U.S. patent application number 10/035428 was filed with the patent office on 2003-10-02 for method and system for examining tissue according to the dielectric properties thereof.
This patent application is currently assigned to Dune Medical Devices Ltd.. Invention is credited to Hashimshony, Dan.
Application Number | 20030187366 10/035428 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 21882622 |
Filed Date | 2003-10-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030187366 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hashimshony, Dan |
October 2, 2003 |
Method and system for examining tissue according to the dielectric
properties thereof
Abstract
A method and system for examining tissue in order to
differentiate it from other tissue according to the dielectric
properties of the examined tissue, by: applying a probe to the
tissue to be examined, such that the probe generates an electrical
fringe field in the zone of the examined tissue and produces a
reflected pulse therefrom with negligible radiation penetrating
into the tissue itself; detecting the reflected electrical pulse;
and comparing electrical characteristics of the reflected
electrical pulse with respect to the applied electrical pulse to
provide an indication of the dielectric properties of the examined
tissue.
Inventors: |
Hashimshony, Dan; (Givat
Ada, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
G.E. EHRLICH (1995) LTD.
c/o ANTHONY CASTORINA
SUITE 207
2001 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY
ARLINGTON
VA
22202
US
|
Assignee: |
Dune Medical Devices Ltd.
|
Family ID: |
21882622 |
Appl. No.: |
10/035428 |
Filed: |
January 4, 2002 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
600/547 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 5/0507 20130101;
A61B 5/418 20130101; A61B 5/415 20130101; A61B 5/053 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
600/547 |
International
Class: |
A61B 005/05 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of examining tissue in order to differentiate it from
other tissue according to the dielectric properties of the examined
tissue, comprising: applying an electrical pulse to the tissue to
be examined via a probe such that the probe generates an electrical
fringe field in the examined tissue and produces a reflected pulse
therefrom with negligible radiation penetrating into other tissues
or biological bodies near the examined tissue; detecting said
reflected electrical pulse; and comparing electrical
characteristics of said reflected electrical pulse with respect to
said applied electrical pulse to provide an indication of the
dielectric properties of said examined tissue.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said probe has an inner
conductor insulated from, and enclosed by, an outer conductor open
at one end; said outer conductor extending slightly past said inner
conductor in the axial direction of the probe to define an open
cavity at one end of the probe, which cavity is closed by the
examined tissue.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said inner conductor
includes a tip within said open cavity, which tip is formed with at
least two different diameters for enhancing said electrical fringe
field.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein said tip of the inner
conductor carries a plurality of thin, electrically-conductive
projections for enhancing said electrical fringe field.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the thickness of said
projections is up to about 200 microns.
6. A method of examining tissue in order to differentiate it from
other tissue according to the dielectric properties of the examined
tissue, comprising: providing a probe having an inner conductor
insulated from, and enclosed by, an outer conductor open at one end
and extending slightly past the inner conductor in the axial
direction, to define an open cavity at one end of the probe;
applying said probe to the tissue to be examined such that the
examined tissue closes said open cavity at said one end of the
probe; applying, via a transmission line at the opposite end of
said probe, an electrical pulse which generates an electrical
fringe field in said cavity closed by said examined tissue, and
which produces a reflected electrical pulse therefrom; detecting
said reflected electrical pulse; and comparing electrical
characteristics of said reflected electrical pulse with respect to
those of said applied electrical pulse to provide an indication of
the dielectric properties of said examined tissue.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the inner conductor
includes a tip within said open cavity, which tip is formed with at
least two different diameters for enhancing said electrical fringe
field.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said tip of the inner
conductor carries a plurality of thin electrically-conductive
projections for enhancing said electrical fringe field.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the thickness of said
projections is up to about 200 microns.
10. The method according to claim 6, wherein said outer conductor
decreases on diameter at the end thereof defining said open
cavity
11. The method according to claim 6, wherein changes in the
time-domain characteristics of the applied and reflected electrical
pulses are compared.
12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the electrical
characteristics of the reflected electrical pulse are compared with
those of the applied electrical pulse by sampling both electrical
pulses at a plurality of spaced time intervals, and comparing the
voltage magnitudes of the two electrical pulses at said spaced time
intervals.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein: samples of the two
electrical pulses at said plurality of spaced time intervals are
transformed by a FFT function to values in the frequency domain of
amplitude and phase for each frequency; and the reflection
coefficient .GAMMA.(.omega.) is then calculated in the frequency
domain according to the following equation:
.GAMMA.(.omega.)=E(.omega.)reflected/E(.omega.)in- cident wherein:
"E(.omega.) reflected" is a Fourier function with respect to
.omega.(frequency) of the reflected electrical pulse; and
"E(.omega.) incident" is a corresponding function of the applied
electrical pulse.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the impedance of the
examined tissue is calculated from the reflection coefficient
.GAMMA.(.omega.) according to the following equation: 3 ( ) = Z 1 -
Z 0 Z 1 + Z 0 wherein: Z.sub.1 is the impedance of the examined
tissue; and Z.sub.0 is the impedance of the probe and of the
transmission line.
15. The method according to claim 7, wherein said transmission line
is a coaxial cable having an outer conductor connected to the outer
conductor of the probe, and an inner conductor connected to the
inner conductor of the probe.
16. The method according to claim 7, wherein said applied
electrical pulse is of a duration of the order of nanoseconds or
picoseconds.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein a series of said
electrical pulses are applied at a pulse repetition rate of a few
Herz to a few giga-Herz, and the reflected electrical pulses are
detected and compared to the applied electrical pulses to provide
an indication of the dielectric properties of the examined
tissue.
18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the dielectric
properties of the examined tissue are compared with previously
stored dielectric properties of known normal and cancerous
tissues.
19. The method according to claim 6, wherein the dielectric
properties of the examined tissue are compared with previously
stored dielectric properties of known normal and cancerous tissues
to constitute a first level of characterization of the examined
tissue; and wherein a second level of characterization of the
examined is effected to reduce ambiguities by comparing the
Cole-Cole parameters of the examined tissue with those previously
stored of known normal and cancerous tissues.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein a third level of
characterization of the examined tissue is effected to further
reduce ambiguities by comparing similarities between
three-dimensional curves of the examined tissue with those
previously stored of known normal and cancerous tissues.
21. A system for examining tissue in order to differentiate it from
other tissue according to the dielectric properties of the examined
tissue, comprising: a probe having an inner conductor insulated
from, and enclosed by, an outer conductor open at one end and
extending slightly past the inner conductor in the axial direction,
to define an open cavity at one end of the probe; a transmission
line at the opposite end of said probe; a pulse generator for
applying to the opposite end of said probe an electrical pulse
which generates an electrical fringe field in said cavity closed by
said examined tissue and produces a reflected electrical pulse
therefrom; a detector for detecting said reflected electrical
pulse; and a data processor for comparing electrical
characteristics of said reflected electrical pulse with respect to
said applied electrical pulse to produce an indication of the
dielectric properties of said examined tissue.
22. The system according to claim 21, wherein said inner conductor
includes a tip within said open cavity, which tip is formed with at
least two different diameters for enhancing said electrical fringe
field.
23. The system according to claim 22, wherein said tip of the inner
conductor carries of plurality of thin, electrically-conductive
projections enhancing said electrical fringe field.
24. The system according to claim 23, wherein the thickness of said
projections is up to about 200 microns.
25. The system according to claim 21, wherein said outer conductor
decreases in diameter at said open cavity end.
26. The system according to claim 21, wherein said data processor
compares changes in the time-domain characteristics of the two
electrical pulses.
27. The system according to claim 21, wherein said data processor
samples both electrical pulses at a plurality of spaced time
intervals, and compares the voltage magnitudes of the two
electrical pulses at said spaced time intervals.
28. The system according to claim 21, wherein: said data processor
transforms the samples of the two electrical pulses at said
plurality of spaced time intervals by a FFT function to values in
the frequency domain of amplitude and phase for each frequency; and
then calculates the reflection coefficient .GAMMA.(.omega.) in the
frequency domain according to the following equation:
.GAMMA.(.omega.)=E(.omega.)reflected/E(.omega.- )incident wherein:
"E(.omega.) reflected" is a Fourier function with respect to
.omega.(frequency) of the reflected signal; and "E(.omega.)
incident" is a corresponding function of the applied signal.
29. The system according to claim 28, wherein said data processor
calculates the impedance of the examined tissue according to the
following equation: 4 ( ) = Z 1 - Z 0 Z 1 + Z 0 wherein: Z.sub.1 is
the impedance of the examined tissue; and Z.sub.0 is the impedance
of the probe and of the transmission line.
30. The system according to claim 21, wherein said transmission
line is a coaxial cable having an outer conductor connected to the
outer conductor of the probe, and an inner conductor connected to
the inner conductor of the probe.
31. The system according to claim 21, wherein said pulse generator
generates and applies an electrical pulse of a duration of the
order of nanoseconds or picoseconds.
32. The system according to claim 21, wherein: said pulse generator
generates and applies a series of said electrical pulses at a pulse
repetition rate of a few Herz to a few giga-Herz; said detector
detects the reflected electrical pulses; and said data processor
compares the reflected electrical pules and compares them to the
applied electrical pulses to provide an indication of the
dielectric properties of the examined tissue.
33. The system according to claim 21, wherein said outer conductor
is of cylindrical configuration.
34. The system according to claim 21, wherein said inner conductor
is mounted within said outer conductor by a dielectric
material.
35. The system according to claim 34, wherein said dielectric
material is a fluorinated ethylene polymer.
36. The system according to claim 21, wherein said data processor
compares the dielectric properties of the examined tissue with
previously stored dielectric properties of known normal and
cancerous tissues.
37. The system according to claim 21, wherein said data processor
first compares dielectric properties of the examined tissue with
previously stored dielectric properties of known normal and
cancerous tissues in a first level of characterization of the
examined tissue; and then effects a second level of
characterization of the examined to reduce ambiguities by comparing
the Cole-Cole parameters of the examined tissue with those
previously stored for the various types of normal and cancerous
tissues.
38. The system according to claim 37, wherein said data processor
effects a third level of characterization of the examined tissue to
further reduce ambiguities by comparing similarities between
three-dimensional curves of the examined tissue with those
previously stored for the various types of normal and cancerous
tissues.
Description
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for
examining tissue in order to differentiate the examined tissue from
other tissue according to the dielectric properties of the examined
tissue. The invention is particularly useful to differentiate
cancerous tissue, particularly breast cancer tissue, from normal,
healthy tissue, and is therefore described below particularly with
respect to this application.
[0002] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths
in women today (after lung cancer) and is the second most common
form of cancer among women (after skin cancer). According to the
World Health Organization, more than 1.2 million people will be
diagnosed with breast cancer this year worldwide. The American
Cancer Society estimates that in 2001, approximately 192,200 new
cases of invasive breast cancer (Stages I-IV) will be diagnosed
among women in the United States; and another 46,400 women will be
diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a non-invasive
breast cancer. Though much less common, breast cancer also occurs
in men, it being estimated that 1,500 cases will be diagnosed in
men in 2001. It is further estimated that 40,600 deaths will occur
in 2001 from breast cancer (40,200 among women, 400 among men) in
the United States. The incidence rate of breast cancer (number of
new breast cancers per 100,000 women) increased by approximately 4%
during the 1980s but leveled off, to 100.6 cases per 100,000 women,
in the 1990s. The death rates from breast cancer also declined
significantly between 1992 and 1996, with the largest decreases
being among younger women. Medical experts attribute the decline in
breast cancer deaths to earlier detection and more effective
treatments.
[0003] Mammography is currently the best available screening
modality for early detection of breast cancer. If the mammography
finds a subspecies legion, the individual is directed to undergo a
biopsy or other advanced screening methods, like ultrasound or MRI
CT etc. Only 20% of the women that undergo a biopsy proceed to a
surgical treatment. The traditional method for histological
confirmation involves open surgery biopsy. An alternative is image
guided biopsy, which is less invasive and more costly. The total
number of breast biopsies in the U.S. is about 1.2 M per year. The
open biopsy itself is a surgical procedure in which the breast is
open and the tumor or lump is taken out, preferably fully.
[0004] The traditional method of biopsy, however, is not always
successful and fails to successfully remove the appropriate lesion
in about 0.5-17% of the cases. Some of the reasons given for
unsuccessful biopsies include: 1) poor radiological placement of
the localization wire; 2) preoperative and intraoperative
dislodgment of the wire; 3) surgical inaccuracy and inadequacy in
excising the appropriate tissue; 4) failure to obtain a specimen
radiograph; and 5) failure by the pathologist to locate the focus
of the disease when searching through a larger tissue sample
provided by the surgeon.
[0005] All of the above reasons stem from a fundamental problem
that during the surgery, the surgeon does not have a real time
indication or delineation of the tumor. Because of the difficulty
in precisely delineating the cancerous tissue, the surgeon may cut
out more than was really necessary to better assure that the entire
tumor was removed.
[0006] Today, women with stage I and stage II breast cancer are
candidates for treatment with modified radical mastectomy and with
immediate reconstruction. Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is also
available. Breast conservation therapy consists of surgical removal
of a breast nodule and of the auxiliary fat pad containing the
auxiliary lymph nodes (about a quarter of the breast). This is
followed by radiation therapy to the breast and auxiliary areas in
some cases. In this type of operation, precise margin assessment or
delineation of the cancerous tissue during the operation is crucial
to the success of the procedure since the goal is to remove the
tumor completely while minimizing damage to the breast.
[0007] This trade-off between complete removal of the tumor, and
conservation of the breast, is usually difficult to optimize
because the surgeon generally does not know the actual margins of
the tumor. If the surgeon were able to clearly delineate the tumor
margins during the operation by an on-line margin detector, this
trade-off could be better optimized.
[0008] The ability of recognizing cancer cells, and especially
breast cancer cells, using bioimpedance is well established in the
biomedical literature.sup.5,6,7,8. The usual method for measuring
bioimpedance is by introducing a sample into a special chamber and
applying an AC current through it while recording the voltage
across the sample at each frequency.sup.9,10. More modern methods
rely on multiple electrode matrices which are connected with the
human body and measure physiological and pathological changes. Some
of the methods aim to localize tumor cells inside the human body
and to form an image.sup.11,12. Although this method is approved by
the FDA, it lacks the necessary accuracy for a screening device
mainly because of the inherent limitations of long wavelengths and
noise from the contact electrodes.
[0009] Another technique, based on magnetic.sup.13 bioimpedance,
measures the bioimpedance by magnetic induction. This technique
consists of a single coil acting as both an electromagnetic source
and a receiver operating typically in the frequency range 1-10 MHz.
When the coil is placed in a fixed-geometric relationship to a
conducting body, the alternating electric field in the coil
generates electrical eddy current. A change in the bioimpedance
induces changes in the eddy current, and as a result, a change in
the magnetic field of those eddy currents. The coil acts as a
receiver to detect such changes. Experiments with this technique
achieved sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 69%, distinguishing
between 1% metastasis tumor and 20% metastasis tumor.
Distinguishing between tumor and normal tissue is even better.
[0010] Although the exact mechanism responsible for tissue
impedance at certain frequencies is not completely understood, the
general mechanism.sup.14,15 is well explained by semi-empirical
models that are supported by experiments.sup.16,17,18.
[0011] Variations in electrical impedance of the human tissue are
described in the patent literature to provide indications of
tumors, lesions and other abnormalities. For example, U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,291,708; 4,458,694; 4,537,203; 4,617,939 and 4,539,640
exemplify prior art systems for tissue characterization by using
multi-element probes which are pressed against the skin of the
patient and measure impedance of the tissue to generate a
two-dimensional impedance map. Other prior techniques of this type
are described in WO 01/43630; U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,708 and U.S. Pat.
No. 5,143,079. However, the above devices use a set of electrodes
that must be electrically contacted with the tissue or body, and
therefore the contact is usually a source of noise and also limits
maneuverability of the probe over the organ.
[0012] Other prior patents, for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,257;
5,704,355 and 6,061,589 use millimeter and microwave devices to
measure bioimpedance and to detect abnormal tissue. These methods
direct a free propagating radiation, or a guided radiation via
waveguide, onto the organ. The radiation is focused on a relatively
small volume inside the organ, and the reflected radiation is then
measured. However, these methods lack accuracy and spatial
resolution since they are limited by the diffraction limit.
[0013] Another prior art technique is based on measurement of the
resonance frequency of a resonator as influenced by the tissue
impedance. This technique also uses radiation from an antenna,
usually a small dipole antenna attached to a coaxial line. Although
non-contact, the device actually measures average values inside the
organ, and its ability to detect small tumor is doubtful. Similar
prior art is described in Xu, Y., et al. "Theoretical and
Experimental Study of Measurement of Microwave Permitivity using
Open Ended Elliptical Coaxial Probes". IEEE Trans AP-40(1), January
1992, pp 143-150.3. U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,270 (2000 NASA) describes a
measurement concept with a multi-modality instrument for tissue
identification in real-time neuro-surgical applications.
[0014] Other known prior art includes an open-ended
coaxial.sup.2,3,4 probe having a center conducting wire surrounding
by an insulator and enclosed in an external shield. This type of
tip generates both a near field evanescent wave and a far field
propagating wave. The propagating wave is undesirable because it
interferes with the near field evanescent wave. In order to
minimizes the propagating wave, researchers attempted to use
coaxial cable with smaller and smaller diameters. But eventually
large energy losses and difficult construction limited this
direction.
[0015] Other existing medical instruments provide general diagnoses
for the detection of interfaces between different types of tissues,
such as cancerous tissue and healthy tissue, etc. However, such
detections have been limited clinically to pre-operative scans, or
demand large scanning multi-million-dollar machines, like the MRI
CT Mammography. Furthermore, real-time attempts to use these
detecting methods are very sensitive to movement of the body, and
cannot really be used to position the cutting knife or the biopsy
needle. Existing devices provide diagnostic data of limited use
since the tissue sampled or removed depends entirely upon the
accuracy with which the localization provided by the preoperative
CT or MRI Us scan is translated to the intracranial biop site. Any
movement of the organ or the localization device results in an
error in biopsy localization. Also, no information about the tissue
being cut by the needle or knife is provided.
[0016] Detecting breast cancer tissues by measuring biompedance is
thus well established, and the ability of this technique for
delineating cancerous cells inside the body has been proved.
However, there is currently no reliable real-time bioimpedance
measuring device of sufficiently high accuracy for local tissue
characterization and of a spatial resolution comparable to that
provided by mammography.
OBJECTS AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0017] An object of the present invention is to provide a method,
and also a system, having advantages in one or more of the above
respects for examining tissue in order to differentiate the
examined tissue from other tissue according to the dielectric
properties of the examined tissue. Another object of the invention
is to provide a method and system enabling more precise
differentiation in a real-time manner of cancerous tissue from
healthy, normal tissue.
[0018] According to one broad aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a method of examining tissue in order to
differentiate it from other tissue according to the dielectric
properties of the examined tissue, comprising: applying an
electrical pulse to the tissue to be examined via a probe such that
the probe generates an electrical fringe field in the examined
tissue and produces a reflected pulse therefrom, with negligible
radiation penetrating into other tissues or biological bodies near
the examined tissue; detecting the reflected electrical pulse; and
comparing electrical characteristics of the reflected electrical
pulse with respect to the applied electrical pulse to provide an
indication of the dielectric properties of the examined tissue.
[0019] According to a more specific aspect of the present
invention, there is provided a method of examining tissue in order
to differentiate it from other tissue according to the dielectric
properties of the examined tissue, comprising: providing a probe
having an inner conductor insulated from, and enclosed by, an outer
conductor open at one end and extending slightly past the inner
conductor in the axial direction, to define an open cavity at one
end of the probe; applying the probe to the tissue to be examined
such that the examined tissue closes the open cavity at the one end
of the probe; applying, via a transmission line at the opposite end
of the probe, an electrical pulse which generates an electrical
fringe field in the cavity closed by the examined tissue, and which
produces a reflected electrical pulse therefrom; detecting the
reflected electrical pulse; and comparing electrical
characteristics of the reflected electrical pulse with respect to
the applied electrical pulse to provide an indication of the
dielectric properties of the examined tissue.
[0020] The electrical fringe field is an electrical field that
exists at the edges of a charged conductor. Usually an electrical
fringe field is a DC field, but in the present case, it is a
time-dependent field since its source is a voltage pulse. The open
cavity defined by the inner and outer conductors serves as a small
capacitor probe in which the electrical fringing field is generated
between the inner and outer conductors. When a pulse is transmitted
through the transmission line to the probe open cavity of the probe
closed by the tissue being examined, the pulse is reflected back to
the transmission line. Generally speaking, the reflection depends
on the impedance of the region at the open cavity of the probe,
which impedance depends on the dielectric properties of the
examined tissue closing the open end of the cavity. Accordingly,
the reflected pulse carries with it information about the
dielectric properties of the examined tissue. These properties
produce a change in the time-domain-profile of the reflected
pulse.
[0021] The electrical characteristics of the reflected electrical
pulse are compared with those of the applied (incident) electrical
pulse by sampling both electrical pulses at a plurality of spaced
time intervals, e.g., every 0.2 nanoseconds, and comparing the
voltage magnitudes of the two electrical pulses at the spaced time
intervals. Both pulses are then transformed by a FFT function to
the frequency domain, i.e., amplitude and phase for each frequency.
The reflection coefficient is then calculated in the frequency
domain; and the frequency dependent complex impedance of the tissue
is then calculated using the theoretical relation between impedance
and reflection.
[0022] It will thus be seen that when the examined tissue is placed
in the region of the open cavity define by the inner and outer
conductors of the probe, the electrical fringe field penetrates
into the open cavity. This penetration is due to the relatively low
conductivity of the tissue. Since the electrical fringe field
penetrates the tissue, the build-up profile of the electrical
fringe field depends on the dielectrical properties of the tissue
which produce the changes in the reflected electrical pulse
generated by the application of the applied (incident) electrical
pulse to the open cavity.
[0023] According to further features in the preferred embodiments
of the invention described below, the inner conductor includes a
tip within the open cavity, which tip is formed with at least two
different diameters for enhancing the electrical fringe field.
Preferably, the tip of the inner conductor carries a plurality of
sharp, thin, electrically-conductive projections, or spikes, for
enhancing the electrical fringe field. In the preferred embodiment
described below the thickness of these projections or spikes, when
used, is from a few microns to about 200 microns.
[0024] Preferably, the above-obtained electrical characteristics of
the examined tissue are compared with previously stored dielectric
projections of known normal and cancerous tissues to constitute a
first level of characterization of the examined tissue. A second
level of characterization of the examined tissue may be effected to
reduce ambiguities by comparing the Cole-Cole parameters of the
examined tissue with those previously stored of known normal and
cancerous tissues. A third level of characterization of the
examined tissue may be effected to further reduce ambiguities by
comparing similarities between three-dimensional curves of the
examined tissue with those previously stored of known normal and
cancerous tissues.
[0025] As will be described more particularly below, the method of
the present invention, being based on the generation of an
electrical fringe field with negligible radiation penetrating into
the tissue itself, eliminates almost completely the propagating
wave, while the evanescent wave reflections are reduced
significantly.
[0026] The method of the present invention is thus to be
distinguished from prior art, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,173,604,
which utilizes a scanning microwave microscope having a sharpened
conducting tip extending through the end wall of a resonator, to
reduce the effect of the propagating wave. Such a known probe,
cannot be used to measure biological tissue without harming the
tissue itself; furthermore, the evanescent wave of such a known
probe will penetrate into the whole human body. Also, since such a
known technique relies on average power measurement, and not on
voltage measurement, it is not able to calculate dielectric
properties in the time domain. Also, the frequency range in such
method is in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Further differences are that it is not flexible and cannot be
hand-held.
[0027] Still further features and advantages of the invention will
be apparent from the description below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] The invention is herein described, by way of example only,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0029] FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate three prior art probes for
examining tissue in order to differentiate it from other tissue
according to the dielectric properties of the examined tissue;
[0030] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates one form of probe
constructed in accordance with the present invention for examining
tissue in order to differentiate it from other tissue according to
the dielectric properties of the examined tissue;
[0031] FIGS. 3a and 3b are diagrams helpful in explaining the
present invention,
[0032] FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates a probe constructed in
accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
[0033] FIG. 5 diagrammatically illustrates a probe constructed in
accordance with another embodiment of the invention;
[0034] FIG. 6 diagrammatically illustrates a probe constructed in
accordance with the invention connected to an external unit by a
flexible coaxial line;
[0035] FIG. 7 diagrammatically illustrates the components of the
external unit in the system of FIG. 6;
[0036] FIG. 8 illustrates the connector between the external unit
components and the coaxial line to the probe in FIGS. 4 and 5;
[0037] FIGS. 9a and 9b illustrate the digitizing process of both
the incident and reflected signals, and the resulting data
array;
[0038] FIGS. 10a-10d are graphs illustrating the manner of
comparing the electrical characteristics of reflected pulse
produced by the examined tissue with the incident pulse applied to
the examined tissue;
[0039] FIG. 11 illustrates a typical incident pulse and a typical
reflected pulse whose electrical characteristics are compared;
and
[0040] FIG. 12 are waveforms helpful in explaining the manner in
which the electrical characteristic of the incident and reflected
electrical pulses are compared.
PRIOR ART PROBE CONSTRUCTIONS
[0041] FIGS. 1a-1c illustrate typical prior art constructions of
probes for examining tissue as briefly discussed above.
[0042] Thus, FIG. 1a illustrates a prior art probe 2 including an
outer electrical conductor 2a and an inner electrical conductor 2b
insulated from the outer conductor by a dielectric 2c. When an
electrical pulse is applied to end 2f of the probe 2, the tissue 2e
closing the open cavity 2d of the probe will generate a reflected
pulse. The generation of such a reflected pulse, however, will
involve both near field and far field radiation because the ends of
the two conductors 2a, 2b terminate in the same plane. The
reflection mechanism is strongly dependent on the reflection of the
far field, so that the dielectric parameters of the generated
reflected pulse are actually averaged over the relatively large
body of tissue 2e, with no enhancement of the electric field near
the sampled tissue.
[0043] FIG. 1b illustrates a probe 3 of a similar construction,
except that the outer conductor 3a is provided with an outturned
flange 3g engaged by the examined tissue 3e. The reflection
mechanism in probe 3 illustrated in FIG. 1b will therefore be
similar to that described above with respect to probe 2 in FIG.
1a.
[0044] FIG. 1c illustrates a probe 4 similar to that described in
FIG. 1a, except that the outer conductor 4a is formed with an end
wall 4g having a small opening 4h therein, and the inner conductor
4c is formed with a sharpened tip 4i extending through opening 4h
in the end wall of the outer conductor. Such a construction
produces a resonator which does reduce the propagating wave.
However, this probe construction cannot be effectively used to
measure biological tissue without harming the tissue. In addition,
the evanescent wave produced by that probe will penetrate into the
whole human body. Further, such a probe relies on average power
measurement, and not on voltage measurement, and therefore it is
incapable of calculating dielectric properties in the time domain.
Moreover, such a probe generally operates in the microwave region
of the electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, such probes are generally
not flexible and cannot be hand-held.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0045] FIG. 2 illustrates a probe constructed in accordance with
the present invention and providing one or more advantages in the
above respects with respect to the prior art constructions
illustrated in FIGS. 1a-1c.
[0046] The probe illustrated in FIG. 2, and therein generally
designated 10, also includes an outer conductor 11 and an inner
conductor 12 insulated from the outer conductor by a body of
insulation 13. For example, the outer conductor 11 may be of
aluminum, the inner conductor 12 of copper, and the dielectric 13
of a fluorinated polymer, such as "Teflon" (Reg. T.M.). The inner
and outer conductors are open at one end to define an open cavity
14 which is applied to, and closed by, the tissue 15 being
examined. In this case, however, the open end of the outer
conductor 11 extends slightly past the inner conductor 12 in the
axial direction, such that the inner conductor 12 terminates
inwardly of the outer conductor within the open cavity 14.
[0047] Preferably, the end of the insulation body 13 defining the
open cavity 14 is covered by a thin, soft layer of insulation 16,
such as a silicone film, e.g., applied by dipping or spraying.
[0048] The probe illustrated in FIG. 2 is used in the same manner
as described above with respect to FIG. 1a, in that the open cavity
14 of the probe is applied against the tissue 15 being examined
such that the tissue closes the open cavity. However, since the
tissue 15 is deformable by the end of the probe, and since the
inner conductor 12 terminates inwardly of the outer conductor 11, a
portion of the tissue is caused to penetrate within the open
cavity, as shown at 15a.
[0049] Other differences in the probe illustrated in FIG. 2, over
the prior art construction illustrated in FIG. 1a, are that the
outer conductor 11 is tapered at the outer end 11a, and the tip of
the inner conductor 12 within the open cavity 14 is reduced in
diameter to form a large-diameter section 12a, a small-diameter
section 12b, relatively sharp annular edges 12c and 12d at the
juncture of these two sections, and a sharp annular edge 12e at the
outer tip of section 12b, all within the open cavity 14.
[0050] At the opposite end, the probe is connected to an SMA type
jack 17, and to an SMA type connector 18.
[0051] As one example, the length of the probe may be 10 mm and
have an outer diameter of 3.5 mm; the inner conductor 12 may be of
a length of 9 mm and of a diameter of 1.0 m, whereas its tip may be
of a length of 1 mm and a diameter of 0.1 mm; and the thin
insulation layer 16 may be of silicone rubber or of a varnish and
have a thickness of approximately 30 .mu.m.
[0052] Such a probe construction provides a number of advantages.
Thus, the generation of the reflected pulse produced in the open
cavity 14 is accompanied by negligible radiation penetrating into
the body connected to the examined tissue 15. In addition, the
provision of the two diameters in the inner conductor 12,
particularly the sharp annular edges 12c, 12d and 12e of the two
conductor sections 12a, 12b within the open cavity 14, produces a
concentrated electrical charge at these edges which enhances the
electrical field between the inner conductor and the outer
conductor precisely in the region receiving the examined tissue 15.
Therefore, most of the energy dissipation in the probe illustrated
in FIG. 2 takes place within the small portion 15a of the examined
tissue penetrating into the open cavity 14 of the probe; the
remaining energy is reflected back to the transmission line
connected to the opposite end of the probe. In addition, the
enhancement of the electrical field in the tissue zone leaves
almost no energy outside that zone to penetrate into the body of
the tissue.
[0053] Although the exact theoretical calculation is quite
difficult, the physical mechanism of the operation of the probe
illustrated in FIG. 2 can be illustrated by the two cases
diagrammatically illustrated in FIGS. 3a and 3b.
[0054] FIG. 3a illustrates a theoretically ideal case for examining
tissue, wherein the probe 20 includes a closed cavity 24 defined by
an outer conductor 21 having an end wall 21a, and an inner
conductor 22. The examined tissue 25 is placed completely within
the dosed cavity 24. Since the tip of the inner conductor 22 is
surrounded by the tissue 25, it is clear that no radiation leakage
can occur outside of the cavity which is fully closed by the outer
conductor 21. The reflected pulse will therefore be influenced by
the impedance of the examined tissue 25. Such a construction might
be practical in off-line testing of biological tissue, but not in
applications requiring on-line or real-time testing of tissue where
the tissue to be examined is still connected to the main tissue
body.
[0055] FIG. 3b illustrates a case wherein the examined tissue 25 is
completely within an open cavity 24' defined by the outer conductor
21 and the inner conductor 22, but here the outer conductor extends
for a considerable distance past the inner conductor so as to fully
enclose the tissue being examined. In such a construction, the
radiation leak is again negligible, but the construction is not
practical for real-time examination of tissue since the length of
the open cavity is too long for the examined (living) tissue to
penetrate into it as shown without separating it from the main
tissue body.
[0056] FIG. 4 illustrates a probe construction according to the
present invention and similar to that of FIG. 2. Thus, probe 30
also includes an outer conductor 31 and an inner conductor 32
insulated therefrom by insultation 33 and terminating slightly
inwardly of the outer conductor so as to define an open cavity 34
to be penetrated by the body of the tissue 35 being examined. Also
in the probe illustrated in FIG. 3, as in FIG. 2, the tip of the
inner conductor 32 within the open cavity 34 is reduced in diameter
to define a large-diameter section 32a, a small-diameter section
32b, and sharp annular edges 32c, 32d and 32e, enhancing the
electrical field within the cavity 34.
[0057] In probe 30 illustrated in FIG. 4, the end of the outer
conductor 31 defining the open cavity 34 is reduced in diameter to
define a tapered section 31b and a relatively small diameter
opening 31c for receiving the body of tissue 35 being examined.
However, the deformability of tissue 35 permits a significant
portion thereof, shown at 35a, to enter the cavity 34, and thus to
influence the reflected pulse generated therein.
[0058] FIG. 5 illustrates another probe 40 constructed according to
the present invention in that it also includes an outer conductor
41 and an inner conductor 42 insulated therefrom by insulation 43,
with the inner conductor terminating inwardly of the outer
conductor to define an open cavity 44 for receiving the tissue 45
to be examined, similar to the construction of FIG. 2. In this
case, however, the electrical fringe field within the cavity 44 is
enhanced by providing the tip of the inner conductor 42, located
within the open cavity 44, with a plurality of sharp, thin,
projections or spikes 46. Preferably, projections or spikes 46 are
from a few microns to a few tens of microns in diameter, and are of
an electrically-conductive material such as stainless, copper,
aluminum, graphite nanotubes, etc.
[0059] FIG. 6 illustrates an assembly including a probe 50, such as
that illustrated in FIG. 4, coupled to one end of a flexible
coaxial line 51; the opposite end of coaxial line 51 is connected
to an external unit 52 for supplying the pulses to the probe. The
external unit 52 is more particularly illustrated in FIG. 7, as
including a computer 53, a pulse source 54 and a digitizing unit
55.
[0060] When connected to the probe 50, the line 51 is as close as
possible to an ideal open line. In general, the electric field mode
over the aperture defined by the open cavity (e.g. 34, FIG. 4) at
the end of the probe (30, FIG. 4), and closed by the examined
tissue (15) in the coaxial mode is given by the following
equation:
Er=-V/[r log(b/a)] (Eq. 1)
[0061] where: "V" is the voltage between the central and outer
conductors at the open end; "a" is the inner conductor radius; and
"b" is the outer conductor radius. When the inner conductor is
formed with the sharp annular edges in the open cavity (e.g., edges
12c-12e, FIG. 2, or edges 32c-32e, FIG. 4), to enhance the
electrical field within the open cavity, the radius "a" should be
appropriately modified.
[0062] When the inner conductor ends before the end of the line as
shown, the electric field in the open-cavity zone formed at the end
of the line is the fringing field of the coaxial mode; in that case
there is no far field radiation and almost no near-field outside
the coaxial line.
[0063] Also, when the tip of the inner conductor is reduced in
diameter as shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 4, and particularly when it is
connected to much thinner elements such as the plurality of
projections or spikes as shown in FIG. 5, the electric field mode
around those elements is changed from the coaxial mode to a
modified coaxial mode, producing a much stronger electrical
fringing field near the elements. The deformation of the biological
tissue allows it to penetrate into the space of the open cavity at
the end of the probe between the center conductor and the outer
conductor. In this way, a small portion of the biological tissue is
placed in the electric fringing field and is responsible for most
of the reflection of the applied voltage pulse back into the
transmission line 51. Most of the reflection thus occurs inside the
probe itself; also both the evanescent waves and the propagating
waves are substantially eliminated. The output impedance of the
probe thus depends to a great extent on the impedance of the
biological tissue. As a result, the reflected pulse detected by the
probe is dependent substantially on the dielectric properties of
the tissue itself, and not, as in the case where the tissue is
sampled by a conventional open-ended coaxial line, on the
dielectric properties of the surroundings. This allows the sampled
tissue impedance to be calculated without affecting, or being
affected by, the surrounding tissues.
[0064] As shown in FIG. 7, two sets of wires 56, 57 connect the
computer 53 to the pulse source unit 54 and the digitizing unit 55.
One set of wires 56 are the timing control wires used to transmit
trigger signals to the pulse source unit 54 and the digitizing unit
55; whereas the other set of wires 57 are the data transfer wires
used to transfer data from and to the computer 53.
[0065] The computer 53 controls the pulse durations and repetition
rates, as well as the pulse voltage. Preferably, the pulses should
have a duration of the order of nanoseconds or picoseconds. The
repetition rates may be of a few Herz to a few giga-Herz.
[0066] FIG. 8 illustrates illustrated the electrical connections
between the flexible coaxial line 51 connected at one end to the
pulse source unit 54 and the digitizing unit 55, and at the
opposite end to the probe 50. As shown in FIG. 8, these connections
are made by a T-connector 58 having one leg 58a connected to the
coaxial line 51, a second leg 58b connected to the pulse source
unit 54, and a third leg 58c connected to the digitizing unit
55.
[0067] The pulses generated in the pulse source unit 54 are split
by connector 58 into two signals. One signal goes to the digitizing
unit 55, and the other to probe 50 via the coaxial line 51. The
voltage pulses (e.g., 4-10 volts) reach the probe 50 and are
reflected back from its tip according to the dielectric properties
of the examined tissue closing the open cavity (e.g., 34, FIG. 4)
at the end of the probe (30, FIG. 4). The reflected pulses are also
split by the T-connector 58, a part being directed to the pulse
source 54, and another part to the digitizing unit 55. The part of
the reflected pulse received by the pulse source 54 could be
absorbed by a resistor, or reflected back, if desired to provide
multiple reflections in order to enhance the tissue effect on the
signal as more particularly described below.
[0068] Digitizing unit 55 samples, at a plurality of spaced time
intervals, both the incident electrical pulse, namely that applied
to the probe 51, and the reflected pulse reflected by the examined
tissue closing the cavity at the end of the probe. FIG. 9a
illustrates the sampling process, wherein it will be seen that
samples of the voltage levels are taken of the two pulses over a
plurality of spaced time intervals. For example, the sampling rate
may be 5 GHz, providing 200 picosecond samples. FIG. 9b illustrates
a typical data array produced as a result of this sampling
operation.
[0069] Each data array contains two voltage pulses, i.e., incident
and reflected. The computer program divides the data array into two
equal arrays, each array now corresponding to one pulse.
[0070] The two time-domain arrays are now transformed to the
frequency domain by a conventional FFT program, which is a standard
tool for transforming time domain signals to the frequency domain.
FIG. 10a illustrates the phase graph (phase, frequency) of the
reflected pulse, whereas FIG. 10b illustrates the same graph for
the incident pulse. FIG. 10c illustrates an example of the two
pulses at the real-amplitude frequency graph; and FIG. 10d
illustrates actual measurements of the incident pulse and the
reflected pulse.
[0071] The above described procedure is repeated, e.g.,
1,000-10,000 times, for each measurement point. This result is
1,000-10,000 pairs of arrays, all of which are saved and
transmitted to the analysis program of the computer 53.
[0072] Computer 53 compares the electrical characteristics of the
reflected electrical pulse with respect to those of the incident
(applied) electrical pulse to provide an indication of the
dielectric properties of the examined tissue. This is done by
sampling both electrical pulses at a plurality of spaced time
intervals, and comparing the voltage magnitudes of the two
electrical pulses at the spaced time intervals.
[0073] The foregoing comparison is made in a three-level analysis
according to: (1) a dielectric function calculation, (2) a
Cole-Cole parameters calculation, and (3) three-dimensional
similarities.
[0074] In the dielectric function calculation analysis, the
theoretical value of the reflection coefficient T can be given by
the following equation:
.GAMMA.=[Z.sub.1-Z.sub.0]/[Z.sub.1+Z.sub.0] (Eq. 2)
[0075] wherein: Z.sub.1 is the impedance of the probe plus the
impedance of the examined tissue; and Z.sub.0 is the impedance of
the transmission line.
[0076] Since Z.sub.1 is a dielectric function of the examined
tissue, the dielectric function can be calculated from the function
Z.sub.1. In a normal incident pulse, Z=.epsilon..sup.1/2. So when
.GAMMA. is known, .epsilon.(.omega.) of the tissue can be
calculated by the equation:
.epsilon.(.omega.)=Z.sub.0(.GAMMA.+1)/(1-.GAMMA.) (Eq. 3)
[0077] where:
[0078] .GAMMA. is the theoretical reflection coefficient;
[0079] Z.sub.0 is the cable and empty probe impedance;
[0080] Z.sub.1 is the tissue impedance; and
[0081] .epsilon.(.omega.) is the tissue dielectric function.
[0082] The experimental reflection coefficient R(.omega.) is
calculated from the following relation of the measured signals at
the frequency domain: 1 R ( ) = E ( ) reflected E ( ) incident ( Eq
. 4 )
[0083] where: E(.omega.)reflected is the reflected signal array and
E(.omega.)incident is the incident signal array at the respective
frequency (.omega.).
[0084] After the dielectric function of the examined tissue is
calculated, it is analyzed according to the following
considerations:
[0085] The computer calculated the values of extreme point (Peaks)
and special features, like the frequency at which the extreme
points appear, the amplitude of the peaks, the average value of the
function, the integral under the real part of the dielectric
function, the average value of the derivative, the maximum
derivative, and the roots of the function. All these values are
transferred as an array to the decision-making program routine. For
each value the statistical variance is also calculated.
[0086] When the impedance of the source is much larger than the
impedance of the cable, typically 50 ohms, the reflected pulse will
be reflected again and will reach the probe. The multiply
reflection can be described by .GAMMA..sup.n, where "n" is the
number of the reflections. Providing such multiple-reflections
produces enormous enhancements of the examined tissue parameters
since the effect of the bio-tissue impedance is now multiplied. In
the multiple-reflection mode, the 5.sup.th reflection is preferably
used to characterize the tissue. The logic of the calculations is
the same as in the case of first reflection.
[0087] In the Cole-Cole Parameter analysis the Cole-Cole parameters
.tau. and .alpha. of the sampled tissue are calculated from the
dielectric function as follows: 2 = .infin. + 1 + ( j c ) 1 - , = s
- .infin. ( Eq . 5 )
[0088] Where:
[0089] e is the dielectric function of the sample;
[0090] .epsilon..sub..infin. is the dielectric function at infinite
frequency=constant.
[0091] .epsilon..sub.0 is the dielectric function under dc
field=constant.
[0092] j is (-1){circumflex over ( )}.sup.1/2
[0093] For each value, the statistical variance is also calculated.
After calculation, the Cole-Cole parameters are transferred to the
decision-making program routine.
[0094] In the 3D similarities analysis the dielectric function is
drawn as a 3D curve in the 3D phase space constituted of the
real-part dielectric function, the imaginary-part dielectric
function, and the frequency. The 3D curves are analyzed with
respect to total volume, extreme points, curvature, and
cross-section as a function of frequency and overlapping, and are
computed with previously stored values of known normal and
cancerous tissues. The 3D volumes are displayed at the user
interface together with pre-measured known-tissue volumes.
[0095] The decision making routine compares the results from the
three levels of analysis and the existing data from the memory
bank. In the memory bank, data from known types of tissue is
recorded, together with the tissue type name and the statistical
variance. The statistical variance is used to define a volume
surrounding the curve.
[0096] The matching condition is a standard statistical process
which compares two sets of data. It uses all data for comparison.
For example, if the data matches data from a previously taken
memory bank data, the program displays the type of tissue from
which the databank sample was taken.
[0097] In case there is no match between stored (known) tissue data
and the examined tissue data, the most similar stored tissue data
is chosen as characterizing the examined tissue. The most similar
tissue is chosen according to the distance (in the phase space)
between the two measured points; alternatively, a user defined
criterion may be applied. The user may decide to find similarities,
at certain measurement points, based on one, two, or more specific
calculated parameters, ignoring all the others. For example the
user may decide to find similarities only according to the
frequency at which a peak appears in the real-part of the
dielectric function.
[0098] The decision making routine also compares the last-point
measured to the currently measured point. The result of that
process is to indicate merely how similar the two points are to
each other, without knowing the type of tissue of the last point.
The distance between two data points is considered as usually in
statistics, and the decisions are displayed on the screen together
with all data parameters.
[0099] FIG. 11 shows a pair of pulses as measured by the digitizing
unit. The first one is the incident (applied) pulse, and the second
one is the reflected pulse. .tau.1 is the duration of the first
pulse; .tau.2 is the duration of the reflected pulse; and .tau.3 is
the time interval between the pulses. The time interval is the
transit time for the pulse to reach the probe and back. This time
is equal to 2 LE/c, where "L" is the length of the cable, "E" is
the dielectric constant of the cable insulator, and "c" is the
light velocity. The data acquisition time of this pair is about 10
nsec. In that time interval, any mechanical movement is
insignificant; accordingly, any movement of the operator's hand, or
of the body containing the tissue to be examined, will not affect
the measurement.
[0100] FIG. 12 illustrates a plurality of pairs of such pulses
wherein t.sub.i (of t.sub.1-t.sub.n) is the time at which the peak
of the incident pulse appears in the digitizing unit. Therefore,
t.sub.i is the time between pairs. Generally, t.sub.i is different
from t.sub.i+j ("i" and "j" are index numbers) since there is
relative movement between the probe and the tissue.
[0101] By repeating this procedure according to the present
invention, many pair of pulses are collected and the amplitude and
phase of each pair is calculated separately, which thereby
eliminates the phase noise existing in the usual way of
measurements.
[0102] While the invention has been described with respect to
several preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that these
are set forth merely for purposes of example, and that many other
variations, modifications and applications of the invention may be
made.
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