U.S. patent application number 10/364934 was filed with the patent office on 2003-08-28 for gasoline compositions.
Invention is credited to Clayton, Christopher William, Kendall, David Roy, Martin, David Philip, Price, Richard John.
Application Number | 20030159340 10/364934 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27675744 |
Filed Date | 2003-08-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030159340 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Clayton, Christopher William ;
et al. |
August 28, 2003 |
Gasoline compositions
Abstract
The invention provides a gasoline composition comprising a major
amount of a gasoline suitable for use in a spark ignition engine; 5
to 1000 ppmw, based on total composition, of a fatty acid salt of
an alkoxylated oligoamine of general formula I 1 wherein each
moiety A independently represents an alkylene group of 2 to 8
carbon atoms, each moiety R independently represents a C.sub.7-23
alkyl or singly or multiply-unsaturated C.sub.7 to C.sub.23 alkenyl
group, optionally substituted by one or more --OH groups, each
moiety Z independently represents a C.sub.1-8 alkylene group, a
C.sub.3-8 cycloalkylene group, or a C.sub.6-12 arylene or
arylalkylene group, m represents 0 or an integer in the range 1 to
5, and the total of all variables x has a value of 50% to 300% of
(m+3); and 600 to 2000 ppmw, based on total composition, of a
co-additive selected from the group consisting of (a) a
nitrogen-containing detergent containing a hydrocarbyl group having
a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range 750 to 6000,
(b) a polyalphaolefin having a viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the
range 2.times.10.sup.-6 to 2.times.10.sup.-5 m.sup.2/s (2 to 20
centistokes), being an oligomer containing 18 to 80 carbon atoms
derived from at least one alphaolefinic monomer containing from 8
to 16 carbon atoms; (c) a polyoxyalkylene compound selected from
glycols, mono- and diethers thereof, having number average
molecular weight (Mn) in the range 400 to 3000; and mixtures of any
two or all three of (a), (b) and (c).
Inventors: |
Clayton, Christopher William;
(Chester, GB) ; Kendall, David Roy; (Chester,
GB) ; Martin, David Philip; (Chester, GB) ;
Price, Richard John; (Chester, GB) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Jennifer D. Adamson
Shell Oil Company
Legal - Intellectual Property
P. O. Box 2463
Houston
TX
77252-2463
US
|
Family ID: |
27675744 |
Appl. No.: |
10/364934 |
Filed: |
February 12, 2003 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
44/412 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/143 20130101;
C10L 1/2383 20130101; C10L 1/1881 20130101; C10L 1/2225 20130101;
C10L 1/238 20130101; C10L 1/1985 20130101; C10L 1/1641
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
44/412 |
International
Class: |
C10L 001/22 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 12, 2002 |
EP |
02250937.6 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gasoline composition comprising a major amount of a gasoline
suitable for use in a spark ignition engine; 5 to 1000 ppmw, based
on total composition, of a fatty acid salt of an alkoxylated
oligoamine of general formula I 6wherein each moiety A
independently represents an alkylene group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms,
each moiety R independently represents a C.sub.7-23 alkyl or singly
or multiply-unsaturated C.sub.7 to C.sub.23 alkenyl group,
optionally substituted by one or more --OH groups, each moiety Z
independently represents a C.sub.1-8 alkylene group, a C.sub.3-8
cycloalkylene group, or a C.sub.6-12 arylene or arylalkylene group,
m represents 0 or an integer in the range 1 to 5, and the total of
all variables x has a value of 50% to 300% of (m+3); and 600 to
2000 ppmw, based on total composition, of a co-additive selected
from the group consisting of (a) a nitrogen-containing detergent
containing a hydrocarbyl group having a number average molecular
weight (Mn) in the range 750 to 6000, (b) a polyalphaolefin having
a viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the range 2.times.10.sup.-6 to
2.times.10.sup.-5 m.sup.2/s (2 to 20 centistokes), being an
oligomer containing 18 to 80 carbon atoms derived from at least one
alphaolefinic monomer containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms; (c) a
polyoxyalkylene compound selected from glycols, mono- and diethers
thereof, having number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range
400 to 3000; and mixtures of any two or all three of (a), (b) and
(c).
2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein in formula I each
moiety A independently represents a 1,2-ethylene, ethylene,
1,2-propylene or 1,2-butylene group, each moiety R independently
represents a singly or multiply-unsaturated C.sub.15-19 alkenyl
group, optionally substituted by one or more --OH groups, each
moiety Z is a polymethylene group of formula --(CH2)n--, where n is
2 to 6, m is 1 or 2, and the total of all variables x has a value
of 75% to 125% of (m+3).
3. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the
nitrogen-containing detergent (a) is a hydrocarbyl amine or formula
R.sup.1--NH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.1 represents a group R.sub.2 or a
group R.sup.2--CH.sub.2--and R.sup.2 is a hydrocarbyl group having
a number average molecular weight in the range 950 to 1350.
4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the poyalphaolefin
(b) is derived from an alphaolefinic monomer containing from 8 to
12 carbon atoms, and has viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the range
6.times.10.sup.-6 to 1.times.10.sup.-5 m.sup.2/s (6 to 10
centistokes).
5. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the polyoxyalkylene
compound (c) has the formula II 7wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4
independently represent hydrogen atoms or C.sub.1-40 hydrocarbyl
groups, each R.sup.5 independently represents a C.sub.2-8 alkylene
group and n is such that M.sub.2 of the polyoxyalkylene compound is
in the range 700 to 2000.
6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid
salt is present in an amount in the range 25 to 400 ppmw, based on
total composition.
7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the co-additive is
present in an amount in the range 700 to 1500 ppmw, based on total
composition.
8. The composition according to claim 1 which contains at least 400
ppmw, based on total composition, of (b) and/or (c).
9. A process for the preparation of a gasoline composition
according to claim 1 which comprises bringing into admixture the
gasoline, the fatty acid salt and the co-additive.
10. A method of operating a spark-ignition internal combustion
engine, which comprises bringing into the combustion chambers of
said engine a gasoline composition according to claim 1.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to gasoline compositions, more
particularly to such compositions containing a fatty acid salt of
an alkoxylated oligoamine, and their preparation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] U.S. Pat. No. 4,131,583 discloses certain fatty acid salts
of alkoxylated oligoamines and their use as corrosion inhibitors in
aqueous coating agents for metal surfaces.
[0003] DE-A-19955651 (BASF) discloses the use of fatty acid salts
of alkoxylated oligoamines of general formula I 2
[0004] wherein each moiety A independently represents an alkylene
group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, each moiety R independently
represents a C.sub.7-23 alkyl or singly or multiply-unsaturated
C.sub.7 to C.sub.23 alkenyl group, optionally substituted by one or
more --OH groups, each moiety Z independently represents a
C.sub.1-8 alkylene group, a C.sub.3-8 cycloalkylene group or a
C.sub.6-12 arylene or arylalkylene group, m represents 0 or an
integer in the range 1 to 5, and the total of all variables x has a
value of 50% to 300% of (m+3), as lubricity improvers for mineral
oil products, including fuels and lubricating oils. Use in gasoline
and in diesel fuels are specifically disclosed. Use is particularly
described together with a polyisobutylene amine detergent and a
polyether carrier oil therefor, and Example 3 in DE-A-19955651
specifically describes the advantageous lubricity properties of a
composition based on a 50% distillation residue of a standard
Eurosuper gasoline into which was incorporated 50 mg/kg (ppmw) of a
specific salt of formula I and 500 mg/kg (ppmw) of an additive
package containing a polyisobutylene amine detergent, a synthetic
carrier oil and a conventional corrosion inhibitor. These lubricity
properties are demonstrated in a high frequency reciprocating rig
(HFFR) test.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0005] It has now surprisingly been found that if a fatty acid salt
of formula I is incorporated in a gasoline composition together
with higher concentrations of certain co-additives than are
disclosed in DE-A-19955651, significantly enhanced acceleration
performance can be achieved from a spark-ignition engine fuelled by
the gasoline composition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0006] According to the present invention therefore, there is
provided a gasoline composition comprising a major amount of a
gasoline suitable for use in a spark ignition engine; 5 to 1000
ppmw, based on total composition, of a fatty acid salt of an
alkoxylated oligoamine of general formula I 3
[0007] wherein each moiety A independently represents an alkylene
group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, each moiety R independently
represents a C.sub.7-23 alkyl or singly or multiply-unsaturated
C.sub.7 to C.sub.23 alkenyl group, optionally substituted by one or
more --OH groups, each moiety Z independently represents a
C.sub.1-8 alkylene group, a C.sub.3-8 cycloalkylene group, or a
C.sub.6-12 arylene or arylalkylene group, m represents 0 or an
integer in the range 1 to 5, and the total of all variables x has a
value of 50% to 300% of (m+3); and 600 to 2000 ppmw, based on total
composition, of a co-additive selected from the group consisting of
(a) a nitrogen-containing detergent containing a hydrocarbyl group
having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range 750 to
6000, (b) a polyalphaolefin having a viscosity at 100.degree. C. in
the range 2.times.10.sup.-6 to 2.times.10.sup.-5 m.sup.2/s (2 to 20
centistokes), being an oligomer containing 18 to 80 carbon atoms
derived from at least one alphaolefinic monomer containing from 8
to 16 carbon atoms; (c) a polyoxyalkylene compound selected from
glycols, mono- and diethers thereof, having number average
molecular weight (Mn) in the range 400 to 3000; and mixtures of any
two or all three of (a), (b) and (c).
[0008] In formula I, although A may represent any C.sub.2-8
alkylene group, it is preferably derived from an alkylene oxide,
and most preferably represents a 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-propylene or
1,2-butylene group.
[0009] R is preferably a linear group, and preferably represents a
singly or multiply-unsaturated C.sub.15-19 alkenyl group,
optionally substituted by one or more --OH groups. The fatty acid
from which the salt is derived may very conveniently be oleic acid,
linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or a mixture of fatty acids
containing any two or all three of such acids, e.g. tall oil fatty
acid or rapeseed oil fatty acid.
[0010] Z preferably represents a polymethylene group of formula
--(CH.sub.2)n--, where n is 2 to 8, more preferably 2 to 6, either
as single entities (e.g. an alpha, omega-alkylene group) or a
mixture of alpha, omega-alkylene groups.
[0011] The variable m preferably represents 1 or 2, more preferably
1.
[0012] The total of all variables x preferably has a value of 75%
to 125% of (m+3). The value of each x is most preferably 1.
[0013] Accordingly, in formula I, it is preferred that each moiety
A independently represents a 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-propylene or
1,2-butylene group, (most preferably a 1,2-propylene group) each
moiety R independently represents a singly or multiply-unsaturated
C.sub.15-19 alkenyl group, optionally substituted by one or more
--OH groups (R--COOH most preferably being oleic acid, linoleic
acid or a mixture thereof), each moiety is a polymethylene group of
formula --(CH.sub.2)n--, where n is 2 to 6, m is 1 or 2, and the
total of all variables x has a value of 75% to 125% of (m+3) (most
preferably each x being 1).
[0014] The fatty acid salts of formula I may be synthesised as
described in DE-A-19955651.
[0015] The nitrogen-containing detergent (a) containing a
hydrocarbyl group having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in
the range 750 to 6000 may be an amine, e.g. a polyisobutylene
mono-amine or polyamine, such as a polyisobutylene ethylene
diamine, or N-polyisobutenyl-N',N'-dim- ethyl-1,3-diaminopropane,
or amides, e.g. a polyisobutenyl succinimide, and are variously
descsribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,629 and WO
0132812.
[0016] A particularly preferred nitrogen-containing detergent is
hydrocarbyl amine of formula R.sup.1--NH.sub.2 and R.sup.1
represents a group R.sup.2 or a group R.sup.2--CH.sub.2-- and
R.sup.2 represents a hydrocarbyl group having a number average
molecular weight in the range 750 to 6000, preferably in the range
900 to 3000, more preferably 950 to 2000, and most preferably in
the range 950 to 1350, e.g. a polybutenyl or polyisobutenyl group
having a number average molecular weight in the range 950 to
1050.
[0017] The nitrogen-containing detergents (a) are known materials
and may be prepared by known methods or by methods analogous to
known methods. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,702 describes the
preparation of polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl amines from an
appropriate polybutene or polyisobutene by hydroformylation and
subsequent amination of the resulting oxo product under
hydrogenating conditions.
[0018] Suitable hydrocarbyl amines are obtainable from BASF A.G.,
under the trade mark "Kerocom".
[0019] The polyalphaolefins (b) are primarily trimers, tetramers
and pentamers, and synthesis of such materials is outlined in
Campen et al. "Growing use of synlubes", Hydrocarbon Processing,
February 1982, Pages 75 to 82. The polyalphaolefin may be
unhydrotreated, but it is preferably a hydrogenated oligomer. The
polyalphaolefin (b) is preferably derived from an alphaolefinic
monomer containing from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. Furthermore, it
preferably has viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the range
6.times.10.sup.-6 to 1.times.10.sup.-5 m.sup.2/s (6 to 10
centistokes). Polyalphaolefins derived from decene-1 have been
found to be very effective. Polyalphaolefin having a viscosity at
100.degree. C. of 8.times.10.sup.-6 m.sup.2/s (8 centistokes) has
been found to be very effective.
[0020] The polyoxyalkylene compound (c) preferably has the formula
II 4
[0021] wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represent hydrogen
atoms or hydrocarbyl, preferably C.sub.1-40 hydrocarbyl, e.g.
alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or alkyl-phenyl groups, each R.sup.5
independently represents an alkylene, preferably C.sub.2-8
alkylene, group, and p is such that Mn of the polyoxyalkylene
compound is in the range 400 to 3000, preferably 700 to 2000, more
preferably 1000 to 2000.
[0022] Preferably R.sup.3 represents a C.sub.8-20 alkyl group and
R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom. R.sup.3 preferably represents a
C.sub.8-18 alkyl group, more preferably a C.sub.8-15 alkyl group.
R.sup.3 may conveniently be a mixture of C.sub.8-15 alkyl
groups.
[0023] In the formula II the groups R.sup.5 are preferably 1,2
alkylene groups. Preferably each group R.sup.5 independently
represents a C.sub.2-4 alkylene group, e.g. an ethylene,
1,2-propylene or 1,2-butylene group. Very effective results have
been obtained when each group R.sup.5 represents a 1,2-propylene
group.
[0024] Number average molecular weights, e.g. of hydrocarbons such
as polyalkenes, may be determined by several techniques which give
closely similar results. Conveniently Mn may be determined by
vapour phase osmometry (VPO) (ASTM D 3592) or by modern gel
permeation chromatography (GPC), e.g. as described for example in
W. W. Yau, J. J. Kirkland and D. D. Bly, "Modern Size Exclusion
Liquid Chromatography", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979. Where
the formula of a compound is known, the number average molecular
weight can be calculated as its formula weight.
[0025] Typical of gasolines suitable for use in spark ignition
engines are mixtures of hydrocarbons having boiling points in the
range from 25.degree. C. to 232.degree. C. and comprising mixtures
of saturated hydrocarbons, olefinic hydrocarbons and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Preferred are gasoline blends having a saturated
hydrocarbon content ranging from 40 to 80 per cent volume, an
olefinic hydrocarbon content ranging from 0 to 30 per cent volume
and an aromatic hydrocarbon content ranging from 10 to 60 per cent
volume. The gasoline can be derived from straight run gasoline,
polymer gasoline, natural gasoline, dimer- or trimerised olefins,
synthetically produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures from thermally
or catalytically reformed hydrocarbons, or from catalytically
cracked or thermally cracked petroleum stocks, or mixtures thereof.
The hydrocarbon composition and octane level of the gasoline are
not critical. The octane level, (R+M)/2, will generally be above
85. Any conventional gasoline can be used. For example, in the
gasoline, hydrocarbons can be replaced by up to substantial amounts
of conventional alcohols or ethers conventionally known for use in
gasoline. Alternatively, e.g. in countries such as Brazil, the
"gasoline" may consist essentially of ethanol.
[0026] The gasoline is preferably lead-free, and this may be
required by law. Where permitted, lead-free antiknock compounds
and/or valve-seat recession protectant compounds (e.g. known
potassium salts, sodium salts or phosphorous compounds) may be
present.
[0027] Modern gasolines are inherently low-sulphur fuels, e.g.
containing less than 200 ppmw sulphur.
[0028] In addition to the fatty acid salt of formula I and the
co-additive, the gasoline composition may additionally contain one
or more corrosion inhibitors, anti-oxidants, dyes, dehazers, metal
deactivators, detergents other than a nitrogen-containing detergent
(a) (e.g. a polyether amine), carriers other than a polyalphaolefin
(b) or a polyoxyalkylene compound (c), diluents and markers.
[0029] In gasoline compositions of the present invention, the fatty
acid salt is preferably present in an amount in the range 25 to
1000 ppmw, more preferably 25 to 400 ppmw. It is further preferred
for the amount to be at least 50 ppmw. Amounts in the range 50 to
200 ppmw have been found to be very effective.
[0030] The co-additive is preferably present in an amount in the
range 600 to 1500 ppmw, more preferably 700 to 1500 ppmw,
conveniently 700 to 1200 ppmw, based on total composition.
[0031] The composition preferably contains at least 400 ppmw, based
on total composition, of at least one of (b) and (c). The
composition may, for example, contain at least 200 ppmw of (b) and
at least 200 ppmw of (c). Amounts of (b) and/or (c) individually in
the range 200 to 800, subject to preferred overall maxima for
concentration of co-additive are preferred.
[0032] For example, a gasoline composition of the invention may
contain 200 to 800 ppmw (b) and 200 to 800 ppmw (c), the ratio
(b):(c) being in the range 4:1 to 1:4, preferably 3:1 to 1:3,
subject to total concentration of (a) (where present), (b) and (c)
being in the range 600 to 2000 ppmw, preferably 600 to 1500 ppmw,
more preferably 700 to 1500, conveniently 700 to 1200 ppmw. One
example, would be 200 ppmw of a polyalphaolefin (b) and 600 ppmw of
a polyoxyalkylene compound (c).
[0033] In this specification, amounts (concentrations) (ppmw) of
fatty acid salt, of co-additive, and of individual components (a),
(b) and (c) are of active matter, i.e. exclusive of volatile
solvents/diluent materials.
[0034] The invention further provides a process for the preparation
of a gasoline composition of the invention as defined above which
comprises bringing into admixture the gasoline, the fatty acid salt
and the co-additive.
[0035] If desired, the fatty acid salt, the co-additive, and any
additional components such as corrosion inhibitors, anti-oxidants,
etc., as listed above, may be co-mixed, preferably together with
suitable diluent(s), in an additive concentrate, and the additive
concentrate may be dispersed into gasoline, in suitable quantity to
result in a composition of the invention.
[0036] The invention also provides a method of operating a
spark-ignition engine, which comprises bringing into the combustion
chambers of said engine a gasoline composition of the invention as
defined above.
[0037] The invention will be further understood from the following
illustrative examples, in which, unless otherwise indicated, parts
and percentages are by weight, and the temperatures are in degrees
Celsius.
[0038] In the examples, base fuel used was an unleaded gasoline (95
USG) of RON 95.2, MON 87.2, and having sulphur content (ASTM D
2622-94) 12 ppmw, aromatics content (DIN 51413/T3) of 31.93 v/v,
total paraffins content 61.56 v/v, density (DIN 51757/V4) 733.3
kg/m.sup.3, distillation (ISO 3405/88) IBP 38.degree. C., 10% v/v
55.degree. C., 50 % v/v 101.degree. C., 90% v/v 142.degree. C. and
FBP 169.degree. C.
[0039] Fuels were blended with additives by adding additives to
base fuel at ambient temperature and homogenising.
[0040] The following additives were used:
[0041] "FM"--this was a friction modifier additive in the form of a
fatty acid salt of an alkoxylated oligoamine of general formula I
5
[0042] wherein indices A represent 1,2-propylene groups, variables
R represent a mixture of C.sub.17 moieties such that R--COOH
corresponds to a mixture of oleic and linoleic acids in approximate
molar ratio 2:1, Z represents polymethylene groupings of formula
--(CH.sub.2)n--, where n is 2 to 6, m is 1, and x is 1, prepared in
analogous manner to Example 1 of DE-A-19953651 using a mixture of
alpha, omega --C.sub.2-6 diamines in place of ethylene diamine, and
a 2:1 mixture of oleic and linoleic acids in place of oleic acid
per se.
[0043] "DP"--this was a standard commercial gasoline additive
package, containing a polyisobutyleneamine detergent, a synthetic
carrier oil and a conventional corrosion inhibitor, corresponding
closely to additive package PI of Example 3 of DE-A-19955651. The
polyisobutyleneamine detergent was a polyisobutylene monoamine
(PIBA) ex BASF, in which the polyisobutylene (PIB) chain has a
number average molecular weight of approximately 1000. The
synthetic carrier oil was a polyether carrier fluid similar to PCF
and PGHE below. The additive package contained about 68% in
non-volatile matter, about 27 % w of the package being the PIBA and
40 % w of the package being the polyether carrier fluid.
[0044] "PCF"--this is a polyether carrier fluid, similar to PGHE
below and to the synthetic carrier oil in "DP" above, being a
polyoxypropylene glycol hemiether containing 15 to 30 propylene
oxide units prepared using a mixture of alkanols in the C.sub.8-15
range as initiator (having Mn in the range 1000 to 2000).
[0045] "PGHE"--this is a polyether carrier fluid in the form of a
polyoxypropylene glycol hemiether (monoether) prepared using a
mixture of C.sub.12-15 alcohols as initiator having Mn in the range
1200 to 1500 and a kinematic viscosity in the range 72 to 82 mm2/s
at 40.degree. C. according to ASTM D 445. "PGHE" contains 17 to 22
propylene oxide units.
[0046] "PAO"--this is a polyalphaolefin, being a hydrogenated
oligomer of decene-1 having a viscosity at 100.degree. C. of
8.times.10.sup.-6 m.sup.2/s (8 centistokes).
[0047] "DET"--this is a 50 %w solution in volatile hydrocarbon
solvent of the PIBA component of DP above.
[0048] Fuels were tested for acceleration performance using a Ford
Zetec 2.0 litre in-line 4 cylinder, 16-valve, multipoint fuel
injection, spark-ignition engine, in a bench engine test as
follows.
[0049] The test is based on a cycle of engine accelerations from
1300 to 4000 rpm as set forth in Table 1:
1TABLE 1 Engine Engine Throttle Coolant Oil Cycle Speed Torque
StageTime position out in (temp. Stage (rpm) (Nm) (s) (%) (tem.,
.degree. C.) .degree. C.) 1 1300 20 7 13 100 105 2 1300- 140
Variable 100 100 105 4000 3 4000- 90 5 13 100 105 1300
[0050] Stage time for stage 2 is variable, according to the fuel
used, being approximately 8 seconds for base fuel. Acceleration
times are measured in Stage 2 for the time interval taken for the
engine to pass from 1500 to 3500 rpm.
[0051] In the test, a sequence of 40 test cycles is made to
establish an average base fuel acceleration time. The fuel is then
changed to test fuel (which comprises the same base fuel plus
additive(s)), and a sequence of 40 test cycles is made to establish
an average test fuel acceleration time. For each test fuel, there
is established an acceleration time benefit as a percentage of the
difference between the acceleration times relative to the base fuel
time.
[0052] Following a test as described above, a purging procedure is
carried out, in which the engine is run for 16 hours on base fuel,
with three engine oil changes being carried out during that period,
in order to ensure that there is no contamination of engine oil by
test fuel additives in subsequent tests.
[0053] Details of the test fuels and acceleration performance data
are given in Table 2 following, wherein Examples 1 to 5 are
examples of the invention, and Comp. A to Comp. E are comparative
examples:
2TABLE 2 Additive Acceleration FM Additive active performance dose
dose matter benefit Example (ppmw) Additive (ppmw) (ppmw) (%) 1 50
DP 1680 1126* 3.090 2 100 DP 1680 1126* 2.753 3 200 DP 1680 1126*
3.840 4 50 PAO 800 800 2.437 5 50 PCF 800 800 2.935 Comp. A 50 DP
525 352** 1.950 Comp. B 800 -- -- -- 1.577 Comp. C -- PIBA 907 454
0.695 Comp. D -- PGHE 672 672 1.91 Comp. E -- DP 1680 1126* 2.13
*corresponds to 454 ppmw PIBA plus 672 ppmw polyether carrier fluid
**corresponds to 142 ppmw PIBA plus 210 ppmw polyether carrier
fluid
[0054] In Example 3 of DE-A-19955651, tests were effected on
lubricity of gasolines, including gasolines containing zero
additive, 500 mg/kg (ppmw) of additive package P1, and 50 mg/kg
(ppmw) of friction modifier product Example 1 of DE-A-19955651 plus
500 mg/kg (ppmw) of additive package P1, using a high frequency
reciprocating rig (HFFR) test, in which the gasoline used was a 50%
distillation residue of a standard Eurosuper gasoline.
[0055] Addition of PI alone (or the similar P2 package) was said to
result in frictional wear values of the same order of magnitude as
the blank values, whilst addition of 50 ppmw of the friction
modifies product of Example 1 gave lower values, and results which
were stated to be clearly superior to those resulting from
inclusion of 50 ppmw of a prior art lubricity improver.
[0056] In the light of the teaching of Example 3 of DE-A-19955651,
the acceleration performance findings of the present invention as
evidenced by Table 2 above are extremely surprising. In particular,
it should be noted that the comparative example Comp. A corresponds
very closely to the combination giving the best results in Example
3 of DE-A-19955651.
* * * * *