U.S. patent application number 09/951495 was filed with the patent office on 2003-05-01 for crossover fault classification for power lines with parallel circuits.
Invention is credited to Buettner, Reto, Hart, David G., Lubkeman, David, Stoupis, James D..
Application Number | 20030081364 09/951495 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25491747 |
Filed Date | 2003-05-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030081364 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Stoupis, James D. ; et
al. |
May 1, 2003 |
Crossover fault classification for power lines with parallel
circuits
Abstract
The invention describes a method, system, device, and
computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions
for classifying faults on an electrical power line. In particular,
the invention permits the classification of crossover faults, using
a local measurement technique. The inventive method includes
providing a first electrical power transmission line and a second
electrical power transmission line, and monitoring the first
electrical power transmission line to identify a crossover fault
occurring between the first and the second electrical power
transmission lines.
Inventors: |
Stoupis, James D.; (Raleigh,
NC) ; Lubkeman, David; (Raleigh, NC) ;
Buettner, Reto; (Erlenbach, CH) ; Hart, David G.;
(Raleigh, NC) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Woodcock Washburn Kurtz
Mackiewicz & Norris LLP
One Liberty Place-46th Floor
Philadelphia
PA
19103
US
|
Family ID: |
25491747 |
Appl. No.: |
09/951495 |
Filed: |
September 13, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/62 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02H 7/267 20130101;
H02H 1/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
361/62 |
International
Class: |
H02H 003/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for classifying faults on an electrical power line,
comprising: measuring a prefault electrical characteristic on the
electrical power line; determining a positive-sequence component
for the prefault electrical characteristic; determining a
negative-sequence component for the prefault electrical
characteristic; measuring a fault electrical characteristic on the
electrical power line; determining a positive-sequence component
for the fault electrical characteristic; determining a
negative-sequence component for the fault electrical
characteristic; calculating a positive-sequence difference between
the positive-sequence components of the fault and prefault
electrical characteristics; calculating a negative-sequence
difference between the negative-sequence components of the fault
and prefault electrical characteristics; calculating a first
difference between a phase angle of the positive-sequence
difference and a phase angle of the negative-sequence difference;
and classifying the fault as a function of the first
difference.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining whether
the first difference is greater than a predetermined threshold.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising identifying the fault
as a crossover fault when the first difference is greater than the
predetermined threshold.
4. The method of claim 2, further comprising identifying the fault
as a single-phase-to-ground fault when the first difference is less
than the predetermined threshold.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the predetermined threshold is
zero.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying that the
fault is a crossover fault.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying that the
fault is a single-phase-to-ground fault.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying that the
fault is not a phase-to-phase fault.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is a voltage.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is a current.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is a voltage.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is a current.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical power line is in
parallel with another electrical power line.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising correcting the fault
as a function of the classifying.
15. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying a
location of the fault as a function of the classifying.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic represents one phase of the three-phase electrical
characteristics on the electrical power line.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic represents one phase of the three-phase electrical
characteristics on the electrical power line.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is conducted by
computer-executable instructions located on a computer-readable
medium in communication with the electrical power line.
19. A system for classifying faults on an electrical power line,
comprising: a first electrical power transmission line; a second
electrical power transmission line; and a fault classification
device in communication with the first electrical power
transmission line, wherein the fault classification device:
measures a prefault electrical characteristic on the electrical
power line, determines a positive-sequence component for the
prefault electrical characteristic, determines a negative-sequence
component for the prefault electrical characteristic, measures a
fault electrical characteristic on the electrical power line,
determines a positive-sequence component for the fault electrical
characteristic, determines a negative-sequence component for the
fault electrical characteristic, calculates a positive-sequence
difference between the positive-sequence components of the fault
and prefault electrical characteristics, calculates a
negative-sequence difference between the negative-sequence
components of the fault and prefault electrical characteristics,
calculates a first difference between a phase angle of the
positive-sequence difference and a phase angle of the
negative-sequence difference, and classifies the fault as a
function of the first difference.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the first and the second
electrical power transmission lines are three-phase systems.
21. The system of claim 19, wherein the phase-to-ground fault
occurs between phase conductors of the first electrical power
transmission line.
22. The system of claim 19, further comprising a first power
generation source and a second power generation source.
23. The system of claim 22, wherein the first electrical power
transmission line is in communication with the first power
generation source and the second power generation source.
24. The system of claim 22, wherein the second electrical power
transmission line is in communication with the first power
generation source and the second power generation source.
25. The system of claim 19, wherein the first electrical power
transmission line is in parallel with the second electrical power
transmission line.
26. The system of claim 19, further comprising a first load in
communication with the first electrical transmission line.
27. The system of claim 26, wherein the fault classification device
is located between the first load and the first electrical
transmission line.
28. The system of claim 19, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is a voltage.
29. The system of claim 19, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is a current.
30. The system of claim 19, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is a voltage.
31. The system of claim 19, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is a current.
32. A device for classifying faults on an electrical power line,
comprising: a first input for receiving electrical power from a
first part of an electrical transmission line; a second input for
receiving electrical power from a second part of an electrical
transmission line; and a processor component for classifying faults
on an electrical power line, the processor performing a method
comprising: measuring a prefault electrical characteristic on the
electrical power line, determining a positive-sequence component
for the prefault electrical characteristic, determining a
negative-sequence component for the prefault electrical
characteristic, measuring a fault electrical characteristic on the
electrical power line, determining a positive-sequence component
for the fault electrical characteristic, determining a
negative-sequence component for the fault electrical
characteristic, calculating a positive-sequence difference between
the positive-sequence components of the fault and prefault
electrical characteristics, calculating a negative-sequence
difference between the negative-sequence components of the fault
and prefault electrical characteristics, calculating a first
difference between a phase angle of the positive-sequence
difference and a phase angle of the negative-sequence difference,
and classifying the fault as a function of the first
difference.
33. The device of claim 32, wherein the processor component is a
computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions
for performing the method.
34. The device of claim 32, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is stored on a computer-readable medium within the
processor component.
35. The device of claim 32, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is stored on a computer-readable medium within the
processor component.
36. The device of claim 32, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is a voltage.
37. The device of claim 32, wherein the prefault electrical
characteristic is a current.
38. The device of claim 32, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is a voltage.
39. The device of claim 32, wherein the fault electrical
characteristic is a current.
40. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable
instructions for classifying faults on an electrical power line,
comprising: measuring a prefault electrical characteristic on the
electrical power line; determining a positive-sequence component
for the prefault electrical characteristic; determining a
negative-sequence component for the prefault electrical
characteristic; measuring a fault electrical characteristic on the
electrical power line; determining a positive-sequence component
for the fault electrical characteristic; determining a
negative-sequence component for the fault electrical
characteristic; calculating a positive-sequence difference between
the positive-sequence components of the fault and prefault
electrical characteristics; calculating a negative-sequence
difference between the negative-sequence components of the fault
and prefault electrical characteristics; calculating a first
difference between a phase angle of the positive-sequence
difference and a phase angle of the negative-sequence difference;
and classifying the fault as a function of the first
difference.
41. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, having
computer-executable instructions for determining whether the first
difference is greater than a predetermined threshold.
42. The computer-readable medium of claim 41, having
computer-executable instructions for identifying the fault as a
crossover fault when the first difference is greater than the
predetermined threshold.
43. The computer-readable medium of claim 41, having
computer-executable instructions for identifying the fault as a
single-phase-to-ground fault when the first difference is less than
the predetermined threshold.
44. The computer-readable medium of claim 41, wherein the
predetermined threshold is zero.
45. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, having
computer-executable instructions for identifying that the fault is
a crossover fault.
46. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, having
computer-executable instructions for identifying that the fault is
a single-phase-to-ground fault.
47. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, having
computer-executable instructions for identifying that the fault is
not a phase-to-phase fault.
48. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, wherein the prefault
electrical characteristic is a voltage.
49. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, wherein the prefault
electrical characteristic is a current.
50. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, wherein the fault
electrical characteristic is a voltage.
51. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, wherein the fault
electrical characteristic is a current.
52. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, having
computer-executable instructions for correcting the fault as a
function of the classifying.
53. The computer-readable medium of claim 40, having
computer-executable instructions for identifying a location of the
fault as a function of the classifying.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The subject matter disclosed herein is related to the
subject matter disclosed in the following copending applications:
Attorney Docket Numbers ABTT-0247/B000711, ABTT-0248/B000712,
ABTT-0249/B000713, ABTT-0250/B000714, all of which were filed on
Sep. 13, 2001.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention generally relates to the field of fault
classification. More particularly, the invention relates to
classifying crossover faults on power lines.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The operation of every electrical power transmission system
requires the proper handling of electrical faults that occasionally
occur. Such faults stem from a variety of events including
lightning strikes, stray animals, and falling branches, for
example. In order to return the power system to proper operation,
certain characteristics of the fault must be determined. For
example, the location and severity of the fault is essential to
clearing the fault so that the power system can resume normal
operation.
[0004] There are a number of different types of faults that may
occur, such as phase-to-ground fault, phase-to-phase fault, and
crossover faults. Phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults
describe fault conditions that occur between conductors of the same
circuit. Crossover faults, on the other hand, describe a fault
condition that occurs between conductors of different circuits. The
different circuits may or may not be in parallel (i.e., carrying
power to and from the same locations). Classifying the type of
fault also may be important in taking proper action to restore the
power system to normal operation. For example, classifying a fault
may enhance protection schemes by preventing the mistaken
protection of just one of the two crossover-faulted circuits. Also,
incorporating the type of fault into fault location algorithms can
enhance the fault-locating techniques.
[0005] Recently, the classification of faults, and crossover faults
in particular, has become increasingly more important as land
restrictions and aesthetic concerns have limited the use of high
voltage transmission lines, thus requiring that existing electrical
towers be used to carry multiple circuits, in lieu of building new
towers. To date, the classification of faults has been accomplished
using multi-terminal techniques. For example, for crossover faults
both three-phase circuits must be monitored in order to classify
the fault as a crossover fault. However, this is especially
difficult with crossover faults because, as mentioned, the
different circuits involved in the crossover fault may not start
and end at the same location (i e., the circuits are not in
parallel). Therefore, complicated communication networks must be
used to bring the data to a central location. Moreover, as may be
expected, coordinating data between two different circuits (even
where the circuits are in parallel) is inherently more complicated
than simply monitoring one circuit.
[0006] Therefore, a need exists to classify crossover faults by
monitoring one of the affected conductors in the electric power
transmission system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The invention describes a method, device, system, and
computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions
for classifying faults on an electrical power line. In particular,
the invention permits the classification of crossover faults
(commonly referred to as faults that involve multiple circuits),
using a local measurement technique. By distinguishing between
crossover faults and other faults, the invention permits a more
efficient and effective return of the power system to normal
operation.
[0008] The inventive method includes providing a first electrical
power transmission line and a second electrical power transmission
line, and monitoring the first electrical power transmission line
to identify a crossover fault occurring between the first and the
second electrical power transmission lines. For example, one method
for classifying faults on an electrical power line analyzes the
phase relationships between the positive and negative-sequence
voltage drops on a circuit. In particular, the invention may
measure a fault and prefault electrical characteristic (e.g.,
current and/or voltage) on the first electrical power line. The
method may determine a positive-sequence component for the fault
and prefault electrical characteristics, and a negative-sequence
component for the fault and prefault electrical characteristics.
The method may then calculate a positive-sequence difference
between the positive-sequence components of the fault and prefault
electrical characteristics, and calculate a negative-sequence
difference between the negative-sequence components of the fault
and prefault electrical characteristics. The method may then
calculate a first difference between a phase angle of the
positive-sequence difference and a phase angle of the
negative-sequence difference. The method further may include
identifying that the fault is a crossover fault, a
single-phase-to-ground fault, and/or a fault is not a
phase-to-phase fault. The inventive method may act to correct the
fault as a function of the classifying, and/or identify a location
of the fault as a function of the classifying. The above method may
be conducted by computer-executable instructions located on a
computer-readable medium.
[0009] The inventive device includes a first input for receiving
electrical power from a first part of an electrical transmission
line, and a second input for receiving electrical power from a
second part of an electrical transmission line. The device further
includes a processor component for classifying faults on an
electrical power line, where the processor performs the method
described above.
[0010] The foregoing and other aspects of the invention will become
apparent from the following detailed description of the invention
when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Other features of the invention are further apparent from
the following detailed description of the embodiments of the
invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of
which:
[0012] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electric power transmission
system;
[0013] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a crossover fault classifier
system, according to the invention;
[0014] FIGS. 3A and 3B provide a flow diagram describing a method
for classifying a crossover fault, according to the invention;
[0015] FIGS. 4A and 4B provide a flow diagram describing another
method for classifying a crossover fault, according to the
invention;
[0016] FIG. 5 provides a flow diagram describing another method for
classifying a crossover fault, according to the invention;
[0017] FIG. 6 provides a flow diagram describing another method for
classifying a crossover fault, according to the invention; and
[0018] FIGS. 7A and 7B provide a flow diagram for selecting among
the appropriate methods described with reference to FIG. 3A through
FIG. 6, according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0019] Overview of Electric Power Transmission System FIG. 1 is a
block diagram of an electric power transmission system 100.
Generally, electric power transmission system 100 has three major
components: the generating facilities that produce the electric
power, the transmission network that carries the electric power
from the generation facilities to the distribution points, and the
distribution system that delivers the electric power to the
consumer. As shown in FIG. 1, a power generation source 101 is a
facility that produces electric power. Power generation source 101
includes a generator (not shown) that creates the electrical power.
The generator may be a gas turbine or a steam turbine operated by
burning coal, oil, natural gas, or a nuclear reactor, for example.
In each case, power generation source 1 01 provides a three-phase
alternating current (AC) power. The AC power typically has a
voltage as high as approximately 25,000 volts.
[0020] A transmission substation (not shown) then increases the
voltage from power generation source 101 to high-voltage levels for
long distance transmission on high-voltage transmission lines 102.
Typical voltages found on high-voltage transmission lines 102 range
from 69 to 800 kilovolts (kV). High-voltage transmission lines 102
are supported by high-voltage transmission towers 103. High-voltage
transmission towers 103 are large metal support structures attached
to the earth, so as to support the transmission lines and provide a
ground potential to system 100. High-voltage transmission lines 102
carry the electric power from power generation source 101 to a
substation 104. A typical maximum distance between power generation
source 101 and substation 104 is approximately three hundred miles.
High-voltage transmission lines 102 between power generation source
101 and substation 104 typically are referred to as the "grid."
[0021] In three-phase voltage systems, typical for high-voltage
transmission lines, there is one individual conductor for each
phase. Therefore, there are three conductors for each three-phase
high-voltage "circuit." Also, although not specifically shown in
FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that high-voltage transmission
towers 103 may support many individual three-phase circuits. In
fact, due to aesthetic concerns and property restrictions,
high-voltage transmission towers 103 may be required to carry many
independent three-phase circuit sets. These multiple circuits may
be in parallel if they carry power to and from the same power
generation sources. Alternatively, these multiple circuits,
although supported by the same high-voltage transmission tower, may
carry power to and from different power generation sources, and
thus not be in parallel electrically. In either case, the term
"crossover" fault is used throughout to refer to a fault caused by
one or more conductors of one circuit making electrical contact
with one or more conductors of another possibly parallel circuit
(i.e., where "parallel" refers to circuits having common
endpoints). This is to be distinguished from a single
phase-to-ground fault, which commonly describes one conductor of a
particular circuit making electrical contact with a grounded
conductor of the same circuit. This is also to be distinguished
from a phase-to-phase fault, which commonly describes one conductor
of a particular circuit making electrical contact with another
conductor of the same circuit. Generally, substations act as a
distribution point in system 100 and a point at which voltages are
stepped-down to reduced voltage levels. Substation 104 converts the
power on high-voltage transmission lines 102 from transmission
voltage levels to distribution voltage levels. In particular,
substation 104 uses transformers 107 that step down the
transmission voltages from the 69-800 kV level to distribution
voltages that typically are less than 35 kV. In addition,
substation 104 may include an electrical bus (not shown) that
serves to route the distribution level power in multiple
directions. Furthermore, substation 104 often includes circuit
breakers and switches (not shown) that permit substation 104 to be
disconnected from high-voltage transmission lines 102, when a fault
occurs on the lines.
[0022] Substation 104 typically is connected to a distribution
transformer 105. Distribution transformer 105 may be a pole-top
transformer located on a telephone or electric pole, or a
pad-mounted transformer located on the ground. Voltage levels
between substation 104 and distribution transformer 105 typically
are less than 10 kV. Distribution transformer 105 steps down the
voltage to levels required by a customer premise 106, for example.
Such voltages typically range from 120 volts to 480 volts. Also,
distribution transformer 105 may function to distribute one, two or
three of the three phase currents to customer premise 106,
depending upon the demands of the user.
Crossover Fault Classification System
[0023] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a crossover fault classifier
system 200, according to the invention. It should be appreciated
that although crossover fault classifier system 200 may include
other components, system 200 describes the basic components
necessary for an understanding and explanation of the
invention.
[0024] As shown in FIG. 2, power generation source 101 is coupled
to a power generation source 108 via high-voltage transmission line
102. In a typical power transmission system, various medium or high
voltage buses are coupled to the high-voltage transmission line in
order to provide power to various loads via distribution stations.
For example, a bus 211 directs power to a substation 206. As
discussed with reference to substation 104 in FIG. 1, substation
206 distributes power of various voltage levels to a load 210. Load
210 may be any industrial, commercial, or residential
power-consuming unit, for example, customer premise 106, as shown
in FIG. 1. In a high-voltage transmission system, bus 211 typically
is a three-phase voltage bus. System 200 also illustrates another
bus serving another load. A bus 213 distributes power to a load 208
via a substation 205. Again, it should be appreciated that system
200 provides a basic block diagram of a power transmission system
for purposes of the invention, and is not meant to be exclusive of
the components of such a system.
[0025] System 200 further includes a crossover fault classifier 202
in communication with high-voltage transmission line 102. In
particular, crossover fault classifier 202 receives power via an
input from power generation source 108 side of system 200, and from
power generation source 101 side of system 200. Although crossover
fault classifier 202 is shown in direct communication with
high-voltage transmission line 102, it should be appreciated that
crossover fault classifier 202 may communicate with high-voltage
transmission line 102 via other communication lines (not shown).
Also, although crossover fault classifier 202 is shown in
communication with high-voltage transmission line 102, it should be
appreciated that crossover fault classifier 202 may be located at
any location within system 200. Moreover, it should be appreciated
that there may be multiple crossover fault classifiers located
throughout system 200. As will be discussed, crossover fault
classifier 202 is an intelligent local device that permits a
crossover fault to be detected at any location within system 200
without the need for a centralized communication and control.
Stated differently, crossover fault classifier 202 permits the
determination of a crossover fault from a single location, instead
of requiring that the conductors involved in the crossover fault be
monitored.
Overview of Crossover Fault Detection Techniques
[0026] Certain terminology and designations well known to those
skilled in the art will be used throughout the specification. The
follow description provides a brief description of such terminology
and designations.
[0027] Unbalanced electrical systems are typically caused by
various types of faults. Such faults may include phase-to-phase
faults, phase-to-ground faults, and crossover faults. Crossover
faults refer to a fault that occurs between phases of different
circuits. The different circuits may be parallel circuits (i.e.,
carrying power to and from similar sources and destinations) or
non-parallel circuits. Similarly, the different circuits may be of
the same or different voltage-carrying range.
[0028] It is well known to those skilled in the art that
Fortescue's Theorem proves that an unbalanced system of (n) related
phasors may be resolved into (n) systems of balanced phasors. The
balanced phasors, which typically are easier to manipulate
mathematically and otherwise, are called symmetrical components of
the original phasors. Therefore, in a three-phase system, for
example, the three unbalanced phasors (perhaps created by a
crossover fault) can be resolved into three balanced systems of
phasors. The three balanced sets of components are called
"positive-sequence," "negative-sequence," and "zero-sequence"
components.
[0029] Positive-sequence components are comprised of three phasors
that are equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by
120.degree. in phase, and have the same phase sequence as the
original components. The positive-sequence components exist even if
the original phasors are balanced. Negative-sequence components are
comprised of three phasors that are equal in magnitude and are
displaced from each other by 120.degree. in phase, and have the
same phase sequence as the original components. Zero-sequence
components are comprised of three phasors equal in magnitude and
with zero phase displacement from each other. Zero and
negative-sequence components exist only when the original phasors
are unbalanced.
[0030] The following uppercase designators will be used throughout
to describe the invention to designate physical values:
[0031] V--Voltage [complex value]
[0032] I--Current [complex value]
[0033] Z--Impedance [complex value]
[0034] .DELTA.--Change in value from prefault condition [complex
value]
[0035] R--Resistance (real part of Z) [real value]
[0036] X--Reactance (imaginary part of Z) [real value]
[0037] The following lowercase designators will be used throughout
to describe the invention to designate unfaulted or faulted
values:
[0038] s--sending end value
[0039] m--distance to fault within segment [real value]
[0040] a--is equal to 1.angle.120.degree.
[0041] The following subscript designators will be used throughout
to describe the invention to designate phase or symmetrical
components:
[0042] a--Phase a
[0043] b--Phase b
[0044] c--Phase c
[0045] 0--Zero sequence (primary circuit)
[0046] 1--Positive sequence (primary circuit)
[0047] 2--Negative sequence (primary circuit)
[0048] 0'--Zero sequence (parallel circuit)
[0049] 1'--Positive sequence (parallel circuit)
[0050] 2'--Negative sequence (parallel circuit)
[0051] f--Fault point, faulted node, fault location
[0052] L--transmission line impedance
[0053] The following superscript designators will be used
throughout to describe the invention as follows:
[0054] f--Calculated fault value at the sending or receiving
terminal
[0055] p--Calculated prefault value at the sending or receiving
terminal
[0056] The following designators will be used throughout to
describe the invention to designate parts of complex values:
[0057] Re( . . . )--real part (Cartesian coordinates)
[0058] Im( . . . )--imaginary part (Cartesian coordinates)
[0059] .vertline. .vertline.--absolute value (polar
coordinates)
[0060] .angle.--argument, angle (polar coordinates)
Classifying Crossover Faults using Phase Relationships Between
Positive and Negative-Sequence Voltage Drops
[0061] FIGS. 3A and 3B provide a flow diagram describing a method
300 for classifying a crossover fault. Method 300 is a function of
the phase relationships between the positive and the
negative-sequence voltage drop. In order to properly distinguish a
crossover fault (i.e., a fault between two independent circuits)
from a phase-to-phase fault on one circuit (i.e., a fault between
two conductors of the same three-phase circuit), method 300 assumes
that an existing detection technique and/or algorithm has
distinguished the fault as having characteristics of a
single-phase-to-ground fault, and not a phase-to-phase fault.
Method 300 then operates to further determine whether the fault is
in fact a crossover fault or a single-phase-to-ground fault, as
perceived by the existing 20 detection technique. Although the
existing detection technique may be distinct from the inventive
technique, it should be appreciated that the existing detection
technique may be incorporated within the same components as the
inventive technique (e.g., crossover fault classifier 202). Also,
where the inventive technique is performed by computer-execitable
instructions, the existing detection technique may be a part of the
same computer-executable instructions, located on the same or
distinct computer-readable mediums.
[0062] As shown in FIG. 3A, in step 301 a prefault voltage is
determined at a local point (e.g., crossover fault detector 202).
The prefault voltage may be represented by 1 Vs a p Vs b p Vs c p
,
[0063] where Vs is the voltage at the sending end of high-voltage
transmission line 102, p designates the prefault values and a, b,
and c represent each phase of the three-phase circuit. In step 302,
the positive and negative-sequence prefault voltages are determined
at crossover fault detector 202 as follows: 2 Vs 1 p = 1 3 ( Vs a p
+ aVs b p + a 2 Vs c p ) Vs 2 p = 1 3 ( Vs a p + a 2 Vs b p + aVs c
p ) ;
[0064] where 1 designates the positive-sequence component of the
prefault voltage at the sending end, and 2 designates the
negative-sequence component of the prefault voltage at the sending
end. It should be appreciated that the term "sending end" may be
used to describe one end of transmission line 102 monitored by
crossover fault classifier 202, and that the term "receiving end"
may be used to describe an opposite end of transmission line 102.
Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, crossover fault classifier 202 is
capable of measuring electrical properties from both ends of
transmission line 102. For example, referring to FIG. 2, power
generation source 1 01 may represent the sending end of
transmission line 102 and power generation source 108 may represent
the receiving end of transmission line 102.
[0065] In step 303, a fault voltage is determined at crossover
fault detector 202. The fault voltage may be represented by 3 Vs a
f Vs b f Vs c f ,
[0066] where Vs is the voltage at the sending end of high-voltage
transmission line 102, and f designates the fault values. In step
304, the positive and negative-sequence drop of the fault voltage
are determined at crossover fault detector 202, as follows: 4 Vs 1
f = 1 3 ( Vs a f + aVs b f + a 2 Vs c f ) Vs 2 f = 1 3 ( Vs a f + a
2 Vs b f + aVs c f )
[0067] where 1 designates the positive-sequence component of the
fault voltage at the sending end, and 2 designates the
negative-sequence component of the fault voltage at the sending
end. In step 305, a positive-sequence voltage drop is determined.
The positive-sequence voltage drop is calculated as the phasor
difference between prefault and fault positive-sequence voltages,
as follows: 5 Vs 1 = Vs 1 f - Vs 1 p Vs 2 = Vs 2 f - Vs 2 p
[0068] where .DELTA.Vs.sub.1 designates the positive-sequence
voltage drop. In step 306, the phase angle of the positive-sequence
of voltage drop (determined in step 305) is determined, as
follows:
.angle..DELTA.Vs.sub.1=tan.sup.-1(Im(.DELTA.Vs.sub.1)/Re(.DELTA.Vs.sub.1))
[0069] In step 307, the negative-sequence voltage drop is
determined. The negative-sequence voltage drop is calculated as the
phasor difference between the prefault and fault negative-sequence
voltage, as follows: 6 Vs 2 = Vs 2 f - Vs 2 p
[0070] where .DELTA.Vs.sub.2 represents the negative-sequence
voltage drop.
[0071] As shown in FIG. 3B, the phase angle of the
negative-sequence voltage drop (determined in step 307) is
determined, in step 308, as follows:
.angle..DELTA.Vs.sub.2=tan.sup.-1(Im(.DELTA.Vs.sub.2)/Re(.DELTA.Vs.sub.2))
[0072] In step 309, the sequence phase angle difference is
determined. The sequence phase angle difference represents the
difference between the positive-sequence voltage drop (determined
in step 305) and the negative-sequence voltage drop (determined in
step 307), as follows:
.angle..DELTA.V=.angle..DELTA.Vs.sub.1-.angle..DELTA.Vs.sub.2
[0073] In step 310 it is determined whether the sequence phase
angle difference (determined in step 309) is greater than a
predetermined threshold. For example, in the context of three phase
circuits the predetermined phase angle difference threshold may be
established at.+-. 3.degree. to 5.degree.. Therefore, if the
determined phase angle difference is greater than the predetermined
threshold, then the fault may be classified as a crossover fault,
in step 312. If, on the other hand, the phase angle difference is
not greater than the predetermined threshold, then the fault may be
classified as a single-phase-to-ground fault in step 311.
[0074] It should be appreciated that the method described above may
be accomplished using computer-readable instructions located on a
computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be
located within crossover fault classifier 202, but is not so
limited. Alternatively, the computer-readable medium may be located
within structures that currently exist on high voltage transmission
lines (e.g., existing electrical relays). Accordingly, the
measurements (e.g., prefault and fault values) and the calculations
(e.g., sequence components) may be accomplished at any point in the
electrical transmission network, including crossover fault
classifier 202.
Classifying Crossover Faults using Zero-Sequence Voltage Drop
Magnitude
[0075] FIGS. 4A and 4B provide a flow diagram describing another
method for classifying a crossover fault. Method 400 is a function
of the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage drop associated with
the fault. In order to properly distinguish a crossover fault
(i.e., a fault between two independent circuits) from a
phase-to-phase fault on one circuit (i.e., a fault between two
conductors of the same three-phase circuit), method 400 assumes
that an existing detection technique and/or algorithm has
distinguished the fault as having characteristics of a
single-phase-to-ground fault, and not a phase-to-phase fault.
Method 400 then operates to further determine whether the fault is
in fact a crossover fault or a single-phase-to-ground fault, as
perceived by the existing detection technique. Although the
existing detection technique may be distinct from the inventive
technique, it should be appreciated that the existing detection
technique may be incorporated within the same components as the
inventive technique (e.g., crossover fault classifier 202). Also,
where the inventive technique is performed by computer-executable
instructions, the existing detection technique may be a part of the
same computer-executable instructions, located on the same or
distinct computer-readable mediums.
[0076] As shown in FIG. 4A, in step 401, a prefault voltage is
determined at a local point (e.g., crossover fault detector 202).
The prefault voltage may be represented by 7 Vs a p Vs b p Vs c p
,
[0077] where Vs is the voltage at the sending end of high-voltage
transmission line 102, p designates the prefault values and a, b,
and c represent each phase of the three-phase circuit. In step 402,
a positive and the zero-sequence prefault voltage is determined at
crossover fault detector 202, as follows: 8 Vs 1 p = 1 3 ( Vs a p +
aVs b p + a 2 Vs c p ) Vs 0 p = 1 3 ( Vs a p + Vs b p + Vs c p
)
[0078] where 0 designates the zero-sequence component.
[0079] Alternatively, instead of using the positive-sequence values
in method 400, it should be appreciated that the negative-sequence
values may be used instead of the positive-sequence values.
However, method 400 will be described in the context of the
positive-sequence values.
[0080] In step 403, a fault voltage is determined at the crossover
fault detector 202. The fault voltage may be represented by 9 Vs a
f Vs b f Vs c f ,
[0081] where Vs is the voltage at the sending end of high-voltage
transmission line 102, and f designates the fault values. In step
404, the positive and the zero-sequence components of the fault
voltage are determined at crossover fault detector 202 as follows:
10 Vs 1 f = 1 3 ( Vs a f + aVs b f + a 2 Vs c f ) Vs 0 f = 1 3 ( Vs
a f + Vs b f + Vs c f )
[0082] In step 405, a positive-sequence voltage drop is determined.
The positive-sequence voltage drop represents the phasor difference
between the prefault and fault positive-sequence voltage, as
follows: 11 Vs 1 = Vs 1 f - Vs 1 p
[0083] In step 406, the magnitude of the positive-sequence voltage
drop is determined, as follows:
.vertline..DELTA.Vs.sub.1.vertline.={square root}{square root over
(Re(.DELTA.Vs.sub.1).sup.2+Im(.DELTA.Vs.sub.1).sup.2)}
[0084] In step 407, the zero-sequence voltage drop is determined.
The zero-sequence voltage drop is represented by the phasor
difference between the prefault and fault zero-sequence voltage, as
follows: 12 Vs 0 = Vs 0 f - Vs 0 p
[0085] As shown in FIG. 4B, in step 408, method 400 determines a
magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage drop (determined in step
407), as follows:
.vertline..DELTA.Vs.sub.0.vertline.={square root}{square root over
(Re(.DELTA.Vs.sub.0).sup.2+Im(.DELTA.Vs.sub.0).sup.2)}
[0086] In step 409, a voltage drop ratio is determined. The voltage
drop ratio is represented by the ratio of the zero-sequence voltage
drop (determined in step 407) and the positive-sequence voltage
drop (determined in step 405), as follows:
.vertline..DELTA.V.vertline.=.vertline..DELTA.Vs.sub.0.vertline./.vertline-
..DELTA.Vs.sub.1.vertline.
[0087] In step 410, it is determined whether the sequence drop
voltage drop ratio (determined in step 409) is greater than a
predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be any
value selected based on the nature and characteristics of the power
transmission system. For example, because crossover faults
typically involve one phase from each circuit, the zero-sequence
voltage does not undergo significant change. For
single-phase-to-ground faults, however, the zero-sequence voltage
is significantly similar to the other sequence voltages. Therefore,
if the change in magnitude in the zero-sequence voltage, for
example, is relatively small with respect to the positive and/or
negative-sequence voltage, it may be determined that a crossover
fault has occurred. It should be appreciated that the change in
magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage is just one example of a
threshold that may be used to distinguish a crossover fault.
[0088] It follows, therefore, that because VS.sub.0 cannot be
greater than VS.sub.1 if the sequence voltage drop ratio is less
than the predetermined threshold then the fault is classified as a
crossover fault, in step 412. If, on the other hand, the sequence
voltage ratio is greater than the predetermined threshold, the
fault is classified as a single-phase-to-ground fault, in step
411.
[0089] It should be appreciated that the method described above may
be accomplished using computer-readable instructions located on a
computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be
located within crossover fault classifier 202, but is not so
limited. Alternatively, the computer-readable medium may be located
within structures that currently exist on high voltage transmission
lines (e.g., existing electrical relays). Accordingly, the
measurements (e.g., prefault and fault values) and the calculations
(e.g., sequence components) may be accomplished at any point in the
electrical transmission network, including crossover fault
classifier 202.
Classifying Crossover Faults using Summation of Sequence
Voltages
[0090] FIG. 5 provides a flow diagram describing another method for
classifying a crossover fault. Method 500 is a function of the
summation of sequence voltages at the fault point. In order to
properly distinguish a crossover fault (i.e., a fault between two
independent circuits) from a phase-to-phase fault on one circuit
(i.e., a fault between two conductors of the same three-phase
circuit), method 500 assumes that an existing detection technique
and/or algorithm has distinguished the fault as having
characteristics of a single-phase-to-ground fault, and not a
phase-to-phase fault. Method 500 then operates to further determine
whether the fault is in fact a crossover fault or a
single-phase-to-ground fault, as perceived by the existing
detection technique. Although the existing detection technique may
be distinct from the inventive technique, it should be appreciated
that the existing detection technique may be incorporated within
the same components as the inventive technique (e.g., crossover
fault classifier 202). Also, where the inventive technique is
performed by computer-executable instructions, the existing
detection technique may be a part of the same computer-executable
instructions, located on the same or distinct computer-readable
mediums.
[0091] The following equations illustrate the difference in
sequence voltage relationships for a single-phase-to-ground fault
(e.g., phase (a) to ground) and a crossover fault (e.g., phase (a)
to phase (b'), where' indicates the non-primary circuit). For a
single phase (a) to ground fault, the relationships between the
sequence voltages may be represented as follows: 13 3 R f = V f0 +
V f1 + V f2 I f ; where I f = I f0 = I f1 = I f2
[0092] For a crossover fault, the relationships between the
sequence voltages may be represented as follows: 14 3 R f = ( V f0
+ V f1 + V f2 ) - ( V f0 ' + a 2 V f1 ' + aV f2 ' ) I f ;
[0093] where
I.sub.f=I.sub.f0=I.sub.f1=I.sub.f2=-I.sub.f0'=-a.sup.2I.sub.f-
1'=-aI.sub.f2'
[0094] As shown in FIG. 5, method 500 begins by determining the
positive-sequence component of the voltage at the fault, in step
501, as follows: 15 V f1 = Vs 1 f - m Z L1 Is 1 f
[0095] where m is a real value representing a distance to the fault
from the measurement point. In step 502, the negative-sequence
component of the voltage at the fault location is determined, as
follows: 16 V f2 = Vs 2 f - m Z L0 Is 2 f
[0096] In step 503, the zero-sequence component of the voltage at
the fault is determined, as follows: 17 V f0 = Vs 0 f - m Z L0 Is 0
f
[0097] The positive, negative, and zero-sequence fault components
(determined in steps 501, 502 and 503, respectively) may be
determined by crossover fault detector 202. In step 504, the
positive, negative and zero-sequence fault voltages are added
together, as follows:
V.sub.f=V.sub.f0+V.sub.f1+Vf.sub.2
(V.sub.f=V.sub.f0+a.sup.2V.sub.f1+aV.sub.f2 for phase (b)
faults)
(V.sub.f=V.sub.f0+aV.sub.f1+a.sup.2V.sub.f2 for phase (c)
faults)
[0098] In step 505, the zero-sequence component of the fault
current is determined, as follows: 18 I f0 = Is 0 f + Ir 0 f ;
[0099] where Is.sub.0 is the zero sequence component at the sending
end, and Ir.sub.0 is the zero sequence component at the receiving
end.
[0100] In step 506, the impedance phase angle is determined. The
impedance phase angle represents the summation of the positive,
negative, and zero-sequence voltages divided by the zero-sequence
fault current (determined in step 505), and is determined as
follows:
Z=.angle.(V.sub.f/I.sub.f0)
[0101] In step 507, it is determined whether the impedance phase
angle (determined in step 506) is above a predetermined threshold.
Typically, in a three-phase system, the predetermined impedance
phase angle threshold will be .+-.3.degree. to 5.degree., for
example. If the impedance phase angle is above the predetermined
threshold, the fault will be classified as a crossover fault, in
step 509. If, on the other hand, the impedance phase angle is below
the predetermined threshold, the fault will be classified as a
single-line-to-ground fault, in step 508.
[0102] Also, whether the fault impedance is a complex or real value
may signify whether the fault is a crossover or
single-phase-to-ground fault. In particular, when the sum of the
sequence voltages (i.e., positive, negative and zero) divided by
the fault current is a complex value, due to the effect from the
sequence voltages on the parallel circuit, and thus the fault may
be classified as a crossover fault. On the other hand, when the sum
of the sequence voltages (i.e., positive, negative and zero)
divided by the fault current is a real value, the fault may be
classified as a single-phase-to-ground fault. A real value for the
crossover fault may be obtained by subtracting the sum of the
sequence voltages on the secondary circuit from the sum of the
sequence voltages on the primary circuit, and then dividing by the
fault current.
[0103] It should be appreciated that the method described above may
be accomplished using computer-readable instructions located on a
computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be
located within crossover fault classifier 202, but is not so
limited. Alternatively, the computer-readable medium may be located
within structures that currently exist on high-voltage transmission
lines (e.g., existing electrical relays). Accordingly, the
measurements (e.g., prefault and fault values) and the calculations
(e.g., sequence components) may be accomplished at any point in the
electrical transmission network, including crossover fault
classifier 202.
Classifying Crossover Faults using Phase Voltage and Current
Values
[0104] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram describing another method for
classifying a crossover fault. As will be discussed, method 600 is
a function of the phase voltage and current values. In order to
properly distinguish a crossover fault (i.e., a fault between two
independent circuits) from a phase-to-phase fault on one circuit
(i.e., a fault between two conductors of the same three-phase
circuit), method 600 assumes that an existing detection technique
and/or algorithm has distinguished the fault as having
characteristics of a single-phase-to-ground fault, and not a
phase-to-phase fault. Method 600 then operates to further determine
whether the fault is in fact a crossover fault or a
single-phase-to-ground fault, as perceived by the existing
detection technique. Although the existing detection technique may
be distinct from the inventive technique, it should be appreciated
that the existing detection technique may be incorporated within
the same components as the inventive technique (e.g., crossover
fault classifier 202). Also, where the inventive technique is
performed by computer-executable instructions, the existing
detection technique may be a part of the same computer-executable
instructions, located on the same or distinct computer-readable
mediums.
[0105] Method 600 operates by analyzing the phase voltage and
current values, where the primary and secondary circuit lines have
common buses at both ends of the lines (i.e., in parallel). In this
case, when a significant drop in voltage occurs on two the three
phase voltages and when the fault current appears on one phase, the
fault may be classified as a crossover fault. For a
single-phase-to-ground fault, however, the fault current is
detected on one phase, but the voltage drop appears on one phase.
Method 600 is especially pertinent to faults with smaller fault
resistance, such that the voltage drops on the phase voltages are
large enough to be detected.
[0106] As shown in FIG. 6, method 600 begins by determining a
prefault voltage for each phase, in step 601, designated as 19 Vs a
p Vs b p Vs c p .
[0107] In step 602, a prefault current is determined for each
phase, designated as 20 Is a p Is b p Is c p .
[0108] In step 603, a fault voltage is determined for each phase,
designated as 21 Vs a f Vs b f Vs c f .
[0109] In step 604, a fault current is determined for each phase,
designated as 22 Is a f Is b f Is c f .
[0110] In step 605, the voltage drop between the fault voltage and
the prefault voltage is determined for each phase, as follows: 23
Vs a = Vs a f - Vs a p Vs b = Vs b f - Vs b p Vs c = Vs c f - Vs c
p
[0111] In step 606, a ratio of the fault current to the prefault
current is determined on the faulted phase, as follows: 24 Is a =
Is a f Is a p ( Is b = Is b f Is b p for fault on phase ( b ) ) (
Is c = Is c f Is c p for fault on phase ( c ) )
[0112] In step 607, it is determined whether there is a voltage
drop on one phase voltage, and whether there is a fault current on
just one phase. If there is a voltage drop on one phase voltage and
if there is a fault current on just one phase, the fault is
classified as a single-phase-to-ground fault, in step 609. If, on
the other hand, there is not a voltage drop on one phase voltage,
and/or there is not a fault current on just one phase, the fault is
classified as a crossover fault, in step 608.
[0113] It should be appreciated that the method described above may
be accomplished using computer-readable instructions located on a
computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be
located within crossover fault classifier 202, but is not so
limited. Alternatively, the computer-readable medium may be located
within structures that currently exist on high-voltage transmission
lines (e.g., existing electrical relays). Accordingly, the
measurements (e.g., prefault and fault values) and the calculations
(e.g., sequence components) may be accomplished at any point in the
electrical transmission network, including crossover fault
classifier 202.
Selecting Available Crossover Fault Classification Techniques
[0114] FIGS. 7A and 7B provide a flow diagram for selecting among
the appropriate methods shown in FIGS. 3A through 6. It should be
appreciated that FIGS. 7A and 7B provide one example of a method
for selecting among methods 300, 400, 500, and 600, and that there
may be other methods available. Therefore, FIGS. 7A and 7B
represent just one example of how certain of methods 300, 400, 500,
and 600 may be better suited to classify the crossover fault,
depending on the nature of the fault and prefault values received
by crossover classifier 202. However, FIGS. 7A and 7B provide just
one example, and are not meant to exclude other methods and
techniques for selecting among the appropriate methods.
[0115] As shown in FIG. 7A, in step 701 a fault is classified as
either single-phase-to-ground fault or a crossover fault, to the
exclusion of other types of faults (e.g., phase-to-phase fault).
Such classification may be accomplished using an existing detection
technique (e.g., a two-terminal fault location algorithm), using
crossover fault classifier 202, for example. In step 702, it is
determined whether the independent three-phase circuits involved in
the potential crossover fault have common buses at both ends of
their respective transmission lines, such that the independent
circuits are in "parallel." If the transmission lines do not have
common buses at both ends, in step 703 it is determined whether
accurate prefault voltage phasors are available. Accurate prefault
voltage phasors may be available from existing relays protecting
one terminal of the non-parallel circuits, crossover fault
classifier 202, or any other component located in the power
transmission system, for example. If accurate prefault voltage
phasors are available, methods 300, 400, and/or 500 may be used to
classify the fault in step 704. If, on the other hand, accurate
prefault voltage phasors are not available in step 703, method 700
moves to 708.
[0116] Returning to step 702, if the lines have common buses at
both ends of the transmission line, it is determined whether
voltage drops on the phase voltage are large enough to be detected
in step 705. If the voltage drops are large enough to be detected,
it is determined in step 706 whether accurate prefault voltage
phasors are available. If in step 706 it is determined that
accurate prefault voltage phasors are not available, method 700
moves to step 708. Also, returning to step 705, if it is determined
that voltage drops on the phase voltage are not large enough to be
detected, method 700 returns to step 703. Returning to step 706, if
accurate prefault voltage phasors are available, methods 300, 400,
500, and/or 600 may be used to classify the fault in step 707.
Notably, method 600 is an available choice if the existing faults
have smaller resistance values.
[0117] As shown in FIG. 7B, if it is determined in steps 703 and
706 that no accurate prefault voltages are available, in step 708
it is determined whether the fault impedance is significantly
resistive. If the fault impedance is not significantly resistive,
method 700 may not be able to classify the fault as a crossover
fault. If, on the other hand, in step 708 it is determined that the
fault impedance is significantly resistive, in step 709 it is
determined whether the resistive fault impedance is large. If the
resistive fault impedance is large, method 500 may be used to
crossover fault. If, on the other hand, it is determined in step
709 that the resistive portion of the fault impedance is not large,
in step 711 it is determined whether the mutual coupling effect can
be modeled for the zero-sequence model of the circuit. If the
mutual coupling effect cannot be modeled, method 700 may not be
able to classify the fault as a crossover fault. If, on the other
hand, it is determined in step 711 that a mutual coupling effect
can be modeled for the zero-sequence model, method 500 may be used
to classify the crossover fault, in step 710.
[0118] It should be appreciated that the method described above may
be accomplished using computer-readable instructions located on a
computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be
located within crossover fault detector 202, but is not so limited,
and may be located within any component on the electrical
transmission system. Alternatively, the computer-readable medium
may be located within structures that currently exist on
high-voltage transmission lines (e.g., existing electrical
relays).
[0119] The invention is directed to a system and method for
classifying a crossover fault on an electrical power line. It is
noted that the foregoing examples have been provided merely for the
purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as
limiting of the invention. While the invention has been described
with reference to preferred embodiments, it is understood that the
words that have been used herein are words of description and
illustration, rather than words of limitations. For example,
although a crossover classifier device was described, it will be
appreciated that the techniques for classifying crossover fault may
be implemented as computer software in any component on an
electrical power line capable of conducting such methods. In
addition, although the invention often was described by using
measured voltages, it should be appreciated that measured currents
and/or other electrical characteristics on the electrical
transmission line similarly may be used.
[0120] Further, although the invention has been described herein
with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, the
invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars
disclosed herein. Rather, the invention extends to all functionally
equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the
scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art, having the
benefit of the teachings of this specification, may effect numerous
modifications thereto and changes may be made without departing
from the scope and spirit of the invention in its aspects. Those
skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and
adaptations of the invention may be made in the form and details of
these embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope
of the invention as defined by the following claims.
* * * * *