U.S. patent application number 09/795054 was filed with the patent office on 2002-12-05 for reduced ignition propensity smoking article.
Invention is credited to Grider, David A., Ihrig, Arthur M., Jessup, Terry D., Williams, David L., Zawadzki, Michael A..
Application Number | 20020179105 09/795054 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25164532 |
Filed Date | 2002-12-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020179105 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Zawadzki, Michael A. ; et
al. |
December 5, 2002 |
Reduced ignition propensity smoking article
Abstract
A smoking article having reduced ignition propensity is
disclosed. The smoking article includes a tobacco column, a wrapper
surrounding the tobacco column and a filter element. The wrapper
has a base permeability, an untreated area and a least one discrete
area treated with a composition to reducing the base permeability.
The discretely treated area interacts with a coal of a burning
tobacco firecone as it advances to self-extinguish the smoking
article. The composition of the treated area includes a
permeability reducing substance, a burn rate retarding substance
and a burn rate accelerating substance. Either the burn rate
retarding substance or the burn rate accelerating substance acts as
an organoleptic enhancing substance. In this way a smoker's
experience when smoking either the at least one treated area or the
untreated area is substantially the same.
Inventors: |
Zawadzki, Michael A.;
(Greensboro, NC) ; Ihrig, Arthur M.; (Greensboro,
NC) ; Grider, David A.; (Greensboro, NC) ;
Jessup, Terry D.; (Jamestown, NC) ; Williams, David
L.; (Greensboro, NC) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MACCORD MASON PLLC
300 N. GREENE STREET, SUITE 1600
P. O. BOX 2974
GREENSBORO
NC
27402
US
|
Family ID: |
25164532 |
Appl. No.: |
09/795054 |
Filed: |
February 26, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
131/365 ;
131/349; 162/139 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 219/06 20130101;
C07D 409/04 20130101; A24D 1/025 20130101; C07D 411/04 20130101;
C07D 219/04 20130101; C07F 9/64 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
131/365 ;
131/349; 162/139 |
International
Class: |
D21F 011/00; A24D
001/02; A24D 003/06 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A smoking article having reduced ignition propensity comprising:
a tobacco column and a wrapper surrounding the tobacco column and
having a base permeability, the wrapper comprising: an untreated
area and a least one discrete area treated with a composition to
reduce the base permeability so that as a coal of a burning tobacco
firecone advances by the treated area, the smoking article
self-extinguishes if placed on a surface, the composition
comprising: a permeability reducing substance; a burn rate
retarding substance; and a burn rate accelerating substance.
2. The smoking article of claim 1 further comprising a filter
element.
3. A wrapper for surrounding a tobacco column to create a smoking
article having reduced ignition propensity, the wrapper having a
base permeability and comprising: an untreated area and a least one
discrete area treated with a composition to reduce the base
permeability so that as a coal of a burning tobacco firecone
advances by the treated area, the smoking article self-extinguishes
if placed on a surface, the composition comprising: a permeability
reducing substance, a burn rate retarding substance and a burn rate
accelerating substance.
4. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein at least one of said
burn rate retarding substance and said burn rate accelerating
substance is further an organoleptic enhancing substance that
substantially reduces any difference in a smoker's experience
between the smoking of said at least one treated area and said
untreated area during of the smoking article.
5. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein a consistency of the
combination of the permeability reducing substance, the burn rate
retarding substance and the burn rate accelerating substance is
such as to be applicable to the wrapper.
6. The wrapper according to claim 5 wherein a consistency of the
combination of the permeability reducing substance, the burn rate
retarding substance and the burn rate accelerating substance is
such as to be applicable to the wet wrapper.
7. The wrapper according to claim 5 wherein a consistency of the
combination of the permeability reducing substance, the burn rate
retarding substance and the burn rate accelerating substance is
such as to be applicable to the dry wrapper.
8. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein said burn rate
accelerating substance is a salt.
9. The wrapper according to claim 8 wherein said salt is one of an
alkali metal containing compound and an alkali-earth metal
containing compound.
10. The wrapper according to claim 9 wherein said one of an alkali
metal containing compound and an alkali-earth metal containing
compound is a salt of a carboxylic acid.
11. The wrapper according to claim 10 wherein said salt of a
carboxylic acid is a salt of at least one of acetic acid, citric
acid, malic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid,
fumaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid
and succinic acid.
12. The wrapper according to claim 10 wherein said salt of a
carboxylic acid is a salt of citric acid.
13. The wrapper according to claim 9 wherein said alkali metal
containing compound is a sodium containing compound.
14. The wrapper according to claim 9 wherein said alkali metal
containing compound is a potassium containing compound.
15. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein the burn rate
retarding substance is a phosphate.
16. The wrapper according to claim 15 wherein said phosphate is a
phosphate of ammonium.
17. The wrapper according to claim 16 wherein said phosphate of
ammonium is diammonium phosphate.
18. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a pore filling substance thereby reducing
permeability of the at least one treated area.
19. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a film forming substance thereby reducing
permeability of said at least one treated area.
20. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a polymer.
21. The wrapper according to claim 20 wherein said polymer is a
polysaccharide.
22. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein the polysaccharide is
water soluble.
23. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein the polysaccharide is
water dispersible.
24. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein said polysaccharide
is at least one of starch, modified starch and a starch
derivative.
25. The wrapper according to claim 24 wherein the polysaccharide is
water soluble.
26. The wrapper according to claim 24 wherein the polysaccharide is
water dispersible.
27. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein the polysaccharide is
at least one of cellulose and a cellulose derivative.
28. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein to the polysaccharide
is at least one of chitosan and a chitosan derivative.
29. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein the polysaccharide is
at least one of chitin and a chitin derivative.
30. The wrapper according to claim 21 wherein the polysaccharide is
at least one of alginate and an alginate derivative.
31. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein the discretely treated
area comprises a band.
32. The wrapper according to claim 31 wherein the band has a
sufficient width so as to deprive the coal of the burning tobacco
firecone of oxygen from behind a char line of the wrapper.
33. The wrapper according to claim 31 wherein the band has a width
of at least about 3 millimeters.
34. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein the discretely treated
area comprises at least two bands spaced sufficiently to reduce the
ignition propensity of the smoking article.
35. The wrapper according to claim 34 wherein the at least two
bands have widths and are spaced apart so that a
width/center-to-center spacing ratio is between about 1/10 and
about 1/1.
36. The wrapper according to claim 34 wherein the at least two
bands have widths between about 3 millimeters and about 10
millimeters.
37. The wrapper according to claim 34 wherein the at least two
bands have a center-to-center spacing of about 10 millimeters to
about 30 millimeters.
38. The wrapper according to claim 3 that has properties that
enable a bobbin of wrapper to be useable in a conventional
commercially available cigarette manufacturing machine.
39. The wrapper according to claim 3 wherein the treated area is
visually substantially the same as the untreated area.
40. A smoking article having reduced ignition propensity
comprising: a tobacco column; a wrapper surrounding said tobacco
column, said wrapper comprising: a base permeability, untreated
area and a least one discrete area treated with a composition to
reduce said base permeability so that as a coal of a burning
tobacco firecone advances by said at least one treated area, the
smoking article self-extinguishes, said composition comprising: a
permeability reducing substance, a burn rate retarding substance
and a burn rate accelerating substance, wherein at least one of
said burn rate retarding substance and said burn rate accelerating
substance is further an organoleptic enhancing substance that
substantially reduces any difference in a smoker's experience
between the smoking of said at least one treated area and said
untreated area during of the smoking article.; and a filter
element.
41. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein the consistency of the
combination of the permeability reducing substance, the burn rate
retarding substance and the burn rate accelerating substance is
such as to be applicable to the wrapper.
42. The smoking article of claim 41 wherein the consistency of the
combination of the permeability reducing substance, the burn rate
retarding substance and the burn rate accelerating substance is
such as to be applicable to the wet wrapper.
43. The smoking article of claim 41 wherein the consistency of the
combination of the permeability reducing substance, the burn rate
retarding substance and the burn rate accelerating substance is
such as to be applicable to the dry wrapper.
44. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein said burn rate
accelerating substance is a salt.
45. The smoking article of claim 44 wherein said salt is one of an
alkali metal containing compound and an alkali-earth metal
containing compound.
46. The smoking article of claim 45 wherein said one of an alkali
metal containing compound and an alkali-earth metal containing
compound is a salt of a carboxylic acid.
47. The smoking article of claim 46 wherein said salt of a
carboxylic acid is a salt of at least one of acetic acid, citric
acid, malic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid,
fumaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid
and succinic acid.
48. The smoking article of claim 46 wherein said salt of a
carboxylic acid is a salt of citric acid.
49. The smoking article of claim 45 wherein said alkali metal
containing compound is a sodium containing compound.
50. The smoking article of claim 45 wherein said alkali metal
containing compound is a potassium containing compound.
51. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein the burn rate retarding
substance is a phosphate.
52. The smoking article of claim 51 wherein said phosphate is a
phosphate of ammonium.
53. The smoking article of claim 52 wherein said phosphate of
ammonium is diammonium phosphate.
54. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a pore filling substance thereby reducing
permeability of said at least one treated area.
55. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a film forming substance thereby reducing
permeability of said at least one treated area.
56. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a polymer.
57. The smoking article of claim 56 wherein said polymer is a
polysaccharide.
58. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide is
water soluble.
59. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide is
water dispersible.
60. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide is
at least one of starch, modified starch and a starch
derivative.
61. The smoking article of claim 60 wherein said at least one of
starch, modified starch and a starch derivative is water
soluble.
62. The smoking article of claim 60 wherein said at least one of
starch, modified starch and a starch derivative is water
dispersible.
63. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide
according to is at least one of cellulose and a cellulose
derivative.
64. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide
according to is at least one of chitosan and a chitosan
derivative.
65. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide
according to is at least one of chitin and a chitin derivative.
66. The smoking article of claim 57 wherein said polysaccharide
according to is at least one of alginate and an alginate
derivative.
67. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein said at least one
discretely treated area comprises a band.
68. The smoking article of claim 67 wherein said band has a
sufficient width so as to deprive the coal of the burning tobacco
firecone of oxygen from behind a char line of the wrapper.
69. The smoking article of claim 67 wherein said band has a width
of at least about 3 millimeters.
70. The smoking article of claim 40 wherein said discretely treated
area comprises at least two bands spaced sufficiently to reduce the
ignition propensity of the smoking article.
71. The smoking article of claim 70 wherein said at least two bands
have a width/to center-to-center spacing ratio of at least about
1/10 to greater than about 1/1.
72. The smoking article of claim 70 said at least two bands have a
width of at least about 3 millimeters to about 10 millimeters.
73. The smoking article of claim 70 said at least two bands have a
center-to-center spacing of about 10 millimeters to about 30
millimeters.
74. The smoking article of claim 40 said at least one discretely
treated area has a thickness so as to make a bobbin of wrapper
useable in a commercially available cigarette manufacturing
machine.
75. The smoking article of claim 40 said at least one discretely
treated area is visually substantially the same untreated area.
76. A composition for application to a paper having a base
permeability to create a wrapper having at least one discretely
treated area and suitable for surrounding a tobacco column to
create a smoking article having reduced ignition propensity, said
composition initially comprising a combination of substances and
water such that when the wrapper is dry the at least one discretely
treated area has a reduced permeability, and includes a burn rate
retarding substance and a burn rate accelerating substance.
77. The composition according to claim 76 wherein at least one of
said burn rate retarding substance and said burn rate accelerating
substance is further an organoleptic enhancing substance that
substantially reduces any difference in a smoker's experience
between the smoking of said at least one treated area and an
untreated area during of the smoking of the smoking article.
78. The composition according to claim 76 having a consistency such
as to be applicable to a wet paper.
79. The composition according to claim 76 further including a
consistency such as to be applicable to a dry paper.
80. The composition according to claim 76 wherein said burn rate
accelerating substance is a salt prior to combination with the
water.
81. The composition according to claim 80 wherein said salt is one
of an alkali metal containing compound and an alkali-earth metal
containing compound prior to combination with the water.
82. The composition according to claim 81 wherein said one of an
alkali metal containing compound and an alkali-earth metal
containing compound is a salt of a carboxylic acid prior to
combination with the water.
83. The composition according to claim 82 wherein said salt of a
carboxylic acid is a salt of at least one of acetic acid, citric
acid, malic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid,
fumaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid
and succinic acid prior to combination with the water.
84. The composition according to claim 82 wherein said salt of a
carboxylic acid is a salt of citric acid prior to combination with
the water.
85. The composition according to claim 81 wherein said alkali metal
containing compound is a sodium containing compound prior to
combination with the water.
86. The composition according to claim 81 wherein said alkali metal
containing compound is a potassium containing compound prior to
combination with the water.
87. The composition according to claim 76 wherein the burn rate
retarding substance is a phosphate prior to combination with the
water.
88. The composition according to claim 87 wherein said phosphate is
a phosphate of ammonium prior to combination with the water.
89. The composition according to claim 88 wherein said phosphate of
ammonium is diammonium phosphate prior to combination with the
water.
90. The composition according to claim 76 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a pore filling substance thereby reducing
permeability of said at least one treated area.
91. The composition according to claim 90 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a film forming substance, thereby reducing
permeability of said at least one treated area.
92. The composition according to claim 76 wherein said permeability
reducing substance is a polymer.
93. The composition according to claim 92 wherein said polymer is a
polysaccharide.
94. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is water soluble.
95. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is water dispersible.
96. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is at least one of starch, modified starch and a
starch derivative.
97. The composition according to claim 96 wherein said at least one
of starch, modified starch and a starch derivative is water
soluble.
98. The composition according to claim 96 wherein said at least one
of starch, modified starch and a starch derivative is water
dispersible.
99. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is at least one of cellulose and a cellulose
derivative.
100. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is at least one of chitosan and a chitosan
derivative.
101. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is at least one of chitin and a chitin
derivative.
102. The composition according to claim 93 wherein said
polysaccharide is at least one of alginate and an alginate
derivative.
103. A method for making a smoking article having reduce ignition
propensity comprising: treating a plurality of discrete areas of
paper having a base permeability with an aqueous composition, to
form discrete areas that have a reduced permeability and include a
burn rate retarding substance and a burn rate accelerating
substance, thereby forming a wrapper; and surrounding a tobacco
column with at least a portion of the wrapper so that a least one
discretely treated area substantially surrounds the tobacco column
between the ends of the wrapper-surrounded tobacco column so that
as a coal of a burning tobacco firecone advances by said at least
one treated area, the smoking article self-extinguishes if left on
a surface.
104. A method for making a wrapper for surrounding a tobacco column
to create a smoking article including a least one discrete area
treated with a composition to reducing a base permeability so that
as a coal of a burning tobacco firecone advances by said at least
one treated area, the smoking article self-extinguishes, the
smoking article thereby having reduced ignition propensity
comprising: treating a plurality of discrete areas of paper having
a base permeability with an aqueous composition, drying the
discrete areas such that the discrete areas have a reduced
permeability and include a burn rate retarding substance and a burn
rate accelerating substance thereby forming a wrapper, wherein at
least one of said burn rate retarding substance and said burn rate
accelerating substance is further an organoleptic enhancing
substance that substantially reduces any difference in a smoker's
experience between the smoking of said discretely treated areas and
untreated areas.
105. A method for making a smoking article having reduced ignition
propensity comprising: treating a plurality of discrete areas of
paper having a base permeability with an aqueous composition,
drying the discrete areas such that the discrete areas have a
reduced permeability and include a burn rate retarding substance
and a burn rate accelerating substance, thereby forming a wrapper;
surrounding a tobacco column with at least a portion of the wrapper
so that at least one discretely treated area is found between the
ends of the wrapper-surrounded tobacco column so that as a coal of
a burning tobacco firecone advances by said at least one treated
area, the smoking article self-extinguishes if left on a surface;
and adding a filter element to at least one end of the wrapper
surrounded tobacco column, wherein at least one of said burn rate
retarding substance and said burn rate accelerating substance is
further an organoleptic enhancing substance that substantially
reduces any difference in a smoker's experience between the smoking
of said at least one treated area and said untreated area during of
the smoking article.
106. A smoking article comprising: a tobacco column, a paper
wrapped around the tobacco column having at least one band made up
of starch, diammonium phosphate and citric acid.
107. A smoking article as claimed in claim 106 wherein the band is
made of an applied ink of about 15 to about 27% starch, about 0 to
about 6% alkali metal citrate salt and about 0 to about 5% DAP.
108. A smoking article as claimed in claim 106 wherein the band is
made of an ink of about 18 to 24% starch, about 3 to 6% citrate,
and about 1% DAP.
109. A smoking article as claimed in claim 106 wherein the paper
has a location without the band and the permeability of such
location is between about 18 CU and about 71 CU.
110. A population of smoking articles having a reduced ignition
propensity comprising: a plurality of smoking articles, each
smoking article comprising a tobacco column, a wrapper surrounding
said tobacco column so that the smoking article includes an
ignition end and a distal end, and at least one banded region
between the ignition end and the distal end having a combustion
characteristic substantially different from that of an unbanded
region; and a distance from the ignition end to the at least one
band of each smoking article being at least one of random,
quasi-random and sequentially related within the population.
111. The population of smoking articles claim 110 comprising a
package of smoking articles.
112. The population of smoking articles claim 110 comprising a grab
sample of smoking articles.
113. A population of smoking articles having a reduced ignition
propensity comprising: a plurality of smoking articles, each
smoking article comprising a tobacco column, a wrapper surrounding
said tobacco column so that the smoking article includes an
ignition end and a distal end, and at least two spaced apart banded
regions between the ignition end and the distal end having a
combustion characteristic substantially different from that of an
unbanded region; and a distance from the ignition end to at least
one of the banded regions of each smoking article being at least
one of random, quasi-random and sequentially related within the
population.
114. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113
wherein the distance is random.
115. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113
wherein the ignition propensity for the population is between about
50 and substantially about 100 percent.
116. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113
wherein the banded regions comprise at least one of a permeability
reducing substance, a burn rate retarding substance, and a burn
rate accelerating substance.
117. The population of smoking articles according to claim 116
wherein the banded regions comprise at least two of a permeability
reducing substance, a burn rate retarding substance, and a burn
rate accelerating substance.
118. The population of smoking articles according to claim 117
wherein the banded regions comprise a permeability reducing
substance, a burn rate retarding substance, and a burn rate
accelerating substance.
119. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113
wherein said at least two bands regions are spaced sufficiently to
reduce the ignition propensity of the smoking article.
120. The population of smoking articles according to claim 119
wherein said at least two banded regions are spaced sufficiently to
facilitate the freeburn of the smoking article.
121. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113
wherein said at least two banded regions have a
width/center-to-center spacing ratio of at least about 1/10 to
greater than about 1/1.
122. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113
wherein said at least two band regions have a width of at least
about 3 millimeters to about 10 millimeters.
123. The population of smoking articles according to claim 120
wherein said at least two banded regions have a center-to-center
spacing of about 10 millimeters to about 30 millimeters.
124. The population of smoking articles according to claim 113 said
at least two banded regions are visually substantially the same
unbanded regions.
125. A package of smoking articles having a reduced ignition
propensity comprising: a package; twenty smoking articles within
said package, each smoking article comprising a tobacco column, a
wrapper surrounding said tobacco column so that the smoking article
includes an ignition end and a distal end, and at least two spaced
apart banded regions between the ignition end and the distal end
having a combustion characteristic substantially different from
that of an unbanded region; and a distance from the ignition end to
at least one of the banded regions of each smoking article being at
least one of random, quasi-random and sequentially related within
the package.
126. A grab sample of smoking articles having a reduced ignition
propensity comprising: a plurality of smoking articles, each
smoking article comprising a tobacco column, a wrapper surrounding
said tobacco column so that the smoking article includes an
ignition end and a distal end, and at least two spaced apart banded
regions between the ignition end and the distal end having a
combustion characteristic substantially different from that of an
unbanded region; and a distance from the ignition end to at least
one of the banded regions of each smoking article being at least
one of random, quasi-random and sequentially related within the
grab sample.
127. A cigarette paper for use in making a cigarette having reduced
ignition propensity comprising: a fibrous paper having a base
permeability, an untreated area and a treated area, the treated
area being treated with a composition to reduce the base
permeability so that when the paper is made in to a cigarette that
is smoked, as a coal of a burning tobacco firecone advances by the
treated area, the cigarette self-extinguishes if placed on a
surface, the composition comprising: a permeability reducing
substance present in sufficient quantity to effect the
self-extinction; and a burn rate accelerating substance present in
sufficient quantity to cause a smoker's organoleptic experience to
be substantially indistinguishable from the organoleptic experience
of smoking the untreated area of the cigarette.
128. The cigarette paper according to claim 127 wherein at least
one of the untreated area and the treated area are further
perforated.
129. The cigarette paper according to claim 127 wherein the
untreated area and the treated area are perforated.
130. The cigarette paper according to claim 127 wherein said burn
rate accelerating substance is one of an alkali metal containing
compound and an alkali-earth metal containing compound prior to
combination with the water.
131. The cigarette paper according to claim 127 wherein said burn
rate accelerating substance is monoammonium phosphate prior to
combination with the water.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates generally to a wrapper for a
smoking article to create a reduced ignition propensity (IP)
smoking article and, more particularly, to a smoking article having
the ability to freeburn in a static state and reduced IP. Under
some circumstances cigarettes may ignite fire-prone substrates if
the article is laid or accidentally contacts the substrate.
Therefore, a cigarette prepared from a wrapper, which diminishes
the ability of the article to ignite a substrate, may have the
desirable effect of reducing cigarette-initiated fires.
Furthermore, a wrapper that concurrently confers on the cigarette
the ability to freeburn in a static state and reduced IP character
allows a beneficial reduction in the tendency of the article to
ignite fire-prone substrates while maintaining consumer
acceptability.
[0002] There have been various attempts to create a cigarette that
has reduced IP and consumer acceptable attributes particularly
taste and the ability to freeburn in the static state. Technologies
that appear to provide such cigarettes are described in the patent
literature. Cigarettes claiming to possess reduced IP are
commercially available.
[0003] A factor that manufacturers consider in preparing a smoking
article having reduced IP is whether currently used processes and
equipment will remain substantially unchanged. One method for
preparing a reduced IP paper involves the addition of elaborate
equipment on a conventional papermaking machine. Cellulose fibers
or particles suspended in water are sprayed from angular moving
nozzles moving at an angle to a continuous forming moist web. This
approach involves the coordinated angular movement of the spray
nozzle and the about 400 feet per minute moving web to create
spaced apart bands transverse to the web. The above-mentioned
technology suffers from a number of deficiencies that limit
consumer acceptability, IP reduction, and ease of manufacture. The
technology requires expensive add-on equipment including a spray
nozzle system and an associated slurry distribution system,
pressure regulating system, and a means for carefully synchronizing
the angular material distribution system with the underlying
papermaking machine.
[0004] The reduced consumer acceptable properties of the prepared
cigarettes are due to factors including reduced ability of the
cigarette to freeburn in the static state, poor ash appearance, and
variable taste profile.
[0005] The poor IP reduction performance achieved by cigarettes
prepared with wrappers made using this technology is believed to be
caused by a number of factors including difficulty in depositing an
even layer of the cellulose fibers or particles, low efficiency of
the cellulose fibers or particles to reduce the permeability of the
underlying web, and poor reproducibility caused by fanning out of
the sprayed material. Deficiencies in the approach that limit ease
of manufacture include the difficulty in synchronizing the angular
moving cellulose fibers and particles distribution apparatus with
the underlying web forming apparatus and difficulty in reducing the
banded moist web to dryness without disrupting the structure of the
web.
[0006] Another technology involves adding discrete material regions
to the dry web using organic solvent-based printing equipment.
Organic solvents and non-aqueous soluble solutes are used to make
the discrete regions on the web. The presence of organic solvents
requires hoods to capture the solvent vapors and the corresponding
further expenses.
[0007] In regard to commercially available cigarettes claiming to
possess reduced IP, consumers may find their organoleptic
experience wanting. Some technologies that are based on discretely
treated areas for reduced IP cigarettes create a varying
organoleptic experience as the consumption of the smoking article
moves from treated area to non-treated areas.
[0008] One commercial product claiming to possess reduced IP is
characterized by a tendency to extinguish when left burning in the
static state--that is reduced freeburn. The article displays a less
desirable taste when relit after being extinguished. Thus, although
the cigarette may possess the reduced IP, the reduced freeburn
property decreases consumer acceptability of the article.
[0009] Other factors affecting consumer acceptability are product
appearance, including pleasing and consistent wrapper and ash
character. Moreover, it is important that the construction of the
smoking article exhibit a reasonable shelf-life while maintaining
reduced IP.
[0010] Thus, there remains a need for a new and improved wrapper
and smoking article having reduced IP while at the same time
possessing a sufficient free burn. Also, there remains a need for a
new and improved method for making a wrapper that can be used to
create a smoking article having reduced IP and sufficient
freeburn.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention is directed to a smoking article
having reduced IP. The smoking article includes a tobacco column, a
wrapper surrounding the tobacco column and, optionally, a filter
element. The wrapper has a base permeability, an untreated area and
a least one discrete area treated with a composition to reduce the
base permeability. The discretely treated area interacts with a
coal of a burning tobacco firecone as it advances to
self-extinguish the smoking article if the smoking article is left
on a surface or causes the cigarette not to ignite the surface.
[0012] The tendency of a cigarette to self-extinguish or not ignite
surfaces can be measured by the use of IP tests such as those
published by the Consumer Products Safety Commission and developed
by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or the
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). See Ohlemiller,
T. J. et al., "Test Methods for Quantifying the Propensity of
Cigarettes to Ignite Soft Furnishings. Volume 2," NIST SP 851;
volume 2; 166 pages [also includes: Cigarette Extinction Test
Method, see pp. 153-160] August 1993 available from U.S. Consumer
Product Safety Commission, Washington, D.C. 20207 as order number
PB94-108644, the subject matter of which is herein incorporated by
reference. One NIST IP test, the "cotton duck test", involves
placing a smoldering cigarette on a test assembly composed of a
cellulosic fabric over a foam block. Variations of the test use
fabrics of various weights and polyethylene sheet backing. A test
failure occurs when the fabric ignites. Another NIST IP test, the
"filter paper test", involves placing a smoldering cigarette on a
test assembly composed of layered filter paper sheets. Various
forms of the test use 3, 10, and 15 layered filter paper sheets. A
successful test result occurs when the cigarette self extinguishes
before the whole tobacco column is consumed.
[0013] The composition of the treated area includes at least a
permeability reducing substance. Another substance in the treated
are includes a burn rate retarding substance. Yet another substance
in the treated area includes a burn rate accelerating substance.
Either the burn rate retarding substance or the burn rate
accelerating substance or both preferably acts as an organoleptic
enhancing substance. In this way a smoker's experience when smoking
either the at least one treated area or the untreated area is
substantially the same. Additionally, the composition of the
treated area may include a filler component.
[0014] In a wrapper making process, the applied amount of the
permeability reducing substance, the burn rate retarding substance,
and the burn rate accelerating substance is such as to give the
desired freeburn character and IP reduction to a finished article
made from the wrapper. The quantity and the concentration of the
applied composition will depend on factors including the absorbency
of the web, polymer properties of the permeability reducing
substance, whether the web is wet or dry, and the operating
conditions of the application equipment.
[0015] The burn rate accelerating substance may be an alkali metal
or alkali earth containing salt. Preferably, the burn rate
accelerating substance may be an alkali metal salt of a carboxylic
acid such as acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid,
tartaric acid and the like. Preferably, the salt of the carboxylic
acid is a salt of citric acid. Also, the alkali metal containing
compound is preferably at least one of a sodium containing compound
and a potassium containing compound. Alternatively, the burn rate
accelerating substance may be monoammonium phosphate.
[0016] The burn rate retarding substance may be a phosphate,
preferably a phosphate of ammonium and more preferably a diammonium
phosphate.
[0017] The permeability reducing substance may be a pore filling
substance, a film forming substance or combination thereof. The
permeability reducing substance may be a polymer and, preferably, a
polysaccharide. Among the contemplated polysaccharides are starch,
including various mixtures of amylose, amylopectin and dextrin,
modified starch and starch derivatives. The starch and starch
derivatives may be water dispersible and, preferably, water
soluble. Other contemplated polysaccharides include cellulose,
cellulose derivatives, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, chitin,
chitin derivatives, alginate, alginate derivatives and combinations
thereof. These polysaccharides are preferably water dispersible
and, more preferably, are water-soluble.
[0018] In one embodiment, the discretely treated area is a
circumferential band about the body of the article. The band has a
sufficient width so as to deprive the coal of the burning tobacco
firecone of oxygen from behind a char line of the wrapper when the
smoking article is placed on a surface. That may be achieved by a
band width typically of at least about 3 millimeters.
[0019] In an alternative embodiment, the discretely treated area
includes at least two bands spaced sufficiently to reduce the IP of
the smoking article. In this case, the two bands preferably have a
center-to-center spacing of between about 10 millimeters to about
30 millimeters. The two bands may have a width of about 3
millimeters to about 10 millimeters. A center-to-center spacing is
preferably about 25 millimeters.
[0020] The discretely treated area preferably has a thickness and
properties so a bobbin of the wrapper is useable in a commercially
available smoking article manufacturing machine. Also, the
discretely treated area is preferably visually substantially the
same as the untreated area.
[0021] Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide
a population of smoking articles having a reduced IP. Each smoking
article within the population includes a tobacco column, wrapper
surrounding the tobacco column so that the smoking article includes
an ignition end and a distal end, and at least one banded region,
preferably at least two spaced apart banded regions, between the
ignition end and the distal end having a combustion characteristic
substantially different from that of an non-banded, untreated,
region. A distance from the ignition end to the at least one of the
banded region of each smoking article may be sequentially related,
random, or quasi-random within a selected population.
[0022] In one embodiment, the selected population is a package of
smoking articles and in another embodiment a grab sample of smoking
articles.
[0023] In another embodiment, the distance from the ignition end to
the at least one of the banded regions of each smoking article are
sequentially related, random, or quasi-random.
[0024] In a preferred embodiment, the IP of the selected population
is between about 50 and about 100 percent for the population.
[0025] The invention also provides a method of making a wrapper, of
making a smoking article having reduced IP, and a composition for
application to a paper to make a wrapper and a smoking article.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] The invention will be better understood after a reading of
the following description of the preferred embodiment when
considered with the drawings in which:
[0027] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a smoking article according
an embodiment of the present invention;
[0028] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the smoking article of FIG.
1;
[0029] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a bobbin of wrapper that may
be used to make the smoking article of FIG. 1;
[0030] FIG. 4 is a plan view of a wrapper as might be accumulated
in a bobbin as shown in FIG. 3;
[0031] FIG. 5A is a schematic of a population of smoking articles
having a substantially random distance from the ignition end to the
at least one of the banded region of each smoking article within
the population according an embodiment of the present
invention;
[0032] FIG. 5B is a schematic of a population of smoking articles
having a quasi random distance from the ignition end to the at
least one of the banded region of each smoking article within the
population according an embodiment of the present invention;
[0033] FIG. 5C is a schematic of a population of smoking articles
having a sequentially related distance from the ignition end to the
at least one of the banded region of each smoking article within
the population according an embodiment of the present invention;
and
[0034] FIG. 6 is a schematic of a package of smoking articles of
any of FIG. 1, FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0035] Referring now to the drawings in general and FIG. 1 in
particular, it will be understood that the illustrations are for
the purpose of describing a preferred embodiment of the invention
and are not intended to limit the invention thereto. As best seen
in FIG. 1, a smoking article 10 includes a tobacco column 12
surrounded by a wrapper 14. The smoking article 10 may, as an
option, include a filter element 16 adjacent to the tobacco column
12 surrounded by the wrapper 14.
[0036] FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of the smoking article 10 of
FIG. 1 including certain aspects relating to the wrapper 14, which
is a modified cigarette paper. In particular, wrapper 14 includes
untreated areas 20 alternating with treated areas 22. Treated areas
22 include a combination of substances that interact with the
wrapper 14 to create the reduced IP smoking article 10. At least
one of the substances in treated area 22 includes a permeability
reducing substance. Another substance in treated area 22 includes a
burn rate retarding substance. Yet another substance in treated
area 22 includes a burn rate accelerating substance. Optionally,
another substance in the treated area includes filler. These
substances interact with each other and the wrapper paper 14 to
create a wrapper that may be used to manufacture reduced IP smoking
article 10.
[0037] The permeability reducing substance may be a polymer. The
polymer may be any one of a natural polymer, a derivative of a
natural polymer, a synthetic polymer, and a combination of any of
the preceding. Applicants have found that polysaccharides are
suitable as permeability reducing substances. The polysaccharides
may be at least one of a starch, modified starch, starch
derivative, cellulose, cellulose derivative, chitosan, chitosan
derivative, chitin, chitin derivative, alginate, alginate
derivative or a combination of any of the preceding. Any
polysaccharide that suitably reduces the permeability of the
wrapper would be appropriate for use as the permeability reducing
substance.
[0038] Applicants believe that starch, modified starch, starch
derivatives, cellulose and cellulose derivatives would act
particularly well as permeability reducing substances. Applicants
have found that starch and starch derivatives work particularly
well as the permeability reducing substance. Water soluble and
water dispersible starch, starch derivatives, cellulose and
cellulose derivatives would be more desirable than nonaqueous
solvents and dispersants. Nonaqueous solvents may be harmful to
workers, or environmentally regulated so that exhaust equipment
that may be needed to capture organic solvent mists and vapors.
[0039] Without wishing to be bound by any scientific theory and
explanation, applicants believe that a permeability reducing
substance may interact with the wrapper in a number of ways. In
one, a permeability reducing substance may form a film on the
wrapper 14 to reduce permeability by blocking pores in the wrapper
14. That is, when the permeability reducing substance is applied to
the wrapper 14, a film is created that acts as a barrier to block
the movement of gas through pores in the discretely treated area
22.
[0040] Alternatively, a permeability reducing substance may act to
fill pores and thereby reduce the porosity of the wrapper 14. In
this way, a discretely treated area 22 possesses porosity or gas
permeability less than that of the untreated area 20 of the wrapper
14.
[0041] As a further alternative, a permeability reducing substance
may both form a film on the wrapper 14 and act to fill pores in the
wrapper 14 so that a discretely treated area 22 possesses a
porosity or gas permeability less than that of the untreated area
20 of the wrapper 14.
[0042] Applicants have determined that the permeability in the
discretely treated area 22 of wrapper 14 may be less than about 10
CU (CORESTA units, cm.sup.3/min/cm.sup.2 at 1 kPa measuring
pressure as substantially measured according to CORESTA
[Cooperative Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco,
Paris, France] Recommended Method N.sup.o 40: Determination of Air
Permeability of Materials Used as Cigarette Paper, Filter Plug Wrap
and Filter Joining Paper including Materials Having an Oriented
Permeable Zone, October 1994, published in Bulletin 1994-3/4, the
subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference) and is
preferably less than about 7 CU. Alternatively, the band area, and
optionally untreated area, may contain a perforation zone produced
by methods such as electrostatic and mechanical perforation and the
like that are known to those skilled in the art. Applicants have
discovered the unexpected property that a banded area, possessing a
perforation zone, may exhibit a relatively high apparent
permeability while still conferring a reduced IP character on an
article made from the thus treated paper. In a preferred embodiment
the permeability of a perforated band may be less than about 60
CU.
[0043] A burn rate retarding substance includes any substance that
reduces the smolder rate of materials such as paper, cloth and
plastic, and may also increase their resistance to flaming
combustion. Phosphates have been found to work well and, in
particular, phosphates of ammonium. A particular preferred
phosphate of ammonium is the diammonium phosphate (having synonyms
such as diammonium hydrogenphosphate; DAP; diammonium
hydrogenorthophosphate; phosphoric acid, diammonium salt; and
ammonium hydrogen phosphate).
[0044] A burn rate retarding substance may have additional
beneficial benefits including unexpected improved organoleptic
properties discovered by applicants. To that end, applicants have
found that consumers detect a more pleasing smoke taste when the
burn rate retarding substance is present in the discretely treated
area 22 in smoking article 10 according to the present
invention.
[0045] A burn rate retarding substance also may cooperate with a
permeability reducing substance in another unexpected synergistic
manner. That is, the inclusion of a burn rate retarding substance
may reduce the amount of a permeability reducing substance that may
need to be applied to a discretely treated area 22. This may have
an impact on the manufacturability of a wrapper 14 according to the
present invention by decreasing the amount of permeability reducing
material needed to achieve IP reduction.
[0046] A burn rate accelerating substance includes any substance
known to increase the rate at which the smolder process of such
materials as paper, cloth and plastic takes place. Such a substance
may contribute to the free burn of a smoking article 10 according
to the present invention. Preferably, a reduced IP smoking article
10 self-extinguishes when placed onto a surface and continues to
burn when the smoking article 10 is freely suspended such as within
the holder of an ashtray or held without puffing. This latter
attribute is known as "freeburn." To that end, a burn rate
accelerating substance interacts with the wrapper 14, the
permeability reducing substance, and the burn rate retarding
substance to create a discretely treated area 22 that works to
maintain the balance between self-extinguishment and freeburn.
[0047] A burn rate accelerating substance may be a salt such as an
alkali metal and an alkali earth metal containing salt and,
preferably, one containing an alkali metal preferably sodium,
potassium and sodium and potassium. The salt may be a salt of a
carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid,
lactic acid, tartaric acid and the like. In a particularly
preferred embodiment, it is a salt of a citric acid. Alternatively,
the burn rate accelerating substance may be monoammonium
phosphate.
[0048] A burn rate accelerating substance may have additional
beneficial benefits including unexpected organoleptic enhancing
abilities discovered by applicants. To that end, applicants have
found that consumers detect substantially no difference between
smoking an untreated area 20 and a discretely treated area 22 in
smoking article 10 according to the present invention. This removes
the need for difficult to achieve gradations, such as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,753, between a discretely treated area 22 and
untreated areas 20 to maintain a substantially consistent
organoleptic experience for the consumer.
[0049] A filler substance includes particulate materials such clay,
chalk (calcium carbonate), and titanium oxide. Applicants believe
that the presence of filler may be beneficial during the
manufacture of discretely treated areas 22 by allowing the
appearance, particularly the opacity, of discretely treated areas
22 to be carefully controlled so as to be substantially the same as
the untreated region 20.
[0050] A manufacturing of discretely treated areas 22 may be made
by applying compositions that are applicable to the wrapper 14 when
the wrapper 14 might be in a wet or dry state or a semi-wet state.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the quantity and the
concentration of the applied composition will depend on factors
including the absorbency of the web, properties of the permeability
reducing substance, whether the web is wet or dry, and the
operating conditions of the application equipment. Moreover, those
skilled in the art will appreciate that the composition may be
applied by a number of known methods including spraying,
stenciling, flexographic printing, gravure printing, and the like
including both multiple-pass and single-pass processes.
[0051] Preferably, the composition for affecting the discretely
treated areas may be applied on one side of the base paper such
that the formed band 22 faces the tobacco-side 12 after making
article 10 from the banded paper. Alternatively, the composition
may be applied on both sides of the paper or applied such that the
formed band 22 faces the outside or consumer-side after making
article 10 from the banded paper.
[0052] Manufacturing of reduced IP smoking articles is preferably
accomplished using a reel, or bobbin, length of wrapper 14 with
discretely treated areas 22 and untreated areas 20. Using a bobbin
of banded paper in a cigarette-making machine will provide a
population of banded smoking articles having a reduced IP. That is,
each smoking article within the population will include a tobacco
column, wrapper surrounding said tobacco column so that the smoking
article includes an ignition end and a distal end, and at least one
banded region, preferably at least two spaced apart banded regions,
between the ignition end and the distal end whereby the distance
from the ignition end to the at least one of the banded region of
each smoking article may be random (substantially as depicted in
FIG. 5A), quasi-random (substantially as depicted in FIG. 5B), or
sequentially related (substantially as depicted in FIG. 5C) within
the population. The population may any population such as a grab
sample and a package of cigarettes as depicted in FIG. 6.
[0053] Applicants believe that the sequentially related, random, or
quasi-random band position would have the benefit of allowing the
cigarette population as a whole to have fewer tendencies to ignite
fire-prone substrates. Overall, IP tests incorporate a fixed
burn-down distance in which the article is burned before being
placed on the test substrate. In real-world ignition scenarios the
article may burn down to any distance with respect to the ignition
end of the article before contacting a substrate. Therefore, a
sequentially related, random, or quasi-random band position will
increase the probability that any individual member of the banded
article population may prevent ignition of a prone substrate when
the article is burned down to a random distance before substrate
contact. Alternatively, bands may be registered at a fixed distance
with respect to the ignition end of article 10. The preferred
embodiment of this invention is for the manufacture of reduced IP
articles having a sequentially related, random, or quasi-random
band position with respect to the ignition end of article 10.
[0054] The following examples relate to smoking articles produced
according to the present invention and are provided to more fully
explain the invention. In the examples describing sample cigarette
papers made by "gravure printing" the samples were made using a
single-pass gravure printing process. Bands on the gravure-printed
paper were about 6 mm wide, substantially perpendicular to the
paper edge, and applied at about 25 mm intervals center to center.
After printing and allowing the applied composition to dry, the
treated paper was slit and rolled into bobbin form compatible with
a standard cigarette-making machine. The banding composition was
printed on one side of the base paper such that band 22 was facing
the tobacco-side 12 after making article 10 from the banded paper.
Gravure print-banded paper was used to manufacture cigarette using
a conventional cigarette-making machine thereby giving a selected
population of cigarettes with quasi-random band positions.
[0055] In the examples describing sample cigarettes prepared by
"hand banding" a circumferential ring of material was applied
around the body of smoking article, by hand, using an aluminum
printing plate. The aluminum printing plate was fashioned from a
slab of aluminum metal with a straight channel, about 7 millimeters
wide and about 30 millimeters long, milled below the surface of the
slab. A banding composition was used to fill the channel of the
printing plate. The smoking article was then rolled, by hand,
across the composition-filled channel such that a circumferential
band was formed about the body of the smoking article. Therefore,
the about 7 millimeter wide band was printed on one side of the
wrapper such that band 22 was on the outside or consumer-side of
article 10. Hand banded cigarettes are characterized as having the
applied band registered at a fixed position with respect to the
ignition end of the article.
[0056] In each of the examples, "freeburn" was measured by igniting
a cigarette and placing the smoldering article horizontally in a
holder. The article was allowed to statically smolder without the
column or ember contacting a surface. A positive freeburn result
occurred when the cigarette was consumed to the filter element.
[0057] In each of the examples, a series of conventional flax pulp
cigarette papers were used and the properties of these papers are
given in Table 1.
1TABLE 1 Average Base Paper Properties. Basis Weight Paper
Permeability (CU) Filler (%) * Citrate (%) ** (g/m.sup.2) A 18 30
0.85 25.5 B 29 29 0.85 25.5 D 31 28 2.30 26.0 E 32 28 0.60 26.0 F
37 30 0.90 26.0 G 48 28 0.93 25.5 H 71 32 0.70 25.8 * Weight
percent calcium carbonate ** Weight percent citrate salt
EXAMPLE 1
[0058] Three smoking article types were made using a paper wrapper,
an about 63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21
millimeter cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and a
cigarette tobacco blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional
cigarette-making machine. Two of the smoking article samples were
made using separately banded, reduced IP papers. The third smoking
article sample served as a control and was made from a standard
cigarette paper. For all smoking article samples in this example
paper A was used.
[0059] Two banded wrappers were made by applying permeability
reducing compositions on base paper A using gravure printing. About
60,000 cigarettes were made for each of a high band weight wrapper
type, designated 1-C, a low band weight wrapper type, designated
1-B, and a conventional non-banded wrapper, designated 1-A, as a
control. All cigarette types were tested for IP according to the
NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP test and freeburn.
[0060] Cigarette type 1-B was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 20.5 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
0.90 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), about 8.40 weight
percent citrate salt, and bout 70.17 weight percent tap water. The
citrate salt was a mixture of sodium citrate dihydrate (Fisher
Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.) and potassium citrate monohydrate
(Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.) in an about 1:2.8
weight/weight ratio. The composition was heated at approximately
87.degree. C. for about 15 minutes. The permeability in the banded
region was measured as about 6 CU.
[0061] Cigarette type 1-C was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 27.21 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
1.20 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), about 11.13
weight percent citrate salt, and about 60.46 weight percent tap
water. The citrate salt was a mixture of sodium citrate dihydrate
(Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.) and potassium citrate
monohydrate (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.) in an about 1:2.8
weight/weight ratio. The composition heated at approximately
87.degree. C. for about 15 minutes. The permeability in the banded
region was measured as about 4 CU.
[0062] During cigarette production, approximately 100 cigarettes
were collected after about multiples of about 6,000 cigarettes were
produced. The banded, reduced IP, papers ran substantially the same
as the non-banded standard cigarette paper. No manufacturing or
packing problems were observed.
[0063] Table 2 indicates IP and freeburn results for the control
cigarette. The results in Table 3 and Table 4 indicate that the
reduced IP prototypes cigarettes were characterized as having
significant IP reduction, relative to the control, while
maintaining the ability to freeburn in the static state.
[0064] Applicants observed that the manufacturing of cigarettes 1-B
and 1-C gave a population of banded cigarettes. The band position
of grab samples, collected on the cigarette-making machine
immediately after manufacture, were believed to have sequentially
related band positions. Overall, the band position relationship
between the grab samples and the population as a whole was believed
to be quasi-random. The results in Tables 2 and 3 show that the
freeburn and IP reduction for the grab samples was similar to the
population average.
[0065] The smoke taste profile of cigarettes 1-B and 1-C were
substantially the same as control cigarette 1-A in terms of taste
when smoking within banded areas and smoking in the untreated,
non-banded, areas. The bands on 1-B and 1-C cigarettes were found
to be nearly undetectable compared to the non-banded control
article 1-A. For the reduced IP articles, 1-B and 1-C, the
appearance of the ash after the banded region was smoked through
was substantially the same as the ash formed when the untreated,
non-banded, region was smoked through. Overall, the ash appearance
of the reduced IP cigarettes, 1-B and 1-C was substantially the
same as the control article 1-A.
2TABLE 2 IP and Freeburn Results for Control Cigarette 1-A. IP Pass
(%) * Replicates Freeburn (%) Replicates 0 8 100 32 * NIST
(10-sheet) filter paper IP test
[0066]
3TABLE 3 IP and Freeburn Results for Samples of 1-B Acquired During
A Manufacturing Trial. Grab Samples * IP Pass (%) ** Replicates
Freeburn (%) Replicates B-1 87.5 8 100 8 B-2 62.5 8 100 8 B-3 75.0
8 100 8 B-4 100 8 100 8 B-5 87.5 8 100 8 B-6 87.5 8 100 8 B-7 62.5
8 100 8 B-8 87.5 8 100 8 B-9 87.5 8 100 8 B-10 75.0 8 100 8 Average
= 81.3 Average = 100 * Sample number: B-# where # is a multiple of
about 6000 cigarettes; for example, B-10 refers to about 100
articles taken after about 60,000 cigarettes were made. ** NIST
(10-sheet) filter paper IP test
[0067]
4TABLE 4 IP and Freeburn Results for Samples of 1-C Acquired During
A Manufacturing Trial. Grab Samples IP Pass (%) * Replicates
Freeburn (%) Replicates C-1 100 8 100 8 C-2 87.5 8 87.5 8 C-3 100 8
87.5 8 C-4 75.0 8 100 8 C-5 87.5 8 100 8 C-6 87.5 8 100 8 C-7 100 8
100 8 C-8 100 8 100 8 C-9 100 8 100 8 C-10 100 8 87.5 8 Average =
93.8 Average = 91.3 * Sample number: C-# where # is a multiple of
about 6000 cigarettes; for example, C-10 refers to about 100
articles taken after about 60,000 cigarettes were made. ** NIST
(10-sheet) filter paper IP test
EXAMPLE 2
[0068] A survey of derivatized starch products was made to
determine their suitability for use in preparing a cigarette having
reduced IP. RediFilm-54.RTM., RediFilm-250.RTM., and 11527-2 starch
compositions were obtained from National Starch (Berkeley, Calif.)
as summarized Table 5.
[0069] The various starch compositions were used to make a
circumferential band, about 7 millimeters wide, around the body of
a smoking article. The circumferential band was positioned about 15
millimeters from the ignition end of the finished smoking article.
The smoking article was prepared using cigarette paper A, an about
63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21 millimeter
cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and a cigarette
tobacco blend.
5TABLE 5 Starch Compositions Used. Starch Product* Characterization
RediFilm-54 .RTM. - hydrophobic derivatized starch - "low" degree
of substitution - water-based composition at 24.66 weight percent
solids RediFilm-250 .RTM. - hydrophobic derivatized starch - "high"
degree of substitution - water-based composition at 23.67 weight
percent solids 11527-2 - hydrophobic derivatized starch -
experimental, non-commercial product - water-based composition at
9.33 weight percent solids *Supplied by National Starch (Berkeley.
CA)
[0070] A band was applied on the smoking article by hand using an
aluminum printing plate, and the wet weight of added material was
measured. The applied dry weights of banding materials were
calculated and are reported in Table 6.
[0071] The NIST (#6) cotton duck IP test was used to determine IP
of the banded cigarette samples. For each banded cigarette type, 8
replicates were tested and the results are given in Table 6.
6TABLE 6 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP Data. Starch Product IP
Pass (%) * Dry band weight (.mu.g) RediFilm-54 .RTM. 100 222 100
113 100 88 62.5 44 RediFilm-250 .RTM. 100 156 100 88 12.5 38
11527-2 100 94 12.5 36 * NIST (#6) cotton duck IP test
[0072] The hydrophobic derivatized starches (RediFilm-54.RTM.,
RediFilm-250.RTM., and 11527-2) gave low visibility bands when
applied on the cigarettes. The IP results indicate that derivatized
starch products are effective IP reducing materials. In the present
application about 90 micrograms (.mu.g) would be the dry weight
that forms a substantially about 100% effective, IP reducing,
registered position band.
EXAMPLE 3
[0073] Three smoking articles were made using a banded wrapper, an
about 63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21 millimeter
cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and cigarette
tobacco blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional
cigarette-making machine. The smoking articles were made using
separate banded cigarette papers.
[0074] Cigarette type 3-A was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 16.4 weight percent
RediFilm-54.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.) and
about 83.6 weight percent tap water. The permeability in the banded
region was measured as about 4 CU.
[0075] Cigarette type 3-B was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 18.18 weight percent
Ethylex-2015.RTM. hydroxyethylated starch (A. E. Staley, Decatur,
Ill.), about 1.01 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), and
about 80.81 weight percent tap water. The composition heated at
approximately 87.degree. C. for about 15 minutes.
[0076] Cigarette type 3-C was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 18.18 weight percent
Ethylex-2065.RTM. hydroxyethylated starch (A. E. Staley, Decatur,
Ill.), about 1.01 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), and
about 80.81 weight percent tap water. The composition was heated at
approximately 87.degree. C. for about 15 minutes.
[0077] During cigarette production, approximately 2,000 cigarettes
were collected for each type. The cigarettes were collected such
that the individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a collection
box. Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured cigarettes
may be characterized as random. The derivatized starches
(RediFilm-54.RTM., Ethylex-2015.RTM., and Ethylex-2065(.RTM.) gave
low visibility bands when applied on the cigarettes.
[0078] The banded, reduced IP, papers ran substantially the same as
non-banded cigarette paper A. No manufacturing problems were
observed during cigarette production.
[0079] Table 7 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarettes
3-A, 3-B, and 3-C. Cigarette IP was measured, using about 20
replicates, by the NIST (10-sheet) filter paper test. The freeburn
character was measured using about 16 replicates. The IP results
indicate that derivatized starch products are effective IP reducing
materials in the present application in which band position is
random on the individual articles in the population.
7TABLE 7 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type Starch Product IP Pass (%) * Freeburn (%) 3-A
RediFilm-54 .RTM. 100 0.0 3-B Ethylex-2015 .RTM. 90 93.8 3-C
Ethylex-2065 .RTM. 100 0.0 * NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP
test
EXAMPLE 4
[0080] A series of cigarette types banded with compositions
containing varying Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.) contents was prepared. Compositions were prepared
by combining an appropriate amount of starch powder in tap water as
summarized in Table 8. The starch/water combination was heated at
approximately 90.degree. C. for about 10 minutes.
[0081] Cigarette types 4-A, 4-B, 4-C, 4-D, and 4-E were made from
cigarette papers gravure printed with starch compositions as listed
in Table 8 and 9. Gravure printing was performed using an about 8
millimeter band width and an about 25 millimeter center-to-center
spacing. Smoking articles were made using separate banded wrappers,
an about 63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21
millimeter cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and a
cigarette tobacco blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional
cigarette-making machine.
[0082] During cigarette production, approximately 2,000 cigarettes
were collected. The cigarettes were collected such that the
individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a collection box.
Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured cigarettes may be
characterized as random. The starch compositions gave low
visibility bands when applied on the cigarettes.
8TABLE 8 Starch Compositions Used. Composition # Starch (g) Water
(mL) Composition (%) * 4-1 600 4000 13.04 4-2 750 4000 15.79 4-3
850 4000 17.53 4-4 1000 4000 20.00 * Weight percent composition
Flokote-64 .RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, CA)
[0083]
9TABLE 9 Permeability of Banded Cigarette Paper. Cigarette Type
Base Paper Band Solution * Band Perm. (CU) ** 4-A A 4-1 10 4-B A
4-2 8 4-C A 4-3 6 4-D A 4-4 4 4-E B 4-4 5 * See Table 7 ** Perm. =
permeability
[0084] Table 10 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarette
types 4-A, 4-B, 4-C, 4-D, and 4-E. Cigarette IP was measured, using
about 20 replicates, by the NIST (10-sheet) filter paper test. The
freeburn character was measured using about 6 replicates. The
results indicate that significant IP reduction occurs when the band
permeability is reduced to less than about 6 CU. The applied
permeability reducing agent may be adjusted, such as controlling
percent weight, viscosity or the like, to give an effective IP
reducing band in the present application in which band position is
random on the individual articles in the population.
10TABLE 10 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type IP Pass (%) * Freeburn (%) 4-A 0 100 4-B 0 100 4-C
40 100 4-D 95 95 4-E 85 100 * NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP
test
[0085] Applicants evaluated the smoke taste profile of cigarette
type 4-D. The taste when smoking within banded areas differed from
the taste in the untreated, non-banded, areas. The band region was
characterized as possessing less taste strength and a slight
paper-like taste relative to the untreated, non-banded, region.
EXAMPLE 5
[0086] A series of cigarette types banded with compositions
containing varying Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.) and DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.) contents was
prepared. Compositions were prepared by combining an appropriate
amount of starch powder and DAP in tap water as summarized in Table
11. The combinations were heated at approximately 90.degree. C. for
about 15 minutes.
[0087] Cigarette types 5-A through 5-L were made from cigarette
papers gravure printed with starch compositions as listed in Table
11 and 12. All cigarette types had a band configuration of about 6
millimeter width and about 25 millimeter center-to-center spacing
except types 5-I and 5-J which had a band configuration of about 8
millimeter width and about 25 millimeter center-to-center
spacing.
[0088] Smoking articles were made using separate banded wrappers,
an about 63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21
millimeter cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and a
cigarette tobacco blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional
cigarette-making machine.
11TABLE 11 Starch Compositions Used. Composition Starch # (g) DAP
(g) Water (mL) Composition* 5-1 900 0 4000 18.37% S 5-2 900 12.5
4000 18.27% S, 0.25% DAP 5-3 900 25 4000 18.32% S, 0.51% DAP 5-4
900 50 4000 18.18% S, 1.01% DAP 5-5 900 150 4000 17.82% S, 2.97%
DAP 5-6 900 200 4000 17.65% S, 3.92% DAP 5-7 900 300 4000 17.31% S,
5.77% DAP 5-8 1000 0 4000 20.00% S 5-9 1040 150 4000 20.04% S,
2.89% DAP 5-10 1100 50 4000 21.36% S, 0.97% DAP 5-11 1250 50 4000
23.58% S, 0.94% DAP *Weight percent composition: S = Flokote-64
.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, CA), DAP = diammonium
phosphate (Rhodia, Cranbury, NJ)
[0089] During cigarette manufacture, approximately 2,000 cigarettes
were collected. The cigarettes were collected such that the
individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a collection box.
Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured cigarettes may be
characterized as random. The starch compositions gave low
visibility bands when applied on the cigarettes.
[0090] Table 13 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarette
types 5-A through 5-L. Cigarette IP was measured, using about 20
replicates, by the NIST (10-sheet) filter paper test. The freeburn
character was measured using about 16 replicates. The results
indicate that significant IP reduction occurs when the band
permeability is less than about 6 CU, although for the present
example freeburn was significantly lowered for the about 4 CU and
about 3 CU band permeability samples.
12TABLE 12 Permeability of Banded Cigarette Paper. Cigarette Type
Base Paper Band Solution* Band Perm. (CU)** 5-A A 5-1 6 5-B A 5-2
-- 5-C A 5-3 -- 5-D A 5-4 6 5-E A 5-5 6 5-F A 5-6 6 5-G A 5-7 6 5-H
A 5-8 -- 5-I A 5-9 3 5-J B 5-9 4 5-K A 5-10 -- 5-L A 5-11 -- *See
Table 11 **Perm. = permeability -- = not determined
[0091]
13TABLE 13 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type IP Pass (%)* Freeburn (%) 5-A 90 100 5-B 100 93.8
5-C 100 93.8 5-D 100 100 5-E 100 93.8 5-F 100 100 5-G 90 93.8 5-H
100 0 5-I 100 0 5-J 100 10 5-K 100 0 5-L 100 6.3 *NIST (10-sheet)
filter paper IP test
[0092] Applicants evaluated the smoke taste profile of cigarette
types 5-A through 5-G. The taste when smoking within banded areas
differed from the taste in the untreated, non-banded, areas. The
band region was characterized as possessing less taste strength
relative to the untreated, non-banded, region. In contrast to
cigarette type 4-D (Example 4), the presence of DAP eliminated the
slight paper-like taste attributed to using a permeability reducing
agent alone to form the banded region. Moreover, composition 5-4
(1.01 weight percent DAP) was sufficient to afford the maximal
benefit of DAP presence. Higher contents of DAP, such as
composition 5-7, tended to increase the width of the char line as
the banded region was smoked through.
EXAMPLE 6
[0093] A series of cigarette types banded with compositions
containing varying Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.) and DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), and
sodium/potassium citrate salt contents was prepared. Smoking
articles were made using separate banded wrappers, an about 63
millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21 millimeter cellulose
acetate non-air diluted filter section, and a cigarette tobacco
blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional cigarette-making
machine.
[0094] Cigarette type 6-A was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 20.65 weight percent
Flokote-64 starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about 0.94
weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), 3.32 weight percent
citrate salt, and about 75.09 weight percent tap water. The citrate
salt was a mixture of sodium citrate dihydrate (Fisher Scientific,
Fair Lawn, N.J.) and potassium citrate monohydrate (Fisher
Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.) in an about 1:2.8 weight/weight ratio.
The composition was heated at approximately 87.degree. C. for about
15 minutes.
[0095] Cigarette type 6-B was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 21.36 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
0.97 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), and about 77.67
weight percent tap water. The composition was heated approximately
87.degree. C. for about 15 minutes.
[0096] Cigarette type 6-C was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 19.56 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
0.89 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), about 8.44 weight
percent citrate salt, and about 71.11 weight percent tap water. The
citrate salt was a mixture of sodium citrate dihydrate (Fisher
Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.) and potassium citrate monohydrate (J.
T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.) in an about 1:2.8 weight/weight
ratio. The composition was heated at approximately 87.degree. C.
for about 15 minutes.
[0097] During cigarette manufacture, approximately 2,000 cigarettes
were collected. The cigarettes were collected such that the
individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a collection box.
Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured cigarettes may be
characterized as random. The starch compositions gave low
visibility bands when applied on the cigarettes.
[0098] Table 14 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarette
types 6-A, 6-B, and 6-C. Cigarette IP was measured, using about 20
replicates, by the NIST (10-sheet) filter paper test. The freeburn
character was measured using about 64 replicates for article types
6-A and 6-B and about 16 replicates for article type 6-C.
14TABLE 14 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type IP Pass (%)* Freeburn (%) 6-A 100 87.5 6-B 100 34.4
6-C 100 90.0 *NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP test
[0099] Both the burn rate retarding substance (such as DAP) and the
burn rate accelerating substance (such as sodium/potassium citrate
salt) are beneficial band additives that influence the ability of
the article to freeburn. High levels of the permeability reducing
substance (such as starch) deposited in the band may increase the
IP pass rate of the cigarette (see Example 4), but will decrease
the ability of the cigarette to freeburn particularly when combined
with the burn rate retarding substance (see Example 5). The burn
rate accelerating substance (such as sodium/potassium citrate salt)
is a beneficial band component because this burn promoter can be
used to increase the ability of a heavily banded cigarette to
freeburn while maintaining concurrent reduced IP character.
[0100] Furthermore, applicants have discovered the unexpected
organoleptic enhancing abilities of the burn rate accelerating
substance preferably in combination with the burn rate retarding
substance. The smoke taste profile of cigarette 6-C was
substantially consistent when smoking within banded areas and
smoking in the untreated, non-banded, areas.
EXAMPLE 7
[0101] Two smoking articles were made using a banded wrapper, an
about 63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21 millimeter
cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and cigarette
tobacco blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional
cigarette-making machine. The smoking articles were made using
separate banded cigarette papers.
[0102] Cigarette type 7-A was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 18.18 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
1.01 weight percent monoammonium phosphate (Fisher Scientific, Fair
Lawn, N.J.), and about 80.81 weight percent tap water. The
composition was heated at approximately 87.degree. for about 15
minutes.
[0103] Cigarette type 7-B was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 17.82 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
2.97 weight percent monoammonium phosphate (Fisher Scientific, Fair
Lawn, N.J.), and about 79.21 weight percent tap water. The
composition was heated at approximately 87.degree. C. for about 15
minutes.
[0104] During cigarette production, approximately 2,000 cigarettes
were collected for each type. The cigarettes were collected such
that the individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a collection
box. Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured cigarettes
may be characterized as random. The banded, reduced IP, papers ran
substantially the same as non-banded cigarette paper A. No
manufacturing problems were observed during cigarette
production.
[0105] Table 15 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarettes
7-A and 7-B. Article IP was measured, using about 20 replicates, by
the NIST (10-sheet) filter paper test. The freeburn character was
measured using about 16 replicates. The IP results indicate that
starch combined with monoammonium phosphate is an effective IP
reducing material in the present application in which band position
is random on the individual articles in the population.
15TABLE 15 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type IP Pass (%)** Freeburn (%) 7-A 100 43.8 7-B 100 62.5
**NIST (10-sheet) filter paper TP test
EXAMPLE 8
[0106] One smoking articles was made using a banded wrapper, an
about 63 millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21 millimeter
cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter section, and cigarette
tobacco blend. The cigarette was made on a conventional
cigarette-making machine.
[0107] Cigarette type 8-A was made from cigarette paper A gravure
printed with a composition containing about 15.24 weight percent
Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about
0.95 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Carnbury, N.J.), about 7.62 weight
percent microcrystalline cellulose (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.,
Catalog #31,069-7), and about 76.19 weight percent tap water. The
starch/DAP composition heated at approximately 87.degree. C. for
about 15 minutes then the cellulose component was dispersed before
printing.
[0108] During manufacturing, approximately 2,000 articles of type
8-A were collected. The cigarettes were collected such that the
individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a collection box.
Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured cigarettes may be
characterized as random. The banded, reduced IP, papers ran
substantially the same as non-banded cigarette paper A. No
manufacturing problems were observed during cigarette
production.
[0109] The composition used to band article type 8-B contained
about 14.61 weight percent Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.), about 0.97 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Carnbury,
N.J.), about 2.16 weight percent sodium citrate dihydrate (Fisher
Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.), about 6.05 weight percent potassium
citrate monohydrate (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.), about 4.40
weight percent colloidal cellulose (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.;
Catalog #43,524-4), and about 71.82 weight percent tap water. The
starch/DAP/citrate salt composition was heated at approximately
90.degree. C. for about 20 minutes then the cellulose component was
dispersed before applying the material to articles.
[0110] Cigarette type 8-B was hand banded with the
starch/DAP/cellulose composition to give a circumferential band,
about 7 millimeters wide, around the body of a smoking article. The
circumferential band was positioned about 20 millimeters from the
ignition end of the finished article. The smoking article was
prepared using cigarette paper A, an about 72 millimeter tobacco
column length, an about 25 millimeter cellulose acetate non-air
diluted filter section, and a cigarette tobacco blend.
[0111] The fixed-position band of article type 8-B was applied on
the smoking article by hand using an aluminum printing plate, and
the wet weight of added material was measured. The applied total
dry weight of banding material was calculated to be about 1.4
milligrams.
[0112] Table 16 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarettes
8-A and 8-B. Cigarette IP was measured, using about 20 replicates
for 8-A and 4 replicates for 8-B, by the NIST (10-sheet) filter
paper test. The freeburn character was measured using about 16
replicates for 8-A and 4 replicates for 8-B. The IP results
indicate that starch/DAP, or more preferably starch/DAP/citrate
salt, combined with cellulose is an effective IP reducing material
in the present application in which band position is either random
or fixed on the individual articles in the population.
16TABLE 16 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type IP Pass (%)* Freeburn (%) 8-A 45 100 8-B 100 100
*NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP test
EXAMPLE 9
[0113] Cigarette types 9-A and 9-B were hand banded with
compositions to give a circumferential band, about 7 millimeters
wide, around the body of a smoking article. The circumferential
band was positioned about 20 millimeters from the ignition end of
the finished article. The smoking article was prepared using
cigarette paper A, an about 72 millimeter tobacco column length, an
about 25 millimeter cellulose acetate non-air diluted filter
section, and a cigarette tobacco blend.
[0114] The fixed-position band of was applied on the smoking
article by hand using an aluminum printing plate, and the wet
weight of added material was measured. The applied dry weights of
banding materials were calculated and found to be about 1.4
milligrams (total dry material weight) for article type 9-A and
about 0.82 milligrams (total dry material weight) for article type
9-B.
[0115] The composition used to band article type 9-A contained
about 14.47 weight percent Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.), 0.96 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Carnbury,
N.J.), about 2.14 weight percent sodium citrate dihydrate (Fisher
Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.), about 6.00 weight percent potassium
citrate monohydrate (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.), about 5.30
weight percent calcium carbonate (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.; Catalog
#31,003-4), and about 71.14 weight percent tap water. The
starch/DAP/citrate salt composition was heated at approximately
90.degree. C. for about 20 minutes then the calcium carbonate
component was dispersed before applying the material to the
articles.
[0116] The composition used to band article type 9-B contained
about 14.56 weight percent Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.), 0.96 weight percent DAP (Rhodia, Carnbury,
N.J.), about 2.15 weight percent sodium citrate dihydrate (Fisher
Scientific, Fair Lawn, N.J.), about 6.04 weight percent potassium
citrate monohydrate (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.), about 4.70
weight percent Kaolin clay (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.; Catalog
#22,883-4), and about 71.59 weight percent tap water. The
starch/DAP/citrate salt composition was heated at approximately
90.degree. C. for about 20 minutes then the Kaolin clay component
was dispersed before applying the material to the articles.
[0117] Table 17 indicates IP and freeburn results for cigarettes
9-A and 9-B. Cigarette IP was measured, using about 4 replicates,
by the NIST (10-sheet) filter paper test. The freeburn character
was measured using about 4 replicates. The IP results indicate that
starch/DAP/citrate salt combined with filler, such as calcium
carbonate, clay, and the like, is an effective IP reducing material
in the present application in which band position is fixed on the
individual articles in the population.
[0118] Applicants anticipate that the composition applied to
articles may be adjusted due to synergistic interactions between
filler and other band components. For example, article 9-B
incorporates Kaolin clay as a band component, which appears to
synergistically enhance the performance of the burn rate retarding
substance and/or the permeability reducing substance. As a further
example, article 9-A incorporates an alkali earth salt, calcium
carbonate, known to act as paper burn rate accelerating substance,
which may interact synergistically with the burn rate accelerating
component. Alternatively, the filler component may cooperate with
the permeability reducing substance.
17TABLE 17 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type IP Pass (%)* Freeburn (%) 9-A 100 100 9-B 100 25
*NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP test
EXAMPLE 10
[0119] A series of base cigarette papers were banded with a
composition containing Flokote-64.RTM. starch (National Starch,
Berkeley, Calif.) and DAP (Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.). Smoking
articles were made using separate banded wrappers, an about 63
millimeter tobacco column length, an about 21 millimeter cellulose
acetate non-air diluted filter section, and a cigarette tobacco
blend. The cigarettes were made on a conventional cigarette-making
machine.
[0120] Cigarette types were made from a series of cigarette papers,
as listed in Table 18, gravure printed with a composition
containing about 21.36 weight percent Flokote-64.RTM. starch
(National Starch, Berkeley, Calif.), about 0.97 weight percent DAP
(Rhodia, Cranbury, N.J.), and about 77.67 weight percent tap water.
The composition was heated at approximately 87.degree. C. for about
15 minutes.
18TABLE 18 Summary of Banded Cigarette IP and Freeburn Data.
Cigarette Type Base Paper IP Pass (%)* Freeburn (%) 10-A A 100 34
10-B D 100 56.3 10-C B 100 57.0 10-D F 100 62.5 10-B G 80 100 10-F
A** 100 43.8 10-G H 50 100 *NIST (10-sheet) filter paper IP test
**Base paper A electrostatically perforated to about 70 CU
[0121] During manufacturing, approximately 2,000 articles of type
10-A through 10-G were collected. The cigarettes were collected
such that the individual cigarettes were randomly mixed in a
collection box. Therefore, the band positions on the manufactured
cigarettes may be characterized as random. The banded, reduced IP,
papers ran substantially the same as non-banded cigarette paper A.
No manufacturing problems were observed during cigarette
production.
[0122] The IP and freeburn data in Table 18 demonstrate that at
constant applied band composition, and application method, results
may vary depending on the structure of the base paper. Articles
prepared from the higher permeability papers, 10-E and 10-H, showed
lower IP pass rates than articles 10-A through 10-F. Applicants
believe that increasing the applied amount of the composition will
increase IP pass rate for higher base paper permeability types
(such as 10-E and 10-G). For articles 10-A through 10-D and 10-F
applicants fully expect that the freeburn value may be increased by
the incorporation of a burn rate accelerating substance in the
band.
[0123] Article type 10-F used an about 18 CU base paper (A)
electrostatically perforated, before band printing, to about 70 CU.
After banding, the permeability in the band region was measured as
about 57 CU. Article type 10-A, utilizing base paper A, had a
measured band permeability of about 5 CU. Interestingly, article
types 10-A and 10-F gave similar IP and freeburn results. This
example demonstrates the unexpected result that perforation in the
banded region, at the level applied, does not degrade the IP
performance. Applicants fully anticipate higher levels of
perforation may give similar results.
[0124] An important consideration for the design of commercially
acceptable reduced IP articles is product smoke delivery. Smoke
delivery is the quantity of various smoke components produced by
the article during its consumption. For this example, carbon
monoxide was used as a surrogate for all components delivered by
the article. An article manufactured from a paper containing a
banded region of lower permeability than the non-banded region may
display increased smoke delivery relative to the non-banded control
article. The width, spacing, composition, and number of the bands
may also affect smoke delivery changes.
[0125] For example in Table 19, an article type prepared from base
paper A gave a carbon monoxide delivery of about 18.2
milligrams/cigarette, but the same wrapper in a banded state (band
permeability about 5 CU) caused the delivery to increase to about
21.3 milligrams/cigarette. Applicants have demonstrated that
substituting a higher permeability base paper will afford smoke
deliveries similar to the control type (for example 10-B through
10-G versus control).
[0126] Additionally, applicants have discovered the unexpected
result that incorporating a burn accelerating substance in the band
(such as article type 6-C) can give a lower smoke delivery relative
to the banded article not containing the burn accelerating
substance (such article type 10-A).
19TABLE 19 Carbon Monoxide Content of Banded and Control Articles.
Cigarette Type Carbon Monoxide (milligrams/cigarette) Control* 18.2
10-A 21.3 6-C 20.6 10-B 18.3 10-C 18.4 10-D 17.6 10-B 17.3 10-F
18.5 10-G 17.6 *Control, non-banded, article manufactured with base
paper A
[0127] Certain modifications and improvements will occur to those
skilled in the art upon a reading of the foregoing description. By
way of example, an alternative method for controlling smoke
delivery may be used. Examples of such alternative methods include
diluting filter smoke with air, changing tobacco blend, and
altering base paper burn regulator composition. It should be
understood that all such modifications and improvements have been
deleted herein for the sake of conciseness and readability but are
properly within the scope of the following claims.
* * * * *