U.S. patent application number 10/400977 was filed with the patent office on 2003-10-02 for method and apparatus for simultaneous highlighting of a physical version of a document and an electronic version of a document.
Invention is credited to Hull, Jonathan J., Lee, Dar-Shyang.
Application Number | 20030187886 10/400977 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 28455123 |
Filed Date | 2003-10-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030187886 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hull, Jonathan J. ; et
al. |
October 2, 2003 |
Method and apparatus for simultaneous highlighting of a physical
version of a document and an electronic version of a document
Abstract
A method and an apparatus for simultaneous highlighting of a
paper document is described. The device includes a highlighter. A
scanner is used and configured to capture at least one highlighted
mark place on a paper document. The scanner is coupled to a memory
for storing electronic versions of documents. An electronic
document is accessed when a portion of the electronic document
matches a portion of the paper document.
Inventors: |
Hull, Jonathan J.; (San
Carlos, CA) ; Lee, Dar-Shyang; (Union City,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BLAKELY SOKOLOFF TAYLOR & ZAFMAN
12400 WILSHIRE BOULEVARD, SEVENTH FLOOR
LOS ANGELES
CA
90025
US
|
Family ID: |
28455123 |
Appl. No.: |
10/400977 |
Filed: |
March 26, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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10400977 |
Mar 26, 2003 |
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09653965 |
Sep 1, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 ;
707/999.203; 707/E17.022 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10S 707/99936 20130101;
G06F 16/93 20190101; G06F 16/5846 20190101 |
Class at
Publication: |
707/203 |
International
Class: |
G06F 012/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method comprising: annotating a portion of a paper document by
highlighting; performing recognition on text in the highlighted
portion of the paper document; accessing an electronic version of
the paper document from a memory based on recognition results
matching information in the electronic version; and storing an
indication of at least one highlighted mark with the electronic
version of the paper document.
2. The method of in claim 1, further comprising: identifying the
electronic version of the paper document by matching at least one
scanned image with an image in the electronic version of the
document.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the annotation comprises one of a
group that includes at least a printed annotation, a written
annotation, a colored marking, a sound, a highlighted mark and an
image.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: mapping the at least
one highlighted mark onto the electronic version of the
document.
5. The method of claim 3, further comprising determining by a word
shape analysis module at least one characteristic of a character in
the annotation.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising recording audio
concurrently with the annotation.
7. A system for preserving at least one highlighted mark on a paper
document comprising: a highlighter; a scanner configured to capture
at least one of a plurality of characters, an image, and at least
one highlighted mark placed on a paper document by the highlighter;
a memory coupled to the scanner and the processor for storing an
electronic version of the document with the highlighted mark, the
memory permitting access to the electronic version of the paper
document using a scanner to identify at least a portion of the
electronic document.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the memory permits access to the
electronic version of the document using one of optical character
recognition and word shape analysis.
9. The system of claim 7, wherein the annotation is one from a
group that includes a printed annotation, a written annotation, a
colored marking, a sound, and an image.
10. The system of claim 7, wherein the scanner directly maps the
highlighted mark onto the electronic version of the document.
11. The system of claim 7, further comprising a word shape analysis
module for determining at least one characteristic of a character
in the printed document.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the word shape analysis module
is coupled to a dictionary that matches at least one word
shape.
13. The system of claim 7, wherein the scanner is coupled to a
microphone to capture audio information.
14. An apparatus comprising: means for annotating at least a
portion of a paper document; means for accessing an electronic
document based on recognition results of an annotated portion of
the paper document matching a portion of the electronic document;
and means for recording the annotation with the electronic
document.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the annotation comprises at
least one of a group that includes a printed annotation, a written
annotation, a colored marking, a sound, a highlighted mark and an
image.
16. An article of manufacture having one or more recordable media
having a plurality of executable instructions stored thereon which,
when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device
to: access an electronic document based on a match between
information resulting from performing recognition performed on an
annotated portion of a paper document; and store an indication of
the annotation with the electronic document.
17. The article of manufacture of claim 16, wherein the annotation
is at least one of a group including one of a printed annotation, a
written annotation, a colored marking, a sound, and an image.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to scanning of a physical version
(e.g., paper) of a document and more particularly to recording
annotations made to a physical version of a document onto an
electronic version of the document.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
[0002] Although individuals are increasingly using electronic
documents in place of paper documents, some users still prefer to
read and annotate paper documents for a variety of reasons. For
example, some users are more comfortable using a paper document
instead of an electronic document for editing purposes. Other
reasons relate to the numerous advantages of using a paper
document. Such advantages include the high-resolution associated
with a paper document, the portability of the paper document, the
ease of copying the paper document, and the ease of editing or
adding annotations to a paper document. Additionally, annotating a
paper document does not require a power source which is required to
directly annotate an electronic document.
[0003] Annotations that are generally made to a paper document
include a printed annotation, a written annotation, a colored
marking, a sound, and an image. Colored markings include highlights
that are applied over the top of a machine-printed text.
[0004] Pen scanners are capable of recording marks made to a paper
document. Pen scanners are electronic devices used to record the
path followed by a pen when a user writes or prints text or images
on a paper document. Such pen scanners may include a pen with a
video camera focused on a desktop or a paper document, a pen having
an imbedded gyroscope to facilitate recording pen movements, or a
pen having a small video camera focused on the tip of the pen
scanner.
[0005] Pen scanners, however, have not been used, for example, to
scan colored markings such as highlights. Although highlighted
marks may be captured by a video camera, conventional systems do
not provide for automatically mapping highlighted marks onto an
electronic document.
[0006] Another disadvantage to these conventional systems is that a
user must manually access an electronic version of a document to
make additional annotations to the document. It is therefore
desirable to have a system for automatically preserving
annotations, such as, for example, highlighted marks, that are made
to a paper document and provides effective ways of accessing an
electronic version of a document and electronically annotating a
document automatically.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] A method and apparatus for preserving highlighted marks made
to a paper document is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for
annotating a paper document comprises annotating a portion of a
paper document by highlighting, performing recognition on text in
the highlighted portion of the paper document, accessing an
electronic version of the paper document from a memory based on
recognition results, matching information in the electronic
version, and storing an indication of at least one highlighted mark
with the electronic version of the paper document.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] The features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will
become more thoroughly apparent from the following detailed
description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings in
which:
[0009] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a process for
highlighting a portion of a document;
[0010] FIG. 2 is a more detailed flow diagram of one embodiment of
a process for highlighting a portion of a document;
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates representative chains of highlights and
their associated values.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of an annotation system
that includes an annotation device and a multi-function
machine;
[0013] FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of an annotation
system; and
[0014] FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of a computer system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0015] In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a device
is disclosed that records annotations (e.g., highlighting) made to
a paper document, performing recognition on the information in the
annotated portion of the document, an electronic version of the
paper document, and storing the annotations, such as highlighted
marks placed on a paper document, with the electronic version of
the document.
[0016] Some portions of the detailed descriptions which follow are
presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of
operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic
descriptions and representations are the means used by those
skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the
substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm
is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence
of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring
physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not
necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or
magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined,
compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at
times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these
signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms,
numbers, or the like.
[0017] It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and
similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical
quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these
quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from
the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the
description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing" or
"computing" or "calculating" or "determining" or "displaying" or
the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system,
or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and
transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities
within the computer system's registers and memories into other data
similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer
system memories or registers or other such information storage,
transmission or display devices.
[0018] The present invention also relates to apparatus for
performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially
constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general
purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a
computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program
may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but
is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical
disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories
("ROMs"), random access memories ("RAMs"), erasable programmable
read only memories ("EPROMs"), magnetic or optical cards, or any
type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and
each coupled to a computer system bus.
[0019] The algorithms and displays presented herein are not
inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus.
Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in
accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to
construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method
steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will
appear from the description below. In addition, the present
invention is not described with reference to any particular
programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of
programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the
invention as described herein.
[0020] A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing
or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g.,
a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes ROM;
RAM; magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash
memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of
propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital
signals, etc.); etc.
[0021] Overview
[0022] The present invention provides for simultaneously
highlighting paper and electronic documents. The results of the
process are to map images of highlighted text onto electronic
documents. FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the process for
simultaneously highlighting paper and electronic document. The
process is performed by processing logic that may comprise hardware
(e.g., dedicated logic), software (such as runs on a general
purpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or a combination
of both.
[0023] Referring to FIG. 1, the process begins by processing logic
performing a highlighting function on a paper document with a
highlighting pen having a camera focused on its tip (processing
block 101). Processing logic associated with the camera records
what is highlighted prior to (or substantially simultaneously with)
ink from the highlighting pen being placed on and obscuring the
document (processing block 102). Processing logic identifies one or
more documents that contain highlighted text and identifies
locations within those documents where the highlights occur
(processing block 103). Processing logic records the highlights on
an electronic copy of the document (processing block 104). The
process utilizes a database containing an electronic copy of the
paper document to facilitate the recording (and storing) portion of
the process.
[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates a more detailed flow diagram of the
process of mapping images of highlighted text onto electronic
documents. The process is performed by processing logic that may
comprise hardware (e.g., dedicated logic), software (such as runs
on a general purpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or a
combination of both. Referring to FIG. 2, the process begins with
processing logic extracting features from the highlighted text
(processing block 201). Feature extraction may include, for
example, performing optical character recognition (OCR), performing
word shape analysis, or performing an extraction of characteristics
based on black and white components in the highlighted portion.
Next, processing logic composes a query using the features
(processing block 202). Using the query, processing logic posts the
query (processing block 203).
[0025] In one embodiment, posting the query comprises receiving the
queries sequentially and time-stamping them. A time out value may
be used to split a sequence of queries into groups, with each group
being from the same document. Posting the query also comprises
applying the query to an unedited index. In response to posting the
query, processing logic obtains a list of documents that contain
the query and locations within each document where the query
occurred. In one embodiment, the locations within each document
where the query occurred are expressed as byte offsets.
[0026] After posting the query, processing logic performs results
accumulation (processing block 204). In results accumulation, the
lists of documents returned by queries in a group are
"accumulated." Ideally, each query would return a single document,
but the presence of duplicates, versions, or just documents with
common text strings will more than likely cause this not to be
true. In one embodiment, processing logic increments a counter for
each document that contains a query and records the location(s)
within the document where the query was found. The results are
accumulated in a buffer.
[0027] After processing the queries in a group, the documents with
highest number of times different highlighted words are located in
documents are most likely to have been the ones highlighted by the
user. In one embodiment, the number of times that highlighted words
are located in documents is set by a threshold. If none are chosen
(of achieved<threshold), then processing logic assumes that the
user must have highlighted a document not in the database.
[0028] The presence of a new document, and thus a new group, may be
automatically indicated in a number of ways. In one embodiment, a
button on the pen may be pressed to indicate a new document. In
another embodiment, a time out value may be used to indicate a new
document is being processed. In such a case, if the pen has not
processed any new information and the time out period expires, then
the end of a document, and start of a new document, is indicated.
In another embodiment, the pen can have a gyro that indicates that
the pen has been in one location for a predetermined period of
time, thereby indicating that the user has finished with the
current document.
[0029] After performing results accumulation, processing logic
performs results ranking (processing logic 205). The ranking
process assigns a score that measures the "sequentialness" of the
sequence of highlights applied to a document. The document with the
lowest score is most likely to be the one that contained the
highlights.
[0030] In one embodiment, a dynamic programming solution is used to
perform the results ranking. The dynamic programming solution
computes a "chain" of highlights that is the preferred chain of
highlights and computes a score. For example, FIG. 3 shows the
sequence of highlights applied to two documents A and B. The
starting positions within the documents where the corresponding
highlighted text occurs are shown. For example, in document A the
second highlighted text phrase occurs in positions 25,36, and 89.
The dynamic programming algorithm processes the highlighted phrases
sequentially. At each step it selects the starting position closest
to the starting position of the previous highlighted phrase but
after it. If it cannot select such a phrase it backtracks and
deselects the most recent previous phrase for which there is an
alternative with a smaller starting position. It substitutes that
alternative and continues. Search strategies such as this are
commonly known in art as depth first.
[0031] A score is assigned to each highlight as the distance
backward from the starting position of the previous highlight. The
"sequentialness" score is the sum of these values for a given
document. In FIG. 3, the sequence 30-36-49-51-55-58 is chosen for
document A. Its score is zero. The sequence 8-32-7-21-NULL-8 is
chosen for document B. Its score is 25+100+13 or 138. A default
value of 100 is assigned for the fifth highlight since it was not
found in document B. In this case, document A is the most likely
one that contained the highlights.
[0032] In one embodiment, the output of results ranking is a set of
documents, a score, a preferred list of highlights for each
document.
[0033] After performing results ranking, processing logic performs
a database update (processing logic 706). When performing the
database update, processing logic records in the document database,
for each document identified by ranking, the preferred list of
highlights together with the times when those highlights were
originally applied.
[0034] An Exemplary Pen
[0035] The pen used in the highlighting process can be online
(connected "live with the database) or offline. When online, the
database can indicate to the pen when it locates a unique document
(e.g., results accumulation has found a stable set of documents).
When offline, images of highlighted text (or features, or queries)
are accumulated on the pen together with their creation timestamps.
The accumulated data is later downloaded to a database update
(results accumulation and ranking) process.
[0036] The inverted index could also be present on the pen. This
would allow for iterative feedback to the user as if the user is
using the pen in online mode. Thus, the results accumulation
process could be performed on the pen.
[0037] In one embodiment, the pen has on/off, highlight on/off and
new document indication buttons. The new document button is clicked
when a user starts highlighting a new document. For example,
referring back to FIG. 2, processing tests whether the user selects
the new document button (processing block 210). If the new document
button hasn't been selected, then the results ranking processing
remains inactive and loops back to the beginning of processing
block 210. If the new document button has been selected, processing
logic begins to perform results ranking on the information from the
previous document.
[0038] Ambiguous highlights are highlights that are not on a
preferred chain or that map onto a document not selected by results
ranking. In one embodiment, these are also recorded together with
their timestamp and a pointer to the documents that were chosen by
results ranking.
[0039] An Exemplary System
[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of an annotation system.
Referring to FIG. 4, annotation system 100 comprises annotation
device 140 and multi-function machine 180 such as computer system
10 described in FIG. 5. It will be appreciated that multi-function
machine 180 may comprise devices such as a portable palm pilot and
other suitable devices. A physical document (e.g., paper document)
110 includes a colored annotation 130 such as a mark left by a
highlighter. One embodiment of annotation device 140 includes
highlighter 154 and scanner 150 which includes a video camera
coupled to highlighter 154 by a clip. The video camera may be
located close to paper document 110 such as within one inch of the
distance for recording visual marks, text, or images on the paper
document.
[0041] In one embodiment, annotation system 100 also includes
microphone 160 for recording sound, marker tip 170 for placing
highlighted marks on the paper document, and micro switch 152 for
activating tip switch 155. Tip switch 155 is used when a user
wishes to a capture or "pick up" marks, images, patterns, words or
other marks on a paper document. In one embodiment, scanner 150 is
attached to a frame capture card (not shown) in a multifunction
machine such as computer system 10 illustrated in FIG. 6 and tip
switch 155 is wired to the switch of an input device button.
[0042] Annotation device 140 allows marks to be made on a paper
document either through using a highlighter, a standard pen, or
other suitable marking utensil. These marks or annotations may then
be associated with electronic content and/or are assigned a meaning
using processing such as, for example, optical character
recognition ("OCR") and/or word shape analysis. OCR and word shape
analysis are used to scan in text, such as printed text or written
text, and determine characters or other information in the scanned
in text. That is, the OCR processing and the word shape processing
process the text or image data. OCR processing determines the text
that is being captured by the video camera. Word shape processing
determines the shape of characters that have been highlighted. Once
one or more characters are determined, the entire word may be
identified. This data is optionally stored in data repository
(block 330) as document identifiers. These functions are performed
by a feature extraction processing block.
[0043] FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of an annotation
system 400. Referring to FIG. 5, annotation device 140 transmits
data to application program interface 410. Application program
interface 410 is a connection point at which information is
transmitted between annotation device 140 and application server
430. Data from application program interface 410 is received by
control module 440. Control module 440 controls the operation of
application program interface 410 and recording server 420.
Candidate generation 450 then receives the data from control module
440. Candidate generation 450 takes the data received from control
module 440 and generates a set of document candidates that may
contain text or images that resembles the text or images scanned
from the paper document by annotation device 140. This data is then
sent to approximate string match 460 that attempts to match the
string of text scanned in with strings of text that are stored in
candidate documents 470. It will be appreciated that candidate
generation 450 and approximate string match 460 are connected to
database 470 to access various portions of documents, characters,
images or other suitable visual indicia.
[0044] The manner in which annotations such as highlighted marks
are identified may depend upon whether the annotation is stored in
memory. For example, an image may be stored in the memory of
multifunction machine 180 as a hyperlink. Therefore, an image
captured by annotation device 140 that substantially or precisely
matches an image stored in the memory of multifunction machine 180
is recorded as being located, for example, in a certain section of
a page of a document. Captured image data that is not recognized as
a hyperlink mark can optionally have its corresponding image text
extracted. This image data can then serve as a parameter to a
command or otherwise be used as input data. This provides an
advantage related to recording page numbers that allows annotation
device 140 to provide an electronic-to-paper hyperlinking and
indexing mechanism.
[0045] The highlighted area may cover annotations, printed text, or
other marks. Annotations may include written annotations, printed
annotations, colored markings, images, sound, or other visual
indicia. Regarding the colored marking, the highlighter such as a
yellow highlighter may cover a colored marking such as blue
highlighted area or a green marked area.
[0046] It will be appreciated that the phrases from the scanned
paper document may be randomly selected or selected based upon
specified instructions. These phrases are then used as queries to
the text index for the electronic documents stored in the database
(e.g., a data repository). The number of documents returned by each
query, individually and in common, may then be calculated. Based
upon this information, it may be estimated the number of words,
characters, images or other suitable objects needed to identify a
unique electronic document. Table 1 indicates in general the
performance of phrase matching using the number of phrases and
number of words per phrase.
1TABLE 1 Performance of Phrase Matching Number of Number of words
per phrase phrases 3 4 5 6 1 29% 35% 38% 39% 65 52 28 27 2 42% 45%
45% 46% 21 16 10 9 3 47% 48% 49% 49% 9 8 6 6 4 50% 50% 52% 52% 6 6
5 4
[0047] Alternatively, on the first pass through the process
described herein, if more than one electronic document is
identified, additional images or text from the paper document may
be scanned in order to obtain a single unique document. Duplicate
documents are those documents in which a percent of unique
vocabulary in common exceeds a specified threshold. The amount of
duplicate documents recognized may be& reduced by the design of
the user interface on the highlighting scanner or at retrieval
time. Additionally, the process may be performed such that if more
than one version of an electronic document is stored into a data
repository, the latest version of the electronic document is
automatically accessed.
[0048] The data repository receives the resulting data from optical
character recognition processing. Upon receipt, the data repository
sends the data to the dictionary (block 350) to determine whether
the word at issue is within the dictionary. If it is, a match is
indicated. If not, processing logic looks to the word shape
analysis processing block 320 for the result of its operation on
the highlighted word or image.
[0049] It will be appreciated that annotation system 100 may use a
variety of program instructions but in particular, the image
capture, pattern recognition, and other functional components of
the annotation system 100 are generally coded in C++ with a
commercial OCR software package being used to recognize words
picked up from the paper document.
[0050] FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of a computer system that
performs operations described above. Referring to FIG. 6, computer
system 10 comprises processor 17, memory 18, and bus 15 such as bus
or a point-to-point link. Processor 17 is coupled to the memory 18
by bus 15. In addition, a number of user input/output devices, such
as a keyboard 20 and a display 25, are coupled to chip set (not
shown) which is then connected to processor 17. The chipset (not
shown) is typically connected to processor 17 using a bus that is
different from bus 15.
[0051] Processor 17 represents a central processing unit of any
type of architecture (e.g., the Intel architecture, Hewlett Packard
architecture, Sun Microsystems architecture, IBM architecture,
hybrid architecture, etc.). In addition, processor 17 could be
implemented on one or more chips. Memory 18 represents one or more
mechanisms for storing data such as the number of times the second
code is checked and the results of checking the second code. Memory
18 may include ROM, RAM, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical
storage mediums, flash. memory devices, and/or other
machine-readable mediums. In one example, bus 15 may comprise one
or more buses (e.g., accelerated graphics port bus, peripheral
component interconnect bus, industry standard architecture bus,
X-Bus, video electronics standards association related to buses,
etc.) and bridges (also termed as bus controllers).
[0052] While this embodiment is described in relation to a single
processor computer system, the operations described herein could be
implemented in a multi-processor computer system. In addition to
other devices, one or more of a network 30 may be present. Network
30 represents one or more network connections for transmitting data
over a machine readable media. Certain operations could also be
implemented on multiple computers connected through such a
network.
[0053] FIG. 6 also illustrates that memory 18 has stored therein
data 35 and program instructions (e.g. software, computer program,
etc.) 36. Data 35 represents data stored in one or more of the
formats described herein. Program instructions 36 represents the
necessary code for performing any and/or all of the techniques
described with reference to FIGS. 1-2. It will be recognized by one
of ordinary skill in the art that the memory 18 preferably contains
additional software (not shown), which is not necessary to
understanding the invention.
[0054] FIG. 5 additionally illustrates that the processor 17
includes decoder 40. Decoder 40 is used for decoding instructions
received by processor 17 into control signals and/or microcode
entry points. In response to these control signals and/or microcode
entry points, decoder 40 performs the appropriate operations.
[0055] In the preceding detailed description, the invention is
described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will,
however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be
made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of
the invention as set forth in the claims. The specification and
drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather
than a restrictive sense.
* * * * *