U.S. patent application number 10/289646 was filed with the patent office on 2003-03-27 for method and apparatus for plugging a wellbore.
This patent application is currently assigned to Weatherford/Lamb, Inc.. Invention is credited to Fugatt, Gene K. SR., Hosie, David, Luke, Mike, Tumlin, David Moore.
Application Number | 20030056953 10/289646 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25304921 |
Filed Date | 2003-03-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030056953 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Tumlin, David Moore ; et
al. |
March 27, 2003 |
Method and apparatus for plugging a wellbore
Abstract
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for
plugging a wellbore in a trip saving manner. In one aspect, the
invention includes a cement retainer disposed on a run-in string
and a radially expanded perforating assembly disposed below the
cement retainer. In a single run, the apparatus provides for
perforating a wellbore and squeezing cement through the
perforations and into the formation therearound. In another aspect,
a method of plugging the wellbore includes running a cement
retainer and a radially expanded perforating assembly into a
wellbore on a run-in string. After the cement retainer is set, a
firing head is actuated to cause the perforating gun to discharge.
After perforations are formed, cement is introduced from the cement
retainer into the isolated area and squeezed through the
perforations. Thereafter, the run-in string disengages from the
cement retainer leaving behind the plug formed. In yet another
aspect, a firing head capable of being actuated by different means
is used to discharge the perforating assembly.
Inventors: |
Tumlin, David Moore; (Breaux
Bridge, LA) ; Fugatt, Gene K. SR.; (Lafayette,
LA) ; Hosie, David; (Sugarland, TX) ; Luke,
Mike; (Houston, TX) |
Correspondence
Address: |
William B. Patterson
MOSER, PATTERSON & SHERIDAN, L.L.P.
Suite 1500
3040 Post Oak Blvd.
Houston
TX
77056
US
|
Assignee: |
Weatherford/Lamb, Inc.
|
Family ID: |
25304921 |
Appl. No.: |
10/289646 |
Filed: |
November 7, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10289646 |
Nov 7, 2002 |
|
|
|
09849043 |
May 4, 2001 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/298 ;
166/55.1; 175/4.54 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B 43/1185 20130101;
E21B 33/134 20130101; E21B 43/11852 20130101; E21B 43/112 20130101;
E21B 43/11855 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
166/298 ;
166/55.1; 175/4.54 |
International
Class: |
E21B 043/116 |
Claims
1. A firing head for igniting a charge in a wellbore, comprising: a
body having a central channel therethough; a two position firing
pin disposed in the bore, the firing pin constructed and arranged
to ignite the charge in a second position; and a frangible member
disposed in the bore above the pin, the frangible member dividing
the bore into an upper and lower portions, the upper portion having
a higher pressure therein than the lower portion.
2. The firing head of claim 1, further including a fluid path
between the wellbore and the upper portion.
3. The firing head of claim 2, wherein the fluid path comprises at
least one aperture formed in a wall of the body.
4. The firing head of claim 3, whereby the charge is ignited by
increasing the pressure in the upper portion to a predetermined
level at which level the frangible member ruptures, exposing the
lower portion to the higher pressure of the upper portion and
moving the pin to the second position.
5. The firing head of claim 1, further including an axially movable
member mounted at an upper end of the body, the member movable by
mechanical force applied thereto to break the frangible member,
exposing the lower portion to the higher pressure of the upper
portion and moving the pin to the second position.
6. The firing head of claim 5, whereby the movable member is held
in a first position by a shearable member extending between the
movable member and the body.
7. The firing head of claim 1, whereby the pin is held in a first
position by a shearable member extending between the pin and the
body.
8. The firing head of claim 1, wherein the charge is a perforating
charge.
9. A firing head for discharging a perforating assembly,
comprising: a body; a channel disposed in the body; a plug at least
partially disposed in the channel; a rupture disc assembly disposed
below the plug; a firing pin disposed below the rupture disc
assembly; a roll pin at least partially disposed in the body and
the plug; and a retention pin at least partially disposed in the
firing pin.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the plug comprises a hollow
T-shaped snout.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the rupture disc assembly
comprises: a snout channel disposed in the rupture disc assembly;
and a membrane disposed in the rupture disc assembly, wherein the
membrane prevents fluid communication in the snout channel.
12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the body comprises: a first
set of holes disposed in an upper portion of the body; and a second
set of holes disposed in a middle portion of the body, wherein the
first and second set of holes are in fluid communication with the
channel.
13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein a pressure above and below
the firing pin is below a hydrostatic pressure.
14. A method for actuating a firing head for discharging a
perforating assembly, comprising: supplying a force to break a
membrane disposed above a firing pin; increasing a pressure above
the firing pin; and causing the firing pin to strike a primer
cap.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein supplying a force to break a
membrane comprises: striking a plug disposed at a first position
above the membrane; causing a roll pin securing the plug to the
first position to break; moving the plug from the first position to
a second position; and breaking the membrane with the plug.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein supplying a force to break a
membrane comprises: increasing a hydrostatic pressure above the
membrane; breaking the membrane.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/849,043, filed May 4, 2001, which is herein
incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for
plugging a wellbore. More particularly, the invention relates to
methods and apparatus to squeeze cement through perforated casing
to plug a wellbore. More particularly still, the invention relates
to the perforation of casing and the squeezing of cement in a
single trip. The invention further relates to a firing head capable
of being actuated by different means.
[0004] 2. Background of the Related Art
[0005] In the oil and gas industry, plugging operations are often
performed to seal wellbores in order to abandon the wells. These
"plug and abandonment" techniques are required under various state
and federal laws and regulations. Plug and abandonment operations
performed upon a cased wellbore require that at least a section of
the wellbore be filled with cement to prevent the upward movement
of fluids towards the surface of the well. To seal the wellbore, a
bridge plug is typically placed at a predetermined depth in the
wellbore and thereafter, cement is injected into the wellbore to
form a column of cement high enough to ensure the wellbore is
permanently plugged.
[0006] In addition to simply sealing the interior of a wellbore,
plug and abandonment regulations additionally require that an area
outside of the wellbore be sufficiently blocked to prevent any
fluids from migrating towards the surface of the well along the
outside of the casing. Migration of fluid outside the casing is
more likely to arise after a fluid path inside the wellbore has
been blocked. Additionally, where multiple strings of casing are
line a wellbore, the annular area between the concentric strings
can form a fluid path in spite of being cemented into place when
the well was completed. Bad cement jobs and weakening conditions of
cement over time can lead to paths being opened in the cement
adequate for the passage of fluid.
[0007] In order to ensure the area outside of the wellbore is
adequately blocked, cement is typically "squeezed" through
perforations into the formation surrounding the wellbore. By
pumping cement in a non-circulating system, a predetermined amount
of cement may be forced into the earth and can thereafter cure to
form a fluid barrier.
[0008] The perforations utilized in a cement squeeze operation are
typically formed for squeezing cement. Perforations are formed with
a perforating assembly that includes a number of shaped charges
designed to penetrate the casing wall and extend into a formation
therearound. Recently, advances in perforating have led to the
development of perforating apparatus including biased members that
remain in contact with the casing wall as the apparatus is lowered
into the wellbore and ensure that the shaped charges remain at a
predetermined distance from the wall of the wellbore. Perforating
guns that are expanded and biased against the casing wall are more
advantageous for making exact perforations. An example of an
expanded perforating gun is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,544 to
Umphries, assigned to the same entity as the present invention and
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The perforating
gun includes wear plates that slide along the inner diameter of the
casing and are biased against the inner wall of the well pipe
casing. A string of charges are spaced about the periphery of the
perforating gun. The force of the perforation is controlled by
varying the standoff distance of the explosive charge from the
casing wall. By controlling the spacing, it is possible to
penetrate only an inner string of casing without penetrating an
outer string. Furthermore, the charges can uniformly perforate all
around the casing.
[0009] In a conventional plug and abandonment operation, a bridge
plug or cement plug is first run into the wellbore and set therein,
typically by mechanical means whereby some sealing element extends
radially outward to seal the annular area formed between the
outside of the device and the casing wall. Thereafter, a
perforating gun is lowered into the wellbore to a pre-determined
depth and discharged to perforate the casing. The perforating gun
is typically discharged by a firing head. The firing head used may
be pressure actuated firing heads or mechanically actuated firing
heads. After the perforations are made, the perforating gun may be
retrieved. Thereafter, a cement retainer is lowered into the
wellbore and set above the bridge plug. The cement retainer, like
the bridge plug, acts as a packer to seal an annulus between the
body of the cement retainer and the casing and isolate the area
where the casing will be perforated. Cement is then supplied into
the cement retainer through a run-in string of tubulars attached
thereto. Utilizing pressure, cement fills the isolated area of the
wellbore and also extends through the perforations into the
surrounding areas in the formation. After the cement is squeezed,
the run-in string is disengaged from the cement retainer. Cement is
then typically deposited on the cement retainer as a final
plug.
[0010] In some instances, the wellbore to be plugged and abandoned
has an outer string of casing and an inner string of casing
coaxially disposed therein. In these instances, an annular space
between the concentric strings must be squeezed with cement to
prevent the subsequent migration of fluid towards the surface of
the well. The plugging operation is similar to above except that
only the inner string is perforated and the cement is squeezed into
the annular space between the strings.
[0011] Plug and abandon operations are also performed on a central
wellbore prior to the formation of a lateral wellbore. In these
cases, the lateral wellbore may be drilled from a platform that
includes a cement plug remaining in the central wellbore after it
has been plugged. Lateral wellbores are typically formed by placing
a whipstock or some other diverter in a central wellbore adjacent a
location where the lateral wellbore is to be formed. The whipstock
is anchored in place and thereafter, a rotating mill disposed on
drill string is urged into the casing wall to form a window
therein. After the window is formed, a conventional drill bit
extends out into the formation to form a borehole, which can
subsequently be lined with a tubular.
[0012] There are problems with the plug and abandonment techniques
described above. The biggest problem relates to the number of trips
into the wellbore required to adequately complete a plug and
abandonment job. Another problem relates to the poor quality of
perforations that are made in casing using conventional perforating
apparatus. Another problem still, relates to failed firing heads on
perforating guns.
[0013] Since the conventional perforating assembly has only one
firing head attached, failure of the firing head to actuate can
mean significant increases in costs and delays. For example, when
the firing head does not actuate and ignite the perforating
charges, the perforating assembly must be retrieved and the firing
head replaced. Consequently, an extra run into the wellbore is
necessitated by the failure. One solution is to attach two firing
heads, each requiring a different type of actuation, to the
perforating assembly so one may act as a backup. For instance, when
a drop bar fails to acquire sufficient energy to actuate a
mechanically actuated firing head, the wellbore may be pressurized
to actuate the backup pressure actuated firing head and discharge
the perforating assembly without retrieving the firing assembly.
However, an additional firing head means additional space, weight
and cost. Also, when the perforating assembly is discharged by the
intended firing head, the backup firing head is necessarily
destroyed in the explosion.
[0014] There is a need therefore to uniformly perforate the casing
to squeeze cement into the intended areas in an efficient and
effective time saving manner.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] The present invention provides a method and apparatus for
plugging a wellbore in a trip saving manner. In one aspect, the
invention includes a cement retainer disposed on a run-in string
and a radially expanded perforating assembly disposed below the
cement retainer. In a single run, the apparatus provides for
perforating a wellbore and squeezing cement through the
perforations and into the formation therearound. In another aspect,
a method of plugging the wellbore includes running a cement
retainer and a radially expanded perforating assembly into a
wellbore on a run-in string. After the cement retainer is set, a
firing head is actuated to cause the perforating gun to discharge.
After perforations are formed, cement is introduced from the cement
retainer into the isolated area and squeezed through the
perforations. Thereafter, the run-in string disengages from the
cement retainer leaving behind the plug formed. In yet another
aspect, a firing head capable of being actuated by different means
is used to discharge the perforating assembly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] So that the manner in which the above recited features,
advantages, and objects of the present invention are attained and
can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the
invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the
embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appending
drawings.
[0017] It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings
illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are
therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the
invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an apparatus
of the present invention in a run-in position in a wellbore;
[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the apparatus
after a cement retainer is set in the wellbore casing and after
perforations have been made;
[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the apparatus
after perforations are formed in the casing wall and cement has
been squeezed through the perforations and into the casing;
[0021] FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the apparatus
after the cementing job is complete and a run-in string is
disengaged from the cement retainer;
[0022] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a plug formed in a
wellbore containing concentric strings of casing;
[0023] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a plug formed in a
central wellbore with a lateral wellbore formed thereabove;
[0024] FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a firing
head;
[0025] FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a firing head
after being mechanically actuated; and
[0026] FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a firing head
after being actuated by pressure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0027] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of one embodiment of the plugging
apparatus 5 according to the present invention. In FIG. 1, the
plugging apparatus 5 is shown in the run-in position and is
disposed at the end of a run-in string 40 in a wellbore 10 lined
with casing 15. A cement plug or bridge plug 3 is illustrated in
the wellbore 10 below the apparatus and is pre-placed in the
wellbore 10 prior to the run-in of the apparatus to seal the lower
portion of the wellbore 10. A bridge plug 3 is similar to a packer,
but without a borehole. The bridge plug 3 is typically anchored
using rotational force.
[0028] A cement retainer 30 disposed on the run-in string 40
includes a setting tool 50 used to set the cement retainer 30 when
the cement retainer 30 reaches a pre-determined depth. The setting
tool 50 causes a radially expandable element 32 around the cement
retainer 30 to expand to seal an annular space 12 between the
cement retainer 30 and the casing 15. The cement retainer 30 is
constructed like a packer but includes openings (not shown) located
at a lower end 34 for the passage of cement therethrough.
[0029] A ported flow joint 60 connects the cement retainer 30 to a
firing head 70 of a perforating assembly 80 disposed therebelow.
The ported flow joint 60 is typically 1 ft. in length and
preferably about 2 ft. in length. In one embodiment, fluid is
supplied to the ported flow joint 60 and exits ports 62 to pressure
an isolated area 20 of the wellbore 10 between the bridge plug 3
and the cement retainer 30 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Pressure built
up is necessary to actuate the firing head 70. The firing head 70
discharges the perforating assembly 80 when a pre-determined
pressure is reached. In another embodiment, the firing head is
disposed below the perforating assembly. In yet another embodiment,
the firing head can be mechanically actuated to discharge the
perforating assembly. In yet another embodiment, a mechanical drop
bar firing head is used to trigger the perforating assembly. A
mechanical drop bar firing head is actuated by physically dropping
a bar into the run-in string to strike the firing pin. In yet
another embodiment, more than one firing head is disposed on the
run-in string to discharge the perforating assembly. The multiple
firing heads can be a combination of the various types of firing
heads, including pressure actuated firing heads or mechanically
actuated firing heads. In embodiments where a pressure actuated
firing head is not used, a non-ported flow joint may be
employed.
[0030] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 7, a firing head 70 capable of
being actuated by pressure and/or mechanical means is used to
discharge the perforating assembly (not shown). The firing head 70
comprises a body 110 with a channel 120 disposed along the length
of the body 110. In an upper portion of the body 110, a first set
of apertures 130 is formed around the periphery of the body 110 for
fluid communication between the wellbore (not shown) and the
channel 120. In a middle portion of the body 110, a second set of
apertures 135 is formed around the periphery of the body 110 for
fluid communication between the wellbore and the channel 120.
Preferably, the apertures 130, 135 each include four separate
apertures spaced radially at about 90 degrees. The apertures 130,
135 may be the same or different sizes. Threads 140 for attachment
to the perforating assembly are formed on an outer surface of a
lower portion of the body 110.
[0031] Disposed in the upper portion of the channel 120 is a plug
150 held in place by a roll pin 160. The roll pin 160 extends
across the width of the plug 150 and into the body 110. The roll
pin 160 is preferably made of brass wire and is constructed and
arranged to prevent axial movement of the plug within the body. The
roll pin 160 is designed to break when a predetermined amount of
force is applied thereto. The top of the plug 150 extends above the
body 110. The lower portion of the plug 150 has a T-shaped snout
155. The T-shaped snout 155 is hollow for fluid communication with
the channel 120 and the first set of holes 130 in the upper portion
of the body 110.
[0032] Coupled to the snout 155 is a rupture disc assembly 170. The
rupture disc assembly 170 sits in the channel 120 just below the
first set of holes 130 in the upper portion of the body 110. The
snout 155 is partially disposed in a snout channel (not shown) of
the rupture disc assembly 170. The snout channel also provides for
fluid communication between the snout and a channel area 124 below
the rupture disc assembly 170. However, a membrane 175 disposed in
the rupture disc assembly 170 blocks the fluid communication
between the snout and the channel area below the rupture disc
assembly. The membrane 175 is preferably made of steel. The
membrane 175 is designed to rupture by pressure or mechanical
means.
[0033] Disposed below the rupture disc assembly 170 is a firing pin
180. The firing pin 180 may be used to strike a primer cap (not
shown) and discharge the perforating assembly. The firing pin 180
is held in place by a retention pin 190 disposed in the second set
of holes 135 at the middle portion of the body 110. The firing pin
180 is also maintained in place by the hydrostatic pressure
communicated through the second set of holes 135. The retention pin
190 breaks when a predetermined force is exerted against it.
[0034] In operation, the firing head 70 is attached to the
perforating assembly by the threads 140 on the outer portion of the
body 110 and is lowered into the wellbore. Referring again to FIG.
7, the pressure in channel areas above 124 and below 126 the firing
pin 180 is at atmospheric pressure prior to actuation. The first
and second set of holes 130, 135 of the body 110 are at hydrostatic
pressure. To mechanically actuate the firing head 70, a drop bar
(not shown) is dropped from the surface into the wellbore to strike
the top of the plug 150. On its way down, the drop bar acquires
sufficient energy to strike the top of the plug 150 and cause the
roll pin 160 to break. Once released, the plug 150 slides down and
the snout 155 coupled to the rupture disc assembly 170 strikes and
breaks the membrane 175.
[0035] After the membrane 175 breaks, the channel area above 124
the firing pin 180 can fluidly communicate with the hollow T-shaped
snout 155 and the first set of holes 130 in the upper portion of
the body 110. Thus, the pressure in the channel above the firing
pin 180 increases from atmospheric to the hydrostatic pressure in
the casing. The increase in pressure creates a pressure
differential between the area above 124 the firing pin 180 and area
below 126 the firing pin 180. The hydrostatic pressure above the
firing pin 180 puts downward pressure on the firing pin 180 which
causes the retention pin 190 to break and forces the firing pin 180
to slide down in the channel 120. The firing pin 180 strikes the
primer cap (not shown) of the perforating assembly with a downward
force and discharges the perforating assembly. FIG. 8 illustrates
the firing head 70 after being mechanically actuated.
[0036] The firing head 70 shown in FIG. 7 can also be actuated with
hydrostatic pressure. In operation, the hydrostatic pressure in the
casing is increased to exert a force against the membrane 175
through the hollow snout 155. Once a predetermined pressure is
reached, the membrane 175 breaks. Similar to mechanical actuation,
the rupture of membrane 175 allows the channel area above 124 the
firing pin 180 to increase from atmospheric pressure to the
hydrostatic pressure. The increase in pressure causes the retention
pin 190 to break and forces the firing pin 180 to move down the
channel 120 and discharge the perforating assembly. FIG. 9
illustrates the firing head 70 after being actuated by
pressure.
[0037] The firing head described is particularly advantageous for
use with the present invention. Once the cement retainer is set, it
would be very difficult to retrieve and replace the firing head if
the firing head does not actuate. More importantly, retrieving the
firing head would reduce the overall efficiency of the present
method of plugging a wellbore. The use of a firing head with more
than one actuation means will eliminate the need for a backup
firing head and the cost associated with it.
[0038] Although the firing head is described in use with the
present invention, its use is not limited to the present invention.
The firing head may also be used with conventional perforating
assemblies. In addition to perforating charges, the firing head may
alternatively be used to ignite other types of charges. For
example, the firing head may be used in a string shot to facilitate
the separation of two drill pipes. Typically, a firing head
attached to a charge assembly is lowered into a wellbore to an area
proximate a thread connecting two drill pipes. A torque is applied
on the drill pipes to separate the pipes. While under torque, the
firing head is actuated to ignite the charge assembly. The
explosion exerts a force on the thread and assists the torque in
separating the pipes. The firing head may also be used to ignite a
charge in a junk shot. Junk shots are typically used to clear
obstacles in a wellbore. The firing head may also be attached to a
coupling separator. The firing head ignites charges in the coupling
separator. The explosion expands a coupling connecting two tubings
and aids the separation of the tubings. The embodiments of the
firing head disclosed herein are not exhaustive. Other and further
embodiments of the firing head may be devised by a person of
ordinary skill in the art from the basic scope herein.
[0039] Referring again to FIG. 1, the perforating assembly 80 is an
expandable assembly that can be adjusted to bias against the casing
15. In operation, the perforating assembly 80 is expanded so that
it is biased against the casing 15 as it is being lowered into the
wellbore 10. The perforating assembly 80 includes wear plates (not
shown) that slide along the inner diameter of the casing 15. The
force of the perforating discharge can be controlled by varying the
distance between the explosive charges 82 and the casing 15.
Because the perforating assembly 80 is biased against the casing
15, the distance between the explosive charge and the casing 15 can
be pre-determined and set prior to the entry into the wellbore 10.
Additionally, the perforating assembly 80 has circulating charges
82 that can uniformly perforate the casing 15. For example, in the
embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the perforating assembly 80 has six
strings 88 of charges 82 separated by about 60.degree. placed about
the periphery of two disks 84 that are separated by about 1 ft.
Each string 88 of explosive charges 82 has a density of up to six
charges 82 mounted between the disks 84. Thus, each perforating
assembly 80 may hold 36 explosive charges 82. Alternately, four
strings 88 of explosive charges 82 may be spaced at 90.degree. to
hold a total of twenty-four (24) explosive charges 82. In addition,
the number of explosive charges may be increased by mounting two 1
ft. stacks of explosive charges 82 above each other.
[0040] In operation, a bridge plug 3 or, alternatively, a cement
plug is installed in the wellbore 10 below the intended area of
perforations 25 of the casing 15 as illustrated in FIG. 1.
Thereafter, the plugging apparatus 5 attached to a run-in string 40
is lowered into the wellbore 10. When the plugging apparatus 5
reaches a pre-determined depth, the cement retainer 30 disposed on
the plugging apparatus 5 is set against the casing 15 as
illustrated in FIG. 2. A setting tool 50 connected to the cement
retainer 30 is rotated to set the cement retainer 30. Rotating the
setting tool 50 causes a radially expandable element 32 around the
cement retainer 30 to expand and seal off the annular space 12
between the cement retainer 30 and the casing 15 as illustrated in
FIGS. 1 and 2. When set, the cement retainer 30 acts as a packer
and isolates area 20 in the casing 15 between the cement retainer
30 and the bridge plug 3.
[0041] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, after the cement retainer
30 is set, fluid is pumped in to pressurized the isolated area 20.
Fluid is typically pumped through the run-in string 40, the cement
retainer 30, the ported flow joint 60 connected to the cement
retainer 30, and the ports 62 in the ported flow joint 60 and exits
into the isolated area 20. The ported flow joint 60 is at least
about 1 ft. in length, preferably about 2 ft. in length. When a
pre-determined pressure is reached, the firing head 70 is actuated
and causes the perforating assembly 80 to discharge and perforate
the casing 15. Once the casing 15 is perforated, the isolated area
20 will be in fluid communication with the formation 7.
[0042] In another embodiment, after the cement retainer 30 is set,
a bar is physically dropped from the surface through the run-in
string 40 to strike a firing pin of a firing head in the
perforating assembly 80. The mechanically actuated firing head
causes the perforating assembly 80 to discharge and perforate the
casing 15. In yet another embodiment, more than one firing head is
disposed on the run-in string. The multiple firing heads may be a
combination of a variety of firing heads, including a pressure
actuated firing head, a mechanically actuated firing head, or other
types of firing head. FIG. 2 illustrates the apparatus after the
perforations 25 have been made.
[0043] After the perforations 25 are made, cement 8 is pumped from
the surface down through the run-in string 40 and exits openings 34
in the cement retainer 30 as illustrated in FIG. 3. As the cement 8
is pumped into the isolated area 20, the increase in pressure
squeezes the cement 8 through the perforations 25 and into the
formation 7. Cement 8 is squeezed until the desired amount of
cement 8 is disposed in the formation 7 and the isolated area 20 in
the casing 15 is filled. In this manner, any fluid path along the
outside of the wellbore 10 is sealed to the upward flow of
fluid.
[0044] Once filled with cement 8, the run-in string 40 is
disengaged from the cement retainer 30 as illustrated in FIG. 4.
Thereafter, more cement 8 is typically deposited on top of the
cement retainer 30. Unlike the conventional plugging process, the
present invention requires only a single run to perforate the
casing 15, squeeze cement 8, and plug and abandon the wellbore
10.
[0045] In another embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 5, the plugging
operation of the present invention may be used to squeeze cement 8
to fill an annular space 12 formed by two coaxially disposed
strings of tubular. After a bridge plug 3 is set, a cement retainer
30 attached to a run-in string (not shown) is set above the bridge
plug 3. An isolated area 20 is thereafter pressurized to actuate
the firing head 70 and cause the perforating assembly 80 to
discharge and form perforations 25. However, in this embodiment,
only the inner tubular 16 is perforated and damage to the outer
tubular 14 is minimized. The expandable perforating gun 80 is
particularly advantageous in this application because the depth of
the perforations can be controlled as described above. After the
perforations are formed, cement 8 is introduced into the isolated
area 20 through the cement retainer 30 where it travels through the
perforations 25 and into the annular space 12. After the annular
space 12 and the isolated area 20 are filled, the run-in string 40
is disengaged from the cement retainer 30. Thereafter, cement 8 is
poured on top of the cement retainer 30. Additionally, the inner
string 16 above the cement plug formed may be cut and removed from
the wellbore 10.
[0046] In yet another embodiment as illustrated by FIG. 6, the
plugging operation of the present invention may be performed in
wells prior to the formation of an adjacent lateral wellbore 92.
Thereafter, a cement plug formed in the central wellbore 91 may be
used as a platform to drill the lateral wellbore 92. After the
cement plug is formed, a whipstock 94 or some other divertor is
anchored in place. Thereafter, a rotating mill disposed on drill
string (not shown) travels along a concave face 97 of the whipstock
94 to form a window 93 in the casing 15. A conventional drill bit
is then used to form a borehole, which can subsequently be lined
with a tubular 96.
[0047] As described and illustrated, the present invention provides
methods and apparatus to effectively and efficiently plug a
wellbore to ensure fluid does not migrate to the surface of the
well along the interior and exterior of the wellbore.
[0048] While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment
of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the
invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope
thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that
follow.
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