U.S. patent application number 09/860274 was filed with the patent office on 2003-03-13 for method and apparatus for processing data for transmission in a multi-channel communication system using selective channel inversion.
Invention is credited to Howard, Steven J., Ketchum, John W., Ling, Fulyun, Wallace, Mark S., Walton, Jay Rod.
Application Number | 20030048856 09/860274 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25332849 |
Filed Date | 2003-03-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20030048856 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ketchum, John W. ; et
al. |
March 13, 2003 |
Method and apparatus for processing data for transmission in a
multi-channel communication system using selective channel
inversion
Abstract
Techniques to process data for transmission over a set of
transmission channels selected from among all available
transmission channels. In an aspect, the data processing includes
coding data based on a common coding and modulation scheme to
provide modulation symbols and pre-weighting the modulation symbols
for each selected channel based on the channel's characteristics.
The pre-weighting may be achieved by "inverting" the selected
channels so that the received SNRs are approximately similar for
all selected channels. With selective channel inversion, only
channels having SNRs at or above a particular threshold are
selected, "bad" channels are not used, and the total available
transmit power is distributed across only "good" channels. Improved
performance is achieved due to the combined benefits of using only
the N.sub.s best channels and matching the received SNR of each
selected channel to the SNR required by the selected coding and
modulation scheme.
Inventors: |
Ketchum, John W.; (Harvard,
MA) ; Howard, Steven J.; (Ashland, MA) ;
Walton, Jay Rod; (Westford, MA) ; Wallace, Mark
S.; (Bedford, MA) ; Ling, Fulyun; (Beijing,
CN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Qualcomm Incorporated
Patents Department
5775 Morehouse Drive
San Diego
CA
92121-1714
US
|
Family ID: |
25332849 |
Appl. No.: |
09/860274 |
Filed: |
May 17, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
375/260 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 5/0046 20130101;
H04L 25/03343 20130101; H04L 5/0023 20130101; H04L 5/006 20130101;
H04W 52/346 20130101; H04W 52/24 20130101; H04W 52/42 20130101;
H04L 1/0068 20130101; H04L 5/06 20130101; H04L 2001/0096 20130101;
H04L 5/0037 20130101; H04L 1/06 20130101; H04L 1/0009 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
375/260 |
International
Class: |
H04K 001/10; H04L
027/28 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for processing data for transmission over multiple
transmission channels in a multi-channel communication system,
comprising: determining characteristics of a plurality of
transmission channels available for data transmission; selecting
one or more available transmission channels based on the determined
characteristics and a threshold; coding data for all selected
transmission channels based on a particular coding scheme to
provide coded data; modulating the coded data for all selected
transmission channels based on a particular modulation scheme to
provide modulation symbols; and weighting modulation symbols for
each selected transmission channel based on a respective weight
indicative of a transmit power level for the selected transmission
channel and derived based in part on the determined characteristics
of the selected transmission channel.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the weights for the selected
transmissions are derived to distribute total available transmit
power among all selected transmission channels to achieve similar
received quality for modulation symbols received via the selected
transmission channels.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the received quality is estimated
by signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios (SNRs).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined characteristics
for the available transmission channels are channel gains.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein transmission channels having
power gains greater than or equal to a particular power gain
threshold are selected, and wherein the power gains are determined
based on the channel gains.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined characteristics
for the available transmission channels are received
signal-to-noise-plus-interfe- rence ratios (SNRs).
7. The method of claim 6, wherein transmission channels having SNRs
greater than or equal to a particular SNR threshold are
selected.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined characteristics
for the available transmission channels are expressed via power
control information.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the power control information is
indicative of requests for changes in power level.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight for each selected
transmission channel is further determined based on total transmit
power available for data transmission.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight for each selected
transmission channel is further derived based on a normalization
factor, which is determined based on the characteristics of the
selected transmission channels.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold is selected to
provide high throughput for the selected transmission channels.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold is selected to
provide a highest throughput for the available transmission
channels.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold is derived based
on a particular target SNR for all selected transmission
channels.
15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting the
weighted modulation symbols on the selected transmission
channels.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-channel communication
system is an orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM)
system, and wherein the plurality of available transmission
channels correspond to a plurality of frequency subchannels.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-channel communication
system is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication
system, and wherein the plurality of available transmission
channels correspond to a plurality of spatial subchannels of a MIMO
channel.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the MIMO communication system
utilize OFDM, and wherein the plurality of available transmission
channels correspond to spatial subchannels of a plurality of
frequency subchannels.
19. A method for transmitting data over multiple transmission
channels in a multi-channel communication system, comprising:
determining characteristics of each of a plurality of transmission
channels available for data transmission; coding data for selected
ones of the available transmission channels to provide coded data;
modulating the coded data to provide modulation symbols; weighting
modulation symbols for each selected transmission channel based on
a respective weight indicative of a transmit power level for the
selected transmission channel and derived based in part on the
determined characteristics of the selected transmission channel;
and transmitting the weighted modulation symbols on the selected
transmission channels.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the data for the selected
transmission channels is coded based on a common coding scheme.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the common coding scheme is
selected from among a plurality of possible coding schemes.
22. The method of claim 19, wherein the modulation symbols for the
selected transmission channels are derived based on a common
modulation scheme.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the common modulation scheme is
selected from among a plurality of possible modulation schemes.
24. The method of claim 19, wherein the data for the selected
transmission channels is coded based on a common coding scheme and
the modulation symbols for the selected transmission channels are
derived based on a common modulation scheme.
25. The method of claim 19, further comprising: selecting one or
more of the available transmission channels for data transmission
based on the determined characteristics of the channels and a
threshold.
26. In a multi-channel communication system, a method for
determining a threshold used to select transmission channels for
data transmission, comprising: defining a set of code rates,
wherein each code rate is selectable for coding data prior to
transmission; defining a set of setpoints, wherein each setpoint
corresponds to a respective code rate and is indicative of a target
signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNR) required at the
corresponding code rate for a particular level of performance;
determining a particular number of transmission channels supported
by each code rate and capable of achieving the setpoint
corresponding to the code rate; determining a performance criteria
for each code rate based in part on the number of supported
transmission channels; and selecting the threshold based on the
determined performance criteria for the code rates in the set, and
wherein transmission channels are selected for use for data
transmission based on the threshold.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the number of transmission
channels supported by each code rate is determined by distributing
total available transmit power among the supported transmission
channels such that the setpoint corresponding to the code rate is
achieved for each supported transmission channel.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the determined performance
criteria for each code rate is an overall throughput computed for
the supported transmission channels.
29. A transmitter unit in a multi-channel communication system,
comprising: a controller configured to receive channel state
information (CSI) indicative of characteristics of a plurality of
transmission channels available for data transmission and to select
one or more available transmission channels based on the channel
characteristics and a threshold; a transmit data processor coupled
to the controller configured to receive and code data for all
selected transmission channels based on a particular coding scheme
to provide coded data, modulate the coded data for all selected
transmission channels based on a particular modulation scheme to
provide modulation symbols, and weight modulation symbols for each
selected transmission channel based on a respective weight, wherein
each weight is indicative of a transmit power level for the
corresponding selected transmission channel and is derived based in
part on the characteristics of the selected transmission
channel.
30. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the controller is further
configured to select the coding and modulation schemes based on the
characteristics of the available transmission channels and to
provide one or more control signals indicative of the selected
coding and modulation schemes.
31. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the controller is further
configured to determine the threshold based on the characteristics
of the available transmission channels.
32. The transmitter of claim 29, further comprising: a transmit
channel processor coupled to the transmit data processor and
configured to receive and demultiplex the weighted modulation
symbols for the selected transmission channels into a plurality of
streams, one stream for each antenna used to transmitted the
data.
33. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the CSI comprise
signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNR) estimates for the
available transmission channels.
34. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the CSI comprise channel
gain estimates for the available transmission channels.
35. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the CSI comprise power
control information for the available transmission channels.
36. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the transmitter unit is
operative to transmit data on a downlink in the communication
system.
37. The transmitter of claim 29, wherein the transmitter unit is
operative to transmit data on an uplink in the communication
system.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] 1. Field
[0002] The present invention relates generally to data
communication, and more specifically to a novel and improved method
and apparatus for processing data for transmission in a wireless
communication system using selective channel inversion.
[0003] 2. Background
[0004] A multi-channel communication system is often deployed to
provide increased transmission capacity for various types of
communication such as voice, data, and so on. Such a multi-channel
system may be a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication
system, an orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) system,
a MIMO system that utilizes OFDM, or some other type of system. A
MIMO system employs multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive
antennas to exploit spatial diversity to support a number of
spatial subchannels, each of which may be used to transmit data. An
OFDM system effectively partitions the operating frequency band
into a number of frequency subchannels (or frequency bins), each of
which is associated with a respective subcarrier on which data may
be modulated. A multi-channel communication system thus supports a
number of "transmission" channels, each of which may correspond to
a spatial subchannel in a MIMO system, a frequency subchannel in an
OFDM system, or a spatial subchannel of a frequency subchannel in a
MIMO system that utilizes OFDM.
[0005] The transmission channels of a multi-channel communication
system typically experience different link conditions (e.g., due to
different fading and multipath effects) and may achieve different
signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios (SNRs). Consequently, the
transmission capacities (i.e., the information bit rates) that may
be supported by the transmission channels for a particular level of
performance may be different from channel to channel. Moreover, the
link conditions typically vary over time. As a result, the bit
rates supported by the transmission channels also vary with
time.
[0006] The different transmission capacities of the transmission
channels plus the time-variant nature of these capacities make it
challenging to provide an effective coding and modulation scheme
capable of processing data prior to transmission on the channels.
Moreover, for practical considerations, the coding and modulation
scheme should be simple to implement and utilize at both the
transmitter and receiver systems.
[0007] There is therefore a need in the art for techniques to
effectively and efficiently process data for transmission on
multiple transmission channels with different capacities.
SUMMARY
[0008] Aspects of the invention provide techniques to process data
for transmission over a set of transmission channels selected from
among all available transmission channels. In an aspect, the data
processing includes coding data based on a common coding and
modulation scheme to provide modulation symbols and pre-weighting
the modulation symbols for each selected transmission channel based
on the channel's characteristics. The pre-weighting may be achieved
by "inverting" the selected transmission channels so that the
signal-to-noise-plus-interfere- nce ratios (SNRs) are approximately
similar at a receiver system for all selected transmission
channels. In one embodiment, which is referred to as selective
channel inversion (SCI), only transmission channels having SNRs (or
power gains) at or above a particular SNR (or power gain) threshold
are selected for data transmission, and "bad" transmission channels
are not used. With selective channel inversion, the total available
transmit power is distributed (unevenly) across only "good"
transmission channels, and improved efficiency and performance are
achieved. In another embodiment, all available transmission
channels are selected for use and the channel inversion is
performed for all available channels.
[0009] The channel inversion techniques simplify the
coding/modulation at the transmitter system and the
decoding/demodulation at the receiver system. Moreover, the
selective channel inversion technique may also provide improved
performance due to the combined benefits of (1) using only the
N.sub.s best transmission channels selected from among all
available transmission channels and (2) matching the received SNR
of each selected transmission channel to the SNR required by the
coding and modulation scheme selected for use.
[0010] The invention further provides methods, systems, and
apparatus that implement various aspects, embodiments, and features
of the invention, as described in further detail below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The features, nature, and advantages of the present
invention will become more apparent from the detailed description
set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in
which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout
and wherein:
[0012] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) communication system that may be designed and operated to
implement various aspects and embodiments of the invention;
[0013] FIG. 2A is a flow diagram of a process to determine the
amount of transmit power to be allocated to each selected
transmission channel based on selective channel inversion, in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0014] FIG. 2B is a flow diagram of a process to determine a
threshold a used to select transmission channels for data
transmission, in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention;
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagram of a MIMO communication system capable
of implementing various aspects and embodiments of the
invention;
[0016] FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C are block diagrams of three MIMO
transmitter systems capable of processing data in accordance with
three specific embodiments of the invention;
[0017] FIG. 5 is a block diagrams of a MIMO receiver system capable
of receiving data in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention;
[0018] FIGS. 6A and 6B are block diagrams of an embodiment of a
channel MIMO/data processor and an interference canceller,
respectively, within the MIMO receiver system shown in FIG. 5;
and
[0019] FIG. 7 is a block diagrams of a MIMO receiver system capable
of receiving data in accordance with another embodiment of the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] Various aspects, embodiments, and features of the invention
may be applied to any multi-channel communication system in which
multiple transmission channels are available for data transmission.
Such multi-channel communication systems include multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) systems, orthogonal frequency division
modulation (OFDM) systems, MIMO systems that utilize OFDM, and
others. The multi-channel communication systems may also implement
code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access
(TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or some other
multiple access techniques. Multiple access communication systems
can support concurrent communication with a number of terminals
(i.e., users).
[0021] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) communication system 100 that may be designed and operated
to implement various aspects and embodiments of the invention. MIMO
system 100 employs multiple (NT) transmit antennas and multiple
(N.sub.R) receive antennas for data transmission. MIMO system 100
is effectively formed for a multiple access communication system
having a base station (BS) 104 that concurrently communicates with
a number of terminals (T) 106. In this case, base station 104
employs multiple antennas and represents the multiple-input (MI)
for uplink transmissions and the multiple-output (MO) for downlink
transmissions. The downlink (i.e., forward link) refers to
transmissions from the base station to the terminals, and the
uplink (i.e., reverse link) refers to transmissions from the
terminals to the base station.
[0022] A MIMO system employs multiple (N.sub.T) transmit antennas
and multiple (N.sub.R) receive antennas for data transmission. A
MIMO channel formed by the N.sub.T transmit and N.sub.R receive
antennas may be decomposed into N.sub.C independent channels, with
N.sub.C.ltoreq.min {N.sub.T, N.sub.R}. Each of the N.sub.C
independent channels is also referred to as a spatial subchannel of
the MIMO channel and corresponds to a dimension. In one common MIMO
system implementation, the N.sub.T transmit antennas are located at
and associated with a single transmitter system, and the N.sub.R
receive antennas are similarly located at and associated with a
single receiver system. A MIMO system may also be effectively
formed for a multiple access communication system having a base
station that concurrently communicates with a number of terminals.
In this case, the base station is equipped with a number of
antennas and each terminal may be equipped with one or more
antennas.
[0023] An OFDM system effectively partitions the operating
frequency band into a number of (N.sub.F) frequency subchannels
(i.e., frequency bins). At each time slot, a modulation symbol may
be transmitted on each of the N.sub.F frequency subchannels. Each
time slot corresponds to a particular time interval that may be
dependent on the bandwidth of the frequency subchannel.
[0024] A multi-channel communication system may be operated to
transmit data via a number of transmission channels. For a MIMO
system not utilizing OFDM, there is typically only one frequency
subchannel and each spatial subchannel may be referred to as a
transmission channel. For a MIMO system utilizing OFDM, each
spatial subchannel of each frequency subchannel may be referred to
as a transmission channel. And for an OFDM system not utilizing
MIMO, there is only one spatial subchannel for each frequency
subchannel and each frequency subchannel may be referred to as a
transmission channel.
[0025] The transmission channels in a multi-channel communication
system typically experience different link conditions (e.g., due to
different fading and multipath effects) and may achieve different
signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios (SNRs). Consequently, the
capacity of the transmission channels may be different from channel
to channel. This capacity may be quantified by the information bit
rate (i.e., the number of information bits per modulation symbol)
that may be transmitted on a transmission channel for a particular
level of performance (e.g., a particular bit error rate (BER) or
packet error rate (PER)). Since the link conditions typically vary
with time, the supported information bit rates for the transmission
channels also vary with time.
[0026] To more fully utilize the capacity of the transmission
channels, channel state information (CSI) descriptive of the link
conditions may be determined (typically at the receiver system) and
provided to the transmitter system. The transmitter system may then
process (e.g., encode, modulate, and pre-weight) data such that the
transmitted information bit rate for each channel matches the
transmission capacity of the channel. CSI may be categorized as
either "full CSI" or "partial CSI". Full CSI includes sufficient
characterization (e.g., the amplitude and phase) across the entire
system bandwidth for the propagation path between each
transmit-receive antenna pair in a N.sub.T.times.N.sub.R MIMO
matrix (i.e., the characterization for each transmission channel).
Partial CSI may include, for example, the SNRs of the transmission
channels.
[0027] Various techniques may be used to process data prior to
transmission over multiple transmission channels. In one technique,
data for each transmission channel may be coded and modulated based
on a particular coding and modulation scheme selected for that
channel based on the channel's CSI. By coding and modulating
separately for each transmission channel, the coding and modulation
may be optimized for the SNR achieved by each channel. In one
implementation of such a technique, a fixed base code is used to
encode data, and the coded bits for each transmission channel are
then punctured (i.e., selectively deleted) to obtain a code rate
supported by that channel. In this implementation, the modulation
scheme for each transmission channel is also selected based on the
channel's code rate and SNR. This coding and modulation
implementation is described in further detail in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/776,075, entitled "CODING SCHEME FOR A
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM," filed Feb. 1, 2001, assigned to the
assignee of the present application and incorporated herein by
reference. For this first technique, substantial implementation
complexity is typically associated with having a different code
rate and modulation scheme for each transmission channel.
[0028] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, techniques
are provided to (1) process data for all selected transmission
channels based on a common coding and modulation scheme to provide
modulation symbols, and (2) pre-weight the modulation symbols for
each selected transmission channel based on the channel's CSI. The
pre-weighting may be achieved by inverting the selected
transmission channels so that, in general, the SNRs are
approximately similar at the receiver system for all selected
transmission channels. In one embodiment, which is referred to as
selective channel inversion (SCI), only transmission channels
having SNRs (or power gains) at or above a particular SNR (or power
gain) threshold are selected for data transmission, and "bad"
transmission channels are not used. With selective channel
inversion, the total available transmit power is distributed across
only "good" transmission channels, and improved efficiency and
performance are achieved. In another embodiment, all available
transmission channels are selected for use and the channel
inversion is performed for all available channels.
[0029] These channel inversion techniques may be advantageously
used when full or partial CSI is available at the transmitter.
These techniques ameliorate most of the complexity associated with
the channel-specific coding and modulation technique described
above, while still achieving high performance. Moreover, the
selective channel inversion technique may also provide improved
performance over the channel-specific coding and modulation
technique due to the combined benefits of (1) using only the
N.sub.s best transmission channels from among the available
transmission channels and (2) matching the received SNR of each
selected transmission channel to the SNR required for the selected
coding and modulation scheme.
[0030] For a MIMO system utilizing OFDM and having full-CSI
available, the transmitter system has knowledge of the
complex-valued gain of the transmission path between each
transmit-receive antenna pair of each frequency subchannel. This
information may be used to render the MIMO channel orthogonal so
that each eigen-mode (i.e., spatial subchannel) may be used for an
independent data stream.
[0031] For a MIMO system utilizing OFDM and having partial-CSI
available, the transmitter has limited knowledge of the
transmission channels. Independent data streams may be transmitted
on corresponding transmission channels over the available transmit
antennas, and the receiver system uses a particular linear or
non-linear processing technique (i.e., equalization) to separate
out the data streams. The equalization provides an independent data
stream corresponding to each transmission channel (i.e., each
transmit antenna and/or each frequency subchannel), and each of
these data streams has an associated SNR.
[0032] If the set of SNRs for the transmission channels is
available at the transmitter system, this information may be used
to select the proper coding and modulation scheme and distribute
the total available transmit power. In an embodiment, the available
transmission channels are ranked in order of decreasing SNR, and
the total available transmit power is allocated to and used for the
N.sub.s best transmission channels. In an embodiment, transmission
channels having SNRs that fall below a particular SNR threshold are
not selected for use. The SNR threshold may be selected to optimize
throughput or some other criteria. The total available transmit
power is distributed across all transmission channels selected for
use so that the transmitted data streams have approximately similar
SNRs at the receiver system. Similar processing may be performed if
the channel gains are available at the transmitter system. In an
embodiment, a common coding scheme (e.g., a particular Turbo code
of a particular code rate) and a common modulation scheme (e.g., a
particular QAM constellation) are used for all selected
transmission channels.
Transmission Channel Inversion
[0033] If a simple (common) coding and modulation scheme can be
used at the transmitter system, a single (e.g., convolutional or
Turbo) coder and code rate may be used to encode data for all
transmission channels selected for data transmission, and the
resultant coded bits may be mapped to modulation symbols using a
single (e.g., PSK or QAM) modulation scheme. The resultant
modulation symbols are then all drawn from the same "alphabet" of
possible modulation symbols and encoded with the same code and code
rate. However, the transmission channels in a multi-channel
communication system typically experience different link conditions
and achieve different SNRs. In this case, if the same amount of
transmit power is used for each selected transmission channel, the
transmitted modulation symbols will be received at different SNRs
depending on the specific channels on which the modulation symbols
are transmitted. The result will be a large variation in symbol
error probability over the set of selected transmission channels,
and an associated loss in bandwidth efficiency.
[0034] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a power
control mechanism is used to set or adjust the transmit power level
for each transmission channel selected for data transmission to
achieve a particular SNR at the receiver system. By achieving
similar received SNRs for all selected transmission channels, a
single coding and modulation scheme may be used for all selected
transmission channels, which can greatly reduce the complexity of
the coding/modulation process at the transmitter system and the
demodulation/decoding process at the receiver system. The power
control may be achieved by "inverting" the selected transmission
channels and properly distributing the total available transmit
power across all selected channels, as described in further detail
below.
[0035] If the same amount of transmit power is used for all
available transmission channels, then the received power for a
particular channel may be expressed as: 1 P rx ' ( j , k ) = P tx N
T N F H ( j , k ) 2 Eq ( 1 )
[0036] where P'.sub.rx(j,k) is the received power for transmission
channel (j,k) (i.e., the j-th spatial subchannel of the k-th
frequency subchannel), P.sub.tx is the total transmit power
available at the transmitter, N.sub.T is the number of transmit
antennas, N.sub.F is the number of frequency subchannels, and
H(j,k) is the complex-valued "effective" channel gain from the
transmitter system to the receiver system for transmission channel
(j,k). For simplicity, the channel gain H(j,k) includes the effects
of the processing at the transmitter and receiver. Also for
simplicity, it is assumed that the number of spatial subchannels is
equal to the number of transmit antennas and
N.sub.T.multidot.N.sub.F represents the total number of available
transmission channels. If the same amount of power is transmitted
for each available transmission channel, the total received power
P.sub.rx for all available transmission channels may be expressed
as: 2 P rx = j = 1 N T k = 1 N F P tx N T N F H ( j , k ) 2 . Eq (
2 )
[0037] Equation (1) shows that the receive power for each
transmission channel is dependent on the power gain of that
channel, i.e., .vertline.H(j,k).vertline..sup.2. To achieve equal
received power across all available transmission channels, the
modulation symbols for each channel can be pre-weighted at the
transmitter by a weight of W(j,k), which can be expressed as: 3 W (
j , k ) = c H ( j , k ) , Eq ( 3 )
[0038] where c is a factor chosen such that the received powers for
all transmission channels are approximately equal at the receiver.
As shown in equation (3), the weight for each transmission channel
is inversely proportional to that channel's gain. The weighted
transmit power for transmission channel (j,k) can then be expressed
as: 4 P tx ( j , k ) = bP tx H ( j , k ) 2 , Eq ( 4 )
[0039] where b is a "normalization" factor used to distribute the
total transmit power among the available transmission channels.
This normalization factor b can be expressed as: 5 b = 1 j = 1 N T
k = 1 N F H ( j , k ) - 2 , Eq ( 5 )
[0040] where c.sup.2=b. As shown in equation (5), the normalization
factor b is computed as the sum of the reciprocal power gain for
all available transmission channels.
[0041] The pre-weighting of the modulation symbols for each
transmission channel by W(j,k) effectively "inverts" the
transmission channel. This channel inversion results in the amount
of transmit power for each transmission channel being inversely
proportional to the channel's power gain, as shown in equation (4),
which then provides a particular received power at the receiver.
The total transmit power is thus effectively distribute (unevenly)
to all available transmission channels based on their channel gains
such that all transmission channels have approximately equal
received power, which may be expressed as:
P.sub.rx(j,k)=bP.sub.tx. Eq (6)
[0042] If the noise variance is the same across all transmission
channels, then the equal received power allows the modulation
symbols for all channels to be generated based on a single common
coding and modulation scheme, which then greatly simplify the
coding and decoding processes.
[0043] If all available transmission channels are used for data
transmission regardless of their channel gains, then the poor
transmission channels are allocated more of the total transmit
power. In fact, to achieve similar received power for all
transmission channels, the poorer a transmission channel gets the
more transmit power needs to be allocated to this channel. When one
or more transmission channels get too poor, the amount of transmit
power needed for these channels would deprive (or starve) the good
channels of power, which may then dramatically decrease the overall
system throughput.
Selective Channel Inversion Based on Channel Gains
[0044] In an aspect, the channel inversion is applied selectively,
and only transmission channels whose received power is at or above
a particular threshold, .alpha., relative to the total received
power are selected for data transmission. Transmission channels
whose received power falls below this threshold are erased (i.e.,
not used). For each selected transmission channel, the modulation
symbols are pre-weighted at the transmitter such that all selected
transmission channels are received at approximately similar power
level. The threshold can be selected to maximize throughput or
based on some other criteria. The selective channel inversion
scheme preserves most of the simplicity inherent in using a common
coding and modulation scheme for all transmission channels while
also providing high performance associated with separately coding
per transmission channel.
[0045] Initially, the average power gain, L.sub.ave, is computed
for all available transmission channels and can be expressed as: 6
L ave = j = 1 N T k = 1 N F H ( j , k ) 2 N T N F . Eq ( 7 )
[0046] The modulation symbols for each selected transmission
channel can be pre-weighted at the transmitter by a weight of
{tilde over (W)}(j, k), which can be expressed as: 7 W ~ ( j , k )
= c ~ H ( j , k ) . Eq ( 8 )
[0047] The weight for each selected transmission channel is
inversely proportional to that channel's gain and is determined
such that all selected transmission channels are received at
approximately equal power. The weighted transmit power for each
transmission channel can then be expressed as: 8 P tx ( j , k ) = {
b ~ P tx H ( j , k ) 2 , H ( j , k ) 2 L ave 0 , otherwise , Eq ( 9
)
[0048] where .alpha. is the threshold and {tilde over (b)} is a
normalization factor used to distribute the total transmit power
among the selected transmission channels. As shown in equation (9),
a transmission channel is selected for use if its power gain is
greater than or equal to a power gain threshold (i.e.,
.vertline.H(j,k).vertline.- .sup.2.gtoreq..alpha.L.sub.ave). The
normalization factor {tilde over (b)} is computed based on only the
selected transmission channels and can be expressed as: 9 b ~ = 1 H
( j , k ) 2 L ave H ( j , k ) - 2 . Eq ( 10 )
[0049] Equations (7) through (10) effectively distribute the total
transmit power to the selected transmission channels based on their
power gains such that all selected transmission channels have
approximately equal received power, which may be expressed as: 10 P
rx ( j , k ) = { b ~ P tx , H ( j , k ) 2 L ave 0 , otherwise , Eq
( 11 )
Selective Channel Inversion Based on Channel SNRs
[0050] In many systems, the known quantities at the receiver system
are the received SNRs for the transmission channels rather than the
channel gains (i.e., the path losses). In such systems, the
selective channel inversion technique can be readily modified to
operate based on the received SNRs instead of the channel
gains.
[0051] If equal transmit power is used for all available
transmission channels and the noise variance, .sigma..sup.2, is
constant for all channels, then the received SNR for transmission
channel (j,k) can be expressed as: 11 ( j , k ) = P rx ( j , k ) 2
= p tx 2 N T N F H ( j , k ) 2 . Eq ( 12 )
[0052] The average received SNR, .gamma..sub.ave, for each
available transmission channel may be expressed as: 12 ave = P tx 2
( N T N F ) 2 j = 1 N T k = 1 N F H ( j , k ) 2 , Eq ( 13 )
[0053] which also assumes equal transmit power over the available
transmission channels. The received SNR, S, for all available
transmission channels may be expressed as: 13 S = P tx 2 L ave = P
tx 2 N T N F j = 1 N T k = 1 N F H ( j , k ) 2 . Eq ( 14 )
[0054] The received SNR, S, is based on the total transmit power
being equally distributed across all available transmission
channels.
[0055] A normalization factor, .beta., used to distribute the total
transmit power among the selected transmission channels can be
expressed as: 14 = 1 ( j , k ) ave ( j , k ) - 1 . Eq ( 15 )
[0056] As shown in equation (15), the normalization factor .beta.
is computed based on, and as the sum of the reciprocal of, the SNRs
of all selected transmission channels.
[0057] To achieve similar received SNR for all selected
transmission channels, the modulation symbols for each selected
transmission channel (j,k) may be pre-weighted by a weight that is
related to that channel's SNR, which may be expressed as: 15 W ~ (
j , k ) = c ~ ( j , k ) . Eq ( 16 )
[0058] where {tilde over (c)}.sup.2=.beta.. The weighted transmit
power for each transmission channel may then be expressed as: 16 P
tx ( j , k ) = { P tx ( j , k ) , ( j , k ) ave 0 , otherwise . Eq
( 17 )
[0059] As shown in equation (17), only transmission channels for
which the received SNR is greater than or equal to an SNR threshold
(i.e., .gamma.(j,k).gtoreq..alpha..gamma..sub.ave) is selected for
use.
[0060] If the total transmit power is distributed across all
selected transmission channels such that the receive SNR is
approximately similar for all selected channels, then the resulting
received SNR for each transmission channel may be expressed as: 17
~ ( j , k ) = { S ave , ( j , k ) ave 0 , otherwise . Eq ( 18 )
[0061] By substituting .gamma..sub.ave from equation (13) and S
from equation (14) into equation (18), the following is obtained:
18 ~ ( j , k ) = { N T N F , ( j , k ) ave 0 , otherwise .
[0062] FIG. 2A is a flow diagram of a process 200 to determine the
amount of transmit power to be allocated to each selected
transmission channel based on selective channel inversion, in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Process may be used
if the channel gains H(j,k), the received SNRs .gamma.(j,k), or
some other characteristics are available for the transmission
channels. For clarity, process 200 is described below for the case
in which the channel gains are available, and the case in which the
received SNRs are available is shown within brackets.
[0063] Initially, the channel gains H(j,k) [or the received SNRs
.gamma.(j,k)] of all available transmission channels are retrieved,
at step 212. A power gain threshold, .alpha.L.sub.ave, [or an SNR
threshold, .alpha..gamma..sub.ave] used to select transmission
channels for data transmission is also determined, at step 214. The
threshold may be computed as described in further detail below.
[0064] Each available transmission channel is then evaluated for
possible use. A (not yet evaluated) available transmission channel
is identified for evaluation, at step 216. For the identified
transmission channel, a determination is made whether or not the
power gain [or the received SNR] for the channel is greater than or
equal to the power gain threshold (i.e.,
.vertline.H(j,k).sup.2.gtoreq..alpha.L.sub.ave) [or the SNR
threshold (i.e., .gamma.(j,k).gtoreq..alpha..gamma..sub.ave], at
step 218. If the identified transmission channel satisfies the
criteria, then it is selected for use, at step 220. Otherwise, if
the transmission channel does not satisfy the criteria, it is
discarded and not used for data transmission.
[0065] A determination is then made whether or not all available
transmission channels have been evaluated, at step 222. If not, the
process returns to step 216 and another available transmission
channel is identified for evaluation. Otherwise, the process
proceeds to step 224.
[0066] At step 224, a normalization factor {tilde over (b)} [or
.beta.] used to distribute the total transmit power among the
selected transmission channels is determined based on the channel
gains [or the received SNRs] of the selected channels, at step 224.
This can be achieved as shown in equation (10) [or equation (15)].
A weight {tilde over (W)}(j,k) is next computed for each selected
transmission channel, at step 226, based on the normalization
factor and that channel's gain [or SNR]. The weight can be computed
as shown in equation (8) [or equation (16)]. The weighted transmit
power for each selected transmission channel would then be as shown
in equation (9) [or equation (17)]. The process then
terminates.
Threshold Selection
[0067] The threshold, .alpha., may be selected based on various
criteria. In one embodiment, the threshold is selected to optimize
throughput.
[0068] Initially, a vector of setpoints (i.e., Z [z.sub.1, z.sub.2,
. . . , z.sub.N]) and a vector of code rates (i.e., R=[r.sub.1,
r.sub.2, . . . , r.sub.N]) are defined. Each vector includes N
elements corresponding to the number of available code rates, which
may be those available for use in the system. Alternatively, N
setpoints may be defined based on the operating points supported by
the system. Each setpoint corresponds to a particular received SNR
needed to achieve a particular level of performance. In any case,
each code rate r.sub.n, where 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.N, corresponds to a
respective setpoint z.sub.n, which is the minimum received SNR
required for operating at that code rate for a particular level of
performance. The required setpoint, z.sub.n, may be determined
based on computer simulation or mathematical derivation, as is
known in the art. The elements in the two vectors R and Z may also
be ordered such that {z.sub.1>z.sub.2> . . . >z.sub.N} and
{r.sub.1>r.sub.2> . . . >r.sub.N}.
[0069] The channel gains for all available transmission channels
are ranked and placed in a list H(l), where
1.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.N.sub.TN.sub.F, such that H(1) max
(.vertline.H(j,k).vertline..sup.2), . . . , and
H(N.sub.TN.sub.F)=min (.vertline.H(j,k).vertline..sup.2).
[0070] A sequence {tilde over (b)}(l) of possible normalization
factors is also defined as follows: 19 b ~ ( l ) = 1 i = 1 l H ( j
, k ) - 2 , 1 l N T N F . Eq ( 19 )
[0071] Each element of the sequence {tilde over (b)}(l) may be used
as a normalization factor if the l best transmission channels are
selected for use.
[0072] For each code rate r.sub.n (where 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.N), the
largest value of l, l.sub.n,max, determined such that the received
SNR for each of the l best transmission channels is greater than or
equal to the setpoint z.sub.n corresponding to the code rate
r.sub.n. This condition may be expressed as: 20 b ~ ( l ) P tx 2 z
n , Eq ( 20 )
[0073] where .sigma..sup.2 is the received noise power in a single
transmission channel. The largest value of l can be identified by
evaluating each value of l starting with 1. For each value of l,
the achievable SNR for the l best transmission channels may be
determined as shown by the left argument of equation (20). This
achievable SNR is then compared against the SNR, z.sub.n, required
for that code rate r.sub.n.
[0074] Thus, for each code rate r.sub.n, each value of l (for l=1,
2, and so on) is evaluated to determine whether the received SNR
for each of the l best transmission channels can achieve the
corresponding setpoint z.sub.n if the total transmit power is
(unevenly) distributed across all l channels. The largest value of
l, l.sub.n, max, that satisfy this condition is the most number of
transmission channels that may be selected for code rate r.sub.n
while achieving the required setpoint z.sub.n.
[0075] The threshold, .sigma.(n), associated with code rate r.sub.n
may then be expressed as: 21 ( n ) = h ( l n , max ) L ave . Eq (
21 )
[0076] The threshold .sigma.(n) optimizes the throughput for code
rate r.sub.n, which requires the setpoint z.sub.n. Since the same
code rate is used for all selected transmission channels, the
maximum available throughput, T.sub.n, can be computed as the
throughput for each channel (which is r.sub.n) times the number of
selected channels, l.sub.n,max. The maximum available throughput
T.sub.n for setpoint z.sub.n can be expressed as:
T.sub.n=l.sub.n,maxr.sub.n, Eq (22)
[0077] where the unit for T.sub.n is in information bits per
modulation symbol.
[0078] The optimum throughput for the vector of setpoints can then
be given by:
T.sub.opt=max(T.sub.n). Eq (23)
[0079] As the code rate increases, more information bits may be
transmitted per modulation symbol. However, the required SNR also
increases, which requires more transmit power for each selected
transmission channel for a given noise variance. Since the total
transmit power is limited, fewer transmission channels may be able
to achieve the higher required SNR. Thus, the maximum available
throughput for each code rate in the vector may be computed, and
the code rate that provides the highest throughput may be deemed as
the optimum code rate for the specific channel conditions being
evaluated. The optimum threshold, .alpha..sub.opt, is then equal to
the threshold .alpha.(n) corresponding to the code rate r.sub.n
that results in T.sub.opt.
[0080] In the above description, the optimum threshold
.alpha..sub.opt is determined based on the channel gains for all
transmission channels. If the received SNRs are available instead
of the channel gains, then the received SNRs may be ranked and
placed in a list .gamma.(l), where
1.ltoreq.l.ltoreq.N.sub.TN.sub.F, such that the first element in
the list .gamma.(1)=max (.gamma.(j, k)), . . . , and the last
element in the list .gamma.(N.sub.TN.sub.R)=min (.gamma.(j,k)). A
sequence .beta.(l) may then be determined as: 22 ( l ) = 1 i = 1 l
( i ) - 1 , Eq ( 24 )
[0081] For each code rate r.sub.n (where 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.N), the
largest value of l, l.sub.n,max, is determined such that the
received SNR for each of the l selected transmission channels is
greater than or equal to the corresponding setpoint z.sub.n. This
condition may be expressed as:
.beta.(l)N.sub.TN.sub.F.gtoreq.z.sub.n. Eq (25)
[0082] Once the largest value of l, l.sub.n,max, is determined for
code rate r.sub.n, the threshold .alpha.(n) associated with this
code rate may be determined as: 23 ( n ) = ( l n , max ) ave . Eq (
26 )
[0083] The optimum threshold, .alpha..sub.opt, and the optimum
throughput, T.sub.opt, may also be determined as described
above.
[0084] For the above description, the threshold is selected to
optimize throughput. The threshold may also be selected to optimize
other performance criteria or metrics, and this is within the scope
of the invention.
[0085] FIG. 2B is a flow diagram of a process 250 to determine a
threshold a used to select transmission channels for data
transmission, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
Process 250 may be used if the channel gains, received SNRs, or
some other characteristics are available for the transmission
channels. For clarity, process 250 is described below for the case
in which the channel gains are available, and the case in which the
received SNRs are available is shown within brackets.
[0086] Initially, a vector of setpoints (Z=[z.sub.1, z.sub.2, . . .
, z.sub.N]) is defined and a vector of code rates (R=[r.sub.1,
r.sub.2, . . . , r.sub.N]) that supports the corresponding
setpoints is determined, at step 250. The channel gains H(j,k) [or
the received SNRs .gamma.(j,k)] of all available transmission
channels are retrieved and ranked from the best to the worst, at
step 252. The sequence {tilde over (b)}(l) [or .beta.(l)] of
possible normalization factors is then determined based on the
channel gains as shown in equation (19) [or based on the received
SNRs as shown in equation (24)], at step 254.
[0087] Each available code rate is then evaluated via a loop. In
the first step of the loop, a (not yet evaluated) code rate r.sub.n
is identified for evaluation, at step 256. For the first pass
through the loop, the identified code rate can be the first code
rate r.sub.1 in the vector. For the identified code rate r.sub.n,
the largest value of l, l.sub.n,max, is determined such that the
received SNR for each of the l best transmission channels is
greater than or equal to the corresponding setpoint z.sub.n, at
step 258. This can be performed by computing and satisfying the
condition shown in equation (20) [or equation (25)]. The threshold
.alpha.(n) associated with setpoint z.sub.n is then determined
based on the channel gain [or the received SNR] of channel
l.sub.n,max as shown in equation (21), at step 260. The maximum
available throughput, T.sub.n, for setpoint z.sub.n can also be
determined as shown in equation (22), at step 262.
[0088] A determination is then made whether or not all code rates
have been evaluated, at step 264. If not, the process returns to
step 256 and another code rate is identified for evaluation.
Otherwise, the optimum throughput, T.sub.opt, and the optimum
threshold, .alpha..sub.opt, may be determined, at step 266. The
process terminates.
Multi-Channel Communication System
[0089] FIG. 3 is a diagram of a MIMO communication system 300
capable of implementing various aspects and embodiments of the
invention. System 300 includes a first system 310 (e.g., base
station 104 in FIG. 1) in communication with a second system 350
(e.g., terminal 106). System 300 may be operated to employ a
combination of antenna, frequency, and temporal diversity to
increase spectral efficiency, improve performance, and enhance
flexibility.
[0090] At system 310, a data source 312 provides data (i.e.,
information bits) to a transmit (TX) data processor 314, which (1)
encodes the data in accordance with a particular encoding scheme,
(2) interleaves (i.e., reorders) the encoded data based on a
particular interleaving scheme, (3) maps the interleaved bits into
modulation symbols for one or more transmission channels selected
for data transmission, and (4) pre-weights the modulation symbols
for each selected transmission channel. The encoding increases the
reliability of the data transmission. The interleaving provides
time diversity for the coded bits, permits the data to be
transmitted based on an average SNR for the selected transmission
channels, combats fading, and further removes correlation between
coded bits used to form each modulation symbol. The interleaving
may further provide frequency diversity if the coded bits are
transmitted over multiple frequency subchannels. The pre-weighting
effectively controls the transmit power for each selected
transmission channel to achieve a desired SNR at the receiver
system. In an aspect, the coding, symbol mapping, and pre-weighting
may be performed based on control signals provided by a controller
334.
[0091] A TX channel processor 320 receives and demultiplexes the
weighted modulation symbols from TX data processor 314 and provides
a stream of weighted modulation symbols for each transmission
channel, one weighted modulation symbol per time slot. TX channel
processor 320 may further precondition the weighted modulation
symbols for each selected transmission channel if full CSI is
available.
[0092] If OFDM is not employed, TX data processor 314 provides a
stream of weighted modulation symbols for each antenna used for
data transmission. And if OFDM is employed, TX data processor 314
provides a stream of weighted modulation symbol vectors for each
antenna used for data transmission. And if full-CSI processing is
performed, TX data processor 314 provides a stream of
preconditioned modulation symbols or preconditioned modulation
symbol vectors for each antenna used for data transmission. Each
stream is then received and modulated by a respective modulator
(MOD) 322 and transmitted via an associated antenna 324.
[0093] At receiver system 350, a number of receive antennas 352
receive the transmitted signals and provide the received signals to
respective demodulators (DEMOD) 354. Each demodulator 354 performs
processing complementary to that performed at modulator 322. The
modulation symbols from all demodulators 354 are provided to a
receive (RX) channel/data processor 356 and processed to recover
the transmitted data streams. RX channel/data processor 356
performs processing complementary to that performed by TX data
processor 314 and TX channel processor 320 and provides decoded
data to a data sink 360. The processing by receiver system 350 is
described in further detail below.
MIMO Transmitter Systems
[0094] FIG. 4A is a block diagram of a MIMO transmitter system
310a, which is capable of processing data in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention.
[0095] Transmitter system 310a is one embodiment of the transmitter
portion of system 310 in FIG. 3. System 310a includes (1) a TX data
processor 314a that receives and processes information bits to
provide weighted modulation symbols and (2) a TX channel processor
320a that demultiplexes the modulation symbols for the selected
transmission channels.
[0096] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A, TX data processor 314a
includes an encoder 412, a channel interleaver 414, a puncturer
416, a symbol mapping element 418, and a symbol weighting element
420. Encoder 412 receives the aggregate information bits to be
transmitted and encodes the received bits in accordance with a
particular encoding scheme to provide coded bits. Channel
interleaver 414 interleaves the coded bits based on a particular
interleaving scheme to provide diversity. Puncturer 416 punctures
(i.e., deletes) zero or more of the interleaved coded bits to
provide the desired number of coded bits. Symbol mapping element
418 maps the unpunctured bits into modulation symbols for the
selected transmission channels. And symbol weighting element 420
weighs the modulation symbols for each selected transmission
channel based on a respective weight selected for that channel to
provide weighted modulation symbols.
[0097] Pilot data (e.g., data of known pattern) may also be encoded
and multiplexed with the processed information bits. The processed
pilot data may be transmitted (e.g., in a time division multiplexed
(TDM) manner) in a subset or all of the selected transmission
channels, or in a subset or all of the available transmission
channels. The pilot data may be used at the receiver to perform
channel estimation, as described below.
[0098] As shown in FIG. 4A, the data encoding, interleaving, and
puncturing may be achieved based on one or more coding control
signals, which identify the specific coding, interleaving, and
puncturing schemes to be used. The symbol mapping may be achieved
based on a modulation control signal that identifies the specific
modulation scheme to be used. And the symbol weighting may be
achieved based on weights provided for the selected transmission
channels.
[0099] In one coding and modulation scheme, the coding is achieved
by using a fixed base code and adjusting the puncturing to achieve
the desired code rate, as supported by the SNR of the selected
transmission channels. The base code may be a Turbo code, a
convolutional code, a concatenated code, or some other code. The
base code may also be of a particular rate (e.g., a rate 1/3 code).
For this scheme, the puncturing may be performed after the channel
interleaving to achieve the desired code rate for the selected
transmission channels.
[0100] Symbol mapping element 416 can be designed to group sets of
unpunctured bits to form non-binary symbols, and to map each
non-binary symbol into a point in a signal constellation
corresponding to the modulation scheme selected for the selected
transmission channels. The modulation scheme may be QPSK, M-PSK,
M-QAM, or some other scheme. Each mapped signal point corresponds
to a modulation symbol.
[0101] The encoding, interleaving, puncturing, and symbol mapping
at transmitter system 310a can be performed based on numerous
schemes. One specific scheme is described in the aforementioned
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/776,075.
[0102] The number of information bits that may be transmitted for
each modulation symbol for a particular level of performance (e.g.,
one percent frame error rate or FER) is dependent on the received
SNR. Thus, the coding and modulation scheme for the selected
transmission channels may be determined based on the
characteristics of the channels (e.g., the channel gains, received
SNRs, or some other information). The channel interleaving may also
be adjusted based on the coding control signal.
[0103] Table 1 lists various combinations of coding rate and
modulation scheme that may be used for a number of received SNR
ranges. The supported bit rate for each transmission channel may be
achieved using any one of a number of possible combinations of
coding rate and modulation scheme. For example, one information bit
per modulation symbol may be achieved using (1) a coding rate of
1/2 and QPSK modulation, (2) a coding rate of 1/3 and 8-PSK
modulation, (3) a coding rate of 1/4 and 16-QAM, or some other
combination of coding rate and modulation scheme. In Table 1, QPSK,
16-QAM, and 64-QAM are used for the listed SNR ranges. Other
modulation schemes such as 8-PSK, 32-QAM, 128-QAM, and so on, may
also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
1TABLE 1 Received SNR # of Information Modulation # of Coded Coding
Range Bits/Symbol Symbol Bits/Symbol Rate 1.5-4.4 1 QPSK 2 1/2
4.4-6.4 1.5 QPSK 2 3/4 6.4-8.35 2 16-QAM 4 1/2 8.35-10.4 2.5 16-QAM
4 5/8 10.4-12.3 3 16-QAM 4 3/4 12.3-14.15 3.5 64-QAM 6 {fraction
(7/12)} 14.15-15.55 4 64-QAM 6 2/3 15.55-17.35 4.5 64-QAM 6 3/4
>17.35 5 64-QAM 6 5/6
[0104] The weighted modulation symbols from TX data processor 314a
are provided to TX channel processor 320a, which is one embodiment
of TX channel processor 320 in FIG. 3. Within TX channel processor
320a, a demultiplexer 424 receives and demultiplexes the weighted
modulation symbol into a number of modulation symbol streams, one
stream for each transmission channel selected to transmit the
modulation symbols. Each modulation symbol stream is provided to a
respective modulator 322. If OFDM is employed, the weighted
modulation symbols at each time slot for all selected frequency
subchannels of each transmit antenna are combined into a weighted
modulation symbol vector. Each modulator 322 converts the weighted
modulation symbols (for a system without OFDM) or the weighted
modulation symbol vectors (for a system with OFDM) into an analog
signal, and further amplifies, filters, quadrature modulates, and
upconverts the signal to generate a modulated signal suitable for
transmission over the wireless link.
[0105] FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a MIMO transmitter system
310b, which is capable of processing data in accordance with
another embodiment of the invention. Transmitter system 310b is
another embodiment of the transmitter portion of system 310 in FIG.
3. System 310b includes a TX data processor 314b and a TX channel
processor 320b.
[0106] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, TX data processor 314b
includes encoder 412, channel interleaver 414, symbol mapping
element 418, and symbol weighting element 420. Encoder 412 receives
and encodes the aggregate information bits in accordance with a
particular encoding scheme to provide coded bits. The coding may be
achieved based on a particular code and code rate selected by
controller 334, as identified by the coding control signals.
Channel interleaver 414 interleaves the coded bits, and symbol
mapping element 418 maps the interleaved bits into modulation
symbols for the selected transmission channels. Symbol weighting
element 420 weighs the modulation symbols for each selected
transmission channel based on a respective weight to provide
weighted modulation symbols.
[0107] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, transmitter system 310b
is capable of preconditioning the weighted modulation symbols based
on full CSI. Within TX channel processor 320b, a channel MIMO
processor 422 demultiplexes the weighted modulation symbols into a
number of (up to N.sub.C) weighted modulation symbol streams, one
stream for each spatial subchannel (i.e., eigenmode) used to
transmit the modulation symbols. For full-CSI processing, channel
MIMO processor 422 preconditions the (up to N.sub.c) weighted
modulation symbols at each time slot to generate N.sub.T
preconditioned modulation symbols, as follows: 24 [ x 1 x 2 x N T ]
= [ e 11 , e 12 , e 1 N C e 21 , e 22 , e 2 N C e N T 1 , e N T 1 ,
e N T N C ] [ b 1 b 2 b N C ] Eq ( 27 )
[0108] where
[0109] b.sub.1, b.sub.2, . . . and b.sub.N.sub.C are respectively
the weighted modulation symbols for the spatial subchannels 1, 2,
.. N.sub.Nc;
[0110] e.sub.ij are elements of an eigenvector matrix E related to
the transmission characteristics from the transmit antennas to the
receive antennas; and
[0111] x.sub.1, x.sub.2, . . . x.sub.N.sub..sub.T are the
preconditioned modulation symbols, which can be expressed as:
x.sub.1=b.sub.1.multidot.e.sub.11+b.sub.2.multidot.e.sub.12+ . . .
+b.sub.N.sub..sub.C.multidot.e.sub.1N.sub..sub.C,
x.sub.2=b.sub.1.multidot.e.sub.21+b.sub.2.multidot.e.sub.22+ . . .
+b.sub.N.sub..sub.C.multidot.e.sub.2N.sub..sub.C, and
x.sub.N.sub..sub.T=b.sub.1e.sub.N.sub..sub.T.sub.1+b.sub.2.multidot.e.sub.-
N.sub..sub.T.sub.2+ . . .
+b.sub.N.sub..sub.C.multidot.e.sub.N.sub..sub.T.-
sub.N.sub..sub.C.
[0112] The eigenvector matrix E may be computed by the transmitter
or is provided to the transmitter by the receiver. The elements of
the matrix E are also taken into account in determining the
effective channel gains H(j,k).
[0113] For full-CSI processing, each preconditioned modulation
symbol, x.sub.i, for a particular transmit antenna represents a
linear combination of the weighted modulation symbols for up to
N.sub.C spatial subchannels. For each time slot, the (up to)
N.sub.T preconditioned modulation symbols generated by channel MIMO
processor 422 are demultiplexed by demultiplexer 424 and provided
to (up to) N.sub.T modulators 322. Each modulator 322 converts the
preconditioned modulation symbols (for a system without OFDM) or
the preconditioned modulation symbol vectors (for a system with
OFDM) into a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the
wireless link.
[0114] FIG. 4C is a block diagram of a MIMO transmitter system
310c, which utilizes OFDM and is capable of processing data in
accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention. Within a
TX data processor 314c, the information bits to be transmitted are
demultiplexed by a demultiplexer 428 into a number of (up to
N.sub.L) frequency subchannel data streams, one stream for each of
the frequency subchannels to be used for the data transmission.
Each frequency subchannel data stream is provided to a respective
frequency subchannel data processor 430.
[0115] Each data processor 430 processes data for a respective
frequency subchannel of the OFDM system. Each data processor 430
may be implemented similar to TX data processor 314a in FIG. 4A, TX
data processor 314b shown in FIG. 4B, or with some other design. In
one embodiment, data processor 430 demultiplexes the frequency
subchannel data stream into a number of data substreams, one data
substream for each spatial subchannel selected for use for the
frequency subchannel. Each data substream is then encoded,
interleaved, symbol mapped, and weighted to generate modulation
symbols for the data substream. The coding and modulation for each
frequency subchannel data stream or each data substream may be
adjusted based on the coding and modulation control signals and the
weighting may be performed based on the weights. Each data
processor 430 thus provides up to N.sub.C modulation symbol streams
for up to N.sub.C spatial subchannels selected for use for the
frequency subchannel.
[0116] For a MIMO system utilizing OFDM, the modulation symbols may
be transmitted on multiple frequency subchannels and from multiple
transmit antennas. Within a MIMO processor 320c, the up to N.sub.C
modulation symbol streams from each data processor 430 are provided
to a respective subchannel spatial processor 432, which processes
the received modulation symbols based on the channel control and/or
the available CSI. Each spatial processor 432 may simply implement
a demultiplexer (such as that shown in FIG. 4A) if full-CSI
processing is not performed, or may implement a channel MIMO
processor followed by a demultiplexer (such as that shown in FIG.
4B) if full-CSI processing is performed. For a MIMO system
utilizing OFDM, the full-CSI processing (i.e., preconditioning) may
be performed on each frequency subchannel.
[0117] Each subchannel spatial processor 432 demultiplexes the up
to N.sub.C modulation symbols for each time slot into up to N.sub.T
modulation symbols for the transmit antennas selected for use for
that frequency subchannel. For each transmit antenna, a combiner
434 receives the modulation symbols for up to N.sub.L frequency
subchannels selected for use for that transmit antenna, combines
the symbols for each time slot into a modulation symbol vector V,
and provides the modulation symbol vector to the next processing
stage (i.e., a respective modulator 322).
[0118] MIMO processor 320c thus receives and processes the
modulation symbols to provide up to N.sub.T modulation symbol
vectors, V.sub.1 through V.sub.Nt, one modulation symbol vector for
each transmit antenna selected for use for data transmission. Each
modulation symbol vector V covers a single time slot, and each
element of the modulation symbol vector V is associated with a
specific frequency subchannel having a unique subcarrier on which
the modulation symbol is conveyed.
[0119] FIG. 4C also shows an embodiment of modulator 322 for OFDM.
The modulation symbol vectors V.sub.1 through V.sub.Nt from MIMO
processor 320c are provided to modulators 322a through 322t,
respectively. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4C, each modulator
322 includes an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) 440, cyclic
prefix generator 442, and an upconverter 444.
[0120] IFFT 440 converts each received modulation symbol vector
into its time-domain representation (which is referred to as an
OFDM symbol) using IFFT. IFFT 440 can be designed to perform the
IFFT on any number of frequency subchannels (e.g., 8, 16, 32, and
so on). In an embodiment, for each modulation symbol vector
converted to an OFDM symbol, cyclic prefix generator 442 repeats a
portion of the time-domain representation of the OFDM symbol to
form a "transmission symbol" for a specific transmit antenna. The
cyclic prefix insures that the transmission symbol retains its
orthogonal properties in the presence of multipath delay spread,
thereby improving performance against deleterious path effects. The
implementation of IFFT 440 and cyclic prefix generator 442 is known
in the art and not described in detail herein.
[0121] The time-domain representations from each cyclic prefix
generator 442 (i.e., the transmission symbols for each antenna) are
then processed (e.g., converted into an analog signal, modulated,
amplified, and filtered) by upconverter 444 to generate a modulated
signal, which is then transmitted from a respective antenna
324.
[0122] OFDM modulation is described in further detail in a paper
entitled "Multicarrier Modulation for Data Transmission: An Idea
Whose Time Has Come," by John A. C. Bingham, IEEE Communications
Magazine, May 1990, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0123] FIGS. 4A through 4C show three designs of a MIMO transmitter
capable of implementing various aspects and embodiments of the
invention. The invention may also be practiced in an OFDM system
that does not utilize MIMO. Numerous other transmitter designs are
also capable of implementing various inventive techniques described
herein, and these designs are also within the scope of the
invention. Some of these transmitter designs are described in
further detail in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 09/776,075; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/532,492,
entitled "HIGH EFFICIENCY, HIGH PERFORMANCE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
EMPLOYING MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION," filed Mar. 22, 2000; U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/826,481, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
UTILIZING CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM," filed Mar. 23, 2001; and U.S. patent application Ser. No.
[Attorney Docket No. PD010210], entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
PROCESSING DATA IN A MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT (MIMO)
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM UTILIZING CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION," filed
May 11, 2001, all assigned to the assignee of the present
application and incorporated herein by reference. These patent
applications also describe MIMO processing and CSI processing in
further detail.
[0124] In general, transmitter system 310 codes and modulates data
for all selected transmission channels based a particular common
coding and modulation scheme. The modulation symbols are further
weighted by weights assigned to the selected transmission channels
such that the desired level of performance is achieved at the
receiver. The techniques described herein are applicable for
multiple parallel transmission channels supported by MIMO, OFDM, or
any other communication scheme (e.g., a CDMA scheme) capable of
supporting multiple parallel transmission channels.
MIMO Receiver Systems
[0125] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a MIMO receiver system 350a
capable of receiving data in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention. Receiver system 350a is one specific embodiment of
receiver system 350 in FIG. 3 and implements the successive
cancellation receiver processing technique to receive and recover
the transmitted signals. The transmitted signals from (up to)
N.sub.T transmit antennas are received by each of N.sub.R antennas
352a through 352r and routed to a respective demodulator (DEMOD)
354 (which is also referred to as a front-end processor).
[0126] Each demodulator 354 conditions (e.g., filters and
amplifies) a respective received signal, downconverts the
conditioned signal to an intermediate frequency or baseband, and
digitizes the downconverted signal to provide samples. Each
demodulator 354 may further demodulate the samples with a received
pilot to generate a stream of received modulation symbols, which is
provided to an RX channel/data processor 356a.
[0127] If OFDM is employed for the data transmission, each
demodulator 354 further performs processing complementary to that
performed by modulator 322 shown in FIG. 4C. In this case, each
demodulator 354 includes an FFT processor (not shown) that
generates transformed representations of the samples and provides a
stream of modulation symbol vectors. Each vector includes up to
N.sub.L modulation symbols for up to N.sub.L frequency subchannels
selected for use, and one vector is provided for each time slot.
The modulation symbol vector streams from the FFT processors of all
N.sub.R demodulators are then provided to a demultiplexer (not
shown in FIG. 5), which "channelizes" the modulation symbol vector
stream from each FFT processor into up to N.sub.L modulation symbol
streams corresponding to the number of frequency subchannels used
for the data transmission. For the transmit processing scheme in
which each frequency subchannel is independently processed (e.g.,
as shown in FIG. 4C), the demultiplexer further provides each of up
to N.sub.L modulation symbol streams to a respective RX MIMO/data
processor 356a.
[0128] For a MIMO system utilizing OFDM, one RX MIMO/data processor
356a may be used to process the set of N.sub.R modulation symbol
streams from the N.sub.R received antennas for each of up to
N.sub.L frequency subchannels used for data transmission.
[0129] Alternatively, the set of modulation symbol streams
associated with each frequency subchannel may be processed
separately by a single RX channel/data processor 356a.
[0130] And for a MIMO system not utilizing OFDM, one RX MIMO/data
processor 356a may be used to process the N.sub.R modulation symbol
streams from the N.sub.R received antennas.
[0131] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, RX channel/data processor
356a (which is one embodiment of RX channel/data processor 356 in
FIG. 3) includes a number of successive (i.e., cascaded) receiver
processing stages 510, one stage for each of the transmitted data
streams to be recovered by receiver system 350a. In one transmit
processing scheme, one data stream is transmitted on each
transmission channel used for data transmission to receiver system
350a, and each data stream is independently processed (e.g., with
its own coding and modulation scheme) and transmitted from a
respective transmit antenna. For this transmit processing scheme,
the number of data streams to be recovered for each OFDM subchannel
by receiver system 350a is equal to the number of transmission
channels, which is also equal to the number of transmit antennas
used for data transmission to receiver system 350a (which may be a
subset of the available transmit antennas). For clarity, RX
channel/data processor 356a is described for this transmit
processing scheme.
[0132] Each receiver processing stage 510 (except for the last
stage 510n) includes a channel MIMO/data processor 520 coupled to
an interference canceller 530, and the last stage 510n includes
only channel MIMO/data processor 520n. For the first receiver
processing stage 510a, channel MIMO/data processor 520a receives
and processes the N.sub.R modulation symbol streams from
demodulators 354a through 354r to provide a decoded data stream for
the first transmission channel (or the first transmitted signal).
And for each of the second through last stages 510b through 510n,
channel MIMO/data processor 520 for that stage receives and
processes the N.sub.R modified symbol streams from the interference
canceller 520 in the preceding stage to derive a decoded data
stream for the transmission channel being processed by that stage.
Each channel MIMO/data processor 520 further provides CSI (e.g.,
the SNR) for the associated transmission channel.
[0133] For the first receiver processing stage 510a, interference
canceller 530a receives the N.sub.R modulation symbol streams from
all N.sub.R demodulators 354. And for each of the second through
second-to-last stages, interference canceller 530 receives the
N.sub.R modified symbol streams from the interference canceller in
the preceding stage. Each interference canceller 530 also receives
the decoded data stream from channel MIMO/data processor 520 within
the same stage, and performs the processing (e.g., coding,
interleaving, modulation, channel response, and so on) to derive
N.sub.R remodulated symbol streams that are estimates of the
interference components of the received modulation symbol streams
due to this decoded data stream. The remodulated symbol streams are
then subtracted from the received modulation symbol streams to
derive N.sub.R modified symbol streams that include all but the
subtracted (i.e., canceled) interference components. The N.sub.R
modified symbol streams are then provided to the next stage.
[0134] In FIG. 5, a controller 540 is shown coupled to RX
channel/data processor 356a and may be used to direct various steps
in the successive cancellation receiver processing performed by
processor 356a.
[0135] FIG. 5 shows a receiver structure that may be used in a
straightforward manner when each data stream is transmitted over a
respective transmit antenna (i.e., one data stream corresponding to
each transmitted signal). In this case, each receiver processing
stage 510 may be operated to recover one of the transmitted signals
targeted for receiver system 350a and provide the decoded data
stream corresponding to the recovered transmitted signal.
[0136] For some other transmit processing schemes, a data stream
may be transmitted over multiple transmit antennas, frequency
subchannels, and/or time intervals to provide spatial, frequency,
and time diversity, respectively. For these schemes, the receiver
processing initially derives a received modulation symbol stream
for the transmitted signal on each transmit antenna of each
frequency subchannel. Modulation symbols for multiple transmit
antennas, frequency subchannels, and/or time intervals may then be
combined in a complementary manner as the demultiplexing performed
at the transmitter system. The stream of combined modulation
symbols is then processed to provide the corresponding decoded data
stream.
[0137] FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an embodiment of channel
MIMO/data processor 520x, which is one embodiment of channel
MIMO/data processor 520 in FIG. 5. In this embodiment, channel
MIMO/data processor 520x includes a spatial/space-time processor
610, a CSI processor 612, a selector 614, a demodulation element
618, a de-interleaver 618, and a decoder 620.
[0138] Spatial/space-time processor 610 performs linear spatial
processing on the N.sub.R received signals for a non-dispersive
MIMO channel (i.e., with flat fading) or space-time processing on
the N.sub.R received signals for a dispersive MIMO channel (i.e.,
with frequency selective fading). The spatial processing may be
achieved using linear spatial processing techniques such as a
channel correlation matrix inversion (CCMI) technique, a minimum
mean square error (MMSE) technique, and others. These techniques
may be used to null out the undesired signals or to maximize the
received SNR of each of the constituent signals in the presence of
noise and interference from the other signals. The space-time
processing may be achieved using linear space-time processing
techniques such as a MMSE linear equalizer (MMSE-LE), a decision
feedback equalizer (DFE), a maximum-likelihood sequence estimator
(MLSE), and others. The CCMI, MMSE, MMSE-LE, and DFE techniques are
described in further detail in the aforementioned U.S. patent
application Ser. No. [Attorney Docket No. PA010210]. The DFE and
MLSE techniques are also described in further detail by S. L.
Ariyavistakul et al. in a paper entitled "Optimum Space-Time
Processors with Dispersive Interference: Unified Analysis and
Required Filter Span," IEEE Trans. on Communication, Vol. 7, No. 7,
July 1999, and incorporated herein by reference.
[0139] CSI processor 612 determines the CSI for each of the
transmission channels used for data transmission. For example, CSI
processor 612 may estimate a noise covariance matrix based on the
received pilot signals and then compute the SNR of the k-th
transmission channel used for the data stream to be decoded. The
SNR can be estimated similar to conventional pilot assisted single
and multi-carrier systems, as is known in the art. The SNR for all
of the transmission channels used for data transmission may
comprise the CSI that is reported back to the transmitter system
for this transmission channel. CSI processor 612 may further
provide to selector 614 a control signal that identifies the
particular data stream to be recovered by this receiver processing
stage.
[0140] Selector 614 receives a number of symbol streams from
spatial/space-time processor 610 and extracts the symbol stream
corresponding to the data stream to be decoded, as indicated by the
control signal from CSI processor 612. The extracted stream of
modulation symbols is then provided to a demodulation element
614.
[0141] For the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 in which the data stream
for each transmission channel is independently coded and modulated
based on the channel's SNR, the recovered modulation symbols for
the selected transmission channel are demodulated in accordance
with a demodulation scheme (e.g., M-PSK, M-QAM) that is
complementary to the modulation scheme used for the transmission
channel. The demodulated data from demodulation element 616 is then
de-interleaved by a de-interleaver 618 in a complementary manner to
that performed by channel interleaver 614, and the de-interleaved
data is further decoded by a decoder 620 in a complementary manner
to that performed by encoder 612. For example, a Turbo decoder or a
Viterbi decoder may be used for decoder 620 if Turbo or
convolutional coding, respectively, is performed at the transmitter
system. The decoded data stream from decoder 620 represents an
estimate of the transmitted data stream being recovered.
[0142] FIG. 6B is a block diagram of an interference canceller
530x, which is one embodiment of interference canceller 530 in FIG.
5. Within interference canceller 530x, the decoded data stream from
the channel MIMO/data processor 520 within the same stage is
re-encoded, interleaved, and re-modulated by a channel data
processor 628 to provide remodulated symbols, which are estimates
of the modulation symbols at the transmitter system prior to the
MIMO processing and channel distortion. Channel data processor 628
performs the same processing (e.g., encoding, interleaving, and
modulation) as that performed at the transmitter system for the
data stream. The remodulated symbols are then provided to a channel
simulator 630, which processes the symbols with the estimated
channel response to provide estimates, .sup.k, of the interference
due the decoded data stream. The channel response estimate may be
derived based on the pilot and/or data transmitted by the
transmitter system and in accordance with the techniques described
in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. [Attorney
Docket No. PA010210].
[0143] The N.sub.R elements in the interference vector .sup.k
correspond to the component of the received signal at each of the
N.sub.R receive antennas due to symbol stream transmitted on the
k-th transmit antenna. Each element of the vector represents an
estimated component due to the decoded data stream in the
corresponding received modulation symbol stream. These components
are interference to the remaining (not yet detected) transmitted
signals in the N.sub.R received modulation symbol streams (i.e.,
the vector r.sup.k), and are subtracted (i.e., canceled) from the
received signal vector r.sup.k by a summer 632 to provide a
modified vector r.sup.k+1 having the components from the decoded
data stream removed. The modified vector r.sup.k+1 is provided as
the input vector to the next receiver processing stage, as shown in
FIG. 5.
[0144] Various aspects of the successive cancellation receiver
processing are described in further detail in the aforementioned
U.S. patent application Ser. No. [Attorney Docket No.
PA010210].
[0145] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a MIMO receiver system 350b
capable of receiving data in accordance with another embodiment of
the invention. The transmitted signals from (up to) N.sub.T
transmit antennas are received by each of N.sub.R antennas 352a
through 352r and routed to a respective demodulator 354. Each
demodulator 354 conditions, processes, and digitizes a respective
received signal to provide samples, which are provided to a RX
MIMO/data processor 356b.
[0146] Within RX MIMO/data processor 356b, the samples for each
receive antenna are provided to a respective FFT processor 710,
which generates transformed representations of the received samples
and provides a respective stream of modulation symbol vectors. The
streams of modulation symbol vector from FFT processors 710a
through 710r are then provided to a processor 720. Processor 720
channelizes the stream of modulation symbol vectors from each FFT
processor 710 into a number of up to N.sub.L subchannel symbol
streams. Processor 720 may further perform spatial processing or
space-time processing on the subchannel symbol streams to provide
post-processed modulation symbols.
[0147] For each data stream transmitted over multiple frequency
subchannels and/or multiple spatial subchannels, processor 720
further combines the modulation symbols for all frequency and
spatial subchannels used for the transmission of the data stream
into one post-processed modulation symbol stream, which is then
provided to a data stream processor 730. Each data stream processor
730 performs demodulation, de-interleaving, and decoding
complementary to that performed on the data stream at the
transmitter unit and provides a respective decoded data stream.
[0148] Receiver systems that employ the successive cancellation
receiver processing technique and those that do not employ the
successive cancellation receiver processing technique may be used
to receive, process, and recover the transmitted data streams. Some
receiver systems capable of processing signals received over
multiple transmission channels are described in the aforementioned
U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/776,075 and 09/826,481, and
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/532,492, entitled "HIGH
EFFICIENCY, HIGH PERFORMANCE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM EMPLOYING
MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION," filed Mar. 30, 2000, assigned to the
assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by
reference.
Obtaining CSI for the Transmitter System
[0149] For simplicity, various aspects and embodiments of the
invention have been described wherein the CSI comprises SNR. In
general, the CSI may comprise any type of information that is
indicative of the characteristics of the communication link.
Various types of information may be provided as CSI, some examples
of which are described below.
[0150] In one embodiment, the CSI comprises
signal-to-noise-plus-interfere- nce ratio (SNR), which is derived
as the ratio of the signal power over the noise plus interference
power. The SNR is typically estimated and provided for each
transmission channel used for data transmission (e.g., each
transmit data stream), although an aggregate SNR may also be
provided for a number of transmission channels. The SNR estimate
may be quantized to a value having a particular number of bits. In
one embodiment, the SNR estimate is mapped to an SNR index, e.g.,
using a look-up table.
[0151] In another embodiment, the CSI comprises power control
information for each spatial subchannel of each frequency
subchannel. The power control information may include a single bit
for each transmission channel to indicate a request for either more
power or less power, or it may include multiple bits to indicate
the magnitude of the change of power level requested. In this
embodiment, the transmitter system may make use of the power
control information fed back from the receiver systems to determine
which transmission channels to select, and what power to use for
each transmission channel.
[0152] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises signal power
and interference plus noise power. These two components may be
separately derived and provided for each transmission channel used
for data transmission.
[0153] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises signal power,
interference power, and noise power. These three components may be
derived and provided for each transmission channel used for data
transmission.
[0154] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises signal-to-noise
ratio plus a list of interference powers for each observable
interference term. This information may be derived and provided for
each transmission channel used for data transmission.
[0155] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises signal
components in a matrix form (e.g., N.sub.T.times.N.sub.R complex
entries for all transmit-receive antenna pairs) and the noise plus
interference components in matrix form (e.g., N.sub.T.times.N.sub.R
complex entries). The transmitter system may then properly combine
the signal components and the noise plus interference components
for the appropriate transmit-receive antenna pairs to derive the
quality for each transmission channel used for data transmission
(e.g., the post-processed SNR for each transmitted data stream, as
received at the receiver systems).
[0156] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises a data rate
indicator for each transmit data stream. The quality of a
transmission channel to be used for data transmission may be
determined initially (e.g., based on the SNR estimated for the
transmission channel) and a data rate corresponding to the
determined channel quality may then be identified (e.g., based on a
look-up table). The identified data rate is indicative of the
maximum data rate that may be transmitted on the transmission
channel for the required level of performance. The data rate is
then mapped to and represented by a data rate indicator (DRI),
which can be efficiently coded. For example, if (up to) seven
possible data rates are supported by the transmitter system for
each transmit antenna, then a 3-bit value may be used to represent
the DRI where, e.g., a zero may indicate a data rate of zero (i.e.,
don't use the transmit antenna) and 1 through 7 may be used to
indicate seven different data rates. In a typical implementation,
the quality measurements (e.g., SNR estimates) are mapped directly
to the DRI based on, e.g., a look-up table.
[0157] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises an indication
of the particular processing scheme to be used at the transmitter
system for each transmit data stream. In this embodiment, the
indicator may identify the particular coding scheme and the
particular modulation scheme to be used for the transmit data
stream such that the desired level of performance is achieved.
[0158] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises a differential
indicator for a particular measure of quality for a transmission
channel. Initially, the SNR or DRI or some other quality
measurement for the transmission channel is determined and reported
as a reference measurement value. Thereafter, monitoring of the
quality of the transmission channel continues, and the difference
between the last reported measurement and the current measurement
is determined. The difference may then be quantized to one or more
bits, and the quantized difference is mapped to and represented by
the differential indicator, which is then reported. The
differential indicator may indicate to increase or decrease the
last reported measurement by a particular step size (or to maintain
the last reported measurement). For example, the differential
indicator may indicate that (1) the observed SNR for a particular
transmission channel has increased or decreased by a particular
step size, or (2) the data rate should be adjusted by a particular
amount, or some other change. The reference measurement may be
transmitted periodically to ensure that errors in the differential
indicators and/or erroneous reception of these indicators do not
accumulate.
[0159] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprise channel gain for
each available transmission channel as estimated at the receiver
system based on signals transmitted by the transmitter system.
[0160] Other forms of CSI may also be used and are within the scope
of the invention. In general, the CSI includes sufficient
information in whatever form that may be used to (1) select a set
of transmission channels that will result in optimum or near
optimum throughput, (2) determine a weighting factor for each
selected transmission channel that results in equal or near equal
received SNRs, and (3) infer an optimum or near optimum code rate
for each selected transmission channel.
[0161] The CSI may be derived based on the signals transmitted from
the transmitter system and received at the receiver systems. In an
embodiment, the CSI is derived based on a pilot reference included
in the transmitted signals. Alternatively or additionally, the CSI
may be derived based on the data included in the transmitted
signals. Although data may be transmitted on only the selected
transmission channels, pilot data may be transmitted on unselected
transmission channels to allow the receiver systems to estimate the
channel characteristics.
[0162] In yet another embodiment, the CSI comprises one or more
signals transmitted from the receiver systems to the transmitter
system. In some systems, a degree of correlation may exist between
the uplink and downlink (e.g. time division duplexed (TDD) systems
where the uplink and downlink share the same band in a time
division multiplexed manner). In these systems, the quality of the
uplink may be estimated (to a requisite degree of accuracy) based
on the quality of the downlink, and vice versa, which may be
estimated based on signals (e.g., pilot signals) transmitted from
the receiver systems. The pilot signals would then represent a
means for which the transmitter system could estimate the CSI as
observed at the receiver systems. For this type of CSI, no
reporting of channel characteristics is necessary.
[0163] The signal quality may be estimated at the transmitter
system based on various techniques. Some of these techniques are
described in the following patents, which are assigned to the
assignee of the present application and incorporated herein by
reference:
[0164] U.S. Pat. No. 5,799,005, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR
DETERMINING RECEIVED PILOT POWER AND PATH LOSS IN A CDMA
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM," issued Aug. 25, 1998,
[0165] U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,554, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
MEASURING LINK QUALITY IN A SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,"
issued May 11, 1999,
[0166] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,056,109, and 5,265,119, both entitled
"METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSMISSION POWER IN A CDMA
CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM," respectively issued Oct. 8, 1991
and Nov. 23, 1993, and
[0167] U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,972, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
PROCESSING POWER CONTROL SIGNALS IN CDMA MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM,"
issued Aug. 1, 2000.
[0168] Methods for estimating a single transmission channel based
on a pilot signal or a data transmission may also be found in a
number of papers available in the art. One such channel estimation
method is described by F. Ling in a paper entitled "Optimal
Reception, Performance Bound, and Cutoff-Rate Analysis of
References-Assisted Coherent CDMA Communications with
Applications," IEEE Transaction On Communication, October
s1999.
[0169] Various types of information for CSI and various CSI
reporting mechanisms are also described in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 08/963,386, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH RATE
PACKET DATA TRANSMISSION," filed Nov. 3, 1997, assigned to the
assignee of the present application, and in "TIE/EIA/IS-856
cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification", both
of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0170] The CSI may be reported back to the transmitter using
various CSI transmission schemes. For example, the CSI may be sent
in full, differentially, or a combination thereof. In one
embodiment, CSI is reported periodically, and differential updates
are sent based on the prior transmitted CSI. In another embodiment,
the CSI is sent only when there is a change (e.g., if the change
exceeds a particular threshold), which may lower the effective rate
of the feedback channel. As an example, the SNRs may be sent back
(e.g., differentially) only when they change. For an OFDM system
(with or without MIMO), correlation in the frequency domain may be
exploited to permit reduction in the amount of CSI to be fed back.
As an example for an OFDM system, if the SNR corresponding to a
particular spatial subchannel for M frequency subchannels is the
same, the SNR and the first and last frequency subchannels for
which this condition is true may be reported. Other compression and
feedback channel error recovery techniques to reduce the amount of
data to be fed back for CSI may also be used and are within the
scope of the invention.
[0171] Referring back to FIG. 3, the CSI (e.g., the received SNR)
determined by RX channel/data processor 356 is provided to a TX
data processor 362, which processes the CSI and provides processed
data to one or more modulators 354. Modulators 354 further
condition the processed data and transmit the CSI back to
transmitter system 310 via a reverse channel.
[0172] At system 310, the transmitted feedback signal is received
by antennas 324, demodulated by demodulators 322, and provided to a
RX data processor 332. RX data processor 332 performs processing
complementary to that performed by TX data processor 362 and
recovers the reported CSI, which is then provided to controller
334.
[0173] Controller 334 uses the reported CSI to perform a number of
functions including (1) selecting the set of N.sub.S best available
transmission channels for data transmission, (2) determining the
coding and modulation scheme to be used for data transmission on
the selected transmission channels, and (3) determining the weights
to be used for the selected transmission channels. Controller 334
may select the transmission channels to achieve high throughput or
based on some other performance criteria or metrics, and may
further determine the threshold used to select the transmission
channels, as described above.
[0174] The characteristics (e.g., channel gains or received SNRs)
of the transmission channels available for data transmission may be
determined based on various techniques as described above and
provided to the transmitter system. The transmitter system may then
use the information to select the set of N.sub.s best transmission
channels, properly code and modulate the data, and further weight
the modulation symbols.
[0175] The techniques described herein may be used for data
transmission on the downlink from a base station to one or more
terminals, and may also be used for data transmission on the uplink
from each of one or more terminals to a base station. For the
downlink, transmitter system 310 in FIGS. 3, 4A, and 4B may
represent part of a base station and receiver system 350 in FIGS.
3, 5, and 6 may represent part of a terminal. And for the uplink,
transmitter system 310 in FIGS. 3, 4A, and 4B may represent part of
a terminal and receiver system 350 in FIGS. 3, 5, and 6 may
represent part of a base station.
[0176] The elements of the transmitter and receiver systems may be
implemented with one or more digital signal processors (DSP),
application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), processors,
microprocessors, controllers, microcontrollers, field programmable
gate arrays (FPGA), programmable logic devices, other electronic
units, or any combination thereof. Some of the functions and
processing described herein may also be implemented with software
executed on a processor. Certain aspects of the invention may also
be implemented with a combination of software and hardware. For
example, computations to determine the threshold, .alpha., and to
select transmission channels may be performed based on program
codes executed on a processor (controller 334 in FIG. 3).
[0177] Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in the
locating certain sections. These heading are not intended to limit
the scope of the concepts described therein under, and these
concepts may have applicability in other sections throughout the
entire specification.
[0178] The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is
provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the
present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will
be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic
principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments
without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus,
the present invention is not intended to be limited to the
embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope
consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed
herein.
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