U.S. patent application number 10/205318 was filed with the patent office on 2003-05-15 for probiotic lactobacillus salivarius strains.
Invention is credited to Collins, John Kevin, Kiely, Barry, O'Mahony, Liam, O'Sullivan, Gerald Christopher, Shanahan, Fergus.
Application Number | 20030091549 10/205318 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27517572 |
Filed Date | 2003-05-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030091549 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Collins, John Kevin ; et
al. |
May 15, 2003 |
Probiotic lactobacillus salivarius strains
Abstract
A Lactobacillus salivarius strain, AH102, AH103, AH105, AH109 or
AH110 or mutants or variants thereof are useful in the prophylaxis
and/or treatment of inflammatory activity especially undesirable
gastrointestinal inflammatory activity, such as inflammatory bowel
disease or irritable bowel syndrome.
Inventors: |
Collins, John Kevin;
(Doughcloyne, IE) ; O'Sullivan, Gerald Christopher;
(Cork, IE) ; O'Mahony, Liam; (Cork, IE) ;
Shanahan, Fergus; (Kinsale, IE) ; Kiely, Barry;
(Passage West, IE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
JACOBSON HOLMAN
PROFESSIONAL LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
400 SEVENTH STREET N.W.
WASHINGTON
DC
20004
US
|
Family ID: |
27517572 |
Appl. No.: |
10/205318 |
Filed: |
July 26, 2002 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/93.45 ;
424/780; 435/252.3; 435/252.9 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 17/06 20180101;
A61P 31/10 20180101; A61P 37/04 20180101; A23Y 2220/79 20130101;
A61P 1/12 20180101; A61P 11/00 20180101; A61P 37/06 20180101; A61P
1/14 20180101; A61P 5/00 20180101; A61P 19/10 20180101; A61P 13/00
20180101; A61P 25/00 20180101; C12N 1/205 20210501; C12R 2001/225
20210501; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 37/02
20180101; A61P 3/02 20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 31/18
20180101; A23L 33/135 20160801; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P 25/28
20180101; A61P 31/12 20180101; A61P 1/16 20180101; A61P 17/02
20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61K 35/747
20130101; A61P 7/00 20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P 7/06
20180101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 1/02 20180101; A61P 7/04
20180101; A61P 13/12 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 37/08
20180101; A61P 17/00 20180101; C12N 1/20 20130101; A61P 15/00
20180101; A61P 29/02 20180101; A61P 17/10 20180101; A61P 31/04
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/93.45 ;
424/780; 435/252.9; 435/252.3 |
International
Class: |
A61K 045/00; C12N
001/20; C12N 001/21 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 26, 2001 |
IE |
2001/0708 |
Jul 26, 2001 |
IE |
2001/0707 |
Jul 26, 2001 |
IE |
2001/0705 |
Jul 26, 2001 |
IE |
2001/0702 |
Jul 26, 2001 |
IE |
2001/0701 |
Claims
1. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain selected from any of strains
AH102, AH103, AH105, AH109 or AH110 or mutants or variants
thereof.
2. Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH102 or a mutant or variant
thereof.
3. Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH103 or a mutant or variant
thereof.
4. Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH105 or a mutant or variant
thereof.
5. Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH109 or a mutant or variant
thereof.
6. Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH110 or a mutant or variant
thereof.
7. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the mutant is a genetically modified mutant.
8. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the variant is a naturally occurring variant of Lactobacillus
salivarius.
9. A biologically pure culture of a Lactobacillus salivarius strain
selected from any of strains AH102, AH103, AH105, AH109 or
AH110.
10. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1 in the
form of viable cells.
11. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1 in the
form of non-viable cells.
12. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the strain is isolated from resected and washed human
gastrointestinal tract.
13. A Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1 wherein
the strain is significantly immunomodulatory following oral
consumption in humans.
14. A formulation which comprises at least one of the strains as
claimed in claim 1.
15. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 which includes another
probiotic material.
16. A formulation as claimed in any of claims 14 which includes a
prebiotic material.
17. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 which includes an
ingestable carrier.
18. A formulation as claimed in claim 17 wherein the ingestable
carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as a capsule,
tablet or powder.
19. A formulation as claimed in claim 17 wherein the ingestable
carrier is a food product such as acidified milk, yoghurt, frozen
yoghurt, milk powder, milk concentrate, cheese spreads, dressings
or beverages.
20. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 which further comprises a
protein and/or peptide, in particular proteins and/or peptides that
are rich in glutamine/glutamate, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a
vitamin, mineral and/or trace element.
21. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 wherein the Lactobacillus
salivarius strain is present in an amount of more than 10.sup.6 cfu
per gram of the formulation.
22. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 which includes an
adjuvant.
23. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 which includes a bacterial
component.
24. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 to which includes a drug
entity.
25. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 which includes a
biological compound.
26. A formulation as claimed in claim 14 for use in immunisation
and vaccination protocols.
27. A food stuff comprising a Lactobacillus salivarius strain as
claimed in claim 1.
28. A medicament comprising a Lactobacillus salivarius strain as
claimed in claim 1.
29. An anti-inflammatory biotherapeutic agent comprising a
Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim 1.
30. A method of antagonising and excluding proinflammatory
micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract comprising
administering a Lactobacillus salivarius strain as claimed in claim
1.
31. A method for reducing the levels of pro inflammatory cytokines
comprising administering a Lactobacillus salivarius strain as
claimed in claim 1.
32. A method for reducing the levels of IL-8 comprising
administering a Lactobacillus salivarius strain of claim 1.
33. A method for modifying the levels of IFN.gamma. comprising
administering a Lactobacillus salivarius strain selected from any
one of AH102, AH103 or AH105.
34. A method for modifying the levels of TNF.alpha. comprising
administering a Lactobacillu salivarius strain AH110.
35. A method of treating or preventing undesirable inflammatory
activity or inflammatory disease in a subject which comprises
administering to the subject the Lactobacillus salivarius strain as
claimed in claim 1.
36. A method as claimed in claim 35 wherein the undesirable
inflammatory activity is gastrointestinal inflammatory
activity.
37. A method as claimed in claim 35 wherein the undesirable
inflammatory activity is inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohns
disease or ulcerative colitis; irritable bowel syndrome; pouchitis;
or post infection colitis.
38. A method as claimed in claim 35 wherein the undesirable
inflammatory activity is irritable bowel syndrome.
39. A method of treating or preventing cancer in a subject which
comprises administering to the subject a strain of Lactobacillus
salivarius as claimed in claim 1.
40. A method as claimed in claim 39 wherein the cancer is
gastrointestinal cancer or cancer due to inflammation.
41. A method of treating or preventing a systemic disease
associated with inflammation in a subject comprising administering
to the subject a strain of Lactobacillus salivarius as claimed in
claim 1.
42. A method as claimed in claim 41 wherein the systemic disease is
rheumatoid arthritis.
43. A method of treating or preventing an autoimmune disorder
caused by inflammation in a subject comprising administering to the
subject a strain of Lactobacillus salivarius as claimed in claim
1.
44. A method of treating or preventing a diarrhoeal disease in a
subject comprising administering to the subject a strain of
Lactobacillus salivarius as claimed in claims 1.
45. A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein the diarrhoeal disease
is Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, Rotavirus associated
diarrhoea, post infective diarrhoea or diarrhoeal disease due to an
infectious agent such as E. coli.
Description
INTRODUCTION
[0001] The invention relates to Lactobacillus salivarius strains
and their use as probiotic bacteria in particular as
immunomodulatory biotherapeutic agents.
[0002] The defense mechanisms to protect the human gastrointestinal
tract from colonization by intestinal bacteria are highly complex
and involve both immunological and non-immunological aspects (1).
Innate defense mechanisms include the low pH of the stomach, bile
salts, peristalsis, mucin layers and anti-microbial compounds such
as lysozyme (2). Immunological mechanisms include specialized
lymphoid aggregates, underlying M cells, called peyers patches
which are distributed throughout the small intestine and colon (3).
Luminal antigens presented at these sites result in stimulation of
appropriate T and B cell subsets with establishment of cytokine
networks and secretion of antibodies into the gastrointestinal
tract (4). In addition, antigen presentation may occur via
epithelial cells to intraepithelial lymphocytes and to the
underlying lamina propria immune cells (5). Therefore, the host
invests substantially in immunological defense of the
gastrointestinal tract. However, as the gastrointestinal mucosa is
the largest surface at which the host interacts with the external
environment, specific control mechanisms must be in place to
regulate immune responsiveness to the 100 tons of food which is
handled by the gastrointestinal tract over an average lifetime.
Furthermore, the gut is colonized by over 500 species of bacteria
numbering 10.sup.11-10.sup.12/g in the colon. Thus, these control
mechanisms must be capable of distinguishing non-pathogenic
adherent bacteria from invasive pathogens, which would cause
significant damage to the host. In fact, the intestinal flora
contributes to defense of the host by competing with newly ingested
potentially pathogenic micro-organisms.
[0003] Bacteria present in the human gastrointestinal tract can
promote inflammation. Aberrant immune responses to the indigenous
microflora have been implicated in certain disease states, such as
inflammatory bowel disease. Antigens associated with the normal
flora usually lead to immunological tolerance and failure to
achieve this tolerance is a major mechanism of mucosal inflammation
(6). Evidence for this breakdown in tolerance includes an increase
in antibody levels directed against the gut flora in patients with
IBD.
[0004] The present invention is directed towards Lactobacillus
strains, which have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, by
modulating cytokine levels or by antagonizing and excluding
pro-inflammatory micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal
tract.
STATEMENTS OF INVENTION
[0005] According to the invention there is provided a Lactobacillus
salivarius strain selected from any one or more of AH102, AH103,
AH105, AH109 and AH110 or a mutant or variant thereof.
[0006] The mutant may be a genetically modified mutant. The variant
may be a naturally occurring variant of Lactobacillus
salivarius.
[0007] In one embodiment of the invention Lactobacillus salivarius
strains are in the form of viable cells. Alternatively
Lactobacillus salivarius strains are in the form of non-viable
cells.
[0008] In one embodiment of the invention the strains are in the
form of a biologically pure culture.
[0009] In one embodiment of the invention the Lactobacillus
salivarius strains are isolated from resected and washed human
gastrointestinal tract. Preferably the Lactobacillus salivarius
strains are significantly immunomodulatory following oral
consumption in humans.
[0010] The invention also provides a formulation which comprises at
least one Lactobacillus salivarius strain of the invention. The
formulation may comprise two or more strains of Lactobacillus.
[0011] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation includes
another probiotic material.
[0012] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation includes
a prebiotic material.
[0013] Preferably the formulation includes an ingestable carrier.
The ingestable carrier may be a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
such as a capsule, tablet or powder. Preferably the ingestable
carrier is a food product such as acidified milk, yoghurt, frozen
yoghurt, milk powder, milk concentrate, cheese spreads, dressings
or beverages.
[0014] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation of the
invention further comprises a protein and/or peptide, in particular
proteins and/or peptides that are rich in glutamine/glutamate, a
lipid, a carbohydrate, a vitamin, mineral and/or trace element.
[0015] In one embodiment of the invention Lactobacillus salivarius
strains are present in the formulation at more than 10.sup.6 cfu
per gram of delivery system. Preferably the formulation includes
any one or more of an adjuvant, a bacterial component, a drug
entity or a biological compound.
[0016] In one embodiment of the invention the formulation is for
immunisation and vaccination protocols.
[0017] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
strains or a formulation of the invention for use as foodstuffs, as
a medicament, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of
undesirable inflammatory activity, for use in the prophylaxis
and/or treatment of undesirable gastrointestinal inflammatory
activity such as inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohns disease
or ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, pouchitis, or post
infection colitis, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of
gastrointestinal cancer(s), for use in the prophylaxis and/or
treatment of systemic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, for use
in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of autoimmune disorders due to
undesirable inflammatory activity, for use in the prophylaxis
and/or treatment of cancer due to undesirable inflammatory
activity, for use in the prophylaxis of cancer, for use in the
prophylaxis and/or treatment of diarrhoeal disease due to
undesirable inflammatory activity, such as Clostridium difficile
associated diarrhoea, Rotavirus associated diarrhoea or post
infective diarrhoea, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of
diarrhoeal disease due to an infectious agent, such as E. coli.
[0018] The invention also provides Lactobacillus salivarius strains
or a formulation of the invention for use in the preparation of an
anti-inflammatory biotherapeutic agent for the prophylaxis and/or
treatment of undesirable inflammatory activity or for use in the
preparation of anti-inflammatory biotherapeutic agents for the
prophylaxis and/or treatment of undesirable inflammatory
activity.
[0019] In one embodiment of the invention the strains of the
invention act by antagonising and excluding proinflammatory
micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract.
[0020] The invention also provides Lactobacillus salivarius strains
or a formulation of the invention for use in the preparation of
anti-inflammatory biotherapeutic agents for reducing the levels of
pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL8.
[0021] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
strains for use in the preparation of anti-inflammatory
biotherapeutic agents for modulating cytokine levels such as IL-8,
IL-10, IL-12, TNF.alpha. or IFN.gamma..
[0022] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
strains for use in the preparation of biotherapeutic agents for
modifying the levels of IFN.gamma.. Preferably in this case the
strains are selected from any one of AH102, AH103 or AH105.
[0023] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
strains for use in the preparation of biotherapeutic agents for
modifying the levels of IL-10.
[0024] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
strains for use in the preparation of biotherapeutic agents for
modifying the levels of IL-12.
[0025] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
strains for use in the preparation of biotherapeutic agents for
modifying the levels of IL-8.
[0026] The invention further provides Lactobacillus salivarius
AH110 for use in the preparation of biotherapeutic agents for
modifying the levels of TNF.alpha..
[0027] The invention also provides for the use of Lactobacillus
salivarius strains as antiinfective probiotic strains due to their
ability to antagonise the growth of pathogenic species.
[0028] We have found that particular strains of Lactobacillus
elicit immunomodulatory effects in vitro.
[0029] The invention is therefore of major potential therapeutic
value in the prophylaxis or treatment of dysregulated immune
responses, such as undesirable inflammatory reactions, for example
inflammatory bowel disease.
[0030] The strains may be used as a panel of biotherapeutic agents
from which a selection can be made for modifying the levels of
IFN.gamma., TNF.alpha., IL-8, IL-10 and/or IL-12.
[0031] The strains or formulations of the invention may be used in
the prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory disorders,
immunodeficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel
syndrome, cancer (particularly of the gastrointestinal and immune
systems), diarrhoeal disease, antibiotic associated diarrhoea,
paediatric diarrhoea, appendicitis, autoimmune disorders, multiple
sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coeliac
disease, diabetes mellitus, organ transplantation, bacterial
infections, viral infections, fungal infections, periodontal
disease, urogenital disease, sexually transmitted disease, HIV
infection, HIV replication, HIV associated diarrhoea, surgical
associated trauma, surgical-induced metastatic disease, sepsis,
weight loss, anorexia, fever control, cachexia, wound healing,
ulcers, gut barrier function, allergy, asthma, respiratory
disorders, circulatory disorders, coronary heart disease, anaemia,
disorders of the blood coagulation system, renal disease, disorders
of the central nervous system, hepatic disease, ischaemia,
nutritional disorders, osteoporosis, endocrine disorders, epidermal
disorders, psoriasis and/or acne vulgaris.
[0032] The Lactobacillus strains are commensal microorganisms. They
have been isolated from the microbial flora within the human
gastrointestinal tract. The immune system within the
gastrointestinal tract cannot have a pronounced reaction to members
of this flora, as the resulting inflammatory activity would also
destroy host cells and tissue function.
[0033] Therefore, some mechanism(s) exist whereby the immune system
can recognize commensal non-pathogenic members of the
gastrointestinal flora as being different to pathogenic organisms.
This ensures that damage to host tissues is restricted and a
defensive barrier is still maintained.
[0034] A deposit of Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH102 was made
at the National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria
Limited (NCIMB) on Apr. 20, 2000 and accorded the accession number
NCIMB 41044.
[0035] A deposit of Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH103 was made
at the NCIMB on Apr. 20, 2000 and accorded the accession number
NCIMB 41045.
[0036] A deposit of Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH105 was made
at the NCIMB on Apr. 20, 2000 and accorded the accession number
NCIMB 41047.
[0037] A deposit of Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH109 was made
at the NCIMB on Mar. 22, 2001 and accorded the accession number
NCIMB 41093.
[0038] A deposit of Lactobacillus salivarius strain AH110 was made
at the NCIMB on Mar. 22, 2001 and accorded the accession number
NCIMB 41094.
[0039] The Lactobacillus salivarius may be a genetically modified
mutant or it may be a naturally occurring variant thereof.
[0040] Preferably the Lactobacillus salivarius is in the form of
viable cells. Alternatively the Lactobacillus salivarius may be in
the form of non-viable cells.
[0041] It will be appreciated that the specific Lactobacillus
strain of the invention may be administered to animals (including
humans) in an orally ingestible form in a conventional preparation
such as capsules, microcapsules, tablets, granules, powder,
troches, pills, suppositories, suspensions and syrups. Suitable
formulations may be prepared by methods commonly employed using
conventional organic and inorganic additives. The amount of active
ingredient in the medical composition may be at a level that will
exercise the desired therapeutic effect.
[0042] The formulation may also include a bacterial component, a
drug entity or a biological compound.
[0043] In addition a vaccine comprising any one or more of the
strains of the invention may be prepared using any suitable known
method and may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or
adjuvant.
[0044] Throughout the specification the terms mutant, variant and
genetically modified mutant include a strain of Lactobacillus
salivarius whose genetic and/or phenotypic properties are altered
compared to the parent strain. Naturally occurring variant of
Lactobacillus salivarius includes the spontaneous alterations of
targeted properties selectively isolated while deliberate
alteration of parent strain properties may be accomplished by
conventional genetic manipulation technologies, such as gene
disruption, conjugative transfer, etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0045] FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing the number of adherent
bacteria per 20 epithelial cells using human gastrointestinal
epithelial cells, CaCo-2 and HT-29;
[0046] FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing IFN.gamma. levels induced by
PBMCs following co-incubation with Lactobacillus salivarius
strains;
[0047] FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the effect on the levels of
IL-10 (pg/ml) induced by PBMCs following co-incubation with
Lactobacillus salivarius strains;
[0048] FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the effect of Lactobacillus
salivarius strains on PBMC IL-12 (pg/ml) production;
[0049] FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the effect of Lactobacillus
salivarius strains on PBMC IL-8 (pg/ml) production; and
[0050] FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing the ability of Lactobacillus
salivarius strains to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production
measured in pg/ml.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0051] We have found that Lactobacillus salivarius strains AH102,
AH103, AH105, AH109 and AH110 are not only acid and bile tolerant
and adhere to human intestinal cell lines but also, surprisingly
have immunomodulatory effects, by modulating cytokine levels or by
antagonising and excluding pro-inflammatory or immunomodulatory
micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract.
[0052] The general use of probiotic bacteria is in the form of
viable cells. However, it can also be extended to non-viable cells
such as killed cultures or compositions containing beneficial
factors expressed by the probiotic bacteria. This could include
thermally killed micro-organisms or micro-organisms killed by
exposure to altered pH or subjection to pressure. With non-viable
cells product preparation is simpler, cells may be incorporated
easily into pharmaceuticals and storage requirements are much less
limited than viable cells. Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 offers an
example of the effective use of heat killed cells as a method for
the treatment and/or prevention of tumour growth as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,240.
[0053] It is unknown whether intact bacteria are required to exert
an immunomodulatory effect or if individual active components of
the invention can be utilized alone. Proinflammatory components of
certain bacterial strains have been identified. The proinflammatory
effects of gram-negative bacteria are mediated by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS alone induces a proinflammatory
network, partially due to LPS binding to the CD14 receptor on
monocytes. It is assumed that components of probiotic bacteria
possess immunomodulatory activity, due to the effects of the whole
cell. Upon isolation of these components, pharmaceutical grade
manipulation is anticipated.
[0054] Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is one of the cytokines comprising the
Macrophage Inflammatory protein family (MIP). The MIP-1 and -2
families represent a group of proteins which are chemotactic
factors for leukocytes and fibroblasts. This family of proteins are
also called intercrines, as cells other than macrophages are
capable of synthesizing them. These cells include T and B cells,
fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells,
synovial cells, neutrophils, chondrocytes, hepatocytes, platelets
and tumour cells. MIP-1.alpha., -1.beta., connective tissue
activating protein (CTAP), platelet factor 4 (PF4) and IL-8
stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis. Monocyte chemotactic protein
(MCP-1) and RANTES are chemotactic for monocytes, IL-8 for
neutrophils and lymphocytes while PF4 and CTAP are chemotactic for
fibroblasts. Roles other than chemotaxis have been described for
some of these family members. MCP-1 stimulates monocyte cytostatic
activity and superoxide anion release. CTAP and PF4 increase
fibroblast proliferation, IL-8 increases vascular permeability
while MIP-1.alpha. and -1.beta. are pyrogenic. IL-8 is intimately
involved in inflammatory responses within the gastrointestinal
tract. Stimulation of IL-8 (and other proinflammatory cytokines)
could contribute to the development of gastrointestinal lesions
therefore it is important that probiotic bacteria should not
stimulate the production of this cytokine.
[0055] IL-10 is produced by T cells, B cells, monocytes and
macrophages. This cytokine augments the proliferation and
differentiation of B cells into antibody secreting cells. IL-10
exhibits mostly anti-inflammatory activities. It up-regulates
IL-1RA expression by monocytes and suppresses the majority of
monocyte inflammatory activities. IL-10 inhibits monocyte
production of cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen
intermediates, MHC class II expression, parasite killing and IL-10
production via a feed back mechanism (7). This cytokine has also
been shown to block monocyte production of intestinal collagenase
and type IV collagenase by interfering with a PGE.sub.2-cAMP
dependant pathway and therefore may be an important regulator of
the connective tissue destruction seen in chronic inflammatory
diseases.
[0056] IL-12 is a heterodimeric protein of 70 kD composed of two
covalently linked chains of 35 kD and 40 kD. It is produced
primarily by antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages, early
in the inflammatory cascade. Intracellular bacteria stimulate the
production of high levels of IL-12. It is a potent inducer of
IFN.gamma. production and activator of natural killer cells. IL-12
is one of the key cytokines necessary for the generation of cell
mediated, or Th1, immune responses primarily through its ability to
prime cells for high IFN.gamma. production (8). IL-12 induces the
production of IL-10 which feedback inhibits IL-12 production thus
restricting uncontrolled cytokine production. TGF-.beta. also
down-regulates IL-12 production. IL-4 and IL-13 can have
stimulatory or inhibitory effects on IL-12 production. Inhibition
of IL-12 in vivo may have some therapeutic value in the treatment
of Th1 associated inflammatory disorders, such as multiple
sclerosis (9).
[0057] Interferon-gamma (IFN.gamma.) is primarily a product of
activated T lymphocytes and due to variable glycosylation it can be
found ranging from 20 to 25 kDa in size. This cytokine synergizes
with other cytokines resulting in a more potent stimulation of
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and endothelial cells.
IFN.gamma. also amplifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of
monocytes and macrophages by increasing cytokine production (10),
increased reactive intermediate release, phagocytosis and
cytotoxicity. IFN.gamma. induces, or enhances the expression of
major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) antigens
on monocytic cells and cells of epithelial, endothelial and
connective tissue origin. This allows for greater presentation of
antigen to the immune system from cells within inflamed tissues.
IFN.gamma. may also have anti-inflammatory effects. This cytokine
inhibits phospholipase A.sub.2, thereby decreasing monocyte
production of PGE.sub.2 and collagenase (11). IFN.gamma. may also
modulate monocyte and macrophage receptor expression for TGF.beta.,
TNF.alpha. and C5a (11) thereby contributing to the
anti-inflammatory nature of this cytokine. Probiotic stimulation of
this cytokine would have variable effects in vivo depending on the
current inflammatory state of the host, stimulation of other
cytokines and the route of administration.
[0058] TNF.alpha. is a proinflammatory cytokine which mediates many
of the local and systemic effects seen during an inflammatory
response. This cytokine is primarily a monocyte or macrophage
derived product but other cell types including lymphocytes,
neutrophils, NK cells, mast cells, astrocytes, epithelial cells
endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells can also synthesise
TNF.alpha.. TNF.alpha. is synthesised as a prohormone and following
processing the mature 17.5 kDa species can be observed. Purified
TNF.alpha. has been observed as dimers, trimers and pentamers with
the trimeric form postulated to be the active form in vivo. Three
receptors have been identified for TNF.alpha.. A soluble receptor
seems to function as a TNF.alpha. inhibitor (12) while two membrane
bound forms have been identified with molecular sizes of 60 and 80
kDa respectively. Local TNF.alpha. production at inflammatory sites
can be induced with endotoxin and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone
inhibits cytokine production (13). TNF.alpha. production results in
the stimulation of many cell types. Significant anti-viral effects
could be observed in TNF.alpha. treated cell lines (14) and the
IFNs synergise with TNF.alpha. enhancing this effect. Endothelial
cells are stimulated to produce procoagulant activity, expression
of adhesion molecules, IL-1, hematopoitic growth factors, platelet
activating factor (PAF) and arachidonic acid metabolites.
TNF.alpha. stimulates neutrophil adherence, phagocytosis,
degranulation (15), reactive oxygen intermediate production and may
influence cellular migration. Leucocyte synthesis of GM-CSF,
TGF.beta., IL-1, IL-6, PGE.sub.2 and TNF.alpha. itself can all be
stimulated upon TNF.alpha. administration (16, 17). Programmed cell
death (apoptosis) can be delayed in monocytes (18) while effects on
fibroblasts include the promotion of chemotaxis and IL-6, PGE.sub.2
and collagenase synthesis. While local TNF.alpha. production
promotes wound healing and immune responses, the dis-regulated
systemic release of TNF.alpha. can be severely toxic with effects
such as cachexia, fever and acute phase protein production being
observed (19).
[0059] The invention will be more clearly understood from the
following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
[0060] Characterisation of Bacteria Isolated from Resected and
Washed Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Demonstration of Probiotic
Traits.
[0061] Isolation of Probiotic Bacteria
[0062] Appendices and sections of the large and small intestine of
the human gastrointestinal tract (G.I.T.) obtained during
reconstructive surgery, were screened for probiotic bacterial
strains. All samples were stored immediately after surgery at
-80.degree. C. in sterile containers.
[0063] Frozen tissues were thawed, weighed and placed in
cysteinated (0.05%) one quarter strength Ringers' solution. The
sample was gently shaken to remove loosely adhering microorganisms
(termed--wash `W`). Following transfer to a second volume of
Ringer's solution, the sample was vortexed for 7 mins to remove
tightly adhering bacteria (termed--sample `S`). In order to isolate
tissue embedded bacteria, samples 356, 176 and A were also
homogenized in a Braun blender (termed--homogenate `H`). The
solutions were serially diluted and spread-plated (100 .mu.l) on
the following agar media: RCM (reinforced clostridia media) and RCM
adjusted to pH 5.5 using acetic acid; TPY (trypticase, peptone and
yeast extract); MRS (deMann, Rogosa and Sharpe); ROG (acetate
medium (SL) of Rogosa); LLA (liver-lactose agar of Lapiere); BHI
(brain heart infusion agar); LBS (Lactobacillus selective agar) and
TSAYE (tryptone soya sugar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract).
TPY and MRS supplemented with propionic acid was also used. All
agar media was supplied by Oxoid Chemicals with the exception of
TPY agar. Plates were incubated in anaerobic jars (BBL, Oxoid)
using CO.sub.2 generating kits (Anaerocult A, Merck) for 2-5 days
at 37.degree. C.
[0064] Gram positive, catalase negative rod-shaped or
bifurcated/pleomorphic bacteria isolates were streaked for purity
on to complex non-selective media (MRS and TPY). Isolates were
routinely cultivated in MRS or TPY medium unless otherwise stated
at 37.degree. C. under anaerobic conditions. Presumptive
Lactobacillus were stocked in 40% glycerol and stored at
-20.degree. C. and -80.degree. C.
[0065] Seven tissue sections taken from the G.I.T. were screened
for the presence of strains belonging to the Lactobacillus genera.
There was some variation between tissue samples. Table 1 below
shows the bacterial count of the tissue samples expressed as colony
forming units per gram (cfu/ml) of tissue. (nd=not determined)
1TABLE 1 Isolation Tissue Sample No. Medium A 176 356 312 316 423
433 `WASH` Solution MRS 57 .times. 10.sup.2 >9.0 .times.
10.sup.3 3.3 .times. 10.sup.3 >3.0 .times. 10.sup.4 0 3.2
.times. 10.sup.3 8.0 .times. 10.sup.2 TPYP 0 >9.0 .times.
10.sup.3 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >3.0 .times. 10.sup.4 0 1.9
.times. 10.sup.2 2.8 .times. 10.sup.2 RCM5.5 0 0 3.1 .times.
10.sup.2 1.8 .times. 10.sup.4 ND 3.0 .times. 10.sup.1 8.0 .times.
10.sup.2 ROG 0 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3
7.7 .times. 10.sup.2 3.8 .times. 10.sup.2 9.7 .times. 10.sup.1 4.0
.times. 10.sup.1 TSAYE 3.9 .times. 10.sup.2 >9.0 .times.
10.sup.3 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 ND ND ND ND LLA 2.5 .times.
10.sup.2 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 ND 5.3
.times. 10.sup.2 ND ND RCM ND ND ND >3.0 .times. 10.sup.4 ND 4.8
.times. 10.sup.3 4.6 .times. 10.sup.3 `SAMPLE` Solution MRS 1.35
.times. 10.sup.3 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3
1.66 .times. 10.sup.4 2.3 .times. 10.sup.2 >1.0 .times. 10.sup.4
9.6 .times. 10.sup.2 TPYP 0 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >6.0
.times. 10.sup.3 >3.0 .times. 10.sup.4 4.6 .times. 10.sup.2 0
8.0 .times. 10.sup.3 RCM5.5 0 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >6.0
.times. 10.sup.3 1.7 .times. 10.sup.3 ND 1.1 .times. 10.sup.3 1.5
.times. 10.sup.3 ROG 1.37 .times. 10.sup.2 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3
>6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 4.4 .times. 10.sup.2 4.5 .times. 10.sup.3
1.7 .times. 10.sup.3 6.1 .times. 10.sup.3 TSAYE 1.4 .times.
10.sup.3 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 ND ND ND ND ND LLA 6.3 .times.
10.sup.2 >9.0 .times. 10.sup.3 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 ND 3.0
.times. 10.sup.2 ND ND RCM ND ND ND >3.0 .times. 10.sup.4 ND
>1.0 .times. 10.sup.4 ND `HOMOGENATE` Solution MRS 0 0 >6.0
.times. 10.sup.3 TPYP 0 0 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 RCM5.5 0 0 2.5
.times. 10.sup.2 ROG 0 0 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 TSAYE 3.9 .times.
10.sup.1 0 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 LLA 1.9 .times. 10.sup.1 6.57
.times. 10.sup.2 >6.0 .times. 10.sup.3 RCM 0 0 ND
[0066] Samples A (ileum) and 316 (appendix) had the lowest counts
with approximately 10.sup.2 cells isolated per gram of tissue. In
comparison, greater 10.sup.3 cfu/g tissue were recovered from the
other samples. Similar numbers of bacteria were isolated during the
`wash` and `sample` steps with slightly higher counts in the
`sample` solutions of 433 (ileal-caecal).
[0067] Fermentation and Growth Characteristics
[0068] Metabolism of the carbohydrate glucose and the subsequent
organic acid end-products were examined using an LKB Bromma, Aminex
HPX-87H High Performance Liquid Chromatography column. The column
was maintained at 60.degree. C. with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min
(constant pressure). The HPLC buffer used was 0.01 N
H.sub.2SO.sub.4. Prior to analysis, the column was calibrated using
10 mM citrate, 10 mM glucose, 20 mM lactate and 10 mM acetate as
standards. Cultures were propagated in modified MRS broth for 1-2
days at 37.degree. C. anaerobically. Following centrifugation for
10 min at 14,000 g, the supernatant was diluted 1:5 with HPLC
buffer and 200 .mu.l was analysed in the HPLC. All supernatants
were analysed in duplicate.
[0069] Biochemical and physiological traits of the bacterial
isolates were determined to aid identification. Nitrate reduction,
indole formation and expression of .beta.-galactosidase activity
were assayed. Growth at both 15.degree. C. and 45.degree. C.,
growth in the presence of increasing concentrations of NaCl up to
5.0% and protease activity on gelatin were determined. Growth
characteristics of the strains in litmus milk were also
assessed.
[0070] Approximately fifteen hundred catalase negative bacterial
isolates from different samples were chosen and characterised in
terms of their Gram reaction, cell size and morphology, growth at
15.degree. C. and 45.degree. C. and fermentation end-products from
glucose (data not shown). Greater than sixty percent of the
isolates tested were Gram positive, homofermentative cocci (HOMO-)
arranged either in tetrads, chains or bunches. Eighteen percent of
the isolates were Gram negative rods and heterofermentative
coccobacilli (HETERO-). The remaining isolates (twenty two percent)
were predominantly homofermentative coccobacilli. Thirty eight
strains were characterised in more detail--13 isolates from 433; 4
from 423; 8 from 312; 9 from 356; 3 from 176 and 1 from 316. All
thirty eight isolates tested negative both for nitrate reduction
and production of indole from tryptophan. Growth at different
temperatures, concentrations of NaCl and gelatin hydrolysis are
recorded in Table 2 below.
2 TABLE 2 Temperature Reactions in Fermentation Profiles Gelatin
litmus milk Strain Source Pattern 15.degree. C. 45.degree. C. %
NaCl* Hydrolysis pH** RED.sup.n AH102 S1 ROG HOMO- +(s) - 3.0 - 6.3
NR AH103 S1 HETERO- - - 3.0 - 5.2 RpCp RCM5.5 AH105 S1 HOMO- - -
0.8 - 4.9 RpCp MRSP AH109 S1 TPY HOMO- - - 5.0 - 6.0 NR AH110 S1
ROG HOMO- - - 5.0 - 4.9 RpCp HOMO-, homofermentative; HETERO-,
heterofermentative; -, Negative for reaction/growth; +, Positive
reaction/growth; +(s), slow growth; RED.sup.n, Reduction; NR, no
reaction; Rp, Partial reduction; Cp, Partial clotting; *Maximum
concentration of NaCl in which the strain will grow **pH after 24 h
incubation in litmus milk at 37.degree. C.
[0071] Species Identification
[0072] The API 50CHL (BioMerieux SA, France) system was used to
tentatively identify the Lactobacillus species by their
carbohydrate fermentation profiles. Overnight MRS cultures were
harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in the suspension
medium provided with the kit. API strips were inoculated and
analysed (after 24 and 48 h) according to the manufacturers'
instructions. Identity of the Lactobacillus sp. was then checked by
SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (SDS-PAGE) of total
cell protein (Bruno Pot, University of Ghent, Belgium, personal
communication). Finally, 16s RNA analysis and ribotyping were used
to confirm strain identity.
[0073] The API 50CHL allowed rapid identification of the
Lactobacillus isolates. Analysis of total cell protein of the
Lactobacillus sp. (Bruno Pot, personal communication) by SDS-PAGE,
16s RNA analysis and ribotyping revealed further information on the
specific species. Table 3 below shows the identification of the 5
Lactobacillus strains by four different techniques.
3TABLE 3 Sugar fermentation Total cell protein 16s RNA Strain
profiles (SDS-PAGE)* identification Ribotyping AH102 L. salivarius
L. salivarius L. salivarius L. salivarius subsp. salivarius subsp.
salicinius AH103 L. salivarius L. salivarius L. salivarius L.
salivarius subsp. salivarius subsp. salicinius AH105 L. salivarius
L. paracasei L. salivarius L. salivarius subsp. paracasei AH109 L.
salivarius L. salivarius L. salivarius L. salivarius subsp.
salivarius subsp. salicinius AH10 L. salivarius L. salivarius L.
salivarius L. salivarius subsp. salivarius subsp. salicinius
[0074] Enzyme Activity Profiles
[0075] The API ZYM system (BioMerieux, France) was used for
semi-quantitative measurement of constitutive enzymes produced by
Lactobacillus isolates. Bacterial cells from the late logarithmic
growth phase were harvested by centrifugation at 14,000 g for 10
mins. The pelleted cells were washed and resuspended in 50 mM
phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 to the same optical density. The strips
were inoculated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions,
incubated for 4 h at 37.degree. C. and colour development
recorded.
[0076] The enzyme activity profiles of the 5 strains AH102, AH103,
AH105, AH109, AH110 are presented in Table 4 below. None of the
strains exhibited lipase, trypsin, .alpha.-chymotrypsin,
.alpha.-glucuronidase, .alpha.-mannosidase or .alpha.-fucosidase
activities.
4 TABLE 4 AH102 AH103 AH105 AH109 AH110 Alkaline Phosphate 3 3 4 3
3 Esterase 1 1 1 1 1 Esterase Lipase 1 1 1 1 1 Lipase 0 0 0 0 0
Leucine Arylamidase 4 3 4 3 3 Valine Arylamidase 0 1 1 1 1 Cystine
Arlyamidase 5 5 4 4 5 Trypsin 0 0 0 0 0 .alpha.-Chymotrypsin 0 0 0
0 0 Phosphate acid 5 5 5 5 5 Phosphohydrolase 5 5 4 4 5
.alpha.-Galactosidase 0 3 4 3 3 .beta.-Galactosidase 3 4 4 5 4
.beta.-glucuronidase 0 0 0 0 0 .alpha.-Glucosidase 0 0 0 0 0
.beta.-Glucosidase 0 0 0 0 0 .alpha.-Glucosaminidase 0 0 0 0 0
.alpha.-Mannosidase 0 0 0 0 0 .alpha.-Fucosidase 0 0 0 0 0
[0077] Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles
[0078] Antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the isolates were
determined using the `disc susceptibility` assay. Cultures were
grown up in the appropriate broth medium for 24-48 h spread-plated
(100 .mu.l) onto agar media and discs containing known
concentrations of the antibiotics were placed onto the agar.
Strains were examined for antibiotic sensitivity after 1-2 days
incubation at 37.degree. C. under anaerobic conditions. Strains
were considered sensitive if zones of inhibition of 1 mm or greater
were seen.
[0079] Antibiotics of human clinical importance were used to
ascertain the sensitivity profiles of each of the 5 Lactobacillus
strains. Each of the lactobacilli tested was sensitive to
ampicillin, amoxacillin, ceftaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin,
cephradine, rifampicin and chloramphenicol. The antibiotic
sensitivities (ug/ml) of Lactobacillus salivarius AH102, AH103,
AH105, AH109 and AH110 are given in Table 5 below.
5 TABLE 5 AH102 AH103 AH105 AH109 AH110 NET 10 R R R R S AMP 25 S S
S S S AMC 30 S S S S S AK 30 R R R R S W 1.25 R R R R R TEC 30 R S
S R R CXM 30 S S S S S CTX 30 S S S S S ZOX 30 S S S S R CRO 30 S S
S S S CIP 5 S S S S S CN 10 R R R R S MTZ 5 R R R R R CE 30 S S S S
S RD 5 S S S S S V 5 R ND S R R C 10 S ND S S S TE 10 S ND S S S E
5 S ND S S S NA 30 R R R R R R, resistant; S, sensitive; ND, not
determined
[0080] Growth of Lactobacilli at Low pH
[0081] Human gastric juice was obtained from healthy subjects by
aspiration through a nasogastric tube (Mercy Hospital, Cork,
Ireland). It was immediately centrifuged at 13,000 g for 30 min to
remove all solid particles, sterilised through 0.45 .mu.m and 0.2
.mu.m filters and divided into 40 ml aliquots which were stored at
4.degree. C. and -20.degree. C.
[0082] The pH and pepsin activity of the samples were measured
prior to experimental use. Pepsin activity was measured using the
quantitative haemoglobulin assay. Briefly, aliquots of gastric
juice (1 ml) were added to 5 ml of substrate (0.7 M urea, 0.4%
(w/v) bovine haemoglobulin (Sigma Chemical Co., 0.25 M KCl-HCl
buffer, pH 2.0) and incubated at 25.degree. C. Samples were removed
at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 and 30 min intervals. Reactions were
terminated by the addition of 5% trichloracetic acid (TCA) and
allowed to stand for 30 min without agitation. Assay mixtures were
then filtered (Whatman, no. 113), centrifuged at 14,000 g for 15
min and absorbance at 280 nm was measured. One unit of pepsin
enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to
cause an increase of 0.001 units of A.sub.280 nm per minute at pH
2.0 measured as TCA-soluble products using haemoglobulin as
substrate.
[0083] To determine whether growth of the Lactobacillus strains
occurred at low pH values equivalent to those found in the stomach,
overnight cultures were inoculated (1%) into fresh MRS broth
adjusted to pH4.0, 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0 using 1N HCl. At regular
intervals aliquots (1.5 ml) were removed, optical density at 600 nm
(OD600) was measured and colony forming units per ml (cfu/ml)
calculated using the plate count method. Growth was monitored over
a 24-48 h period.
[0084] Survival of the strains at low pH in vitro was investigated
using two assays:
[0085] (a) Cells were harvested from fresh overnight cultures,
washed twice in phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and resuspended in MRS
broth adjusted to pH 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 (with 1N HCl) to a
final concentration of approximately 10.sup.8 cfu/ml for the
lactobacilli. Cells were incubated at 37.degree. C. and survival
measured at intervals of 5, 30, 60 and 120 min using the plate
count method.
[0086] (b) The Lactobacillus strains were propagated in buffered
MRS broth (pH 6.0) daily for a 5 day period. The cells were
harvested, washed and resuspended in pH adjusted MRS broth and
survival measured over a 2 h period using the plate count
method.
[0087] To determine the ability of the lactobacilli to survive
passage through the stomach, an ex-vivo study was performed using
human gastric juice. Cells from fresh overnight cultures were
harvested, washed twice in buffer (pH 6.5) and resuspended in human
gastric juice to a final concentration of 10.sup.6-10.sup.8 cfu/ml,
depending on the strain. Survival was monitored over a 30-60 min
incubation period at 37.degree. C. The experiment was performed
using gastric juice at pH.about.1.2 (unadjusted) and pH 2.0 and
2.5.
[0088] Each of the Lactobacillus strains tested grew normally at pH
6.8 and pH 4.5 reaching stationary phase after 8 h with a doubling
time of 80-100 min. At pH 3.5 growth was restricted with doubling
times increasing to 6-8 h. No growth was observed at pH 2.5 or
lower, therefore, survival of the strains at low pH was
examined.
[0089] Each of the strains was generally resistant to pH values
3.5, 3.0, and 2.5, with Lactobacillus salivarius AH102 and AH105
also exhibiting resistance at pH 2.0 (data not shown).
[0090] To determine the ability of the Lactobacillus strains to
survive conditions encountered in the human stomach, viability of
each of the 5 strains was tested in human gastric juice at pH 1.2
and pH 2.5, as shown in Table 6 below. The survival is expressed at
log 10 cfu/ml (nd=not determined).
6 TABLE 6 TIME (min) STRAIN pH 0 5 30 60 Lactobacillus sp. AH102
1.2 9.16 8.84 6.81 nd 2.5 9.49 9.34 9.53 9.25 AH103 1.2 9.17 8.77
3.30 nd 2.5 9.73 9.71 9.50 9.44 AH105 1.2 9.38 9.00 5.87 nd 2.5
9.69 9.49 9.62 9.51 AH109 1.2 9.79 8.71 4.20 nd 2.5 9.76 9.59 9.68
9.72 AH110 1.2 9.49 8.84 6.81 nd 2.5 9.77 9.65 9.39 9.59
[0091] Growth of Cultures in the Presence of Bile
[0092] Fresh cultures were streaked onto MRS agar plates
supplemented with bovine bile (B-8381, Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd.,
Poole) at concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, 1.5, 5.0 and 7.5% (w/v) and
porcine bile (B-8631, Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd., Poole) at
concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 5.0 and 7.5% (w/v). Plates
were incubated at 37.degree. C. under anaerobic conditions and
growth was recorded after 24-48 h.
[0093] Bile samples, isolated from several human gall-bladders,
were stored at -80.degree. C. before use. For experimental work,
bile samples were thawed, pooled and sterilised at 80.degree. C.
for 10 min. Bile acid composition of human bile was determined
using reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
in combination with a pulsed amperometric detector according to the
method of Dekker et al. (20). Human bile was added to MRS/TPY agar
medium at a concentration of 0.3% (v/v). Freshly streaked cultures
were examined for growth after 24 and 48 h.
[0094] Human gall-bladder bile possesses a bile acid concentration
of 50-100 mM and dilution in the small intestine lowers this
concentration to 5-10 mM. Furthermore, under physiological
conditions, bile acids are found as sodium salts. Therefore,
cultures were screened for growth on MRS agar plates containing the
sodium salt of each of the following bile acids (Sigma Chemical Co.
Ltd., Poole):
[0095] (a) conjugated form: taurocholic acid (TCA); glycocholic
acid (GCA); taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA); glycodeoxycholic acid
(GDCA); taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) and
glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA);
[0096] (b) deconjugated form: lithocholic acid (LCA);
chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA); deoxycholic acid (DCA) and cholic
acid (CA). For each bile acid concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 mM were
used. Growth was recorded after 24 and 48 h anaerobic
incubation.
[0097] Both a qualitative (agar plate) and a quantitative (HPLC)
assay were used to determine deconjugation activity.
[0098] Plate assay: All the cultures were streaked on MRS agar
plates supplemented with (a) 0.3% (w/v) porcine bile, (b) 3 mM TDCA
or (c) 3 mM GDCA. Deconjugation was observed as an opaque
precipitate surrounding the colonies.
[0099] High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Analysis of
in vitro deconjugation of human bile was performed using HPLC.
Briefly, overnight cultures were inoculated (5%) into MRS broth
supplemented with 0.3% (v/v) human bile and were incubated
anaerobically at 37.degree. C. At various time intervals over a 24
h period, samples (1 ml) were removed and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm
for 10 min. Undiluted cell-free supernatant (30 .mu.l) was then
analysed by HPLC.
[0100] Lactobacillus salivarius AH102, AH103, AH105, AH109 and
AH110 were capable of growth (bile acid resistance) on three
sources of bile used. It was observed that resistance to bovine
bile was much higher than to porcine bile. Each of the
Lactobacillus strains tested was resistant to concentrations up to
and including 5.0% bovine bile (data not shown).
[0101] Porcine bile was more inhibitory as shown in Table 7
below.
7 TABLE 7 % (w/v) PORCINE BILE STRAIN 0.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 5.0 7.5
Lactobacillus sp. AH102 + + - - - - - AH103 + + + - - - - AH105 + +
- - - - - AH109 + + - - - - - AH110 + + - - - - -
[0102] Regardless of the bile resistance profiles in the presence
of both bovine and porcine bile, each of the Lactobacillus
salivarius strains grew to confluence at the physiological
concentration of 0.3% (v/v) human bile (data not shown).
[0103] Each of the Lactobacillus strains, when analysed
specifically for its resistance to individual bile acids, grew well
in the presence of taurine conjugated bile acids. Isolates from
each of Lactobacillus strain grew to confluence on agar medium
containing up to and including 5 mM of taurine conjugates TCA, TDCA
and TCDCA. Of the glycine conjugates tested, GCDCA was the most
inhibitory. GDCA was less inhibitory and GCA was the least
inhibitory of the three glycine conjugates. Each of the
Lactobacillus strains grew on agar medium supplemented with 5 mM
GCA. This is shown in Table 8 below.
8 TABLE 8 BILE ACIDS (mM) GCDCA GDCA GCA STRAIN 0 1 3 5 0 1 3 5 0 1
3 5 Lactobacillus sp. AH102 + + - - + + - - + + + + AH103 + + - - +
+ - - + + + + AH105 + + - - + + + - + + + + AH109 + + - - + + - - +
+ + + AH110 + + - - + + - - + + + + -; no growth; +; confluent
growth
[0104] Growth in the presence of deconjugated bile acids was also
tested. Each Lactobacillus strain was resistant to concentrations
of 5 mM LCA. Growth in the presence of CA was also tested. As shown
in Table 9 below, three of the 5 strains, AH102, AH105 and AH109
grew in the presence of 1 mM CA. None of the strains grew in the
presence of 1 mM CDCA. (data not shown).
9 TABLE 9 CHOLIC ACID (mM) STRAIN 0 1 3 5 Lactobacillus sp. AH102 +
+ -- -- AH103 + - -- -- AH105 + + -- -- AH109 + + -- -- AH110 + -
-- --
[0105] Detection of Antimicrobial Activity
[0106] Antimicrobial activity was detected using the deferred
method (21). Indicators used in the initial screening were L.
innocua, L. fermentum KLD, P. flourescens and E. coli V157.
Briefly, the lactobacilli (MRS) were incubated for 12-16 h and
36-48 h, respectively. Ten-fold serial dilutions were spread-plated
(100 .mu.l ) onto MRS/TPY agar medium. After overnight incubation,
plates with distinct colonies were overlayed with the indicator
bacterium. The indicator lawn was prepared by inoculating a molten
overlay with 2% (v/v) of an overnight indicator culture which was
poured over the surface of the inoculated MRS plates. The plates
were re-incubated overnight under conditions suitable for growth of
the indicator bacterium. Indicator cultures with inhibition zones
greater than 1 mm in radius were considered sensitive to the test
bacterium.
[0107] Inhibition due to bacteriophage activity was excluded by
flipping the inoculated MRS/TPY agar plates upside down and
overlaying with the indicator. Bacteriophage cannot diffuse through
agar.
[0108] Lactobacillus salivarius AH102, AH103, AH105, AH109 and
AH110 were screened for inhibitory activity using Ls. innocua, L.
fermentum KLD, P. fluorescens and E. coli as indicator
microorganisms. When the test strains were inoculated on unbuffered
MRS, inhibition of the four indicators was observed. Zones ranging
in size from 1 mm to 5 mm were measured. Inhibition ofLs. innocua
by each of the lactobacilli produced the largest zones.
EXAMPLE 2
[0109] Adhesion of Probiotic Bacteria to Gastrointestinal
Epithelial Cells.
[0110] Adhesion Assay.
[0111] The adhesion of the probiotic strains was carried out using
a modified version of a previously described method (22). The
monolayers of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were prepared on sterile 22
mm.sup.2 glass coverslips, which were placed in Corning tissue
culture dishes, at a concentration of 4.times.10.sup.4 cells/ml.
Cells were fed fresh medium every 2 days. After .about.10 days, and
differentiation of the monolayer had occurred, the monolayers were
washed twice with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Antibiotic-free
DMEM (2 ml) and 2 ml of .about.18 h Lb. suspension containing
.about.10.sup.9 cfu/ml were added to each dish and cells were
incubated for 2 h at 37.degree. C. in a humidified atmosphere
containing 5% CO.sub.2. After incubation, the monolayers were
washed 5 times with PBS, fixed in methanol (BDH Laboratory
Supplies, Poole, UK) for 3 min, Gram stained (Gram Stain Set,
Merck) and examined microscopically under oil immersion. For each
glass coverslip monolayer the number of adherent bacteria per 20
epithelial cells was counted in 10 microscopic fields. The mean and
standard error of adherent bacteria per 20 epithelial cells was
calculated. Each adhesion assay was carried out in duplicate.
[0112] In a second method, after washing 5 times in PBS, adhering
bacteria were removed by vortexing the monolayers rigorously in
cold sterile H.sub.2O. Bacterial cells were enumerated by serial
dilution in quarter strength Ringer's solution (Oxoid) and
incubation on MRS (Lactobacilli).
[0113] Each of the 5 Lactobacillus strains, AH102, AH103, AH105,
AH109 and AH110 adhered to gastrointestinal epithelial cells (FIG.
1). These probiotic strains would be suitable as vaccine/drug
delivery vehicles as they adhere to the gastrointestinal epithelium
and therefore interact with the relevant host tissue.
EXAMPLE 3
[0114] Determination of the Effect of Each of the Lactobacillus
Strains on PBMC Cytokine Production.
[0115] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from
healthy donors (n=19) by density gradient centrifugation. PBMCs
were stimulated with the probiotic bacterial strains for a 72 hour
period at 37.degree. C. At this time culture supernatants were
collected, centrifuged, aliquoted and stored at -70.degree. C.
until being assessed for IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN.gamma. levels
using ELISAs (Boehringer Mannheim).
[0116] AH102, AH103 and AH105 stimulated production of IFN.gamma.
from PBMCs (FIG. 2).
[0117] AH102, AH103, AH109 and AH110 co-incubation did not
significantly alter IL-10 levels (FIG. 3). Stimulation with AH105
significantly reduced secretion of IL-10 by PBMCs.
[0118] AH102, AH105, AH109 and AH110 co-incubation significantly
upregulated IL-12 production by PBMCs (FIG. 4). AH103 had no
significant effect on IL-12 production.
[0119] None of the 5 Lactobacillus strains stimulated IL-8
production in vitro, from PBMCs isolated from healthy donors.
Indeed, in each case, IL-8 levels were reduced (FIG. 5).
EXAMPLE 4
[0120] Determination of Cytokine Levels in an Epithelial/PBMC
Co-culture Model Following Incubation with AH103 and AH110.
[0121] The appropriate in vitro model with physiological relevance
to the intestinal tract is a culture system incorporating
epithelial cells, T cells, B cells, monocytes and the bacterial
strains. To this end, human Caco-2 epithelial cells were seeded at
5.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml on the apical surface of 25 mm transwell
inserts with a pore size of 3 .quadrature.m (Costar). These cells
were cultured for four weeks in RPMI 1640, supplemented with 10%
foetal calf serum, glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin, at
37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 environment. Culture media was
changed every 3 days. When the epithelial cells were fully
differentiated, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. 1.times.10.sup.6
washed PBMCs was incubated basolaterally to the epithelial cells
and cultured with 1.times.10.sup.7 probiotic bacteria. Controls
contained media alone. No direct cell-cell contact between PBMCs
and epithelial cells was possible in this model system and cellular
communication was mediated solely by soluble factors.
[0122] Following 72 hours of incubation with AH103 or AH110, cell
culture supernatants were removed, aliquoted and stored at
-70.degree. C. TNF.alpha. and IL-8 extracellular cytokine levels
were measured using standard ELISA kits (R&D Systems).
TNF.alpha. levels and IL-8 levels were measured, in duplicate,
using PBMCs from 3 healthy volunteers.
[0123] Following incubation of epithelial cell-PBMC co-cultures
with probiotic bacteria, TNF.alpha. and IL-8 cytokine levels were
examined by ELISAs (FIG. 6). AH103 significantly reduced the level
of IL-8 released by these cells. AH110 reduced the levels of
TNF.alpha. and IL-8 released by these cells.
[0124] Immunomodulation
[0125] The human immune system plays a significant role in the
aetiology and pathology of a vast range of human diseases. Hyper
and hypo-immune responsiveness results in, or is a component of,
the majority of disease states. One family of biological entities,
termed cytokines, are particularly important to the control of
immune processes. Pertubances of these delicate cytokine networks
are being increasingly associated with many diseases. These
diseases include but are not limited to inflammatory disorders,
immunodeficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel
syndrome, cancer (particularly those of the gastrointestinal and
immune systems), diarrhoeal disease, antibiotic associated
diarrhoea, paediatric diarrhoea, appendicitis, autoimmune
disorders, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, coeliac disease, diabetes mellitus, organ
transplantation, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal
infections, periodontal disease, urogenital disease, sexually
transmitted disease, HIV infection, HIV replication, HIV associated
diarrhoea, surgical associated trauma, surgical-induced metastatic
disease, sepsis, weight loss, anorexia, fever control, cachexia,
wound healing, ulcers, gut barrier function, allergy, asthma,
respiratory disorders, circulatory disorders, coronary heart
disease, anaemia, disorders of the blood coagulation system, renal
disease, disorders of the central nervous system, hepatic disease,
ischaemia, nutritional disorders, osteoporosis, endocrine
disorders, epidermal disorders, psoriasis and acne vulgaris. The
effects on cytokine production are specific for each of the
probiotic strains examined. Thus specific probiotic strains may be
selected for normalising an exclusive cytokine imbalance particular
for a specific disease type. Customisation of disease specific
therapies can be accomplished using a selection of the probiotic
strains listed above.
[0126] Immune Education
[0127] The enteric flora is important to the development and proper
function of the intestinal immune system. In the absence of an
enteric flora, the intestinal immune system is underdeveloped, as
demonstrated in germ free animal models, and certain functional
parameters are diminished, such as macrophage phagocytic ability
and immunoglobulin production (23). The importance of the gut flora
in stimulating nondamaging immune responses is becoming more
evident. The increase in incidence and severity of allergies in the
western world has been linked with an increase in hygiene and
sanitation, concomitant with a decrease in the number and range of
infectious challenges encountered by the host. This lack of immune
stimulation may allow the host to react to non-pathogenic, but
antigenic, agents resulting in allergy or autoimmunity. Deliberate
consumption of a series of non-pathogenic immunomodulatory bacteria
would provide the host with the necessary and appropriate
educational stimuli for proper development and control of immune
function.
[0128] Inflammation
[0129] Inflammation is the term used to describe the local
accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and white blood cells at a
site that has sustained physical damage, infection or where there
is an ongoing immune response. Control of the inflammatory response
is exerted on a number of levels (24). The controlling factors
include cytokines, hormones (e.g. hydrocortisone), prostaglandins,
reactive intermediates and leukotrienes. Cytokines are low
molecular weight biologically active proteins that are involved in
the generation and control of immunological and inflammatory
responses, while also regulating development, tissue repair and
haematopoiesis. They provide a means of communication between
leukocytes themselves and also with other cell types. Most
cytokines are pleiotrophic and express multiple biologically
overlapping activities. Cytokine cascades and networks control the
inflammatory response rather than the action of a particular
cytokine on a particular cell type (25). Waning of the inflammatory
response results in lower concentrations of the appropriate
activating signals and other inflammatory mediators leading to the
cessation of the inflammatory response. TNF.alpha. is a pivotal
proinflammatory cytokine as it initiates a cascade of cytokines and
biological effects resulting in the inflammatory state. Therefore,
agents which inhibit TNF.alpha. are currently being used for the
treatment of inflammatory diseases, e.g. infliximab.
[0130] Pro-inflammatory cytokines are thought to play a major role
in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current therapies for treating
IBD are aimed at reducing the levels of these pro-inflammatory
cytokines, including IL-8 and TNF.alpha.. Such therapies may also
play a significant role in the treatment of systemic inflammatory
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
[0131] Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal
disorder, affecting up to 15-20% of the population at some stage
during their life. The most frequent symptoms include abdominal
pain, bowel habit disturbance, manifested by diarrhoea or
constipation, flatulence, and abdominal distension. There are no
simple tests to confirm diagnosis, and if no other organic
disorders can be found for these symptoms, the diagnosis is usually
IBS. Patients suffering from IBS represent as many as 25-50% of
patients seen by gastroenterologists.
[0132] Many factors are thought to be involved in onset of symptoms
including e.g. bout of gastroenteritis, abdominal or pelvic
surgery, disturbances in the intestinal bacterial flora, perhaps
due to antibiotic intake, and emotional stress. Compared with the
general population, IBS sufferers may have a significantly reduced
quality of life, are more likely to be absent from work, and use
more healthcare resources. There are no effective medical
treatments and to date, recommended therapies have included
antispasmodic agents, anti-diarrhoeal agents, dietary fibre
supplements, drugs that modify the threshold of colonic visceral
perception, analgesics and anti-depressants.
[0133] While each of the strains of the invention have unique
properties with regard to cytokine modulation and microbial
antagonism profiles, it should be expected that specific strains
can be chosen for use in specific disease states based on these
properties. It also should be anticipated that combinations of
strains from this panel with appropriate cytokine modulating
properties and anti-microbial properties will enhance therapeutic
efficacy.
[0134] The strains of the present invention may have potential
application in the treatment of a range of inflammatory diseases,
particularly if used in combination with other anti-inflammatory
therapies, such as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or
Infliximab.
[0135] Cytokines and Cancer
[0136] The production of multifunctional cytokines across a wide
spectrum of tumour types suggests that significant inflammatory
responses are ongoing in patients with cancer. It is currently
unclear what protective effect this response has against the growth
and development of tumour cells in vivo. However, these
inflammatory responses could adversely affect the tumour-bearing
host. Complex cytokine interactions are involved in the regulation
of cytokine production and cell proliferation within tumour and
normal tissues (26, 27). It has long been recognized that weight
loss (cachexia) is the single most common cause of death in
patients with cancer and initial malnutrition indicates a poor
prognosis. For a tumour to grow and spread it must induce the
formation of new blood vessels and degrade the extracellular
matrix. The inflammatory response may have significant roles to
play in the above mechanisms, thus contributing to the decline of
the host and progression of the tumour. Due to the
anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus salivarius these
bacterial strains they may reduce the rate of malignant cell
transformation. Furthermore, intestinal bacteria can produce, from
dietary compounds, substances with genotoxic, carcinogenic and
tumour-promoting activity and gut bacteria can activate
pro-carcinogens to DNA reactive agents (28). In general, species of
Lactobacillus have low activities of xenobiotic metabolizing
enzymes compared to other populations within the gut such as
bacteroides, eubacteria and clostridia. Therefore, increasing the
number of Lactobacillus bacteria in the gut could beneficially
modify the levels of these enzymes.
[0137] Vaccine/Drug Delivery
[0138] The majority of pathogenic organisms gain entry via mucosal
surfaces. Efficient vaccination of these sites protects against
invasion by a particular infectious agent. Oral vaccination
strategies have concentrated, to date, on the use of attenuated
live pathogenic organisms or purified encapsulated antigens (29).
Probiotic bacteria, engineered to produce antigens from an
infectious agent, in vivo, may provide an attractive alternative as
these bacteria are considered to be safe for human consumption
(GRAS status).
[0139] Murine studies have demonstrated that consumption of
probiotic bacteria expressing foreign antigens can elicit
protective immune responses. The gene encoding tetanus toxin
fragment C (TTFC) was expressed in Lactococcus lactis and mice were
immunized via the oral route. This system was able to induce
antibody titers significantly high enough to protect the mice from
lethal toxin challenge. In addition to antigen presentation, live
bacterial vectors can produce bioactive compounds, such as
immunostimulatory cytokines, in vivo. L. lactis secreting bioactive
human IL-2 or IL-6 and TTFC induced 10-15 fold higher serum IgG
titres in mice immunized intranasally (30). However, with this
particular bacterial strain, the total IgA level was not increased
by coexpression with these cytokines. Other bacterial strains, such
as Streptococcus gordonii, are also being examined for their
usefulness as mucosal vaccines. Recombinant S. gordonii colonizing
the murine oral and vaginal cavities induced both mucosal and
systemic antibody responses to antigens expressed by this bacterial
(31). Thus oral immunization using probiotic bacteria as vectors
would not only protect the host from infection, but may replace the
immunological stimuli that the pathogen would normally elicit thus
contributing to the immunological education of the host.
[0140] Prebiotics
[0141] The introduction of probiotic organisms is accomplished by
the ingestion of the micro-organism in a suitable carrier. It would
be advantageous to provide a medium that would promote the growth
of these probiotic strains in the large bowel. The addition of one
or more oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, or other prebiotics
enhances the growth of lactic acid bacteria in the gastrointestinal
tract. Prebiotics refers to any non-viable food component that is
specifically fermented in the colon by indigenous bacteria thought
to be of positive value, e.g. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli. Types
of prebiotics may include those that contain fructose, xylose,
soya, galactose, glucose and mannose. The combined administration
of a probiotic strain with one or more prebiotic compounds may
enhance the growth of the administered probiotic in vivo resulting
in a more pronounced health benefit, and is termed synbiotic.
[0142] Other Active Ingredients
[0143] It will be appreciated that the probiotic strains may be
administered prophylactically or as a method of treatment either on
its own or with other probiotic and/or prebiotic materials as
described above. In addition, the bacteria may be used as part of a
prophylactic or treatment regime using other active materials such
as those used for treating inflammation or other disorders
especially those with an immunological involvement. Such
combinations may be administered in a single formulation or as
separate formulations administered at the same or different times
and using the same or different routes of administration.
[0144] The invention is not limited to the embodiments herein
before described which may be varied in detail.
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