1 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid (%) 3.1
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%) 55.0 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyhepta-
noic acid (%) 32.7
[1095]
77 TABLE 76 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1305 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 685 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
4.1 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 8.8
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (%) 0.1 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 1.3
3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 1.8 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 0.4
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 0.6 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid
(%) 36.1 3-hydroxy-7-phenoxyheptanoic acid (%) 59.7
[1096]
78 TABLE 77 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 890 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 420 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
9.7 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 29.7
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 0.2 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (%) 0.3
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 2.4 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 3.3
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 0.7 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid (%) 1.5
3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid (%) 91.6
[1097]
79 TABLE 78 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 910 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 390 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
9.1 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 21.4
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (%) 0.2 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 2.2
3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 4.9 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (%) 0.8
3-hydroxydodecenoic acid (%) 1.5 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxyvaleric acid
(%) 90.4
[1098]
80TABLE 79 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1400 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 935 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
6.21 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 14.0
3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 0.6 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 0.7
3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (%) 98.7
[1099]
81 TABLE 80 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 1350 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 955 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
6.1 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 13.8
3-hydroxyoxtanoic acid (%) 1.9 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (%)
98.1
[1100]
82 TABLE 81 Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 2050 Polymer (Dry Weight)
(mg/L) 1310 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) .times. 10.sup.4
6.3 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) .times. 10.sup.4 13.9
3-hydroxybutyric acid (%) 7.5 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (%) 0.8
3-hydroxydecanoic acid (%) 0.8 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid (%)
90.6
[1101]
83TABLE 82 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate by Using strain YN2
3-hydroxy-4- Polymer Yield phenoxy-n-butyric (mg/L) acid unit ratio
Disodium malate 20 96.6% Sodium L-glutamate 13 8.9% D(+)-glucose 8
98.4% n-nonanioic acid 440 ND Polypeptone 17 43.5% *GC-MS, TIC peak
area ratio, ND not detected.
[1102]
84TABLE 83 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate by Using strain YN2
Cell (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 290 Polymer (Dry Weight) (mg/L) 20 Monomer
Unit Composition (peak area ratio) 3-hydroxybutyric acid 0.1%
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 0.2% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid 1.1%
3-hydroxynonanionic acid 0.1% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 0.9%
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0.2% 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid 0.5%
3-hydroxy-4-phenoxy-n-butyric acid 96.9%
[1103]
Sequence CWU 1
1
1 1 1501 DNA Pseudomonas jessenii 161 strain 1 tgaacgctgg
cggcaggcct aacacatgca agtcgagcgg atgacgggag cttgctcctg 60
aattcagcgg cggacgggtg agtaatgcct aggaatctgc ctggtagtgg gggacaacgt
120 ctcgaaaggg acgctaatac cgcatacgtc ctacgggaga aagcagggga
ccttcgggcc 180 ttgcgctatc agatgagcct aggtcggatt agctagttgg
tgaggtaatg gctcaccaag 240 gcgacgatcc gtaactggtc tgagaggatg
atcagtcaca ctggaactga gacacggtcc 300 agactcctac gggaggcagc
agtggggaat attggacaat gggcgaaagc ctgatccagc 360 catgccgcgt
gtgtgaagaa ggtcttcgga ttgtaaagca ctttaagttg ggaggaaggg 420
cattaaccta atacgttagt gttttgacgt taccgacaga ataagcaccg gctaactctg
480 tgccagcagc cgcggtaata cagagggtgc aagcgttaat cggaattact
gggcgtaaag 540 cgcgcgtagg tggtttgtta agttggatgt gaaagccccg
ggctcaacct gggaactgca 600 ttcaaaactg acaagctaga gtatggtaga
gggtggtgga atttcctgtg tagcggtgaa 660 atgcgtagat ataggaagga
acaccagtgg cgaaggcgac cacctggact gatactgaca 720 ctgaggtgcg
aaagcgtggg gagcaaacag gattagatac cctggtagtc cacgccgtaa 780
acgatgtcaa ctagccgttg ggagccttga gctcttagtg gcgcagctaa cgcattaagt
840 tgaccgcctg gggagtacgg ccgcaaggtt aaaactcaaa tgaattgacg
ggggcccgca 900 caagcggtgg agcatgtggt ttaattcgaa gcaacgcgaa
gaaccttacc aggccttgac 960 atccaatgaa ctttccagag atggatgggt
gccttcggga acattgagac aggtgctgca 1020 tggctgtcgt cagctcgtgt
cgtgagatgt tgggttaagt cccgtaacga gcgcaaccct 1080 tgtccttagt
taccagcacg taatggtggg cactctaagg agactgccgg tgacaaaccg 1140
gaggaaggtg gggatgacgt caagtcatca tggcccttac ggcctgggct acacacgtgc
1200 tacaatggtc ggtacagagg gttgccaagc cgcgaggtgg agctaatccc
acaaaaccga 1260 tcgtagtccg gatcgcagtc tgcaactcga ctgcgtgaag
tcggaatcgc tagtaatcgc 1320 gaatcagaat gtcgcggtga atacgttccc
gggccttgta cacaccgccc gtcacaccat 1380 gggagtgggt tgcaccagaa
gtagctagtc taaccttcgg gaggacggtt accacggtgt 1440 gattcatgac
tggggtgaag tcgtaccaag gtagccgtag gggaacctgc ggctggatca 1500 c
1501
* * * * *