U.S. patent application number 09/944524 was filed with the patent office on 2003-05-22 for substituted ideno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivatives and methods of use thereof.
Invention is credited to Baloglu, Erkan, Jagtap, Prakash G., Salzman, Andrew L., Szabo, Csaba, van Duzer, John H..
Application Number | 20030096833 09/944524 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25481570 |
Filed Date | 2003-05-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030096833 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jagtap, Prakash G. ; et
al. |
May 22, 2003 |
Substituted ideno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivatives and methods of use
thereof
Abstract
The invention provides a novel class of substituted
indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivatives. Pharmaceutical compositions
and methods of making and using the compounds, are also
described.
Inventors: |
Jagtap, Prakash G.;
(Beverly, MA) ; Baloglu, Erkan; (Boston, MA)
; van Duzer, John H.; (Georgetown, MA) ; Szabo,
Csaba; (Gloucester, MA) ; Salzman, Andrew L.;
(Belmont, MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MINTZ, LEVIN, COHN, FERRIS, GLOVSKY
AND POPEO, P.C.
ONE FINANCIAL CENTER
BOSTON
MA
02111
US
|
Family ID: |
25481570 |
Appl. No.: |
09/944524 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/285 ; 546/62;
546/70 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 43/00 20180101;
A61K 31/4745 20130101; C07D 495/04 20130101; C07D 491/04 20130101;
A61P 1/02 20180101; A61K 31/4743 20130101; A61K 31/473 20130101;
A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P 39/06 20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P
29/00 20180101; C07D 221/18 20130101; A61K 31/435 20130101; A61P
1/04 20180101; A61P 27/02 20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 9/00
20180101; A61P 25/16 20180101; A61P 31/00 20180101; A61P 19/02
20180101; Y02A 50/30 20180101; A61K 31/4741 20130101; A61P 35/00
20180101; A61P 37/06 20180101; C07D 471/04 20130101; A61P 11/00
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/285 ; 546/62;
546/70 |
International
Class: |
C07D 491/02; C07D
471/02; A61K 031/4745; A61K 031/4743; A61K 031/4741 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound of Formula I 13wherein: R.sub.5 is O, N or S; R6 is H
or straight chain alkyl; X is CO, CH.sub.2, CH-Halo,
CH(CH.sub.2).sub.nOH, aryl-C--OH, O, NH, S or
CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12, wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are,
independently, H, C.sub.1-C.sub.9 alkyl, or NR.sub.1, R.sub.12,
taken together, form an optionally-substituted heterocycle and
wherein n is zero or a positive integer; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, and R10 are, independently,
hydrogen, halo, alkylhalo, hydroxy, alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.10
straight or branched chain alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or
branched chain alkenyl group, C.sub.3-C.sub.8 carbocyclic, aryl,
alkylamino, amino, carboxy, ester, arylalkyl, nitro, or A-B;
wherein A is --SO.sub.2--, --SO.sub.2NH--, --NHCO--, --NHCONH--, O,
CO, OCO, CONH, NH, CH.sub.2, S or CS; and B is C.sub.1-C.sub.10
straight or branched chain alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or
branched chain alkenyl group, heterocycle, C.sub.3-C.sub.8
carbocycle, aryl, amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, heterocyclic
amine, alkylheterocycle, arylamido, carboxy, ester, arylalkyl, or
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2.
2 The compound of claim 1 wherein R.sub.5 is O, and R.sub.6 is
H.
3 The compound of claim 2 wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 are independently H,
methyl, ethyl, halo, nitro, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, amino or
substituted amino, or A-B.
4 The compound of claim 3, wherein either R.sub.8 or R.sub.9 is
A-B.
5 The compound of claim 4 wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, R.sub.7, and R.sub.10 are H.
6 The compound of claim 2, wherein R.sub.9 is A-B.
7 The compound of claim 3, wherein R.sub.9 is A-B.
8 The compound of claim 5, wherein R.sub.9 is A-B and R.sub.8 is
H.
9 The compound of claim 4, wherein A is --SO.sub.2--,
--SO.sub.2NH-- or --NHCO--.
10 The compound of claim 5, wherein A is --SO.sub.2--, SO.sub.2NH--
or --NHCO--.
11 The compound of claim 6, wherein A is --SO.sub.2--,
--SO.sub.2NH-- or --NHCO--.
12 The compound of claim 7, wherein A is --SO.sub.2--,
--SO.sub.2NH-- or --NHCO--.
13 The compound of claim 8, wherein A is --SO.sub.2--,
--SO.sub.2NH-- or --NHCO--.
14 The compound of claim 2, wherein R.sub.9 is AB and B is an
optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 straight or branched chain
alkyl, heterocycle, C.sub.3-C.sub.8 carbocyclic, aryl, alkylamino,
alkylhydroxy, or alkylheterocycle.
15 The compound of claim 3, wherein A is SO.sub.2 and B is
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2, and Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are, independently, H, or
C1-C5 alkyl, optionally substituted with halo, OH or
NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4, wherein Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4 are, independently, H,
C1-C5 alkyl, optionally substituted with halo, OH or amino, or
wherein Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, taken together, NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2 form a
heterocyclic amine.
16 The compound of claim 15, wherein Z1 and Z2 are
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nD; wherein n is 1-5, D is H, hydroxy,
heterocyclic amine or NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4; wherein Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4
are, independently, H, methyl, or ethyl.
17 The compound of claim 15, wherein B is a heterocycle, and is
optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or alkylhydroxy.
18 The compound of claim 15, wherein Z.sub.1 is H and Z.sub.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNZ.sub.3Z.sub.4; wherein n is 2 or 3, and Z.sub.3
and Z.sub.4 are, independently, methyl or ethyl, or, taken
together, NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 forms a heterocyclic amine.
19 The compound of claim 13, wherein X is CH.sub.2, A is SO.sub.2
and B is NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2; wherein Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are,
independently, H, C1-C5 alkyl optionally substituted with halo, OH
or NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4; wherein Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4 are, independently,
H, C1-C5 alkyl, optionally substituted with halo, OH or amino; or
wherein Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, taken together, form a heterocyclic
amine.
20 The compound of claim 19, wherein Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nD, wherein n is 1-5, D is H, hydroxy, a
heterocyclic amine or NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4, wherein Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4
are, independently, H, methyl, or ethyl.
21 The compound of claim 15, wherein B is a heterocycle, optionally
substituted with methyl, ethyl, or alkylhydroxy.
22 The compound of claim 15, wherein Z.sub.1 is H and Z.sub.2 is
--CH.sub.2).sub.nNZ.sub.3Z.sub.4, wherein n is 2 or 3, and Z.sub.3
and Z.sub.4 are, independently, methyl or ethyl, or, taken
together, NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 form a heterocyclic amine.
23 The compound of claim 2 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, CH.sub.2 or
CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12 wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.9 alkyl, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12, taken together, form
an optionally substituted heterocycle.
24 The compound of claim 4 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, CH.sub.2 or
CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12 wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.9 alkyl, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12, taken together, form
an optionally substituted heterocycle.
25 The compound of claim 6 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, CH.sub.2 or
CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12 wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.9 alkyl, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12, taken together, form
an optionally substituted heterocycle.
26 The compound of claim 7 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, CH.sub.2 or
CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12 wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.9 alkyl, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12, taken together, form
an optionally substituted heterocycle.
27 The compound of claim 8 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, CH.sub.2 or
CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12 wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.9 alkyl, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12, taken together, form
an optionally substituted heterocycle.
28 The compound of claim 4 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
29 The compound of claim 4 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
30 The compound of claim 6 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
31 The compound of claim 6 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
32 The compound of claim 7 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
33 The compound of claim 7 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
34 The compound of claim 8 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
35 The compound of claim 8 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
36 The compound of claim 11 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
37 The compound of claim 11 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
38 The compound of claim 12 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
39 The compound of claim 12 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
40 The compound of claim 15 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
41 The compound of claim 15 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
42 The compound of claim 16 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
43 The compound of claim 16 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
44 The compound of claim 17 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
45 The compound of claim 17 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
46 The compound of claim 18 wherein X is CO, CHOH, CHBr, or
CH.sub.2.
47 The compound of claim 18 wherein X is CH.sub.2.
48 A compound of Formula II 14wherein: R.sub.1, R.sub.4, R.sub.7,
and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen, halo,
alkylhalo, hydroxy, alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 straight or branched
chain alkyl, nitro, amino, amido, carboxy, or ester; R.sub.8 and
R.sub.9 are either hydrogen or A-B; wherein A is --SO.sub.2--,
--SO.sub.2NH--, or --NHCO; B is an optionally substituted
C.sub.1-C.sub.3 straight or branched chain alkyl, heterocycle,
amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, or heterocyclic amine, or
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2.
49. The compound of claim 48, wherein A is SO.sub.2 and B is
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2.
50. The compound of claim 49, wherein Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are,
independently, H, or C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted with OH or
NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4, or, taken together, NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2 form a
heterocyclic amine.
51. The compound of claim 50, wherein Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4 are,
independently, H or C1-C3 alkyl optionally substituted with OH or
amino, or, taken together, NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 form an optionally
substituted heterocyclic amine.
52. The compound of claim 51, the heterocyclic amine is selected
from the group consisting of piperidine, piperazine, morpholine,
N-alkylated or alkylcarbonylated piperazines, pyrrolidine, and
imidazole.
53. The compound of claim 52, wherein either NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2 or
NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 is a heterocycle substituted with alkyl,
alkylhydroxy or alkylamino.
54. A method of inhibiting poly(ADP)-ribose synthase activity in a
cell, the method comprising contacting said cell with the compound
of claim 1 or claim 48 in an amount sufficient to inhibit poly
(ADP)-ribose-synthase in said cell.
55. A method of treating or preventing local or systemic
inflammation in a subject, the method comprising administering the
compound of claim 1 or claim 48 in an amount sufficient to inhibit
inflammation in said subject.
56. The method of claim 55, wherein said subject is a human
subject.
57. The method of claim 55, wherein administering is systemic.
58. The method of claim 55, wherein administering is topical.
59. The method of claim 55, where said local inflammatory condition
is caused by an inflammatory disorder of a joint, an inflammatory
bowel disease, an inflammatory lung disorder, an inflammatory
disease of the central nervous system, or an inflammatory disease
of the eye.
60. The method of claim 55, wherein said systemic inflammatory
condition is caused by a condition selected from the group
consisting of gram-positive shock, gram negative shock, hemorrhagic
shock, anaphylactic shock, traumatic shock, and systemic
inflammation and chemotherapeutic shock.
61. A method of treating or preventing reperfusion injury in a
subject, the method comprising administering the compound of claim
1 or claim 48 in an amount sufficient to inhibit reperfusion injury
in said subject.
62. The method of claim 61, wherein said compound is administered
prophylactically.
63. The method of claim 61, wherein said compound is administered
therapeutically.
64. The method of claim 61, wherein said reperfusion injury is
myocardial infarction.
65. The method of claim 61, wherein said reperfusion injury is
stroke.
66. The method of claim 61, wherein said subject is a human
subject.
67. The method of claim 61, wherein administering is systemic.
68. The method of claim 61, wherein administering is topical.
69. A method of treating or preventing diabetes or diabetic
complications in a subject, the method comprising administering the
compound of claim 1 or claim 48 in an amount sufficient to inhibit
inflammation in said subject.
70. A method of treating or preventing the rejection of
transplanted organs in a subject, the method comprising
administering the compound of claim 1 or claim 48 in an amount
sufficient to inhibit inflammation in said subject.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates generally to substituted tetracyclic
benzamide derivatives and more particularly to
indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Inflammation disorders, such as arthritis, colitis, and
autoimmune diabetes, typically manifest themselves as disorders
distinct form those associated with reperfusion injury, e.g.,
stroke and heart attack, and can clinically manifest themselves as
different entities. However, there can be common underlying
mechanisms between these two types of disorders. In particular,
inflammation and reperfusion injury can induce proinflammatory
cytokine and chemokine synthesis. Induction of pro-inflammatory
cytokines can, in turn, result in production of cytotoxic free
radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide. NO and superoxide can
react to form peroxynitrite (ONOO.sup.-) (Szab{acute over (o )} et
al., Shock 6:79-88, 1996).
[0003] The peroxynitrite-induced cell necrosis observed in
inflammation and reperfusion injury involves, in significant part,
the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase
(PARS). Activation of PARS is thought to be an important step in
the cell-mediated death observed in inflammation and reperfusion
injury (Szab et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 19: 287-98, 1998).
[0004] A number of PARS inhibitors have been described in the art.
See, e.g., Banasik et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267:1569-75, 1992, and
Banasik et al., Mol. Cell. Biochem., 138:185-97, 1994.
Additionally, some potent PARS inhibitors are reported in, for
example, WO 00/39104, WO 00/39070, WO 99/59975, WO 99/59973, WO
99/11649, WO 99/11645, WO 99/11644, WO 99/11628, WO 99/11623, WO
99/11311, WO 00/42040; Zhang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun., 278:590-98, 2000, White et al., J. Med. Chem.,
43:4084-4097, 2000; Griffin et al., J. Med. Chem., 41:5247-5256,
1998; Shinkwin et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 7:297-308, 1999, Soriano
et al., Nature Medicine, 7:108-113, 2001. Furthermore, side effects
of some of the best known-PARP inhibitors have been discussed in
Milan et al, Science, 223:589-591, 1984.
[0005] Certain indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivatives are known in
the art. For example, cytotoxic non-camptothecin topoisomerase I
inhibitors are reported in Cushman et al., J. Med. Chem.,
43:3688-3698, 2000; Cushman et al., J. Med. Chem. 42:446-57, 1999;
indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline as antineoplastic agents are reported in
Cushman et al., WO 99/23900; neoplasm inhibitors are disclosed in
Hrbata et al., WO/9305023.
[0006] Syntheses of substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline, other
than the compounds of the invention, are reported in, for example,
Wawzonek et al., Org. Prep. Proc. Int. 14:163-8, 1982; Wawzonek et
al., Can. J. Chem. 59:2833, 1981; Andoi et al., Bull. Chem. Soc.
Japan, 47:1014-17, 1974; Dusemund et al., Arch. Pharm (Weinheim,
Ger.), 317:381-2, 1984; and Lal et al, Indian J. Chem., Sect. B,
38B:33-39, 1999.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The invention is based in part on the discovery of novel
substituted tetracyclic benzamide derivatives and their unexpected
effects in inhibiting inflammation, cell death and in treating
shock and reperfusion injuries.
[0008] Accordingly, in one aspect the invention includes an
indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivative according to Formula I and
Formula II, as set forth in the Detailed Description of the
Invention, below.
[0009] Also provided by the invention is a method of treating
inflammatory and reperfusion conditions in mammals by administering
to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a
compound according to Formula I or Formula II.
[0010] In a further aspect, the invention also includes a method
for the production of a compound according to Formula I or Formula
II. 1
[0011] The substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline compounds
described in the current invention are potent compounds that can be
used to treat a variety of conditions and diseases, typically those
known to involve inflammatory mediator production and cell
death.
[0012] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are
set forth in the accompanying description below. Although any
methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present
invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described.
Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the description and from the claims. In the
specification and the appended claims, the singular forms also
include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used
herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All
patents and publications cited in this specification are
incorporated by reference.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention provides a novel class of substituted
indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivatives according to Formula I and
Formula II, as set forth below: 2
[0014] Specifically, the present invention relates to a compound of
Formula I, wherein:
[0015] R.sub.5 is O, N or S:
[0016] R.sub.6 is H or straight chain alkyl:
[0017] X is CO, CH.sub.2, CH-Halo, CH(CH.sub.2).sub.nOH,
aryl-C--OH, O, NH, S or CH--NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
[0018] wherein n is zero or a positive integer;
[0019] R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are, independently, H, C.sub.1-C.sub.9
alkyl, or, taken together, N, R.sub.11, and R.sub.12 form an
optionally-substituted heterocycle including, but not limited to,
piperidine, piperazine, and morpholine;
[0020] R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.7, R.sub.8,
R.sub.9, and R.sub.10 are, independently, hydrogen, halo,
alkylhalo, hydroxy, alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 straight or branched
chain alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or branched chain alkenyl
group, C.sub.3-C.sub.9 carbocyclic, aryl, alkylamino, amino,
carboxy, ester, arylalkyl, nitro or A-B;
[0021] wherein A is --SO.sub.2--, --SO.sub.2NH--, --NHCO--,
--NHCONH--, O, CO, OCO, CONH, NH, CH.sub.2, S or CS;
[0022] B is C.sub.1-C.sub.10 straight or branched chain alkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or branched chain alkenyl group,
heterocycle, C.sub.3-C.sub.8 carbocycle, aryl, amino, aminoalkyl,
aminodialkyl, heterocyclic amine, alkylheterocycle, arylamido,
carboxy, ester, or an arylalkyl group, any of which may be
optionally substituted with one or more of alkoxy, halogen,
alkylhalo, alkylhydroxy, alkylamino, hydroxy, nitro, amino,
aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, heterocyclic amine, C.sub.1-C.sub.10
straight or branched chain alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or
branched chain alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or branched chain
alkynyl, aryl, benzyl, alkylamido, alkylcarboxy, alkylester,
arylalkyl, or a heterocycle or C.sub.3-C.sub.8 carbocycle
optionally further substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halogen,
alkylhalo, alkylhydroxy, alkylamino, hydroxy, nitro, or amino.
[0023] In some embodiments, when A is SO.sub.2, B is
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2, where Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are, independently, H,
or C1-5 alkyl, optionally-substituted with halo, OH or
NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4, where Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4 are independently, H or
C1-C5 alkyl optionally-substituted with halo, OH or amino.
[0024] In embodiments where Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are connected,
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2 forms a heterocyclic amine. Similarly, if Z.sub.3
and Z.sub.4 are joined, NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 forms an
optionally-substituted heterocyclic amine. Such heterocyclic amines
include, but are not limited to, piperidine, piperazine,
morpholine, N-alkylated or alkylcarbonylated piperazines, pyrole,
imidazole, benzimidazole, tetrazoles, indole, isoquinoline,
quinoline, pyrrolidine and purine.
[0025] These heterocyclic amines formed by either NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2
or NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 may be further substituted with one or more of
alkoxy, halogen, alkylhalo, alkylhydroxy, alkylamino, hydroxy,
nitro, amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, heterocyclic amine,
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 straight or branched chain alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10
straight or branched chain alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.10 straight or
branched chain alkynyl, aryl, benzyl, alkylamido, alkylcarboxy,
alkylester, arylalkyl, or a heterocycle or C.sub.3-C.sub.8
carbocycle optionally further substituted with alkyl, alkoxy,
halogen, alkylhalo, alkylhydroxy, alkylamino, hydroxy, nitro or
amino functionalities.
[0026] The invention also relates to a compound of Formula II 3
[0027] wherein:
[0028] R.sub.1, R.sub.4, R.sub.7, and R.sub.10 are hydrogen;
[0029] R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen, halo, alkylhalo, hydroxy,
alkoxy, C1-C3 straight or branched chain alkyl, nitro, amino,
amido, carboxy, or ester;
[0030] R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 are either hydrogen or A-B; and A is
--SO.sub.2--, --SO.sub.2NH--, or --NHCO, B is C.sub.1-C.sub.3
straight or branched chain alkyl, heterocycle, amino, aminoalkyl,
aminodialkyl, or heterocyclic amine, optionally substituted with
one or more of alkylhydroxy, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl,
heterocyclic amine, or a heterocycle optionally further substituted
with alkyl, or alkyl hydroxy.
[0031] In preferred embodiments, when A=SO.sub.2, B is
NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2, where Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are, independently, H,
or C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with OH or NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4,
where Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4 are independently, H or C1-C3 alkyl
optionally substituted with OH or amino. When Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2
are connected, NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2 forms a heterocyclic amine.
Similarly, if Z.sub.3 and Z.sub.4 are joined, NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 forms
an optionally substituted heterocyclic amine. Such a heterocyclic
amine includes, but is not limited to, piperidine, piperazine,
morpholine, N-alkylated or alkylcarbonylated piperazines,
pyrrolidine, and imidazole.
[0032] When either NZ.sub.1Z.sub.2 or NZ.sub.3Z.sub.4 is a
heterocycle, said heterocycle may be further substituted with
alkyl, alkylhydroxy, or alkylamino.
[0033] The invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition
that includes a compound according to Formula I or Formula II and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention includes a
compound according to Formula I or Formula II when provided as a
pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, hydrated salt, such as a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or mixtures thereof.
[0034] Salts encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically
acceptable salts" refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of the
invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base
with a suitable organic or inorganic acid to produce
"pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts" of the compounds
described herein. These compounds retain the biological
effectiveness and properties of the free bases. Representative
salts include, e.g., water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such
as the acetate, amsonate (4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate),
benzenesulfonate, benzonate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate,
borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate,
chloride, citrate, clavulariate, dihydrochloride, edetate,
edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate,
glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexafluorophosphate,
hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride,
hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate,
laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide,
methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate,
N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, oleate,
oxalate, palmitate, pamoate
(1,1-methylene-bis-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate, embonate), pantothenate,
phosphate/diphosphate, picrate, polygalacturonate, propionate,
p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate,
sulfate, sulfosaliculate, suramate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate,
tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate salts.
[0035] Methods of Using Substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline
Derivatives
[0036] The invention also includes a method of inhibiting
poly(ADP-ribose) synthase activity (PARS) in a cell. This enzyme,
which is also known as poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase and PARP
(poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, EC 2.4.99), and
ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT, EC 2.4.2.30), is a nuclear enzyme
that catalyzes a transfer of the ADP ribose moiety of NAD+ to an
acceptor protein.
[0037] The method includes contacting the cell with a compound of
Formula I in an amount sufficient to inhibit poly
(ADP)-ribose-synthase in the cell. In general, any cell having, or
capable of having, PARS activity can be used. The cell can be
provided in any form as long as it is accessible to the compound.
For example, the cell can be provided in vitro, ex vivo, or in
vivo. PARS activity can be measured using any method known in the
art, e.g., methods as described in Banasik et al., J. Biol. Chem.
267:1569-75 (1991).
[0038] Also provided in the invention is a method of inhibiting,
preventing, or treating inflammation in a subject. The inflammation
can be associated, e.g., with an inflammatory disease. Inflammatory
diseases refer to diseases or conditions where there is an
inflammation of the body tissue. These include local inflammatory
responses and systemic inflammation. Examples of such diseases and
conditions include: transplant rejection; chronic inflammatory
disorders of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,
osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone
resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases such as ileitis, ulcerative
colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung
disorders such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and
chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory disorders of the
eye including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis,
sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory
disorders of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis;
tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney
including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis;
inflammatory disorders of the skin including sclerodermatitis,
psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous
system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous
system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related neurodegeneration and
Alzheimer's disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis,
Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis and viral or autoimmune encephalitis; autoimmune diseases
including diabetes mellitus, immune-complex vasculitis, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory diseases of the heart such
as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and
atherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases with significant
inflammatory components, including preeclampsia; chronic liver
failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, cancer. There may also be a
systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or
gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock
induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory
cytokines, e.g., shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Such shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent used
cancer chemotherapy.
[0039] The invention also includes a method of treating,
preventing, or otherwise inhibiting reperfusion injury in a subject
in need of treatment, prevention, or inhibition thereof. The method
includes administering a compound of Formula I in an amount
sufficient to inhibit reperfusion injury in the subject.
Reperfusion refers to the process whereby blood flow in the blood
vessels is resumed after blood flow has been interrupted, such as
occurs following constriction or obstruction of the vessel.
Reperfusion is typically associated with ischemia and may result
following a naturally occurring episode, such as a myocardial
infarction or stroke, or during a surgical procedure where blood
flow in vessels is purposely or unintentionally blocked off.
[0040] The subject treated by the compounds of the invention can
be, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, dog, cat, horse,
cow, pig, or non-human primate. Administration can be systemic or
topical, and can be prophylactic or therapeutic.
[0041] In some embodiments, the subject is treated with a
pharmacologically effective amount of a compound of the invention.
The term "pharmacologically effective amount" means that amount of
a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or
medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being
sought by a researcher or clinician.
[0042] The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions
suitable for inhibiting or preventing inflammation or reperfusion
injury, PARS activity, or more than one of these activities. The
compositions are preferably suitable for internal use and include
an effective amount of a pharmacologically active compound of the
invention, alone or in combination, with one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The compounds are especially
useful in that they have very low, if any toxicity.
[0043] In practice, the compounds or their pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, are administered in amounts which will be
sufficient to inhibit ischemic or inflammatory conditions or
diseases and/or prevent the development of inflammation or
inflammatory disease in animals or mammals, and are used in the
pharmaceutical form most suitable for such purposes.
[0044] Administration of the active compounds and salts described
herein can be via any of the accepted modes of administration for
therapeutic agents. These methods include systemic or local
administration such as oral, nasal, parenteral, transdermal,
subcutaneous, or topical administration modes.
[0045] Depending on the intended mode of administration, the
compositions may be in solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form,
such as, for example, injectables, tablets, suppositories, pills,
time-release capsules, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, syrups,
powders, liquids, suspensions, or the like, preferably in unit
dosages and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous (both bolus
and infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular form,
all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the
pharmaceutical arts.
[0046] Preferred pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and
gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient, or the
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a)
diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol,
cellulose, sodium, saccharin, glucose and/or glycine; b)
lubricants, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or
calcium salt, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate,
sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and/or
polyethyleneglycol; for tablets also c) binders, e.g., magnesium
aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth,
methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, magnesium
carbonate, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn
sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth
or sodium alginate, waxes and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone; if desired
d) disintegrants, e.g., starches, agar, methyl cellulose,
bentonite, xanthan gum, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or
effervescent mixtures; and/or e) absorbents, colorants, flavors and
sweeteners.
[0047] Liquid, particularly injectable compositions can, for
example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc. The active
compound is dissolved in or mixed with a pharmaceutically pure
solvent such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose,
glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form the injectable
isotonic solution or suspension.
[0048] The active compound defined above, may be also formulated as
suppositories which are advantageously prepared from fatty
emulsions or suspensions; using for example, polyalkylene glycols,
for example, propylene glycol, as the carrier.
[0049] The compounds of the present invention can also be
administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as
small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and
multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of
phospholipids, containing cholesterol, stearylamine or
phosphatidylcholines. In some embodiments, a film of lipid
components is hydrated with an aqueous solution of drug to a form
lipid layer encapsulating the drug, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,262,564.
[0050] Active compounds may also be delivered by the use of
monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound
molecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may
also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,
polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-ph- enol,
polyhydroxyethylaspanamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine
substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of
the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable
polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for
example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy
butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans,
polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers
of hydrogels.
[0051] Parental injectable administration is generally used for
subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injections and
infusions. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms,
either as liquid solutions or suspensions or solid forms suitable
for dissolving in liquid prior to injection.
[0052] One approach for parenteral administration employs the
implantation of a slow-release or sustained-released systems, which
assures that a constant level of dosage is maintained, according to
U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,795, incorporated herein by reference.
[0053] The compositions may be sterilized and/or contain minor
amounts of non-toxic adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing,
wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for
regulating the osmotic pressure pH buffering agents, and other
substances such as for example, sodium acetate, triethanolamine
oleate, etc. In addition, they may also contain other
therapeutically valuable substances.
[0054] Compositions are prepared according to conventional mixing,
granulating or coating methods, respectively, and of the above
pharmaceutical compositions may contain 0.1 to 99%, preferably 1 to
70% of the active compounds, especially compounds of the Formula I
as active ingredients.
[0055] The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds is selected in
accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age,
weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of
the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal
and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or
salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician or
veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective
amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the
progress of the condition.
[0056] Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for the
indicated effects, will range between about 0.05 to 1000 mg/day
orally. The compositions are preferably provided in the form of
scored tablets containing 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0,
50.0, 100.0, 250.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 mg of active ingredient.
Effective plasma levels of the compounds of the present invention
range from 0.002 mg to 50 mg per kg of body weight per day.
[0057] Compounds of the present invention may be administered in a
single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in
divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore,
preferred compounds for the present invention can be administered
in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles,
or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin
patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be
administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the
dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than
intermittent throughout the dosage regimen. Other preferred topical
preparations include creams, ointments, lotions, aerosol sprays and
gels, wherein the concentration of active ingredient would range
from 0.1% to 15%, w/w or w/v.
[0058] Methods of Making Substituted indeno[1,2-b]isoquinoline
Derivatives
[0059] Examples of synthetic pathways for making compounds
according to the invention are set forth in the Examples, below and
outlined in Schemes 1 and 2. For example,
5,6-dihydro-5,11-diketo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]is- oquinoline was
prepared by reacting compound 1 (Aldrich Chemical) with ammonia in
methanol.
[0060] (.+-.)
11-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline (3a) was
prepared by reacting 2 with NaBH.sub.4 in ethanol.
[0061] (.+-.)
11-hydroxy-11-methyl-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoq-
uinoline (3b) was prepared by reacting 2 with MeMgI.
[0062] (.+-.)
11-hydroxy-11-(m-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-
[1,2-c]isoquinoline (3b) was prepared from 2 using
m-MeO--C.sub.6H.sub.4Mg- I.
[0063] (.+-.)
11-N,N-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinol- ine
(5a) was prepared from 3a using chloroacetylchloride followed by
reacting with dimethylamine. Similarly prepared are: (.+-.)
11-N,N-diethyl-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline
(5b), (.+-.)
11-N-piperidino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline
(5c), (.+-.)
11-N-(4-methylpiperazino)-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c-
]isoquinoline (5d), (.+-.)
11-N-morpholino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,- 2-c]isoquinoline
(5e), (.+-.) 11-N-morpholino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-
[1,2-c]isoquinoline (5e) was also prepared from (.+-.)
1-bromo-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline (4b).
[0064] 5,6-Dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (6)is
prepared by reduction of
5,6-dihydro-5,11-diketo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline (2) or
(1)11-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline (3a)
using CF.sub.3COOH/triethylsilane.
9-Chlorosulphonyl-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-inde-
no-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (7) was prepared by chlorosulfonation of
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (6).
9-[N-(4-methylpiperazine)sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]i-
soquinoline
[0065] (8a) was prepared from
9-chlorosulphonyl-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-inde-
no-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (7), and N-methylpiperazine. Similarly
prepared are:
9-[N-(4-carbomethoxymethylenepiperazine)sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-
-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8b),
9-[N-4-(2-hydroxyethylpiperazine)sul-
phonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8c),
9-[N-(1-imidazole)sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquino-
line (8d),
9-[N-(2-hydroxyproline)sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno--
[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8e),
9-[N-morpholinesulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H--
indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8f),
9-[N-(2-N,N-dimethylethyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-
-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8g),
9-[N-(2-piperidinoethyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-indeno-[1,2-c]is-
oquinoline (8h),
9-[N-2-(2-pyridinoethyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-
-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8i),
9-[N-2-(morpholinoethyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6--
dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8j),
9-[N-2-(N-methyltetrahy-
dropyrrolidino)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinolin-
e (8k),
9-[N-(3-morpholinopropyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno--
[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8l),
9-[N-(3-tetrahydropyrrolodinopropyl)-sulphonyl]--
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8m),
9-[N-3-(1-imidazolepropyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c-
]isoquinoline (8n),
9-[N-3(4-methylpiperazinopropyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydr-
o-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline
(8o),9-[N-di-(N,N-diethylethyl)-sul-
phonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8p),
9-[N-di-(N,N-dimethylethyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2--
c]isoquinoline (8q), and
9-[N-di-(N,N-dihydroxyethyl)-sulphonyl]-5,6-dihyd-
ro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (8r).
[0066] The amide derivatives
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-[11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquino- line
3-yl]-N,-morpholinoacetamide (10a),
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-[11H-indeno-[1,- 2-c]isoquinoline
3-yl]-N,N-dimethylacetamide (10b) and
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-[11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline
2-yl]-N,N-dimethylaceta- mide (14) were prepared from
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-[11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquino- line (6) and
5-chloro-[11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (11) using nitration, then
reduction, and followed by amination of chloroacetamide.
5,6-Dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno-[1,2-c]isoquinoline (15) was prepared
by bromination of chloroamidate 11.
[0067] The invention will be further described in the following
examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described
in the claims. The following examples illustrate the synthesis of
novel substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline derivatives of the
invention, and of the use of these compounds to inhibit
inflammation and reperfusion. 4 5
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Synthesis of Substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline
[0068] a) General Methods
[0069] Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were
obtained from Varian 300 MHz spectrophotometer and chemical shift
is reported in parts per million, 6. Thin layer chromatography,
TLC, was carried out on precoated TLC plates with silica gel 60
F-254 and preparative TLC on precoated Whatman 60A TLC plates. All
intermediates and final compounds were characterized on the basis
of .sup.1H NMR and Mass spectral (MS) data.
[0070] b) Synthesis of
5,6-dihydro-5,11-diketo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoli- ne (2): 6
[0071] A stirred suspension of 1 (55 g, 0.22 mol) in NH.sub.3/MeOH
(7.0 N, 700 mL) was refluxed for 24 h. The reaction mixture was
then allowed to come to room temperature where it was filtered and
washed thoroughly with MeOH to give 46 g of the orange colored
product in 84% yield. .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 7.48-7.61 (m,
4H), 7.80-7.88 (m, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.4 Hz,
1H), 8.44 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 13.05 (s, 11H); .sup.13C NMR
(DMSO-D.sub.6): 106.33, 121.63, 122.94, 123.27, 124.80, 128.45,
132.17, 133.60, 134.03, 134.68, 134.68, 134.81, 137.09, 156.41,
163.76, 190.57; MS (ES.sup.-): m/z 246.2 (M-1); Anal. Calcd for
C.sub.16H.sub.9NO.sub.2: C, 77.72; H, 3.67; N, 5.67; Found: C,
77.54; H, 3.69, N, 5.69.
[0072] c) Synthesis of (.+-.)
11-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indenol1,2-- c]isoquinoline (3a):
7
[0073] To a stirred suspension of 2 (2.5 g, 0.01 mol) in EtOH (25
mL) was added NaBH.sub.4 (3.75 g, 0.1 mol) at room temperature in
small portions over 30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for an
additional 2 h and then cooled down to 0.degree. C. where it was
triturated with dilute (dil.) HCl (10% soln.). The resulting solid
precipitated was filtered, washed with water and MeOH to give 3a
(2.326 g, 92%). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 5.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),
5.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.89 (m, 6H), 7.95 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),
8.22 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 12.29 (s, 1H); .sup.13C NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6):
77.44, 118.81, 120.15, 124.28, 125.04, 125.67, 126.34, 128.46,
128.64, 128.95, 133.27, 135.62, 136.12, 139.93, 148.55, 163.69.; MS
(ES.sup.+): m/z 250.1 (M+1); Anal. Calcd for
C.sub.16H.sub.11NO.sub.2: C, 77.10; H, 4.45; N, 5.62. Found: C,
77.01; H, 4.57, N, 5.59. Similarly by reacting 2 with MeMgI and
m-MeO--C.sub.6H.sub.4MgBr compounds (.+-.)
11-hydroxy-11methyl-5,6-dihydr-
o-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline (3b) and (1)
11-hydroxy-11-(m-methox- yphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-1
1H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline (3c) are prepared.
[0074] d) Synthesis of
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines (5a-e): 8
[0075] To a stirred suspension of the 3 (0.5 g, 0.002 mol) in
pyridine (10 mL) was added chloroacetyl chloride (0.81 g, 0.006
mol) at 0.degree. C. The reaction mixture was allowed to come to
room temperature where it was stirred for 24 h. The reaction
mixture was then poured on ice and extracted with EtOAc. The
organic layer was separated, dried, concentrated to give crude
compound 4a, which was treated further with the amines and stirred
at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was poured on
ice, the resulting solid was filtered and transferred in a round
bottom flask where it was dissolved in 10% HCl. If a solid had not
precipitated after pouring on ice, then the reaction mixture was
basified with sat. aq. (saturated aqueous) NaHCO.sub.3 and the
resulting solid was filtered to give the desired product. 5a:
.sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 2.31 (s, 6H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.45
(m, 3H), 7.68-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.95 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=7.8
Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 12.26 (s, 1H); .sup.13C NMR
(DMSO-D.sub.6): 68.09, 116.28, 120.52, 124.58, 125.74, 126.27,
126.34, 127.68, 128.64, 133.02, 136.27, 144.45, 163.80; MS (ES+):
m/z 277.2 (M+1).
[0076] The following compounds were also prepared by reacting 4a
with the appropriate amines:
[0077] (.+-.) 1-diethylamino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-1
1H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinol- ine (5b)
[0078] (.+-.)
11-piperidino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolin- e
(5c)
[0079] (.+-.)
11-(m-methylpiperazino)-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]i-
soquinoline (5d)
[0080] (.+-.)
11-morpholino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolin- e
(5e).
[0081] e) Synthesis of (.+-.)
11-morpholino-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1- ,2-c]isoquinolines
(5e) from 4b 9
[0082] To a stirred suspension of 3 (0.6 g, 2.4 mmol) in
trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was added phosphorus tribromide (1.0 M
soln. in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 3 mL) at room temperature and the
reaction mixture was stirred for 8 h. The reaction mixture was
poured on ice and the resulting solid was filtered to give bromo
compound 4b (0.61 gm, 76%). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 7.35-7.50
(m, 3H), 7.61 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.94 (d, J=6.6
Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 12.41 (s, 1H); .sup.13C NMR
(DMSO-D.sub.6): 52.06, 79.35, 114.43, 120.56, 123.58, 125.27,
125.50, 126.68, 128.55, 128.86, 129.66, 133.73, 135.91, 136.61,
141.39, 143.95, 163.74.
[0083] Compound 4b (0.5 g) was suspended in MeOH (10 mL) and
treated with excess amount of morpholine (.about.10 eq.) at room
temperature and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 3 h. The reaction
mixture was poured on ice, and diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL).
Organic layer was separated and extracted in dil. HCl (10% soln.),
aqueous layer was then basified with sat. aq. NaHCO.sub.3 and the
solid precipitated was filtered, and dried to give 5e (0.46 g, 90%
). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 2.56 (m, 4H), 3.49 (m, 4H), 5.04 (s,
1H), 7.31-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.96 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H),
8.20-8.24 (m, 2H) 12.29 (s, 1H); .sup.13C NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6):
49.36, 67.62, 68.11, 115.20, 120.60, 124.47, 125.84, 126.34,
126.41, 127.76, 128.30, 128.72, 133.09, 136.30, 136.96, 140.35,
144.44, 163.67.
[0084] f) Synthesis of
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines (6): 10
[0085] Method I: To a stirred solution of the alcohol 3a (0.35 g,
1.4 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL), was added at room
temperature triethylsilane (0.812 g, 7 mmol) and the reaction
mixture was stirred for 24 h. Trifluoroacetic acid was evaporated
under vacuo and EtOAc was added to the crude product. The resulting
solid was filtered and washed with H.sub.2O and EtOAc to give the
desired product 6 (0.285 g, 87%). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 3.89
(s, 2H), 7.30-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.74 (m,
2H), 7.98 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 12.31 (s, 1H);
.sup.13CNMR DMSO-D.sub.6): 33.51, 116.50, 120.19, 124.01, 125.51,
125.55, 126.42, 127.50, 127.68, 128.56, 133.45, 136.39, 137.53,
140.18, 143.80, 163.46; MS (ES.sup.-): m/Z 232.1 (M-1); Anal. Calcd
for C.sub.16H.sub.11NO: C, 82.38; H, 4.75; N, 6.00. Found: C,
81.79; H, 4.45, N, 5.99.
[0086] Method II: To a stirred suspension of 2 (40 g, 0.16 mol) in
trifluoroacetic acid (2.5 L) was added triethylsilane (94 g, 0.8
mol) in small portions at room temperature and the reaction mixture
was stirred for 96 h until the disappearance of the starting
material (monitored by TLC, 5% MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2). The reaction
mixture was slowly poured on ice and filtered and washed with
copious amounts of H.sub.2O and MeOH and dried under vacuo to give
the desired product 6 (33.1 g, 88%). The product gave identical
spectral data with 6 obtained from Method I.
[0087] g) Synthesis of
9-chlorosulfonyl-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-indeno[1,2-c] isoquinolines
(7): 11
[0088] Compound 6 (40 g, 0.17 mol) was added in small portions into
chlorosulfonyl chloride (112 mL, 1.71 mol) at 0.degree. C. and the
reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature where it
was stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was slowly poured on ice
and the resulting yellow solid was filtered and washed thoroughly
with water and EtOAc and dried under vacuo to give the desired
product 7 (52 g, 92%). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 3.91 (s, 2H),
7.43-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.79
(s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), Anal.
Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.12ClNO.sub.4S: C, 54.94; H, 3.46; N, 4.00.
Found: C, 55.28; H, 3.43, N, 3.68, KF, 2.95.
[0089] h) Synthesis of 9-sulphonamido Derivatives of
5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines (8a-r) from 7:
12
[0090] Method I: To a stirred suspension of
3-(4-morpholino)-1-propylamine (17.28, 0.12 mol) in EtOAc was added
sat. aq. NaHCO.sub.3 (300 mL) and stirred for 15 min, where 7 (4.0
gm, 0.012 mol) was introduced in small portions at room
temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24h, filtered and
washed with H.sub.2O, EtOAc and MeOH. Then it was boiled in MeOH
for 30 min. and was filtered while still warm and washed with MeOH
to give the desired product 8l as a free base (2.330 gm, 44%).
.sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 1.47-1.52 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.21 (m, 4H),
2.47-2.48 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.23 (m, 4H), 4.02 (s, 2H),
7.49-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.78-7.82 (m, 3H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=7.8
Hz, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 9.59 (s, 1H), 12.42 (s, 1H).
[0091] The free bases of 8d, 8g, 8h, 8j, 8l, 8m-8r were also
prepared by Method I.
[0092]
9-(N-sulphonylimidazole)-5,6-dihydro-5-oxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquin-
olines (8d).
[0093] Method II: To a stirred suspension of
3-(4-morpholino)-1-propylamin- e (4.250 g) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (100
mL) was added 7 (1.950 gm, 5.89 mmol) and the resulting mixture was
stirred for 5 minutes. Subsequently, triethylamine (3 mL) was added
and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hr at room temperature.
After this time the precipitate was collected and washed with MeOH
(2.times.100 mL) and the crude solid product transferred to a round
bottom flask. This material was boiled in MeOH (200 mL) for 30 min.
and the resulting solid was collected while the solution was still
warm. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (200 mL) to give the
desired product as the free base of 8l (1.460 gm, 56%).
[0094] Using Method II, the free bases of compounds 8a-r were
prepared.
[0095] i) General Procedure for the Preparation of Mesylate Salts
of 8a-r:
[0096] Free base 8l was added to methanesulphonic acid at 0.degree.
C. and the resulting mixture was allowed to come to room
temperature, after which it was stirred for 2 h. The reaction
mixture was then poured into cold MeOH (between -10.degree. C. and
0.degree. C.) and the precipitated product was filtered, washed
with MeOH (100 mL) and dried in vacuo. The dried solid was then
dissolved in water (.about.200 mL) and lyophilized to give the
desired methanesulphonate monohydrate salt 8l. (1.020 gm, 84%).
.sup.1H NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 1.75-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H),
2.78-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.96-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.36 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.61
(t, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H),
7.49-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.76-7.84 (m, 3H), 7.99 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.15
(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 9.59 (s, 1H), 12.42 (s,
1H); .sup.13C NMR (DMSO-D.sub.6): 24.27, 33.86, 51.89, 54.51,
64.02, 119.70, 120.39, 123.53, 126.09, 126.45, 128.63, 133.66,
135.80, 138.71, 141.21, 144.57, 163.29; Anal. Calcd for
C.sub.24H.sub.31N.sub.3O.sub.8S.sub.2: C, 52.06; H, 5.46; N, 7.59,
KF, 3.36. Found: C, 51.85; H, 5.35, N, 7.30, KF, 4.32.
[0097] Similarly HC.sub.1, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, CH.sub.3COOH, and
succinic acid salts of 8l were prepared.
Example 2
Effect of Selected Compounds on PARS Activity in Cultured
Macrophages, Using a Whole-Cell Based Assay and a Purified Enzyme
Assay
[0098] Testing of the compounds for PARP inhibitory potency and
prevention of peroxynitrite induced cytotoxicity was performed as
described (Virag et al., Br J Pharmacol. 1999 February;
126(3):769-77; Immunology. 1998 July; 94(3):345-55). RAW mouse
macrophages were cultured in DMEM medium with high glucose and
supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were used at 80%
confluence in 12-well plates. Cells were pretreated with various
concentrations (100 nM-11M) of a PARP inhibitor compound of the
invention for 10 min. Peroxynitrite, a prototypical oxidant which
induces DNA single strand breakage, was used to induce PARP
activation. Peroxynitrite was diluted in phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) (pH 11.0) and added to the cells in a bolus of 50 .mu.l.
Cells were then incubated for 20 min. Peroxynitrite (decomposed by
incubation for 30 min at pH 7.0) was used as a control, and failed
to influence the parameter studied. After the 20 min incubation,
the cells were spun, the medium was aspirated and the cells were
resuspended in 0.5 ml assay buffer (56 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 28 mM KCl,
28 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.01% w/v digitonin and 0.125 .mu.M
NAD.sup.+ and 0.5 .mu.Ci/ml.sup.3H-NAD.sup.+). Following an
incubation in assay buffer, (10 min at 37.degree. C.), PARP
activity was measured as follows: 200 .mu.l ice cold 50% w/v TCA
was added and the samples were incubated for 4 hours at 4.degree.
C. Samples were then spun (10,000 g, 10 min) and pellets washed
twice with ice cold 5% w/v TCA and solubilized overnight in 250
.mu.l 2% w/v SDS/0.1 N NaOH at 37.degree. C. The contents of the
tubes were added to 6.5 ml ScintiSafe Plus scintillation liquid
(Fisher Scientific) and radioactivity was determined using a liquid
scintillation counter (Wallac, Gaithersburg, Md.). The results
shown in Table 1 demonstrate that the compounds pf the invention
potently and dose-dependently inhibit the activation of PARS in the
macrophage assay.
1TABLE 1 Inhibitory effect of various novel substituted indeno[1,2-
c]isoquinolines on PARS activation in cultured murine macrophages.
% PARS % PARS % PARS Compound inhibition inhibition inhibition No.
at 1 uM at 300 nM at 100 nM 2 60 NT 16 3a 67 NT 8 3b 25 0 NT 3c 21
9 NT 4b 88 NT 51 5a 55 NT 10 5b 33 NT 0 5c 24 NT 0 5d 48 NT 0 5e 21
NT 0 6 65 NT 30% 7 50 NT 0 8a NT 47 NT 8b NT NT NT 8c NT 27 NT 8d
NT 82 77 8e NT 68 NT 8f NT NT NT 8g NT 55 34 8h NT 76 56 8j NT 76
34 8k NT 38 24 8l NT 84 34 8m NT 50 NT 8n NT 82 74 8o NT 55 48 8p
NT 45 27 8q NT 28 20 8r NT 28 20 10a NT 59 55 10b NT 17 17 NT = Not
tested
[0099] The potency of inhibition on purified PARP enzyme was
subsequently determined for selected compounds, and the potency was
compared with that of 3-aminobenzamide, a prototypical benchmark
PARP inhibitor. The assay was performed in 96 well ELISA plates
according to instructions provided with a commercially available
PARP inhibition assay kit (Trevigen, Gaithersburg, Md.). Briefly,
wells were coated with 1 mg/ml histone (50 .mu.l/well) at 4.degree.
C. overnight. Plates were then washed four times with PBS and then
blocked by adding 50 .mu.l Strep-Diluent (supplied with the kit).
After incubation (1 h, room temperature), the plates were washed
four times with PBS. Appropriate dilutions of PARP inhibitors were
combined with 2.times. PARP cocktail (1.95 mM NAD.sup.+, 50 .mu.M
biotinylated NAD.sup.+ in 50 mM TRIS pH 8.0, 25 mM MgCl.sub.2) and
high specific activity PARP enzyme (both were supplied with the
kit) in a volume of 50 .mu.l. The reaction was allowed to proceed
for 30 min at room temperature. After 4 washes in PBS, incorporated
biotin was detected by peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (1:500
dilution) and TACS Sapphire substrate. The assay confirmed the
results of the macrophage-based PARS assay. For example, the PARP
inhibitor 8l, exerted 50% inhibition of PARS activity in this assay
at 3 nM, and thus was approximately 50,000 times more potent than
the reference compound 3-aminobenzamide.
Example 3
Effects of Substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline in Various Models
of Inflammation and Reperfusion Injury
[0100] a: Effects of Selected PARS Inhibitors on in vitro Cell
Injury Models
[0101] In additional in vitro studies in isolated thymocytes, cells
were exposed to peroxynitrite or hydrogen peroxide (toxic oxidant
species) to induce cytotoxicity. There is now evidence that in this
system the toxicity is, at least in part, related to activation of
the nuclear enzyme PARS (see Introduction). In this assay
(described, in detail, in Virag et al., Immunology 94(3):345-55,
1998), the compounds tested prevented the oxidant-induced
suppression of the viability of the cells and did so at the low
nanomolar concentration range. An example of this response
(Compound 8l) is shown in Table 2. This assay (the
oxidant-stimulated thymocyte) represents an in vitro model of a
situation where cells are dying because of exposure to pro-oxidant
species, as it occurs in during the reperfusion of ischemic
organs.
2TABLE 2 Reduction of peroxynitrite induced cytotoxicity by 30 nM-3
.mu.M of the PARS inhibitor compound 81. +81 +81 +81 +81 +81
Control 30 nM 100 nM 300 nM 1 .mu.M 3 .mu.M Cyto-toxicity 98% 74%
39% 2% 0% 0%
[0102] b: Effect of Selected PARS Inhibitors on in vivo
Inflammation Models
[0103] In order to substantiate the efficacy of the compounds in
inflammatory conditions, the effect of the compounds was tested in
a systemic inflammatory model induced by bacterial
lipopolysaccharide. Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
causes the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha,
which is a mediator of systemic inflammation and shock. In a series
of experiments, mice were pretreated with intraperitoneal injection
of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of compounds 8l, 8p and 8j, and LPS at 10 mg/kg
was injected i.p., and TNF-alpha was measured in the plasma at 90
minutes. As shown in Table 3, all compounds substantially reduced
TNF production, indicative of an anti-inflammatory activity.
3TABLE 3 Reduction of LPS induced TNF production by 0.1-1 mg/kg
intraperitoneal injection of the PARS inhibitor compounds 8L, 8P
and 8J in mice in vivo 8j (0.1) 8j (1) 8p (0.1) 8p (1) 8l (0.1) 8l
(1) Vehicle TNF 3831.6 .+-. 5038.8 .+-. 4470.0 .+-. 5090.8 .+-.
3714.6 .+-. 3509.8 .+-. 6994 .+-. (ng/ml) 385.2 377.1 184.4 203.7
300.9 311.5 904.4
[0104] All compounds markedly suppressed LPS induced TNF production
when compared to control.
[0105] At high doses, LPS causes multiple organ dysfunction
resembling of septic shock, and ultimately death (in part because
of the early release of TNF-alpha). Similarly, in a model induced
by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), the live bacteria that derive
from the intestinal flora induce systemic inflammation and shock.
Agents that inhibit inflammatory mediator production, PARS
activation, and cell death in this model will prevent mortality
induced by LPS or CLP. In experiments with Balb/c mice, injection
of 100 mg/kg LPS intraperitoneally caused death in 50% of the
animals over 24h, whereas treatment of the animals with 3 mg/kg/day
of compound 8l reduced the endotoxin-induced mortality to 10% under
the same experimental conditions. In response to CLP induced shock,
compound 8l (3 mg/kg/day) caused an improvement in the mortality
from 100% death to 60% death over 24 hours.
[0106] The data demonstrating the reduction of TNF production by
the PARS inhibitor compounds in animals subjected to an
inflammation model, coupled with the fact that TNF production is an
important trigger of inflammation in various inflammatory diseases
(such as, for example, colitis, arthritis and neuroinflammation and
shock) indicate that the compounds of the invention have
therapeutic effects in various systemic and local inflammatory
conditions, including the rejection of transplanted organs, which
entails both an inflammatory- and a reperfusion injury
component.
[0107] c: Effect of Selected PARS Inhibitors on in vivo Reperfusion
Injury Models
[0108] In order to substantiate the efficacy of the compounds of
the invention in ischemia-reperfusion conditions, the effect of a
selected compound in a mouse model of ischemic and reperfused gut
was tested. The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 45 min,
followed by a reperfusion for 1 h. Following the end of the
reperfusion, gut permeability was measured with the FD4 method in
evened gut sacks (Liaudet et al; Shock, 2000 August; 14(2):134-41).
Ischemia-reperfusion increased the permeability of the gut from
11.+-.4 to 216.+-.27 ml/min/cm.sup.2, indicating of severe damage
of the reperfused gut. Treatment with Compound 8l (3 mg/kg i.v.
injected 10 min prior to the start of reperfusion), reduced the
increase in the permeability of the gut by approximately 73%,
indicating a marked maintenance of the gut function. The
ischemia-reperfusion studies in the gut were associated with a 80%
mortality over 12 hours, whereas only 15% mortality was noted in
the animals treated with the PARS inhibitor compound.
[0109] In another set of experiments, the effect of Compound 8l in
a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion was
assayed as described in Abdelkarim et al., Int J Mol Med. 2001
;7(3):255-60. Occlusion lasted for 2 hours, followed by reperfusion
for 24 hours. Infarct size was quantified with the tetrazolium
staining. compound 8l was administered at 3 mg/kg/day in 3 divided
intraperitoneally injected doses, the first dose being 10 min
before the start of reperfusion. There was an approximately 80%
reduction in the degree of cortical necrosis and neuronal death in
the PARS inhibitor treated animals, when compared to
vehicle-treated controls. This protection also translated into
functional benefit, such as neurological improvements in the PARS
inhibitor treated group.
[0110] These data indicate that the compounds of the invention have
therapeutic effects in various systemic and local conditions of
ischemia-reperfusion, including the rejection of transplanted
organs, which entails both an inflammatory- and a reperfusion
injury component.
[0111] d: Effect of Selected PARS Inhibitors in a Diabetes
Model
[0112] PARS inhibitors and PARS deficiency is known to reduce the
development of diabetes and the incidence of diabetic complications
(Mabley et al., Br J Pharmacol. 2001 July; 133(6):909-19; Soriano
et al., Nat Med. 2001 January; 7(1):108-13). In order to
substantiate the efficacy of the compounds in a diabetes model, a
single high-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes was conducted as
previously described 0. Briefly, 160 mg/kg streptozotocin was
injected to mice treated with vehicle or with selected novel PARS
inhibitor compounds described in the current application
intraperitoneally (3 mg/kg) and 3 days later blood sugar levels
were determined using a blood glucose meter. The data shown in
Table 4 demonstrate that the PARS inhibitors attenuate the
streptozotocin-induced onset of diabetes, as they reduce the
hyperglycemia.
4TABLE 4 Reduction of streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemia by
3 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of the PARS inhibitor compounds
8L, 8P and 8J in mice in vivo Basal STZ + Vehicle STZ + 8j STZ + 8p
8l Glucose 153 .+-. 21 320 .+-. 13 253 .+-. 24 264 .+-. 24 244 .+-.
21 (mg/ml)
* * * * *