U.S. patent application number 10/324017 was filed with the patent office on 2003-08-21 for codopant polymers for efficient optical amplification.
This patent application is currently assigned to Photon-X, Inc.. Invention is credited to Garito, Anthony F., Norwood, Robert A., Panackal, Anna.
Application Number | 20030156320 10/324017 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27055899 |
Filed Date | 2003-08-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030156320 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Norwood, Robert A. ; et
al. |
August 21, 2003 |
Codopant polymers for efficient optical amplification
Abstract
In accordance with the invention, the present invention provides
for a polymer comprised of a general composition. The polymer has a
first rare earth element, a second rare earth element, one of the
elements of Group VI.sub.A, one of the elements of Group V.sub.A, a
first fully halogenated organic group, a second fully halogenated
organic group. A method of manufacturing the polymer is also
disclosed.
Inventors: |
Norwood, Robert A.; (West
Chester, PA) ; Garito, Anthony F.; (Radnor, PA)
; Panackal, Anna; (Philadelphia, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT & DUNNER
LLP
1300 I STREET, NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20005
US
|
Assignee: |
Photon-X, Inc.
|
Family ID: |
27055899 |
Appl. No.: |
10/324017 |
Filed: |
December 20, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10324017 |
Dec 20, 2002 |
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09722821 |
Nov 28, 2000 |
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6538805 |
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09722821 |
Nov 28, 2000 |
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09507582 |
Feb 18, 2000 |
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6292292 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
359/341.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01S 3/06716 20130101;
H01S 3/16 20130101; H01S 3/1698 20130101; H01S 3/178 20130101; C08G
79/04 20130101; G02B 6/02033 20130101; C03C 13/04 20130101; C08L
85/02 20130101; H01S 3/1618 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
359/341.5 |
International
Class: |
H01S 003/00 |
Goverment Interests
[0002] The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention
and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner
to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms
of Contract Nos. N00014-00-M-0029 and N00014-00-C-0117 awarded by
the Department of the Navy..
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A polymer comprised of a general composition
{XY[DDZRR'].sub.3}.sub.n, where: X is a first rare earth element; Y
is a second rare earth element; D is one of the elements of Group
VI.sub.A; Z is one of the elements of Group V.sub.A; R is a first
fully halogenated organic group; R' is a second fully halogenated
organic group; and n is an integer greater than 1.
2. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein X is selected from the
group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.
3. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein Y is selected from the
group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.
4. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein X and Y are different
rare earth elements.
5. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein R and R' are
fluoroalkyl chains of a general composition C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1 where
x.gtoreq.1.
6. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein x=6.
7. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein x=8.
8. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein R and R' are
perfluoroalkyls.
9. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein R R'.
10. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein R equals R'.
11. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is
soluble in at least one of a plurality organic solvents.
12. The polymer according to claim 7, wherein the at least one of
the plurality of organic solvents comprises dimethyl acetamide.
13. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein each of the first and
second fully halogenated organic groups consists of at least one of
the group of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and mixtures thereof.
14. The polymer according to claim 9, wherein each of the first and
second fully halogenated organic groups consists of fluorine.
15. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of X to Y by
weight is approximately one to one.
16. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of X to Y by
weight is approximately three to one.
17. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of X to Y by
weight is between approximately 1 to 1 and 1 to 50.
18. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of X to Y
by weight is approximately 1 to 10.
19. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein D is one of oxygen
and sulfur.
20. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein Z is one of nitrogen
and phosphorous.
21. A method of manufacturing a polymer comprising: providing a
sodium salt of a fully halogenated substituted acid in liquid
acetone, the sodium salt having a general composition
3(n+m)RR'ZDDNa, wherein: n and m are positive integers; D is one of
the elements of Group VI.sub.A; Z is one of the elements of Group
V.sub.A; R is a first fully halogenated organic group; and R' is a
second fully halogenated organic group; providing a first rare
earth chloride XCl.sub.3 in dry acetone, wherein X is selected from
the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium; providing a
second rare earth chloride YCl.sub.3 in dry acetone, wherein Y is
selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium,
praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium,
gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,
ytterbium, and lutetium; combining the sodium salt in the liquid
acetone, the first rare earth chloride in the dry acetone, and the
second rare earth chloride in the dry acetone together to form a
mixture; stirring the mixture under nitrogen for a predetermined
period of time at a predetermined temperature; adding distilled
water to the mixture; boiling the aqueous solution; filtering the
aqueous solution; washing the aqueous solution with boiling water,
forming a washed product; and drying the washed product.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the stirring is
performed for between 70 and 75 hours.
23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the stirring is
performed at between 20.degree. C. and 25.degree. C.
24. The method according to claim 21, wherein the drying is
performed in a vacuum oven.
25. The method according to claim 21, wherein the drying yields at
least 60% of polymer.
26. A polymer comprised of a general composition
{XY[DDZRR'].sub.3}.sub.n, where: X is a first rare earth element; Y
is a second rare earth element ; D is one of the elements of Group
VI.sub.A; Z is one of the elements of Group V.sub.A; R is a first
fully halogenated organic group; R' is a second fully halogenated
organic group; and n is an integer greater than 1; the polymer
being formed by: providing a sodium salt of a fully halogenated
substituted acid in liquid acetone, the sodium salt having a
general composition 3(n+m)RR'ZDDNa, wherein: n and m are positive
integers; D is one of the elements of Group VI.sub.A; Z is one of
the elements of Group V.sub.A; R is a first fully halogenated
organic group; and R'is a second fully halogenated organic group;
providing a first rare earth chloride XCl.sub.3 in dry acetone,
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum,
cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium,
gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,
ytterbium, and lutetium; providing a second rare earth chloride
YCl.sub.3 in dry acetone, wherein Y is selected from the group
consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium; combining the
sodium salt in the liquid acetone, the first rare earth chloride in
the dry acetone, and the second rare earth chloride in the dry
acetone together to form a mixture; stirring the mixture under
nitrogen for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined
temperature; adding distilled water to the mixture; boiling the
aqueous solution; filtering the aqueous solution; washing the
aqueous solution with boiling water, forming a washed product; and
drying the washed product.
27. An optical amplifying fiber assembly comprising: a fiber formed
from a first polymer as claimed in claim 1, the fiber having a
first diameter and a first refractive index; and a cladding
disposed about an outer perimeter of the fiber, the cladding having
a diameter and a second refractive index less than the first
refractive index.
28. The optical amplifying fiber assembly according to claim 27,
wherein the cladding comprises a second polymer.
29. The optical amplifying fiber assembly according to claim 28,
wherein the second polymer has a general composition
{X'Y'[DDZRR'].sub.3}.sub.n, where: X' is a third rare earth element
different from X; Y' is a fourth rare earth element different from
X; D is one of the elements of Group VI.sub.A; Z is one of the
elements of Group V.sub.A; R is a first fully halogenated organic
group; R' is a second fully halogenated organic group; and n is an
integer greater than 1.
30. The optical amplifying fiber assembly according to claim 28,
wherein the second diameter is at least two times larger than the
first diameter.
31. The optical amplifying fiber assembly according to claim 27,
further comprising a second polymer blended with the first
polymer.
32. An optical waveguide comprising: a substrate; a first cladding
layer disposed on the substrate, the first cladding layer having a
first refractive index; a first polymer as claimed in claim 1 being
disposed on the first cladding layer, the first polymer having a
second refractive index; a plurality of channel waveguides formed
in the first polymer; and a second cladding layer disposed over the
first polymer, the second cladding layer having a third refractive
index, wherein the first and third refractive indices being less
than the second refractive index.
33. The optical waveguide according to claim 32, wherein the first
refractive index is approximately equal to the third refractive
index.
34. The optical waveguide according to claim 32, further comprising
a second polymer blended with the first polymer.
35. The optical waveguide according to claim 32, wherein the first
polymer is disposed on the first cladding layer by spin coating the
first polymer onto the first cladding layer.
36. A polymer comprised of a general composition
{XAl[DDZRR'].sub.3}.sub.n- , where: X is a rare earth element; D is
one of the elements of Group VI.sub.A; Z is one of the elements of
Group V.sub.A; R is a first fully halogenated organic group; R' is
a second fully halogenated organic group; and n is an integer
greater than 1.
37. The polymer according to claim 36,wherein a ratio of Al to X by
weight is approximately ten to one.
38. The polymer according to claim 36, wherein R and R' are
perfluoroalkyls.
39. The polymer according to claim 38, wherein R=R'.
40. The polymer according to claim 38, wherein R does not equal
R'.
41. The polymer according to claim 38, wherein R and R' have a
general formula C.sub.xF.sub.(2x+1).
42. The polymer according to claim 41, wherein x=6.
43. The polymer according to claim 41, wherein x=8.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of
co-pending application Ser. No. 09/507,582, filed Feb. 18,
2000.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0003] 1. Field of the Invention
[0004] The present invention relates generally to fiber optics and
fiber optic waveguides. In particular, this invention relates to
rare earth polymer compositions, for use in optical fibers and
optical waveguides.
[0005] 2. Background of the Invention
[0006] As fiber optics are increasingly employed in long distance
communications, metropolitan network and local access
communications, there is an increasing need for efficient, compact
optical amplification.
[0007] Optical communication systems based on glass optical fibers
(GOFs) allow communication signals to be transmitted not only over
long distances with low attenuation but also at extremely high data
rates, or bandwidth capacity. This capability arises from the
propagation of a single optical signal mode in the low-loss windows
of glass located at the near-infrared wavelengths of 0.85, 1.3, and
1.55 .mu.m. Present technology has moved to erbium doped fused
silica fiber for optical amplification. Since the introduction of
erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), the last decade has witnessed
the emergence of single-mode GOF as the standard data transmission
medium for wide area networks (WANs), especially in terrestrial and
transoceanic communication backbones. In addition, the bandwidth
performance of single-mode GOF has been vastly enhanced by the
development of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), which
can couple up to 160 channels of different wavelengths of light
into a single fiber, with each channel carrying gigabits of data
per second. Moreover, a signal transmission of 1 terabit (10.sup.12
bits) per second was achieved over a single fiber on a 100-channel
DWDM system. Enabled by these and other technologies, the bandwidth
capacities of the communication networks are increasing at rates of
as much as an order of magnitude per year.
[0008] The success of single-mode GOF in long-haul communication
backbones has given rise to the new technology of optical
networking. The universal objective is to integrate voice, video,
and data streams over all-optical systems as communication signals
make their way from WANs down to smaller local area networks
(LANs), down to the curb (FTTC), home (FTTH), and finally to the
end user by fiber to the desktop (FTTD). Examples are the recent
explosion of the Internet and use of the World Wide Web, which are
demanding higher bandwidth performance in short- and
medium-distance applications. Yet as the optical network nears the
end user, starting at the LAN stage the system is characterized by
numerous fiber connections, splices, and couplings, especially
those associated with splitting of the input signal into numerous
channels. All of these introduce optical loss. To compensate for
the loss penalty, current solutions rely on expensive EDFAs that
are bulky at fiber lengths of about 40 m. The cost of a typical
commercial EDFA can reach many tens of thousands of dollars. Thus,
to complete the planned build-out for FTTC, and FTTD in the U.S.
would require millions of amplifiers and hundreds of billions of
dollars.
[0009] An EDFA module is made up of a number of components. One of
the most critical components in the module is the erbium doped
silica fiber (EDF). Present EDF is limited by low concentrations of
erbium atoms (maximum is about 0.1%), clustering that leads to
quenching of photoluminescence, a relatively narrow emission band,
a highly wavelength dependent gain spectrum, and an inability to be
fabricated in a compact, planar geometry. Efforts have been
directed toward the use of other rare earth ions in both fused
silica glass hosts and other glasses including fluoride, tellurite
and phosphate glasses. To this point, these efforts have been
limited by the fundamental materials properties of these glass
media with regard to their ability to dissolve rare earth atoms,
mechanical properties, thermal stability, and other key
properties.
[0010] Certain embodiments of the present invention comprise rare
earth fluorphosphinate polymer material that comprise the following
preferred properties:
[0011] compatibility with a broad range of rare earths that enable
coverage of the full 1500 to 1600 nm window (and beyond) using a
common host platform;
[0012] very high concentrations of rare earth elements without
associated quenching and upconversion penalties, allowing for short
lengths of fiber to be used as small as centimeters and less;
[0013] low intrinsic optical loss;
[0014] capable of being drawn into single mode optical fiber;
and
[0015] capable of being cast into films for planar waveguide
applications.
[0016] Cost effective, compact integrated optics is a solution to
this problem, but currently is non-existent. Resulting is the need
for very long lengths of this fiber (tens of meters) in actual use.
There is a need for an efficient, compact, broadband amplifying
medium to accommodate lower power pumping, reduce packaging
problems, and increase network capacity.
[0017] It would also be beneficial to provide novel optical
waveguide materials that are easy to process using standard silicon
VLSI (very large scale integration) fabrication methods and optical
fiber drawing processes. Further, it would also be beneficial to
produce a fiber amplifier and material therefore having low-loss in
short and medium distance communications network systems.
Additionally, it would be beneficial to produce an integrated
optical component that is a low-loss splitter that combines
amplification and splitting of the input signal while maintaining a
high signal-to-noise ratio.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0018] In accordance with the invention, the present invention
provides for a polymer comprising at least one unit comprising a
first rare earth element, a second rare earth element, at least one
of the elements of Group VI.sub.A, at least one of the elements of
Group V.sub.A, a first fully halogenated organic group, a second
fully halogenated organic group.
[0019] In another embodiment of the present invention there is a
method of manufacturing a polymer comprising providing a sodium
salt of a fully halogenated substituted acid in a first solvent,
for example acetone, the sodium salt comprising a general
composition and comprising at least one of the elements of Group
VI.sub.A, at least one of the elements of Group V.sub.A, a first
fully halogenated organic group, a second fully halogenated organic
group, providing a first rare earth chloride in a second solvent,
for example, dry acetone, providing a second rare earth chloride in
a third solvent, for example dry acetone, combining the sodium salt
in the first solvent, the first rare earth chloride in the second
solvent, and the second rare earth chloride in the third solvent
together to form a mixture, stirring the mixture in an atmosphere,
for example under nitrogen, for a predetermined period of time at a
predetermined temperature, adding a dilutent, for example distilled
water to the mixture, boiling the aqueous solution, filtering the
aqueous solution, washing the aqueous solution with a rinsing agent
for example, boiling water, forming a washed product, and drying
the washed product.
[0020] While a first and second rare earth are stated, it is
contemplated that the first and second rare earth elements can be
the same or different rare earth elements. Additionally, as a first
and second fully halogenated organic group are stated, it is
contemplated that the first and second fully halogenated organic
groups are the same or different fully halogenated organic
group.
[0021] In certain embodiments of the present invention there is an
optical amplifying fiber assembly provided comprising a fiber
formed from a first polymer and comprising a first diameter and a
first refractive index, having a cladding disposed about an outer
perimeter of the fiber, the cladding comprising a second diameter
and a second refractive index less than the first refractive
index.
[0022] In certain embodiments of the present invention there is an
optical waveguide provided comprising a substrate, a first cladding
layer on the substrate, the first cladding layer comprising a first
refractive index. The optical waveguide also comprising a first
polymer on the first cladding layer, the first polymer comprising a
second refractive index, a plurality of channel waveguides formed
in the first polymer, and a second cladding layer over the first
polymer, the second cladding layer comprising a third refractive
index, the first and third refractive indices being less than the
second refractive index.
[0023] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general
description and the following detailed description are exemplary
and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as
claimed.
[0024] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and
constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of
the invention and together with the description, serve to explain
the principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 is an energy level diagram for a rare earth codopant
emitter;
[0026] FIG. 1(a) is a diagram of polymer blends for optical
amplification;
[0027] FIG. 2 is an energy level diagram for a rare earth
chromophore;
[0028] FIG. 3 is a chemical structure of a polymer for optical
amplification;
[0029] FIG. 4 is a chemical structure of a specific polymer for
optical amplification;
[0030] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an optical fiber with
cladding partially stripped away;
[0031] FIG. 6 is an end view of an optical fiber showing relative
diameters of the core and cladding;
[0032] FIG. 7 is a diagram of a polymer fabrication technique;
and
[0033] FIG. 8 is a side view, in section of a waveguide.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0034] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the
invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying
drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be
used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like
parts.
[0035] Rare earth (RE) waveguide amplifiers operate on the basic
3-level and 4-level laser transition principles. The single pass
gain of the waveguide amplifier is the fundamental parameter to be
calculated. Amplification in a RE polymer waveguide, as with most
types of laser systems, can be described with a 3-level model. FIG.
1 displays the energy level diagram of such a model for Er.sup.3+
ion. FIG. 1(a) shows a diagram of polymer blends for optical
amplification.
[0036] Referring to FIG. 1, in an amplifier, the RE ions start out
in their ground state, level 1. The electrons are then excited to
level 2 by a pump beam of photons with energy h.omega..sub.p equal
to the transition energy from level 1 to level 2. The ions
subsequently undergo fast nonradiative decay to level 3, which is
the metastable state of the system. The lifetime of this state is
very long in comparison to the nonradiative decay. As a
consequence, a population inversion is created in level 3. Then, as
a signal beam passes by the ions, it stimulates emission of photons
with the same signal energy, h.omega..sub.s. This stimulated decay
is from level 3 to level 1, the ground state.
[0037] The RE ion is encapsulated as a chromophore which has the
ability to control the manifold of electronic excited states. In
certain embodiments there is an optical energy transfer mechanism
between the surrounding organic ligands of the chromophore unit and
the central RE ion in which the RE excited state can be populated
through selective absorption ("light harvesting") by the
chromophore ligand and subsequent energy transfer to, the RE site.
This transfer can approach unit efficiency, and, as a result, can
increase the absorption cross-section by 10.sup.4-10.sup.5 times
that of bare RE ions.
[0038] The process is diagrammed in FIG. 2, which shows how the
chromophore ligand singlet band is first excited by pump light and
then decays nonradiatively through inter-system crossing (IC) to
its bottleneck triplet state. Radiative transitions back to the
ground state are spin forbidden and, hence, the chromophore ligand
can relax through energy transfer to the encapsulated RE ion. This
energy transfer is increased by tuning the energy gap, again
through chromophore design, between the ligand triplet state and
the upper level of RE fluorescing transition.
[0039] The optical intensity of the transmitted signal is
determined by the optical attenuation coefficient of an optical
waveguide. The various factors contributing to optical loss in
optical polymers can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic loss.
Intrinsic loss includes vibrational absorption of the polymer
materials, electronic transition absorption, and Rayleigh
scattering. Extrinsic loss includes absorption due to impurities,
scattering from dust and microvoids, and imperfections in fiber
parameters. Extrinsic loss is related to materials processing and
fiber fabrication, and thus can be reduced by perfecting each
procedure. Intrinsic loss is material related and cannot be reduced
without drastic changes in material composition.
[0040] Standard optical polymer materials are based on hydrocarbon
(C--H) structures. A prototypical example is polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) which has three principal loss windows located at 570, 650,
and 780 nm between absorption maxima arising from C-14 vibrational
overtone modes. In high optical quality samples, the principal
window at 650 nm exhibits a measured minimum loss of 110 dB/km,
very close to the theoretical limit of 106 dB/km. Molecular
vibrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons in PMMA are the dominant
intrinsic loss factor in optical polymer waveguides. The
fundamental CH vibration occurs at 3.2 .mu.m. The attenuation loss
in the visible wavelength region is affected mainly by the 5th to
7th high harmonics of CH absorption. At the 650 nm window, CH
absorption contributes about 90 dB/km to the total loss. In the
near-infrared region, the minimum loss exceeds 10.sup.4-10.sup.5
dB/km, thereby excluding standard optical polymers and RE
chromophore structures based on them for use at the three
telecommunications wavelengths of 850, 1300, and 1550 nm.
[0041] When designing an optical amplifying medium, potential
nonradiative decay pathways are considered. In the RE doped medium,
the excited rare earth atoms must be prevented from nonradiatively
returning to their ground state via coupling to vibrational modes
in the surrounding medium. This is most readily accomplished by
assuring that vibrational modes present have low energies (for
example, less than 1000 cm.sup.-1). A controlled microscopically
engineered method for achieving this is to incorporate at least one
rare earth ion in an organic or inorganic polymer that has
exclusively low energy vibrations. Since high vibrations are
generally caused by the presence of light atoms, the most direct
method of achieving this goal is to eliminate light atoms such as
hydrogen from the medium. This is accomplished for example in the
newly developed rare earth doped perfluoropolymers.
[0042] The intensities of the harmonic absorption bands decrease by
one order of magnitude with each successive harmonic. If hydrogen
is replaced with a more massive atom, the wavelengths of the
fundamental vibration and subsequent harmonics shift to longer
wavelength regions. The order of higher harmonies which affects the
near-infrared region are higher, resulting in significant decreases
in vibrational absorption.
[0043] Indeed, when the short wavelength O--H and C--H bonds are
replaced by C--F bonds having a markedly longer fundamental stretch
vibration at 10 .mu.m, the resulting fluoropolymer waveguide
exhibits a reduced loss of 10 dB/km with a practically flat
dispersion over the near-infrared range. The primary contributing
factors to the fluoropolymer loss are wavelength-independent
structural waveguide imperfections and Rayleigh scattering,
.alpha..sub.R=9.5(568/.lambda.).sup.4 dB/km, as based on
measurements of fluorinated polymer waveguides. Losses attributed
to electronic absorption are usually negligible as are absorptions
from molecular vibrations. The C--F vibrational overtones are
basically minimal in the visible region and have strengths, in the
near infrared range, of typically much less than 1 dB/km even up to
near 1500 nm. Consequently, the total theoretical loss of a
perfluorinated polymer waveguide approaches 10 dB/km well into the
near-infrared and is less than 25 dB/km over most of the visible
spectrum.
[0044] Varieties of fluoropolymers for passive optical waveguides
have been developed for direct use, including, for example, ether-,
perfluoromethyl-, and chloro-substituted polytetrafluoroethylenes,
acrylates, silicones, polyimides, and co-and ter-polymers of
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVDF).
[0045] The replacement of O--H and C--H bonds with C--F bonds in
the polymer fiber waveguide core materials helps over all radiative
efficiency of the RE systems. The O--H stretch (.about.3600
cm.sup.-1) and C--H stretch (.about.3200 cm.sup.-1) vibrations play
a dominant role in phonon-assisted, nonradiative removal of
electronic excitation energy from excited RE ions. Such
nonradiative decay of RE metastable states reduces radiative
efficiency and, consequently, degrades amplifier device
performance. Phonon-assisted decay decreases exponentially with
increased number of phonons required to span the energy gap between
the metastable state and the ground state. In the new RE perfluoro
polymers, the high frequency O--H and C--H bonds are replaced by
C--F bonds that possess considerably reduced frequency vibrations
(.about.1000-1200 cm.sup.-1), and as a consequence, long
metastable(.about.1-10 ms) lifetimes for the RE sites.
[0046] Disclosed is the design and synthesis of two general classes
of high optical transparency RE perfluoro polymers for optical
amplification applications, see FIG. 2. The basic perfluoro
phosphate structure avoids the introduction of O--H and C--H bonds
and utilizes C--F bonds. The Er.sup.3+ ion concentration in these
novel polymers is relatively high on the order of 10.sup.21
ions/cm.sup.3. Also disclosed is the use of commercially available
fluoropolymers for cladding materials with the new RE perfluoro
polymers. In addition to Er.sup.3+, both single, as well as
combinations of RE metal ions can be encapsulated at high
concentrations in the basic polymer structure.
[0047] The radiative properties of the new materials are measured
and characterized. The basic structure of these RE chromophores is
composed of an isolated single RE ion encapsulated by a molecular
"coordination shell." To create such a shell of certain
embodiments, perfluorinated organic phosphinate ligands are used
with coordinating donor atoms, such as oxygen, to chemically bond
to the RE ions which not only isolates the RE ion but also forms a
physico-chemical barrier for the RE ion. These RE polymers are
compatible with high-temperature perfluorinated polymers suitable
as passive cladding materials. RE concentrations of
.about.10.sup.20-10.sup.21 ions/cm.sup.3 .about.10% wt RE ion have
been achieved with no undesirable effects such as clustering and
lifetime quenching. These relatively high concentration figures are
to be compared to the 0.1% limit common to silica glasses and
inorganic crystals.
[0048] The optical properties of the Er.sup.3+ perfluoro polymers
have been evaluated using Judd-Ofelt analyses in order to obtain
important radiative lifetimes and emission cross-sections for
transitions to the metastable state. In brief, the results for
several cm length polymer waveguides are comparable in performance
to that of Er.sup.3+ doped silica glasses commonly used in 40 m
length commercial EDFAs. The results provide further basis for the
selected approach of RE perfluoro polymer materials.
[0049] Optical amplification can be achieved in rare earth doped
halogenated polymers as previously described in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/507,582, filed Feb. 18, 2000 and Ser. No.
[Attorney Docket No. 07033.0009] filed on Nov. 28, 2000, which are
owned by the assignee of the present invention and are incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
[0050] In an embodiment of the invention there is a rare earth
polymer composition comprising,
{X(DDZRR').sub.3}.sub.n (1)
[0051] where X comprises at least one rare earth element or
aluminum.
[0052] In another embodiment the rare earth polymer comprises,
{XY(DDZRR').sub.3}.sub.n (2)
[0053] where X and Y can be at least one rare earth element or
aluminum, and X and Y may be the same or different.
[0054] Another embodiment of the present invention for the rare
earth, polymer composition comprises,
{XY(OOPRR').sub.3}.sub.n (3)
[0055] where X and Y, which are the same or different, are a rare
earth element or aluminum. Suitable rare earth elements include
lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium,
europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium,
thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. All other rare earth element are
also within the contemplation of the invention and not intended to
be excluded.
[0056] For the composition of formulas (1) and (2), D is a Group
VI.sub.A element of the periodic table. In an embodiment D can be
oxygen or sulfur. Also, for these formulae, Z is a Group V.sub.A
element of the periodic table. And in certain embodiments of the
invention, Z can be nitrogen or phosphorous.
[0057] Typically, R is a fully halogenated organic group, and R' is
another fully halogenated organic group which is the same or
different from R. R and R' can be fluoroalkyl chains of the formula
C.sub.xF.sub.y, where y=2x+1, where x.gtoreq.1 and R=R' or R does
not equal R'. In certain embodiments, x is 6 or 8. Generally, n is
an integer greater than 1 or can be 1.
[0058] Generally, in the first and second fully halogenated organic
groups (R and R') the halogens may be fluorine, chlorine, bromine
or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the first and second
fully halogenated organic group contain fluorine. Another
embodiment is a hexafluorophenoxy group having the formula
C.sub.6F.sub.5O.
[0059] Given a rare earth doped polymer, improvements in processing
can be realized by blending the polymer with perfluoropolymers
including for example,
Poly[2,3-(perfluoroalkenyl)perfluorotetrahydrofuran] known by the
Trademark CYTOP.RTM. (Asashi Glass),
Poly[2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5--
difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene] known by the Trademark
Teflon.RTM. AF (DuPont), or optionally, with fluoropolymers for
example, tetrfluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene
copolymers known as THV.RTM. (3M), fluorinated polyimides,
fluorinated acrylates, fluorinated methacrylates, fluorinated
polyarylethers, or high quality optical polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and norbornene
polymers.
[0060] The term element used herein is understood to include ions,
atoms, isotopes, and species of atoms of the Period Table.
[0061] The compositions identified above may be used to produce
cores for optical fibers. The cores can be cladded with suitable
materials comprising a lower refractive index than the core. The
core/cladding refractive index difference may be small enough to
result in single optical mode propagation for optical wavelengths
from 1200-1700 nm. In certain embodiments, the compositions
identified may be used to produce an optical amplifying film,
comprising a substrate, a buffer film, a guiding layer, and an
upper cladding film, such that the refractive indices of the buffer
film and the upper cladding film, are less than that of the guiding
layer film, with the resulting waveguide guiding a single optical
mode for optical wavelengths from 1200-1700 nm.
[0062] The rare earth doped halogenated polymers of certain
embodiments can incorporate rare earth atoms in a covalently bonded
polymer chain. In certain embodiments deleterious effects such as
clustering and upconversion quenching are reduced. Certain
embodiments of the present invention involve the use of selected
energy transfer rare earth ion codopants that increase the overall
absorption for pumping radiation and can transfer that absorbed
radiation to rare earth ions that luminesce at wavelengths of
interest. These codopants can be incorporated at a continuum of
desired levels, providing for more precise control over the ratio
of codopant ions to luminescing ions. For a given desired amplifier
performance, the copolymer composition can be tuned to optimize the
pump radiation absorbed, device length, luminescence efficiency,
and nose figure in the amplifier. High percentages of codopant and
luminescing rare earth ions can be incorporated (up to 5-15%)
leading to very high gains per unit length, resulting from
increased pump absorption and/or efficient luminescence. In certain
embodiments, the polymer medium provides a broader gain spectrum
than glass media, owing to nonhomogeneous broadening, thereby
leading directly to a broader band amplifier.
[0063] The codopant polymers of some embodiments are made via a
condensation type of polymerization in suitable organic solvents
for example, lower alkyl ketones, lower alkyl ethers, for example
acetone. The sodium salt of a fully halogenated substituted acid,
and in certain embodiments, phosphinic acid may be added to a
mixture of rare earth chlorides, XCl.sub.3 and YCl.sub.3 where X
and Y are the same or different elements and are chosen from,
lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium,
europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium,
thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and aluminum. The solid that results
is stirred under nitrogen for about 72 hours at room temperature.
Distilled water is then added to the reaction mixture which is
boiled to remove the sodium chloride, and filtered and washed with
boiling water repeatedly. The washed product is then dried in a
vacuum oven. The resultant polymers, as shown in FIG. 3, are
soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl acetamide and are also
high temperature processible.
[0064] In FIG. 3, X and Y are the same or different and each rare
earth element chosen from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium,
neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium,
dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and
aluminum. In certain embodiments, X and Y are different elements,
with a ratio of X:Y often in the range between 1:1 and 1:50, but
more preferably, approximately 1:10. Although X and Y are often
different elements, those skilled in the art will recognize that X
and Y can be the same elements.
[0065] Still referring to FIG. 3, D is typically an element from
Group VI.sub.A on the Periodic Table. In an embodiment, D is one of
oxygen and sulfur. In other embodiments, selenium can also be used.
Z is an element from Group V.sub.A on the Periodic Table. In
certain embodiments, Z can be phosphorous. Although not as
preferred as nitrogen and phosphorous, arsenic can also be
used.
[0066] Still referring to FIG. 3, R and R' can each be a fully
halogenated group. The halogen is one of fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, and mixtures thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the
first and second halogenated organic group consists of fluorine.
More preferably, the halogenated oxygenated group is a fluoroalkyl
chains of a general composition C.sub.mF.sub.2m+1 where m.gtoreq.1.
Preferably, R equals R', although those skilled in the art will
recognize that R can be different from R'. Also, n is an integer
greater than 1.
[0067] Shown in FIG. 4 is an embodiment of a polymer structure.
Rare earths X and Y can be for example, erbium and ytterbium,
respectively. In this case, the Group VI.sub.A element can be
oxygen and the Group V.sub.A element can be phosphorous. In one
embodiment, R and R' are fluoroalkyl chains of the general
composition C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1 where x may be 6or 8.
[0068] Manufacture of the present invention will be clarified in an
embodiment of Example 1, which is intended to be purely exemplary
of the present invention. The invention is not limited to the
method described below, but encompasses other methods which produce
the resultant product.
EXAMPLE 1
[0069] The polymer is formed with a sodium salt having a general
composition of,
3(n+m)RR'PDDNa (4)
[0070] where n and m are positive integers, D at least one of the
elements of Group VI.sub.A, P is at least phosphorous, R and R' are
each a fully halogenated group. In general, "n" and "m" can be
between and include, 0 and 50. In certain embodiments, the polymer
is formed through the reactions describe in schematic (5),
3(n+m)RR'POONa+nXCl.sub.3+mYCl.sub.3.fwdarw.{XY.sub.n/m[OORR'].sub.3}.sub.-
n (5)
[0071] where n and m are positive integers, P is phosphorous and X
and Y are rare earths. R and R' are chosen from alkyl, alkoxy,
alkyl amino and aliphatic cyclic structures. In certain
embodiments, the same reaction can hold when the oxygens are
replaced by sulfur, XCl.sub.3 is a first rare earth chloride, and
YCl.sub.3 is a second rare earth chloride or aluminum chloride.
[0072] In certain embodiments, the reaction for forming a 1:10
Er.sup.3+:Yb.sup.3+ polymer according to the reaction,
3(C.sub.8F.sub.17).sub.2POONa+ErCl.sub.3+YbCl.sub.3.fwdarw.{ErYb[OOP(C.sub-
.8F.sub.17).sub.2].sub.3}.sub.n (6)
M.sub.w=924
M.sub.W=273.6
M.sub.W=279.40
[0073] is as follows. To a ErCl.sub.3:YbCl.sub.3 mixture in 0.25
milliliters of a first solvent such as dry acetone, a sodium salt
of perfluorophosphinic acid in 3.5 milliliters of acetone is added.
The solid formed is stirred under nitrogen for approximately 72
hours at room temperature, or about 22.degree. C. Distilled water
is added to the reaction mixture. The resulting solution is boiled
to remove the sodium chloride. The resulting solution is filtered
and washed with boiling water several times. The product is dried
in a vacuum oven, resulting in a yield of 165 milligrams (about
60%). Yields of up to 87% have been achieved.
[0074] Although the product formed by the process described above
was formed by stirring the solid for approximately 72 hours, those
skilled in the art will recognize that the product may be stirred
for a period of less than or greater than 72 hours, such as, for
example, between 70 and 75 hours. Further, although the product
formed by the process described above was stirred at a temperature
of approximately 22.degree. C., those skilled in the art will
recognize that the product can be formed at a temperature less than
or greater than 22.degree. C., such as, for example, between
20.degree. C. and 25.degree. C.
[0075] In certain embodiments of the present invention, a fiber can
be formed from the polymer. Referring to FIG. 5, the polymer or a
blend of the polymer with other suitable polymers, such as
perfluoropolymers, can be formed into a cylindrical rod 100 of
first diameter D.sub.1 and length for example, by molding or
extrusion processes. The rod 100 has a first refractive index. The
rod 100 can be inserted into cladding in the form of a tube 110 of
a second, lower refractive index material that has a similar
processing temperature and closely matched mechanical properties.
The tube 110 has a second diameter D.sub.2. As shown in FIG. 6,
second diameter D.sub.2 is greater than first diameter D.sub.1 and
D.sub.2 has a refractive index n.sub.clad and D.sub.1 has a
refractive index n.sub.core. Preferably, the second diameter
D.sub.2 is at least two times larger than the first diameter
D.sub.1 for multimode fibers and fifteen times larger for single
mode fibers. The tube 110 can be formed from a polymer similar to
the polymer which forms rod 100 with a general composition
{X'Y'[DDZRR'].sub.3}.sub.n, wherein X' and Y' are rare earth
elements from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium,
praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium,
gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,
ytterbium, lutetium and aluminum, and are different from X. The
refractive index n.sub.clad of tube 110 being less than the
refractive index n.sub.core of rod 100.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the insertion of the rod 100 into
the tube 110 forms a rod and tube assembly 120. In an embodiment,
the resulting rod and tube assembly 120 can be for example, a fiber
preform, from which single mode optical fiber can be drawn by
standard techniques, such as by melt drawing, although those
skilled in the art will recognize that other drawing techniques can
be employed, and that the preferred technique is not meant to be
limiting. For example, see FIG. 7. The fiber 122 which is formed
from the rod and tube assembly 120 is then installed in an optical
amplifier module (not shown) which comprises at least one, and
preferably, several, optical isolators to prevent back reflections,
at least one, and preferably, several, wavelength division
multiplexers to combine pump and signal light, a pump laser and
other optical components. Signal light injected into the module
will experience gain in traversing the fiber 122 by transfer of
energy from the absorbing ion to the emitting ion and subsequent
stimulated emission from the emitting ion. An energy transfer chart
is shown in FIG. 1.
[0077] In certain embodiments, waveguide 200 as shown in FIG. 8 can
also be formed from the polymer or a blend of the polymer with
other suitable polymers, such as perfluoropolymers. In certain
embodiments, the polymer or a blend of the polymer with other
polymers can be dissolved in a high boiling point solvent suitable
for spin coating or casting. Such a solvent is FC-40 or FC-75,
although those skilled in the art will recognize that other
suitable solvents can be used. As shown in FIG. 8, a bottom
cladding material 210 with a refractive index lower than the
refractive index of the polymer 230 can be originally deposited on
a waveguide substrate 220. Next, as shown in FIG. 8 a layer of the
core polymer 230 can be deposited onto the bottom cladding material
210, for example by spin coating, although those skilled in the art
will recognize that other methods can be used. A photoresist layer
can be deposited over the predetermined portions of the core
polymer 230. The portions of the polymer not covered by the
photoresist layer are etched away from the waveguide 200 by known
methods. The photoresist can be removed from the waveguide 200 by
known method, such as by using a solution to form core 230. As
shown in FIG. 8, the waveguide 200 can be overclad with a top
cladding material 240 comprising a refractive index lower than the
refractive index of the polymer. In certain embodiments, the bottom
cladding material can be a refractive index approximately equal to
the refractive index of the top cladding material 240. Also in
certain embodiments the bottom cladding material 210 and the top
cladding material 240 can be comprised of the same material,
although those skilled in the art will recognize that different
materials can be used. In an embodiment, a resulting waveguide 200
can comprise amplifying properties similar to that of an optical
fiber and may be inserted into the optical amplifier module as
described above. In certain embodiments, the waveguide 200 can
integrate other functions such as optical splitting, switching,
modulation and the like, which are known to those skilled in the
art.
[0078] In an embodiment, a formula for manufacturing the polymer
can be as follows:
3(C.sub.xF.sub.y).sub.2POONa+XCl.sub.3+YCl.sub.3.fwdarw.{XY[OOP(C.sub.xF.s-
ub.y).sub.2].sub.3}.sub.n+3NaCl (7)
[0079] A procedure for making the sodium salt of the
perfluoroalkylphosphinic acid can be as follows. To the acid in
methanol was added sodium hydroxide in water. The pH of the
resulting solution was adjusted to approximately 7.0. The solution
can be stirred at room temperature (approximately 20 to 23 degrees
C.) for approximately 48 hours to ensure completion of the
reaction. The solution was filtered to remove any sediment. The
filtrate was evaporated on a warm hot plate to yield a white
solid.
[0080] The general procedure for making the perfluoropolymer can be
as follows. To the anhydrous rare earth chloride in acetone was
added the sodium salt made by the process described above in a
solvent, for example, acetone. The solid formed was stirred under
nitrogen at room temperature for approximately between 48 and 72
hours. Afterward, the solid can be treated with hot (at least 80-95
degrees C.) deionized or distilled water to remove any sodium
chloride formed. The remainder was filtered and i washed with the
hot deionized water and dried in a vacuum oven for approximately 16
hours.
[0081] Polymers of the general formula
XY[OOP(C.sub.xF.sub.y).sub.2].sub.3
[0082] (where y=2x+1) were formed with the elements and ratios
listed in Table 1.
1 TABLE 1 Ratio X:Y (by X Y C.sub.x F.sub.y wt) Er Yb 8 17 1:10 Er
Yb 8 17 1:1 Er Yb 8 17 1:3 Er Yb 8 17 1:50 Dy Yb 8 17 1:10 Er Al 8
17 1:10 Pr Yb 8 17 1:10 Er Yb 6 13 1:1 Er Yb 6 13 1:10 Er -- 8 17
-- Er -- 6 13 -- Pr -- 8 17 -- Nd -- 8 17 -- Tm -- 8 17 -- Dy -- 8
17 -- Ho -- 8 17 -- Tb -- 8 17 --
[0083] Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those
skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and
practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the
specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a
true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the
following claims.
* * * * *