U.S. patent application number 10/382519 was filed with the patent office on 2003-07-31 for method of manufacturing formed pieces of type 2024 aluminum alloy.
This patent application is currently assigned to Pechiney Rhenalu. Invention is credited to Dif, Ronan, Raynaud, Guy-Michel, Ribes, Herve, Schmidt, Martin Peter.
Application Number | 20030140990 10/382519 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 9544401 |
Filed Date | 2003-07-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030140990 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ribes, Herve ; et
al. |
July 31, 2003 |
Method of manufacturing formed pieces of type 2024 aluminum
alloy
Abstract
This invention relates to a method of manufacturing highly
worked pieces of AlCuMg alloy, comprising the steps of: a) casting
a plate composed of (weight per cent): Cu: 3.8-4.5 Mg: 1.2-1.5 Mn:
0.3-0.5 Si<0.25 Fe<0.20 Zn<0.20 Cr<0.10 Zr<0.10
Ti<0.10, b) possibly homogenizing at a temperature between 460
and 510.degree. C. for 2 to 12 hrs, and preferably at a temperature
between 470 and 500.degree. C. for a duration for 3 to 6 hrs, c)
hot rolling at an input temperature between 430 and 470.degree. C.,
and preferably between 440 and 460.degree. C., d) cutting out
sheets, e) forming in one or several processes, such as stretch
forming, drawing, flow spinning, or bending, f) solution treating
between 480 and 500.degree. C., for a duration between 5 min and 1
hr, g) quenching, wherein forming can take place before and after
solution treatment and quenching. The invention is applicable in
particular for manufacturing aircraft fuselage panels.
Inventors: |
Ribes, Herve; (Issoire,
FR) ; Raynaud, Guy-Michel; (Ravenswood, WV) ;
Dif, Ronan; (Saint-Etienne, FR) ; Schmidt, Martin
Peter; (La Murette, FR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Ira J. Schultz
DENNISON, SCHULTZ & DOUGHERTY
Suite 612
1745 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington
VA
22202
US
|
Assignee: |
Pechiney Rhenalu
|
Family ID: |
9544401 |
Appl. No.: |
10/382519 |
Filed: |
March 7, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10382519 |
Mar 7, 2003 |
|
|
|
09545327 |
Apr 7, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
148/552 ;
148/693 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C22C 21/16 20130101;
C22F 1/057 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
148/552 ;
148/693 |
International
Class: |
C22F 001/04 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 12, 1999 |
FR |
99 04685 |
Claims
1. A method of manufacturing highly worked pieces of AlCuMg alloy,
comprising the steps of: a) casting a plate composed of (weight per
cent): Cu: 3.8-4.5 mg: 1.2-1.5 mn: 0.3-0.5 Si<0.25 Fe<0.20
Zn<0.20 Cr<0.10 Zr<0.10 Ti<0.10 b) possibly
homogenizing at a temperature between 460 and 510.degree. C. for 2
to 12 hrs, and preferably at a temperature of 470 and 500.degree.
C. for a duration of 3 to 6 hrs, c) hot rolling at an input
temperature between 430 and 470.degree. C., and preferably between
440 and 460.degree. C., d) possibly cold rolling the coil, e)
possibly annealing the coil at a temperature between 350 and
450.degree. C., f) cutting out sheets, g) solution treating between
480 and 500.degree. C., for a duration between 5 min and 1 hr, h)
quenching, i) forming in one or several processes, such as stretch
forming, drawing, flow spinning, or bending, wherein such forming
may also take place after step f).
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a first
forming takes place before solution treatment and in that, after
solution treatment and quenching, the formed piece is submitted to
the following process: a) possibly immediately transferring the
piece in as quenched condition into a cold chamber at a temperature
of less than 10.degree. C., and preferably of less than 0.degree.
C., b) less than one hour after quenching or leaving the cold
chamber, another sheet forming in one or several processes, such as
stretch forming, drawing, flow spinning, or bending.
3. The method of manufacturing highly worked pieces of AlCuMg alloy
according to claim 1, comprising sheet manufacturing through the
following steps: a) casting a plate composed of (weight per cent)
Cu: 3.8-4.5 Mg: 1.2-1.5 Mn: 0.3-0.5 Si<0.25 Fe<0.20
Zn<0.20 Cr<0.10 Zr<0.10 Ti<0.10, b) possibly
homogenizing at a temperature between 460 and 510.degree. C. for 2
to 12 hrs, and preferably at a temperature between 470 and
500.degree. C. for a duration of 3 to 6 hrs, c) hot rolling at an
input temperature between 430 and 470.degree. C., and preferably
between 440 and 460.degree. C., d) cutting out sheets, wherein, in
the L and LT directions, the sheets have an ultimate elongation A
greater than 13.5%, and preferably greater than 15%, and are used
for manufacturing highly worked pieces through the following steps:
e) sheet forming in one or several processes, such as stretch
forming, drawing, flow spinning, or bending, f) solution treating
formed pieces at a temperature between 480 and 500.degree. C., for
a duration of 5 min and 1 hr, g) quenching.
4. The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in
that the sheet is cladded on one side or on both sides with another
sheet of aluminium alloy.
5. The method according to any of claims 3 to 4, characterized in
that the hot rolling output temperature is >300.degree. C., and
preferably >310.degree. C.
6. The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in
that cold rolling is carried out between hot rolling and sheet
cutting.
7. The method according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in
that Cu content is between 3.9 and 4.3%, and preferably between 3.9
and 4.2%.
8. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in
that Mg content is between 1.2 and 1.4%, and preferably between
1.25 and 1.35%.
9. The method according to any of claims 1 to 8, characterized in
that Mn content is between 0.30 and 0.45%.
10. The method according to any of claims 1 to 9, characterized in
that Si content is less than 0.10%, and preferably less than
0.08%.
11. The method according to any of claims 1 to 10, characterized in
that Fe content is less than 0.10%.
12. The method according to any of claims 1 to 11, characterized in
that Zn<0.20%, Cr<0.07%, and preferably <0.05%,
Zr<0.07%, and preferably <0.05%, Ti 0.07%, and preferably
<0.05%.
13. The method of manufacturing highly worked pieces of AlCuMg
alloy according to claim 1, comprising the following steps of: a)
casting a plate composed of (weight per cent): Cu: 3.8-4.5 Mg:
1.2-1.5 Mn: 0.3-0.5 Si<0.25 Fe<0.20 Zn<0.20 Cr<0.10
Zr<0.10 Ti<0.10, b) possibly homogenizing at a temperature
between 460 and 510.degree. C. for 2 to 12 hrs, and preferably at a
temperature between 470 and 500.degree. C. for a duration of 3 to 6
hrs, c) hot rolling at an input temperature between 430 and
470.degree. C., and preferably between 440 and 460.degree. C., d)
possibly cold rolling, e) cutting out sheets, f) solution treating
the sheets at 480 to 500.degree. C. for a duration of 5 min and 1
hr, g) quenching, h) forming the sheets in one or several
processes, such as stretch forming, drawing, flow spinning, or
bending.
14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that Cu
content is between 3.9 and 4.3%, and preferably between 3.9 and
4.2%.
15. The method according to any of claims 13 or 14, characterized
in that Mg content is between 1.2 and 1.4%, and preferably between
1.25 and 1.35%.
16. The method according to any of claims 13 or 15, characterized
in that Mn content is between 0.30 and 0.45%.
17. The method of manufacturing highly worked pieces of AlCuMg
alloy according to any of claims 13 to 16, comprising sheet
manufacturing through the following steps: a) casting a plate
composed of (weight per cent): Cu: 4-4.5 Mg: 1.25-1.45 Mn:
0.30-0.45 Si<0.10 Fe<0.20 Zn<0.20 Cr<0.05 Zr<0.03
Ti<0.05, b) possibly homogenizing at a temperature between 460
and 510.degree. C. for 2 to 12 hrs, and preferably at a temperature
between 470 and 500.degree. C. for a duration of 3 to 6 hrs, c) hot
rolling at an input temperature between 430 and 470.degree. C., and
preferably between 440 and 460.degree. C., d) possibly cold
rolling, e) cutting out sheets, f) solution treating the sheets at
a temperature between 480 and 500.degree. C. for 5 min to 1 hr, g)
quenching, wherein the sheets are used for manufacturing highly
worked pieces in one or several processes, such as stretch forming,
drawing, flow spinning, or bending.
18. The process to any of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that
forming is carried out less than one hour after quenching.
19. The method according to any of claims 13 to 17, characterized
in that between quenching and forming, the sheet in as quenched
condition is stored in a cold chamber at a temperature of less than
0.degree.C.
20. The method according to any of claims 18 to 19, characterized
in that, for a thickness of 5 mm, the hot rolled sheet has a
forming limit diagram characterized by a value
.epsilon..sub.1>0.18 for L=300 mm, or .epsilon..sub.1>0.22
for L=500 mm.
21. The method according to any of claims 13 and 17, characterized
in that between quenching and forming, cold working is performed
through rolling or smooth out, followed by controlled stretching
with permanent set between 0.5 and 5%.
22. The method according to claim 21, characterized in that the
sheet that was solution treated, quenched, cold worked through
rolling or smooth out, and possibly stretched with permanent set
between 0.5 and 5% has at least one of the following sets of
properties: a) a mean value of the three elongation A values
measured in the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than
20% and preferably greater than 22%, and a mean value of the three
values R.sub.p0.2 measured in the directions TL, L and at
45.degree., greater than 305 MPa, and an LDH value greater than 72
mm for a thickness of 1.6 mm, or an LDH value greater than 76 mm
for a thickness of 3.2 mm, or an LDH value greater than 80 mm for a
thickness between 4 and 7 mm; b) a mean value of the three values
R.sub.p0.2 measured in the directions TL, L and at 45.degree.,
greater than 305 MPa, and a mean value of the three values Ag
measured in the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than
18%; c) a mean value of the three elongation A values measured in
the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than A>22%, and
a mean value of the three values R.sub.p0.2 measured in the
directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 305 MPa, and a
mean value of the three values Ag% measured in the directions TL, L
and at 45.degree., greater than 18%; d) a mean value of the three
values R.sub.p0.2 measured in the directions TL, L and at
45.degree., greater than 305 MPa, and a mean value of the three
plane stretching Atp values measured in the directions TL, L and at
45.degree., greater than 18%, an LDH value greater than 72 mm for a
thickness of 1.6 mm, or an LDH value greater than 76 mm for a
thickness of 3.2 mm, or an LDH value greater than 80 mm for a
thickness between 4 and 7 mm.
23. The method according to any of claims 21 and 22, characterized
in that the sheet that was solution treated, quenched, cold worked
through rolling or smooth out and possibly stretched with permanent
set between 0.5 and 5% has at least one of the three following
properties: a) the LDH value is greater than 40 mm for a thickness
of less than 4 mm, or greater than 74 mm for a thickness greater
than 4 mm, b) the forming limit diagram shows a coefficient
.epsilon..sub.1>0,18 for L=500 mm for a thickness between 1.4 mm
and 2 mm, c) the forming limit diagram shows a coefficient
.epsilon..sub.1>0,35 for L=500 mm for a thickness between 5.5 mm
and 8 mm.
24. The method according to any of claims 21 to 23, characterized
in that the sheet that was solution treated, quenched, cold worked
through rolling or smooth out and possibly stretched with permanent
set between 0.5 and 5% has at least one of the following
properties: a) K.sub.c (L-T)>120 MPa{square root}m b) K.sub.c0
(L-T)>90 MPa{square root}m c) K.sub.c (T-L)>125 MPa{square
root}m d) K.sub.c0 (T-L)>80 MPa{square root}m
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a method of manufacturing highly
worked pieces for mechanical engineering, and in particular
aircraft construction, implementing type 2024 AlCuMg aluminium
alloy sheets according to the Aluminum Association's
registration.
STATE OF THE ART
[0002] 2024 alloy is widely used for aircraft construction and its
composition registered with the Aluminum Association is as follows
(weight per cent): Si<0.5 Fe<0.5 Cu: 3.8-4.9 Mn: 0.3-0.9 Mg:
1.2-1.8 Zn<0.25 Cr<0.10 Ti<0.15.
[0003] In addition to the characteristics usually required for
aircraft construction, such as high mechanical strength, toughness,
resistance to crack propagation, etc., certain pieces, especially
those made by stretch forming, drawing, flow spinning, bending or
roll forming, require sheets with good forming ability.
[0004] Patent EP 0 473 122 describes a method of manufacturing
alloy sheets composed of (weight per cent): Cu: 4-4.5 Mg: 1.2-1.5
Mn: 0.4-0.6 Fe<0.12 Si<0.05, including intermediate annealing
at a temperature >488.degree. C. It teaches that these sheets
have improved toughness and resistance to crack propagation in
comparison with conventional 2024.
[0005] Patent application EP 0 731 185 describes sheets of modified
2024 alloy, subsequently registered with the Aluminum Association
as 2024A, showing a reduced level of residual stress and improved
toughness for thick sheets, and improved elongation for thin
sheets. This application limits Mn content to 0.55% and Fe content
to 0.25%, with the relation: 0<Mn-2 Fe<0.2 (Mn and Fe content
being expressed in %).
[0006] Patent application WO 96/29440 describes a method of
manufacturing a product of type 2024 aluminium alloy, comprising
hot rolling, annealing, cold rolling, solution treatment, quenching
and minimum cold working, which may be stretching, planishing, or
flattening, a process for improving forming ability. Having
established that using a pure base (very low iron and silicium
content) and with a manganese content of less than 0.5% improves
forming ability, the application recommends a preferred alloy
composition: Cu: 4.0-4.4, Mg: 1.25-1.5, Mn: 0.35-0.5, Si<0.12,
Fe<0.08, Ti<0.06. The intermediate annealing between hot
rolling and cold rolling is described as favorable for mechanical
strength and toughness. However, this additional and unusual
process step has economic drawbacks. Furthermore, it does not solve
the problem posed by the market, i.e. to supply sheets with
characteristics such that the forming thereof be simplified.
PROBLEM POSED
[0007] In order to reduce manufacturing cost, aircraft builders are
trying to minimize the number of sheet forming steps, and to use
sheets that can be manufactured economically using short working
chains, i.e. including as few individual steps as possible. For
fuselage panels, the present practice of aircraft builders is to
supply hot or cold rolled sheets according to the required
thickness, as manufactured ("F" temper according to the EN 515
standard) or in soft temper ("O" temper) or in as quenched and aged
temper ("T3" or "T4" temper), to submit them to solution heat
treatment followed by quenching, then to form them and submit them
to natural or artificial aging, so as to obtain the required
mechanical characteristics.
[0008] In general, after solution treatment and quenching, the
sheets are in a temper characterized by good forming ability, but
this temper is unstable ("W" temper), and forming must take place
in as quenched condition, i.e. within a short time after quenching,
roughly from about ten minutes up to a few hours. If this is not
possible for production planning reasons, the sheet metal must be
stored in a cold chamber at a sufficiently low temperature and for
a sufficiently short duration in order to avoid natural aging. For
bulky and highly formed pieces, this solution heat treatment
requires large furnaces, making the operation awkward, including
with respect to the same operation performed on flat sheet metal.
The possible need for a cold chamber increases the costs and
drawbacks of the state of the art. For highly worked pieces, this
operation may have to be repeated, if the material, in its present
metallurgical temper, does not have sufficient forming ability
allowing the desired shape to be obtained in a single
operation.
[0009] Starting from F temper, the only possible forming is roll
forming. The roll formed sheet metal is then solution treated and
quenched, and a second forming is carried out either in as quenched
condition, or after storage in a cold chamber. Under all other
circumstances, the sheet metal is directly solution treated and
quenched before forming. When the starting point is O temper sheet
metal, a first forming operation is carried out from this temper,
and a second forming after solution treatment and quenching. This
alternative is used when the target forming is too significant to
be performed in a single operation from W temper, but may still be
carried out in two passes starting from O temper. In this temper,
the sheet metal is admittedly less workable, but the O temper is
easier to use than the W temper, which is unstable, and requires
additional heat treatment. However, manufacturing sheet metal in O
temper calls upon final annealing of the sheet metal as rolled, and
therefore an additional manufacturing step, which is contrary to
the objective of simplification this invention is aiming at.
[0010] Under certain circumstances, even when starting from W
temper sheet metal, which generally has better forming ability, it
is possible to avoid using a second forming step after solution
treatment and quenching; this is the third alternative of the
method corresponding to prior art.
[0011] This way of working 2024 alloy sheets by deep forming and,
if required, in as quenched condition, tends to develop more and
more in as far as there is a tendency towards larger individual
pieces in order to reduce the number of assemblies, which meets
objectives, both technical (assemblies give rise to corrosion and
fatigue cracks) and economical (the assembly operation represents
an important share of aircraft manufacturing cost). Moreover, using
large pieces allows to reduce aircraft weight.
[0012] Under all circumstances, during the last working, damage
tolerance properties are deteriorating under the influence of
strain hardening associated with this strain.
[0013] The object of the invention is therefore to simplify the
method of manufacturing formed pieces, and in particular pieces
highly worked in one or more processes, such as stretch forming,
drawing, flow spinning, or bending, by associating an optimized
chemical composition and specific manufacturing methods, allowing
to avoid as much as possible solution treating formed sheet
metal.
[0014] Obviously, every new method of manufacturing highly worked
pieces must result in pieces with mechanical and performance
characteristics that are at least as good as existing products.
[0015] It is another object of the invention to obtain pieces with
damage tolerance properties that do not deteriorate after
strain.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
[0016] The object of the invention is a method of manufacturing
highly worked pieces of 2024 type AlCuMg alloy, comprising the
following steps of:
[0017] a) casting a plate composed of (weight per cent):
[0018] Cu: 3.8-4.5 Mg: 1.2-1.5 Mn: 0.3-0.5 Si<0.10 Fe<0.20
Zn<0.20 Cr<0.05 Zr<0.03 Ti<0.05
[0019] b) possibly homogenizing this plate at a temperature between
460 and 510.degree. C., preferably between 470 and 500.degree. C.,
for a duration of 3 to 6 hrs,
[0020] c) hot rolling at an input temperature between 430 and
470.degree. C., and preferably between 440 and 460.degree. C., in
order to obtain a coil,
[0021] d) possibly cold rolling the coil,
[0022] e) possibly annealing the coil,
[0023] f) cutting the coil into sheets,
[0024] g) solution treating between 480 and 500.degree. C., for a
duration between 5 min and 1 hr,
[0025] h) quenching,
[0026] i) forming through stretch forming, drawing, flow spinning,
or bending, wherein such forming may also take place after step
f).
[0027] Preferably, the alloy has a copper content between 3.9 and
4.3% (and even more preferably between 3.9 and 4.2%), a magnesium
content between 1.2 and 1.4% (and even more preferably between 1.25
and 1.35%), a manganese content between 0.3 and 0.45%, an iron
content of <0.10%, a silicium content of <0.10% (and
preferably <0.08%), a titanium, chromium and zirconium content
of <0.07% (preferably <0.05%). The inventive method allows
for possibly using cladded plates, e.g. sheets coated with a
cladding of an alloy having better corrosion resistance, as is the
case usually for aircraft fuselage coating sheets.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0028] A first characteristic of the invention consists in using an
alloy modified with respect to traditional 2024. The first
modification consists in reducing the Si and Fe content to less
than 0.25 and 0.20% respectively, and preferably to less than
0.10%. Furthermore, Mn content is also reduced to less than 0.5%,
and preferably to less than 0.45%. Finally, Cu content is also
slightly reduced and maintained at less than 4.5%, and preferably
at less than 4.3%, or even 4.2%. Mg content is also slightly
reduced, and maintained at less than 1.5%, preferably between 1.2
and 1.4%, or even between 1.25 and 1.35%.
[0029] The applicant has noted that this composition, suggested by
prior art, does not as such allow to achieve the required forming
ability.
[0030] The alloy is cast into plates, which may be homogenized at a
temperature between 460 and 510.degree. C. (preferably between 470
and 500.degree. C.) for 2 to 12 hrs (preferably 3 to 6 hrs). Plates
may be scalped. Hot rolling is done at an input temperature between
430 and 470.degree. C., and preferably between 440 and 460.degree.
C. The output temperature of the coils is preferably at a higher
temperature than the usual temperature, >300.degree. C., and
preferably >310.degree. C., especially in case part of the
forming is done before solution treatment.
[0031] After hot rolling, the coils are coiled. At this stage, they
are elongated by more than 13.5%, and often more than 15% in the L
and TL directions. They may be cold rolled if the required
thickness cannot be achieved by hot rolling. Next, the coils are
cut into sheets.
[0032] A first alternative of the invention consists in carrying
out forming, through stretch forming, drawing, flow spinning, or
bending, directly in this F temper without annealing or any other
prior treatment. The partially shaped sheet is then solution
treated at a temperature between 480 and 500.degree. C. for a
duration between 5 min and 1 hr, then quenched, generally with cold
water.
[0033] Forming takes place in two or more passes. The piece in as
quenched condition (less than one hour) can immediately undergo
another forming, or else it is transferred into a cold chamber at a
temperature of less than 10.degree. C., and preferably of less than
0.degree. C., and formed after leaving the cold chamber. Sheets
cladded on one or two sides can be used, as is the case most
frequently for aircraft fuselage panels, cladded with an alloy of
the 1000 series, e.g. the alloys 1050, 1100, 1200, 1135, 1145,
1170, 1175, 1180, 1185, 1188, 1199, 1230, 1235, 1250, 1285, 1350,
or 1435.
[0034] A second alternative consists in carrying out the forming on
sheets having undergone solution treatment and quenching. Forming
can be done in T3 or T4 temper (quenched and aged with or without
subsequent strain hardening), or, for more deeply worked pieces, in
W temper, i.e. less than one hour after quenching, or on a sheet
stored in a cold chamber immediately after quenching.
[0035] In case sheets are used in T3 or T4 temper, such sheets are
a compromise between mechanical strength and forming ability
corresponding to at least one of the following sets of
properties:
[0036] a) a mean value of the three elongation A values measured in
the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 20% and
preferably greater than 22%, and
[0037] a mean value of the three values R.sub.p0.2 measured in the
directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 305 MPa, and
[0038] an LDH value greater than 72 mm for a thickness of 1.6 mm,
or an LDH value greater than 76 mm for a thickness of 3.2 mm, or an
LDH value greater than 80 mm for a thickness between 4 and 7
mm.
[0039] b) a mean value of the three values R.sub.p0.2 measured in
the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 305 MPa,
and
[0040] a mean value of the three values Ag measured in the
directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 18%.
[0041] c) a mean value of the three elongation A values measured in
the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 22%, and
[0042] a mean value of the three values R.sub.p0.2 measured in the
directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 305 MPa, and
[0043] a mean value of the three values Ag % measured in the
directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than 18%.
[0044] d) a mean value of the three values R.sub.p0.2 measured in
the directions TL, L and at 45.degree. greater than 305 MPa,
and
[0045] a mean value of the three flat stretching Atp values
measured in the directions TL, L and at 45.degree., greater than
18%,
[0046] an LDH value greater than 72 mm for a thickness of 1.6 mm,
or an LDH value greater than 76 mm for a thickness of 3.2 mm, or an
LDH value greater than 80 mm for a thickness between 4 and 7
mm.
[0047] These sheets in T3 or T4 temper have a forming ability
characterized by at least one of the following three
properties:
[0048] a) the LDH value is greater than 40 mm for a thickness of
less than 4 mm, or greater than 74 mm for a thickness greater than
4 mm,
[0049] b) the forming limit diagram shows a coefficient
.epsilon..sub.1>0,18 for L=500 mm for a thickness between 1.4 mm
and 2 mm,
[0050] c) the forming limit diagram shows a coefficient
.epsilon..sub.1>0,35 for L=500 mm for a thickness between 5.5 mm
and 8 mm.
[0051] Moreover, they have improved properties of damage tolerance
characterized by at least one of the following properties:
[0052] a) K.sub.c (L-T)>120 MPa{square root}m
[0053] b) K.sub.c0 (L-T)>90 MPa{square root}m
[0054] c) K.sub.c (T-L)>125 MPa{square root}m
[0055] d) K.sub.c0 (T-L)>80 MPa{square root}m
[0056] Pieces made from sheets both in T3 or T4 temper and in W
temper show only very little deterioration of damage tolerance
after the last forming operation, if the amplitude thereof is less
than 6%.
[0057] The various parameters used above, as well as the examples
below, for characterizing forming ability, which is a generic term
indicating the relative ease with which a metal is worked, are
defined like this:
[0058] Starting with a uniaxial tensile test according to the EN
10002-1 standard, carried out for a sheet thickness greater than or
equal to 3 mm with a proportional test piece having an initial
length between marks Lo proportional to the initial sectional area
So according to the relation Lo=5.65{square root}So, and for a
sheet thickness of less than 3 mm with a type 1 non proportional
test piece according to EN 10002-1, Table 4, the following
parameters are obtained:
[0059] R.sub.p0.2: yield strength at 0.2% permanent elongation
(MPa);
[0060] R.sub.m: ultimate tensile strength (MPa);
[0061] A: elongation after failure (%), sometimes represented by
the symbol "A%";
[0062] A.sub.g: non proportional elongation under maximum load,
also called distributed elongation (%).
[0063] For each sheet, three different samplings are performed in
general: in rolling direction (L direction), in long transverse
direction (TL), and at 45.degree. between the L and TL
directions.
[0064] All the values resulting from a uniaxial tensile test are
mean values obtained from two test pieces sampled in the same
place.
[0065] Distributed elongation is the difference of elongation
between the beginning and the end of the plastic flow range, i.e.
the permanent set range before contraction, of the strain
curve.
[0066] Plane tensile elongation A.sub.tp is the ultimate elongation
during a so-called plane tensile test, wherein, in contrast to the
uniaxial tensile test, it is arranged for the strain to have two
dimensions, therefore in a plane, and not three dimensions, i.e.
.epsilon..sub.2=0 instead of .epsilon..sub.2=.epsilon..sub.1/2.
[0067] The LDH (limit dome height) parameter is widely used for
evaluating the drawing ability of sheets with thickness from 0.5 to
2 mm. It is the subject of many publications, in particular:
[0068] R. Thompson, "The LDH test to evaluate sheet metal
formability--Final report of the LDH committee of the North
American Deep Drawing Research Group", SAE conference, Detroit,
1993, SAE paper no. 930815;
[0069] R. A. Ayres, W. G. Brazier and V. F. Sajewski, "Evaluating
the GMR limiting dome height test as a new measure of press
formability near plane strain", J. Appl. Metalworking, 1979, vol.
1, pp. 41-49;
[0070] J. M. Story, "Comparison of Correlations between Press
performance and Dome tests results using two dome test procedures",
J. Appl. Metalworking, 1984, vol. 3, pp. 292-300.
[0071] The LDH test is a drawing test wherein the blank is clamped
peripherally by a retaining ring. The pressure of the blankholder
providing this clamping is 240 MPa. This blank, the size of which
is 500.times.500 mm, is stressed by equiaxial bi-expansion.
Lubrication between the punch and the sheet is provided by a
plastic film and grease. The LDH value is the ultimate punch
displacement, i.e. the drawing near depth. Three tests are
averaged.
[0072] The same method can be used to characterize the forming
ability of thicker sheets (3 to 9 mm), but in this case, a larger
tool (punch .0.=250 mm) has to be used.
[0073] Resilience R.sub.c is determined by a tensile bending test
allowing to compare the resilience of various subtle differences
(same sheet thickness) for a given strain.
[0074] A flat test piece of length L=250 mm, width .lambda.=12 mm,
and thickness 0.1 mm<e<5 mm, is inserted between two
self-locking clamping cheeks and tension maintained by means of a
hydraulic jack, integral with the test mechanism. The predefined
tensile stress is kept constant throughout bending, by means of the
hydraulic servovalve regulation of the tension jack. The regulation
loop incorporates the tensile stress by measuring via a
piezoelectric transducer (Kistler washer). Tensile stress depends
on the alloy and the thickness of the test piece.
[0075] A displacement transducer, connected to the acquisition
computer, enables continuous test parameter control and calculates
the test piece's bending angle. A forming punch, integral with the
upper frame of the tension machine, is used as a support for the
test piece. The bending angle used during the tests was
140.degree., for a punch with a radius r=70 mm. Each folded sample
is checked after disassembly using a sensor contour follower. This
measuring apparatus allows to evaluate the final angle as well as
the radius of curvature obtained.
[0076] The stretching applied to the test piece, corresponding to
the desired plastic flow, is determined using the rational tension
curve by graphically noting the stress equivalent to the strain
rate aimed at. The initial rate of strain, defining the bending
stress, was kept constant during the test at 0.2%.
[0077] Resilience is given by the formula: 1 R e = f - 0 180 - 0
where f = angle measured by the contour follower ( .degree. ) 0 =
angle measured during bending by the PC ( .degree. ) R e =
springback ( 0 for no springback and 1 for full springback ) .
[0078] The calculation using the radius of curvature yields less
dispersed values and is performed as shown below: 2 R e 1 = 1 - R 0
R f where R 0 = punch radius R f = radius measured by the contour
follower R e = springback ( 0 for no and 1 for full springback )
.
[0079] In practice, in order to facilitate the sequence and the
fact of making forming operations more reliable, springback R.sub.e
as low as possible, ideally equal to zero, is sought.
[0080] The forming limit diagrams are determined according to the
ISO 12004 standard (1987). Rectangular formats, sized 500.times.L
(L being equal to 300 mm or 500 mm), are drawn according to the LDH
test after a grid (2.times.2 mm.sup.2 mesh) has previously been
printed thereon. After drawing, the test with L=500 results in:
.epsilon..sub.1.congruent..epsil- on..sub.2 (biaxial strain); after
drawing, the test with L=300 mm results in
.epsilon..sub.2.congruent.0 (plane strain).
[0081] After failure, the formats are analyzed using the automatic
CamSys system near the cracking area. The Asame-CamSys software
makes it possible to create a mapping of the strains of the areas
measured as described by J. H. Vogel and D. Lee "The automated
measurement of strains from three dimensional deformed surfaces",
J. O. M., vol. 42, 1990, pp. 8-13. Limit strains before local
contraction are thus estimated and transferred onto a forming
diagram with the coordinates .epsilon..sub.1 and
.epsilon..sub.2.
[0082] Damage tolerance is characterized according to the ASTM E561
standard (curve R test). The test was carried out on test pieces
with a center crack of width W=400 mm for a crack length
2a.sub.0=133 mm. Both the critical plane stress by stress intensity
factor K.sub.c and the apparent stress intensity factor K.sub.c0
(sometimes also designated by the acronym K.sub.app) are being
measured.
EXAMPLES
[0083] Example #1
[0084] Various alloys were prepared, the compositions of which are
indicated in Table 1. Rolling plates were cast, scalped, then
homogenized at a temperature between 460.degree. C. and 510.degree.
C. for 2 hrs to 12 hrs. After cladding with a 1050 alloy, the
plates were hot rolled up to a final thickness greater than or
equal to 4 mm; for lower thicknesses, the coils were cold rolled.
The sheets were characterized at the final thickness; the results
are collected in Table 2.
[0085] Examples 1a, 1b, 1k, 1L, 1m, 1n, 1p, and 1q correspond to
this invention. Examples 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1i, and 1j
correspond to prior art.
1 TABLE 1 According Example Cu (%) Mg (%) Mn (%) Fe (%) Si (%) to
1a 4.00 1.25 0.43 0.066 0.036 Invention 1b 4.03 1.28 0.41 0.07 0.04
Invention 1c 4.24 1.36 0.51 0.17 0.09 Prior art 1d 4.29 1.40 0.46
0.20 0.11 Prior art 1e 4.17 1.41 0.49 0.18 0.11 Prior art 1f 4.25
1.44 0.47 0.18 0.08 Prior art 1g 4.25 1.44 0.47 0.18 0.08 Prior art
1h 4.25 1.44 0.47 0.18 0.08 Prior art 1i 4.32 1.43 0.48 0.18 0.10
Prior art 1j 4.20 1.38 0.50 0.17 0.07 Prior art 1k 4.17 1.41 0.49
0.18 0.11 Invention 1l 4.17 1.41 0.49 0.18 0.11 Invention 1m 4.18
1.46 0.47 0.18 0.09 Invention 1n 4.18 1.46 0.47 0.18 0.09 Invention
1p 3.99 1.31 0.40 0.08 0.03 Invention 1q 3.99 1.31 0.40 0.08 0.03
Invention
[0086]
2 TABLE 2 Final thick- Output R.sub.p0.2 R.sub.m R.sub.p0.2 A %
Forming limit diagram ness T R.sub.m(L) (L) A % (L) (TL) (TL) (TL)
L = 500 mm L = 300 mm LDH Example [mm] [.degree. C.] [MPa] [MPa]
[%] [MPa] [MPa] [%] .epsilon..sub.1 .epsilon..sub.2 .epsilon..sub.1
.epsilon..sub.2 [mm] 1a (inv) 1.6 * 307 262 236 5.3 272 244 5.8
0.23 0.21 0.12 0.05 48.7 1b (inv) 6.3 286 213 153 14.5 217 164 13.7
0.46 0.37 0.34 0.21 82.2 1c 1.6 * 302 260 240 5.1 274 248 4.3 0.13
0.12 0.12 0.07 36.0 1d 6.0 261 232 166 12.1 232 177 11.6 0.29 0.25
0.27 0.08 68.6 1.sup.e 8.0 266 249 198 10.9 253 216 9.1 1f 6.0 270
237 183 11.7 238 199 10.4 1g 6.0 275 241 187 10.7 239 201 9.9 1h
6.0 298 220 163 12.5 218 178 11.6 1i 4.0 296 226 175 11.9 226 192
10.6 1j 9.4 276 224 172 12.0 224 186 10.5 1k (inv) 5.0 335 201 146
16.4 201 157 16.1 1L (inv) 5.0 332 201 146 16.7 201 158 15.8 1m
(inv) 5.0 315 209 158 15.1 210 173 14.3 1n (inv) 5.0 331 199 145
15.5 200 159 15.7 1p (inv) 6.0 333 192 136 16.3 190 147 16.9 1q
(inv) 6.0 335 191 137 17.3 191 149 16.8 (*) obtained by cold
rolling, final hot rolling thickness: 4.0 mm (ex. la) or 4.1 mm (ex
1c).
[0087] It appears that the correct choice of the chemical
composition, suggested by WO 96/29440, is not enough in itself to
improve forming ability in accordance with the object of this
invention. On the other hand, the applicant has noticed that the
choice of a hot rolling output temperature results in improved
forming ability, expressed as ultimate elongation A, whereas the
influence of the chemical composition (in particular Cu <4.3 and
preferably <4.2; Si<0.10; Fe<0.10) is only a secondary
one.
[0088] It appears that the inventive method provides a better
ability to forming in F temper, expressed as A% of LDH or forming
limit diagram, than the prior art method. More particularly, a cold
rolled coil according to the invention has an LDH value greater
than 42 mm and preferably greater than 44 mm, whereas a hot rolled
coil has an LDH value greater than 73 and preferably greater than
75 mm. It also appears that for a given thickness, the preferred
composition yields better forming ability than the traditional
composition.
[0089] The mechanical characteristics of the intermediate product
(R.sub.m, R.sub.p0.2, etc.) are not important in this situation,
provided the final product at the end of the whole process has
mechanical characteristics that are at least as good as the product
resulting from the prior art method. In T42 temper, such as defined
by the draft standard prEN 4211 of July 1995, for a 6 mm thickness
and with the same manufacturing range, both products have
equivalent mechanical properties.
[0090] For the method according to the invention, a cumulated
influence of the hot rolling output temperature (ex. 1.sup.e and 1j
compared to 1k and 1n) and of the chemical composition (ex. 1p and
1q compared to 1k and 1n) is also apparent.
[0091] The LDH value and the forming limit diagram level are lower
for a strain hardened sheet than for a sheet that has only
undergone hot rolling; this effect is well known. On the other
hand, the applicant was surprised to notice that for a given
process (hot rolling or hot rolling with subsequent cold rolling)
and at comparable thickness, the LDH value, which is one of the
parameters relevant for measuring forming ability, increases
significantly when the chemical composition is within a preferred
range: Cu 3.9-4.3 and preferably 3.9-4.2, Mg 1.2-1.4 and preferably
1.25-1.35, Mn 0.30-0.45, Si<0.10 and preferably <0.08,
Fe<0.10. Moreover, the applicant has found out that forming
ability is further improved when certain alloying and impurity
elements are strictly controlled, as follows: Zn<0.20%,
Cr<0.07% and preferably <0.05%, Zr<0.07% and preferably
<0.05%, Ti 0.07% and preferably <0.05%.
[0092] Example #2
[0093] Various alloys were prepared, the compositions of which are
indicated in Table 3. Rolling plates were cast, scalped, then
homogenized at a temperature between 470.degree. C. and 510.degree.
C. for 2 hrs to 12 hrs. After cladding with a 1050 alloy, the
plates were hot rolled (process abbreviated as "HR") up to a final
thickness greater than or equal to 4 mm; for lower thicknesses, the
coils were cold rolled. When the coils had been cut up into sheets,
they were subjected to a solution treatment typical for this type
of alloy (see prEN 4211 of July 1995), quenched and characterized
30 minutes after quenching. Results are collected in Table 4. In
order to be able to compare the samples strictly, solution
treatment and quenching were carried out on ready-made test pieces,
and for each mechanical property characterization, strain started
exactly 30 minutes after the end of quenching. Examples 2a, 2b, 2e,
2j, 2k, 2n correspond to this invention. Examples 2h, 2L, 2m, 2p
correspond to prior art.
[0094] For a comparable thickness, it appears that the inventive
method results in better forming ability in W temper, as is
apparent from the following properties: total elongation A%,
distributed elongation A.sub.g, plane tensile elongation A.sub.tp,
LDH, forming limit diagram. As far as the forming limit diagram is
concerned, it appears that in the case of the invention, for a 5 mm
thick sheet (ex. 2n), in contrast to a sheet according to prior art
having virtually the same thickness (ex. 2p), a coefficient
.epsilon..sub.1>0.18 for L=500 mm, and .epsilon..sub.2>0.22
for L=500 mm is obtained.
[0095] The advantage of the inventive method in comparison with
prior art is therefore to be able to carry out deeper forming in W
temper, or even to eliminate an intermediate solution treatment for
very deep forming.
[0096] Thus, it has been possible to manufacture pieces in a single
pass, whereas according to prior art, two passes were required to
do so.
3 TABLE 3 coiling coiling thickness temp. Final Cu Mg Mn Fe Si
after HR after HR Solution thickness Ex (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) [mm]
[.degree. C.] treatment [mm] 2a 4.12 1.29 0.49 0.17 0.08 4.0 290
496.degree. C./ 13 min 1.6 2b 4.17 1.37 0.48 0.18 0.10 4.4 291
496.degree. C./ 13 min 1.6 2.sup.e 4.05 1.27 0.41 0.06 0.04 4.0 307
496.degree. C./ 13 min 1.6 2h 4.39 1.48 0.63 0.18 0.09 4.0 287
496.degree. C./ 13 min 1.6 2j 4.31 1.38 0.34 0.13 0.08 5.8 324
498.degree. C./ 13 min 3.2 2k 4.15 1.32 0.39 0.078 0.040 5.8 279
498.degree. C./ 13 min 3.2 2L 4.24 1.51 0.62 0.16 0.07 5.8 291
498.degree. C./ 13 min 3.2 2m 4.35 1.51 0.64 0.19 0.11 5.9 307
498.degree. C./ 13 min 3.2 2n 4.00 1.25 0.43 0.066 0.036 5.0 307
500.degree. C./ 33 min 5.0 2p 4.32 1.41 0.50 0.17 0.09 5.1 325
493,5.degree. C./ 23 min 5.1
[0097]
4 TABLE 4 FLD R.sub.p0.2 [MPa] R.sub.m [MPa] A [%] A.sub.g [%]
A.sub.tp [%] L = 500 L = 300 Ex TL L 45.degree. TL L 45.degree. TL
L 45.degree. TL L 45.degree. TL L 45.degree. LDH .epsilon..sub.1
.epsilon..sub.2 .epsilon..sub.1 .epsilon..sub.2 2a 158 172 161 350
362 353 26.8 19.5 26.2 22.5 17.5 23.5 20.7 20.0 20.5 2b 159 179 162
355 368 356 25.3 20.6 26.6 22 18.5 23.5 20.6 19.1 22.3 2h 182 193
181 381 390 377 24.4 18.8 23.2 22.5 17.8 21.5 19.3 18.9 22.6 2j 198
205 194 402 398 382 31.4 28 29.1 27.5 24.5 25.5 23.5 19.5 23.8 2k
182 222 192 377 406 379 32 25.7 29.4 28.5 23 26 24.6 22.6 23.6 2L
190 205 196 391 409 396 27.6 20.5 27.8 24.5 19.5 25 21.5 19.5 21.5
2m 182 197 186 391 404 395 28.4 23 29.1 24.5 20.5 26 20.6 18.5 19.5
2n 182 182 376 375 26.5 26.3 76.4 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.05 2p 188 195
373 380 27.1 25.3 75.4 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.04
[0098] Example #3
[0099] Various alloys were prepared, the compositions of which are
indicated in Table 5. Rolling plates were cast, scalped, then
homogenized at a temperature between 460.degree. C. and 510.degree.
C. for 3 hrs to 6 hrs. After cladding with a 1050 alloy, the plates
were hot rolled up to a final thickness greater than or equal to 4
mm; for lower thicknesses, the coils were cold rolled. Sheets cut
out of these coils were subjected to a solution treatment typical
for this type of alloy indicated in Table 6 (see prEN 4211 of July
1995), quenched, aged (at least 48 hrs at ambient temperature).
Then, smooth out cold working was carried out, followed by
controlled stretching with a target permanent set of 1.5%. Results
are collected in Table 6.
[0100] Examples 3s, 3t, 3u, 3v, 3w, 3x correspond to this
invention. Examples 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3L, 3m, 3n, 3p, 3q,
3r correspond to prior art. Examples 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d correspond to
examples 2h, 2f, 2L, and 2m of example 2; they appear here by way
of comparison in order to represent a prior art W temper 2024.
[0101] When the sheets used in the inventive method (composition
optimized in T3 temper) are compared with sheets used in prior art
methods, i.e. a 2024 alloy in T3 (examples 3s, 3t, 3u, 3v, 3w) or W
(examples 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) temper, it appears that for a given
thickness, the inventive method results in better forming ability,
as is apparent from ultimate elongation and above all from LDH and
FLD values. Springback is less than in prior art.
[0102] More specifically, when the chemical composition is in the
preferred range, the method results in an improvement of forming
ability as characterized by the parameters that have just been
listed. It is possible to carry out forming much stricter than in
prior art T3 temper, or even to eliminate solution treatment
because the inventive method results in a T3 temper product with
forming ability properties at least as good as that of the prior
art method W temper product.
[0103] Furthermore, drawing was carried out on two sheets,
resulting in a total elongation of 3% or 5%, and damage tolerance
properties were measured before and after drawing, i.e. toughness
K.sub.C0 and K.sub.C in the directions T-L and L-T. In addition,
mechanical characteristics were measured in the T-L direction. The
results are collected in Table 7.
[0104] It appears that after draw forming, the inventive method
does not result in a significant reduction of damage tolerance
properties, contrary to the prior art method. It even appears that
the inventive method improves damage tolerance in elongated temper,
which is the temper of the final piece.
5 TABLE 5 Coiling Coiling thickness temp. Final Cu Mg Mn Fe Si
after HR after HR Solution thickness Ex (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) [mm]
[.degree. C.] treatment [mm] 3a 4.39 1.48 0.63 0.18 0.09 4.0 287
496.degree. C./13 min 1.6 ant 3b 4.14 1.38 0.50 0.14 0.07 4.2 304
498.5.degree. C./13 min 2.0 ant 3c 4.24 1.51 0.62 0.16 0.07 5.8 291
498.degree. C./13 min 3.2 ant 3d 4.35 1.51 0.64 0.19 0.11 5.9 307
498.degree. C./13 min 3.2 ant 3e 4.32 1.41 0.50 0.17 0.09 5.1 325
498.5.degree. C./23 min 5.1 inv 3f 4.12 1.29 0.49 0.17 0.08 4.0 290
496.5.degree. C./11 min 1.6 inv 3g 4.15 1.32 0.39 0.078 0.040 4.0
284 500.degree. C./20 min 1.6 inv 3h 4.00 1.25 0.43 0.066 0.036 4.0
307 498.degree. C./11 min 1.8 inv 3i 4.15 1.28 0.40 0.10 0.05 4.0
304 498.5.degree. C./13 min 1.6 inv 3j 4.05 1.27 0.41 0.06 0.004
4.0 307 496.degree. C./11 min 1.6 inv 3k 4.20 1.42 0.48 0.176 0.087
5.8 327 498.5.degree. C./20 min 3.2 inv 3L 4.31 1.38 0.34 0.13 0.08
5.8 324 498.5.degree. C./19 min 3.2 inv 3m 4.15 1.32 0.39 0.078
0.040 5.8 279 500.degree. C./40 min 3.2 inv 3n 4.15 1.32 0.39 0.078
0.040 5.8 279 498.5.degree. C./19 min 3.2 inv 3p 4.31 1.38 0.34
0.13 0.08 6.4 331 498.degree. C./19 min 4.0 inv 3q 4.15 1.32 0.39
0.078 0.040 6.5 254 500.degree. C./45 min 6.4 inv 3r 4.00 1.25 0.43
0.066 0.036 5.0 500.degree. C./33 min 5.0 inv 3s 4.39 1.48 0.63
0.18 0.09 4.0 287 496.5.degree. C./11 min 1.6 ant 3t 4.14 1.38 0.50
0.14 0.07 4.0 308 498.5.degree. C./13 min 2 ant 3u 4.30 1.38 0.51
0.15 0.07 4.0 304 496.5.degree. C./11 min 1.6 ant 3v 4.35 1.51 0.63
0.19 0.11 5.8 314 498.5.degree. C./19 min 3.2 ant 3w 4.32 1.41 0.50
0.17 0.09 5.1 325 498.5.degree. C./23 min 5.1 ant 3x 4.00 1.25 0.43
0.066 0.036 500.degree. C./30 min 1.6 inv
[0105]
6 TABLE 6 FLD th. R.sub.p0.2 [MPa] R.sub.m [MPa] A [%] A.sub.g [%]
A.sub.tp [%] L = 500 L = 300 Resil- Ex mm TL L 45.degree. TL L
45.degree. TL L 45.degree. TL L 45.degree. TL L 45.degree. LDH
.epsilon..sub.1 .epsilon..sub.2 .epsilon..sub.1 .epsilon..sub.2
ience 3a/ 1.6 182 193 181 381 390 377 24.4 18.8 23.2 22.5 17.8 21.5
19.3 18.9 22.2 0.15 ant 3b/ 2.0 177 175 373 374 24 22.6 66.9 0.16
0.15 0.15 0.05 ant 3c/ 3.2 190 205 196 391 409 396 27.6 20.5 27.8
24.5 19.5 25.0 21.5 19.5 21.5 ant 3d/ 3.2 182 197 186 391 404 395
28.4 23 29.1 24.5 20.5 26 20.6 18.5 19.5 ant 3e/ 5.1 188 195 373
380 27.1 25.3 75.4 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.04 ant 3f/ 1.6 309 346 309 436
449 433 19 18 23 16.5 16.5 20.5 16 17.8 19 70.4 inv 3g/ 1.6 302 349
312 435 448 433 21.2 19.2 21.9 18.5 17.5 19.5 20.7 16.4 19.6 74.8
inv 3h/ 1.8 295 335 433 448 22.0 17.5 72.5 0.23 0.14 0.20 0.02 inv
3i/ 1.6 290 428 24.6 76.2 inv 3j/ 1.6 277 430 20 0.12 inv 3k/ 3.2
295 351 319 444 457 441 25.6 22.3 21.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 19.4 17.7
18.7 76.0 inv 3L/ 3.2 309 321 296 444 449 438 26.1 24.9 27.1 20.0
21.0 20.0 20.6 19.3 22.5 85.4 inv 3m/ 3.2 302 348 302 442 456 438
25.3 22.5 27.3 19.5 18.0 22.0 20.4 19.2 22.1 81.7 inv 3n/ 3.2 310
334 304 441 455 433 25.4 22.2 25.2 21.5 18.0 19.0 20.5 19.0 21.8
inv 3p/ 4.0 302 324 297 442 452 440 21.5 21.5 25.5 18.5 18.5 20.5
21.5 20.3 21.9 87.8 inv 3q/ 6.4 307 341 316 448 458 446 22.6 22.9
23.4 18.5 19.5 17.5 22.7 23.3 25.5 84.7 inv 3r/ 5.0 300 320 429 438
21.9 21.8 80.5 0.27 0.22 0.20 0.03 inv 3s/ 1.6 318 368 322 459 463
443 17.8 16.4 19.4 14.5 13.5 15.5 14.8 15.1 17.6 69.0 0.14 (**) ant
3t/ 2.0 302 334 438 444 19.5 20.4 70.0 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.03 ant 3u/
1.6 317 362 445 453 20.1 18.3 ant 3v/ 3.2 327 364 338 458 471 457
19.5 20.4 22.2 16.0 16.5 17.5 18.8 16.7 20.5 71.1 ant 3w/ 5.0 307
446 21.5 75.4 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.02 ant 3x/ 1.6 295 320 432 437 24.1
23.9 77.0 inv
[0106]
7 TABLE 7 R.sub.p0.2 R.sub.m K.sub.C0 K.sub.C K.sub.C0 K.sub.C (TL)
(TL) (T-L) (T-L) (L-T) (L- T) Ex [MPa] [MPa] A % [MPa {square
root}m] [MPa {square root}m] [MPa {square root}m] [MPa {square
root}m] 3u 317 445 20.1 78 122 93.1 139.6 3u (*) 353 455 17 74.1
103.6 88.5 116.3 3x 295 432 24.1 81.6 137.7 91 148.3 3x (*) 358 455
16.2 85.6 129.7 93.3 137.5 3x (.English Pound.) 344 452 18.8 84.2
131.3 95.4 138.5 (*) after 5% total elongation upon T4 temper
(.English Pound.) after 3% total elongation
* * * * *