U.S. patent application number 10/076370 was filed with the patent office on 2002-11-28 for variant of lav viruses.
This patent application is currently assigned to Institut Pasteur. Invention is credited to Alizon, Marc, Montagnier, Luc, Sonigo, Pierre, Wain-Hobson, Simon.
Application Number | 20020177128 10/076370 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 8196317 |
Filed Date | 2002-11-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020177128 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Alizon, Marc ; et
al. |
November 28, 2002 |
Variant of LAV viruses
Abstract
A variant of a LAV virus, designated LAV.sub.MAL and capable of
causing AIDS. The cDNA and antigens of the LAV.sub.MAL virus can be
used for the diagnosis of AIDS and pre-AIDS.
Inventors: |
Alizon, Marc; (Paris,
FR) ; Sonigo, Pierre; (Paris, FR) ;
Wain-Hobson, Simon; (Montigny Les Bretonneux, FR) ;
Montagnier, Luc; (Le Plessis Robinson, FR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT &
DUNNER LLP
1300 I STREET, NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20005
US
|
Assignee: |
Institut Pasteur
|
Family ID: |
8196317 |
Appl. No.: |
10/076370 |
Filed: |
February 19, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10076370 |
Feb 19, 2002 |
|
|
|
09328438 |
Jun 9, 1999 |
|
|
|
6426073 |
|
|
|
|
09328438 |
Jun 9, 1999 |
|
|
|
09041975 |
Mar 13, 1998 |
|
|
|
09041975 |
Mar 13, 1998 |
|
|
|
08471474 |
Jun 6, 1995 |
|
|
|
5824482 |
|
|
|
|
08471474 |
Jun 6, 1995 |
|
|
|
08154397 |
Nov 18, 1993 |
|
|
|
5773602 |
|
|
|
|
08154397 |
Nov 18, 1993 |
|
|
|
07988530 |
Dec 10, 1992 |
|
|
|
07988530 |
Dec 10, 1992 |
|
|
|
07656797 |
Feb 19, 1991 |
|
|
|
07656797 |
Feb 19, 1991 |
|
|
|
07038330 |
Apr 13, 1987 |
|
|
|
5030714 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/5 ;
424/188.1; 424/208.1; 435/183; 435/235.1; 435/7.1; 536/23.72;
536/24.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 2740/10022
20130101; C12Q 1/703 20130101; C12N 7/00 20130101; C12N 2740/16051
20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; C12N 2740/10021 20130101; G01N
33/56988 20130101; C12Q 1/702 20130101; C12N 2740/16021
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/5 ;
435/235.1; 435/183; 536/23.72; 536/24.3; 435/7.1; 424/188.1;
424/208.1 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 001/70; C07H
021/04; C12N 009/00; C12N 007/00; G01N 033/53; A61K 039/21; C12N
007/01 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 23, 1986 |
FR |
86401380.0 |
Claims
1. The virus LAV.sub.MAL comprising RNA corresponding to the cDNA
of FIGS. 7A-7I.
2. The cDNA of FIGS. 7A-7I.
3. A DNA recombinant comprising the cDNA of claim 2.
4. A probe containing a nucleic acid sequence hybridizable with RNA
of said LAV.sub.MAL virus of claim 1.
5. A method for identifying the presence in a host tissue of LAV
virus which comprises hybridizing RNA obtained from said tissue
with said probe of claim 4.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein said probe can hybridize with RNA
from said LAV.sub.MAL virus to identify said LAV.sub.MAL virus.
7. A peptide or fragment thereof whose amino acid sequence is
encoded by an open reading frame of a cDNA sequence of the
LAV.sub.MAL virus of claim 1.
8. The peptide of claim 7 encoded by a cDNA sequence from
amino-acyl residue 37 to amino-acyl residue 130, or from amino-acyl
residue 211 to amino-acyl residue 289, or from amino-acyl residue
488 to amino-acyl residue 530 of FIGS. 3A-3F and 7A-7I.
9. The peptide of claim 7 encoded by a cDNA sequence from
amino-acyl residue 490 to amino-acyl residue 620 or from amino-acyl
residue 680 to amino-acyl residue 700 of FIGS. 3A-3F and 7A-7I.
10. The peptide of claim 7 which comprises a protein or
glycoprotein whose amino acid sequence is encoded by all or part of
one of the following cDNA sequences of FIGS. 3A-3F and 7A-7I: OMP
or gp110 proteins, including precursors: 1 to 530; OMP or gp110
without precursor: 34-530; and TMP or gp41 protein: 531-877.
11. The peptide of claim 10 encoded by all or part of one of the
following cDNA sequences of FIGS. 3A-3F and 7A-7I: 37-130, 211-289,
488-530, 490-620 or 680-700.
12. A method for the in vitro detection of the presence of an
antibody directed against a LAV virus in a human body fluid, which
comprises: contacting said body fluid with an antigen obtained from
said virus LAV.sub.MAL of claim 1, said antigen consisting of a
peptide or a fragment thereof whose amino acid sequence is encoded
by an open reading frame of a cDNA sequence of FIGS. 7A-7I; and
then detecting the immunological reaction between said antigen and
said antibody.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein said antigen detects said
LAV.sub.MAL virus of claim 1.
14. The method of claim 12 which comprises the steps of: a)
depositing a predetermined amount of said antigen into a cup of a
titration microplate; b) introducing increasing dilutions of said
body fluid into said cup; c) incubating said microplate; d) washing
the microplate with a buffer; e) adding into said cup a labelled
antibody directed against blood immunoglobulins; and then f)
determining whether an antigen-antibody-complex has formed in said
cup which is indicative of the presence of a LAV antibody in said
body fluid.
15. A diagnostic kit for the in vitro detection of antibodies
against a LAV virus, which kit comprises: an antigen consisting of
a peptide of claim 7.
16. The kit of claim 15 wherein the antigen consists of a peptide
of said LAV.sub.MAL virus of claim 1, encoded by the open reading
frame of a cDNA sequence of said LAV.sub.MAL virus.
17. An immunogenic composition comprising: an antigen of the
LAV.sub.MAL virus of claim 1 or an immunogenic peptide or fragment
thereof encoded by RNA of said virus; and a physiologically
acceptable carrier.
18. The immunogenic composition of claim 17 wherein said peptide is
the gp110 envelope glycoprotein or a fragment thereof.
19. The immunogenic composition of claim 17 wherein the peptide
comprises a protein or glycoprotein hwose amino acid sequence is
encoded by all or part of one of the following cDNA sequences of
FIGS. 3a-3F and 7A-7I: OMP or gp110 proteins, including precursors:
1 to 530; OMP or gp110 without precursor: 34-530; and TMP or
gp41:531-877.
20. The composition of claim 19 wherein the protein or glycoprotein
is encoded by all or part of one of the following cDNA sequences of
FIGS. 3A-3F and 7A-7I: 37-130, 211-289, 488-530, 490-620 or
680-700.
21. An antibody formed against a peptide of claim 7.
22. A cell transformed with a DNA recombinant of claim 3.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a virus capable of inducing
lymphadenopathies (hereinafter "LAS") and acquired
immuno-depressive syndromes (hereinafter "AIDS"), to antigens of
this virus, particularly in a purified form, and to a process for
producing these antigens, particularly antigens of the envelope of
this virus. The invention also relates to polypeptides, whether
glycosylated or not, produced by the virus and to DNA sequences
which code for such polypeptides. The invention further relates to
cloned DNA sequences hybridizable to genomic RNA and DNA of the
lymphadenopathy associated virus (hereinafter "LAV") of this
invention and to processes for their preparation and their use. The
invention still further relates to a stable probe including a DNA
sequence which can be used for the detection of the LAV virus of
this invention or related viruses or DNA proviruses in any medium,
particularly biological, and in samples containing any of them.
[0002] An important genetic polymorphism has been recognized for
the human retrovirus which is the cause of AIDS and other diseases
like LAS, AIDS-related complex (hereinafter "ARC") and probably
some encephalopathies (for review, see Weiss, 1984). Indeed all of
the isolates, analyzed until now, have had distinct restriction
maps, even those recovered at the same place and time [Benn et al.,
1985]. Identical restriction maps have only been observed for the
first two isolates which were designated LAV [Alizon et al., 1984]
and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (hereinafter "HTLV-3")
[Hahn et al., 1984] and which appear to be exceptions. The genetic
polymorphism of the AIDS virus was better assessed after the
determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of LAV
[Wain-Hobson et al., 1985], HTLV-3 [Ratner et al., 1985; Muesing et
al., 1985] and a third isolate designated AIDS-associated
retrovirus (hereinafter "ARV2") [Sanchez-Pescador et al., 1985]. In
particular, it appeared that, besides the nucleic acid variations
responsible for the restriction map polymorphism, isolates could
differ significantly at the protein level, especially in the
envelope (up to 13% of difference between ARV and LAV), by both
amino acids substitutions and reciprocal insertions-deletions
[Rabson and Martin, 1985].
[0003] Nevertheless, such differences did not go so far as to
destroy the immunological similarity of such isolates as evidenced
by the capabilities of their similar proteins, (e.g., core proteins
of similar nature, such as the p25 proteins, or similar envelope
glycoproteins, such as the 110-120 kD glycoproteins) to
immunologically cross-react. Accordingly, the proteins of any of
said LAV viruses can be used for the in vitro detection of
antibodies induced in vivo and present in biological fluids
obtained from individuals infected with the other LAV variants.
Therefore, these viruses are grouped together as a class of LAV
viruses (hereinafter "LAV-1 viruses").
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] In accordance with this invention, a new virus has been
discovered that is responsible for diseases clinically related to
AIDS and that can be classified as a LAV-1 virus but that differs
genetically from known LAV-1 viruses to a much larger extent than
the known LAV-1 viruses differ from each other. The new virus is
basically characterized by the cDNA sequence which is shown in
FIGS. 7A to 7I, and this new virus is hereinafter generally
referred to as "LAV.sub.MAL".
[0005] Also in accordance with this invention, variants of the new
virus are provided. The RNAs of these variants and the related
cDNAs derived from said RNAs are hybridizable to corresponding
parts of the cDNA of LAV.sub.MAL. The DNA of the new virus also is
provided, as well as DNA fragments derived therefrom hybridizable
with the genomic RNA of LAV.sub.MAL, such DNA and DNA fragments
particularly consisting of the cDNA or cDNA fragments of
LAV.sub.MAL or of recombinant DNAs containing such cDNA or cDNA
fragments.
[0006] DNA recombinants containing the DNA or DNA fragments of
LAV.sub.MAL or its variants are also provided. It is of course
understood that fragments which would include some deletions or
mutations which would not substantially alter their capability of
also hybridizing with the retroviral genome of LAV.sub.MAL are to
be considered as forming obvious equivalents of the DNA or DNA
fragments referred to hereinabove.
[0007] Cloned probes are further provided which can be made
starting from any DNA fragment according to the invention, as are
recombinant DNAs containing such fragments, particularly any
plasmids amplifiable in procaryotic or eucaryotic cells and
carrying said fragments. Using cloned DNA containing a DNA fragment
of LAV.sub.MAL as a molecular hybridization probe--either by
marking with radionucleotides or with fluorescent reagents--LAV
virion RNA may be detected directly, for example, in blood, body
fluids and blood products (e.g., in antihemophylic factors such as
Factor VIII concentrates). A suitable method for achieving such
detection comprises immobilizing LAV.sub.MAL on a support (e.g., a
nitrocellulose filter), disrupting the virion and hybridizing with
a labelled (radiolabelled or "cold" fluorescent- or
enzyme-labelled) probe. Such an approach has already been developed
for Hepatitis B virus in peripheral blood (according to Scotto J.
et al. Hepatology (1983), 3, 379-384).
[0008] Probes according to the invention can also be used for rapid
screening of genomic DNA derived from the tissue of patients with
LAV related symptoms to see if the proviral DNA or RNA present in
their tissues is related to LAV.sub.MAL. A method which can be used
for such screening comprises the following steps: extraction of DNA
from tissue, restriction enzyme cleavage of said DNA,
electrophoresis of the fragments and Southern blotting of genomic
DNA from tissues and subsequent hybridization with labelled cloned
LAV provival DNA. Hybridization in situ can also be used. Lymphatic
fluids and tissues and other non-lymphatic tissues of humans,
primates and other mammalian species can also be screened to see if
other evolutionary related retroviruses exist. The methods referred
to hereinabove can be used, although hybridization and washings
would be done under non-stringent conditions.
[0009] The DNA according to the invention can be used also for
achieving the expression of LAV viral antigens for diagnostic
purposes, as well as for the production of a vaccine against LAV.
Fragments of particular advantage in that respect will be discussed
later. The methods which can be used are multifold:
[0010] a) DNA can be transfected into mammalian cells with
appropriate selection markers by a variety of techniques, such as
calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol,
protoplast-fusion, etc.
[0011] b) DNA fragments corresponding to genes can be cloned into
expression vectors for E. coli, yeast or mammalian cells and the
resultant proteins purified.
[0012] c) The provival DNA can be "shot-gunned" (fragmented) into
procaryotic expression vectors to generate fusion polypeptides.
[0013] Recombinants, producing antigenically competent fusion
proteins, can be identified by simply screening the recombinants
with antibodies against LAV.sub.MAL antigens. Particular reference
in this respect is made to those portions of the genome of
LAV.sub.MAL which, in the figures, are shown to belong to open
reading frames and which encode the products having the
polypeptidic backbones shown.
[0014] Different polypeptides which appear in FIGS. 7A to 7I are
still further provided. Methods disclosed in European application 0
178 978 and in PCT application PCT/EP 85/00548, filed Oct. 18,
1985, are applicable for the production of such peptides from
LAV.sub.MAL. In this regard, polypeptides are provided containing
sequences in common with polypeptides comprising antigenic
determinants included in the proteins encoded and expressed by the
LAV.sub.MAL genome. Means are also provided for the detection of
proteins of LAV.sub.MAL, particularly for the diagnosis of AIDS or
pre-AIDS or, to the contrary, for the detection of antibodies
against LAV.sub.MAL or its proteins, particularly in patients
afflicted with AIDS or pre-AIDS or more generally in asymtomatic
carriers and in blood-related products. Further provided are
immunogenic polypeptides and more particularly protective
polypeptides for use in the preparation of vaccine compositions
against AIDS or related syndroms.
[0015] Yet further provided are polypeptide fragments having lower
molecular weights and having peptide sequences or fragments in
common with those shown in FIGS. 7A to 7I. Fragments of smaller
sizes can be obtained by resorting to known techniques, for
instance, by cleaving the original larger polypeptide by enzymes
capable of cleaving it at specific sites. By way of examples may be
mentioned the enzyme of Staphylococcyus aureus V8,
.alpha.-chymotrypsine, "mouse sub-maxillary gland protease"
marketed by the Boehringer company, Vibrio alginolyticus chemovar
iophagus collagenase, which specifically recognizes the peptides
Gly-Pro, Gly-Ala, etc.
[0016] Other features of this invention will appear in the
following disclosure of data obtained starting from LAV.sub.MAL, in
relation to the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIGS. 1A and 1B provide comparative restriction maps of the
genomas of LAV.sub.MAL as compared to LAV.sub.ELI (Applicants'
related new LAV virus which is the subject of their copending
application, filed herewith) and LAV.sub.BRU (a known LAV isolate
deposited at the Collection Nationale des Cultures de
Micro-organismes (hereinafter "CNCM") of the Pasteur Institute,
Paris, France under No. I-232 on Jul. 15, 1983);
[0018] FIG. 2 shows comparative maps setting forth the relative
positions of the open reading frames of the above genomas;
[0019] FIGS. 3A-3F (also designated generally hereinafter "FIG. 3")
indicate the relative correspondence between the proteins (or
glycoproteins) encoded by the open reading frames, whereby amino
acid residues of protein sequences of LAV.sub.MAL are in vertical
alignment with corresponding amino acid residues (numbered) of
corresponding or homologous proteins or glycoproteins of
LAV.sub.BRU, as well as LAV.sub.ELI and ARV 2.
[0020] FIGS. 4A-4B (also designated generally hereinafter "FIG. 4")
provide tables quantitating the sequence divergence between
homologous proteins of LAV.sub.BRU, LAV.sub.ELI and
LAV.sub.MAL;
[0021] FIG. 5 shows diagrammatically the degree of divergence of
the different virus envelope proteins;
[0022] FIGS. 6A and 6B ("FIG. 6" when consulted together) render
apparent the direct repeats which appear in the proteins of the
different AIDS virus isolates.
[0023] FIGS. 7A-7I show the full nucleotidic sequences of
LAV.sub.MAL.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Characterization and Molecular Cloning of an African Isolate
[0024] The different AIDS virus isolates concerned are designated
by three letters of the patients name, LAV.sub.BRU referring to the
prototype AIDS virus isolated in 1983 from a French homosexual
patient with LAS and thought to have been infected in the USA in
the preceding years [Barr-Sinoussi et al., 1983]. LAV.sub.MAL was
recovered in 1985 from a 7-year old boy from Zaire.
[0025] Related LAV.sub.ELI was recovered in 1983 from a 24-year old
woman with AIDS from Zaire. Recovery and purification of the
LAV.sub.MAL virus were performed according to the method disclosed
in European Patent Application 84 401834/138 667 filed on Sep. 9,
1984.
[0026] LAV.sub.MAL is indistinguishable from the previously
characterized isolates by its structural and biological properties
in vitro. Virus metabolic labelling and immune precipitation by
patient MAL sera, as well as reference sera, showed that the
proteins of LAV.sub.MAL had the same molecular weight (hereinafter
"MW") as, and cross-reacted immunologically with those of,
prototype AIDS virus (data not shown) of the LAV-1 class.
[0027] Reference is again made to European Application 178 978 and
International Application PCT/EP 85/00548 as concerns the
purification, mapping and sequencing procedures used herein. See
also the discussion under the headings "Experimental Procedures"
and "Significance of the Figures" hereinafter.
[0028] Primary restriction enzyme analysis of LAV.sub.MAL genome
was done by southern blot with total DNA derived from acutely
infected lymphocytes, using cloned LAV.sub.BRU complete genome as
probe. Overall cross-hybridization was observed under stringent
conditions, but the restriction profile of the Zairian isolate was
clearly different. Phage lambda clones carrying the complete viral
genetic information were obtained and further characterized by
restriction mapping and nucleotide sequence analysis. A clone
(hereinafter "M-H11") was obtained by complete HindIII restriction
of DNA from LAV.sub.MAL-infected cells, taking advantage of the
existence of a unique HindIII site in the long terminal repeat
(hereinafter "LTR"). M-H11 is thus probably derived from
unintegrated viral DNA since that species was at least ten times
more abundant than integraded provirus.
[0029] FIG. 1B gives a comparaison of the restriction maps derived
from the nucleotide sequences of LAV.sub.ELI, LAV.sub.MAL and
prototype LAV.sub.BRU, as well as from three other Zairian isolates
(hereinafter "Z1", "Z2", and "Z3" respectively) previously mapped
for seven restriction enzymes [Benn et al., 1985]. Despite this
limited number, all of the profiles are clearly different (out of
the 23 sites making up the map of LAV.sub.BRU, only seven are
present in all six maps presented), confirming the genetic
polymorphism of the AIDS virus. No obvious relationship is apparent
between the five Zairian maps, and all of their common sites are
also found in LAV.sub.BRU.
Conservation of the Genetic Organization
[0030] The genetic organization of LAV.sub.MAL as deduced from the
complete nucleotide sequences of its cloned genome is identical to
that found in other isolates, i.e., 5'gag-pol-central
region-env-F3'. Most noticeable is the conservation of the "central
region" (FIG. 2), located between the pol and env genes, which is
composed of a series of overlapping open reading frames
(hereinafter "orf") previously designated Q, R, S, T, and U in the
ovine lentivirus visna [Sonigo et al., 1985]. The product of orf S
(also designated "tat") is implicated in the transactivation of
virus expression [Sodroski et al., 1985; Arya et al., 1985]; the
biological role of the product of orf Q (also designated "sor" or
"orf A") is still unknown [Lee et al., 1986; Kang et al., 1986]. Of
the three other orfs, R, T, and U, only orf R is likely to be a
seventh viral gene, for the following reasons: the exact
conservation of its relative position with respect to Q and S (FIG.
2), the ponstant presence of a possible splice acceptor and of a
consensus AUG initiator codon, its similar codon usage with respect
to viral genes, and finally the fact that the variation of its
protein sequence within the different isolates is comparable to
that of gag, pol and Q (see FIG. 4).
[0031] Also conserved are the sizes of the U3, R and U5 elements of
the LTR (data not shown), the location and sequence of their
regulatory elements such as TATA box and AATAAA polyadenylation
signal, and their flanking sequences, i.e., primer binding site
(hereinafter "PBS") complementary to 3' end of tRNA.sup.LYS and
polypurine tract (hereinafter "PPT"). Most of the genetic
variability within the LTR is located in the 5' half of U3 (which
encodes a part of orf F) while the 3' end of U3 and R, which carry
most of the cis-acting regulatory elements, promoter, enhancer and
trans-activating factor receptor [Rosen et al., 1985], as well as
the U5 element, are well-conserved.
[0032] Overall, it clearly appears that this Zairian isolate,
LAV.sub.MAL, is the same type of retrovirus as the previously
sequenced isolates of American or European origin.
Variability of the Viral Proteins
[0033] Despite their identical genetic organization, the
LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL shows substantial differences in the
primary structure of their proteins. The amino acid sequences of
LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL proteins are presented in FIGS. 3A-3F,
aligned with those of LAV.sub.BRU and ARV 2. Their divergence was
quantified as the percentage of amino acids substitutions in
two-by-two alignments (FIG. 4). The number of insertions and
deletions that had to be introduced in each of these alignments has
also been scored.
[0034] Three general observations can be made. First, the protein
sequences of the LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL are more divergent
from LAV.sub.BRU than are those of HTLV-3 and ARV 2 (FIG. 4A);
similar results are obtained if ARV 2 is taken as reference (not
shown). The range of genetic polymorphism between isolates of the
AIDS virus is considerably greater than previously observed.
Second, our two sequences confirm that the envelope is more
variable than the gag and pol genes. Here again, the relatively
small difference observed between the env of LAV.sub.BRU and HTLV-3
appears as an exception. Third, the mutual divergence of the
LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL (FIG. 4B) is comparable to that between
LAV.sub.BRU and either of them; as far as we can extrapolate from
only three sequenced isolates from the USA and Europe and two
(LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL) from Africa, this is indicative of a
wider evolution of the AIDS virus in Africa.
[0035] gag and pol: Their greater degree of conservation compared
to the envelope is consistent with their encoding important
structural or enzymatic activities. Of the three mature gag
proteins, the p25 which was the first recognized immunogenic
protein of LAV [Barr-Sinoussi et al., 1983] is also the better
conserved (FIG. 3). In gag and pol differences between isolates are
principally due to point mutations, and only a small number of
insertional or deletional events is observed. Among these, we must
note the presence in the overlapping part of gag and pol of
LAV.sub.BRU of an insertion of 12 amino acids (AA) which is encoded
by the second copy of a 36 bp direct repeat present only in this
isolate and in HTLV-3. This duplication was omitted because of a
computing error in the published sequence of LAV.sub.BRU (position
1712, Wain-Hobson et al., 1985) but was indeed present in the
HTLV-3 sequences [Ratner et al., 1985; Muesing et al., 1985].
[0036] env: Three segments can be distinguished in the envelope
glycoprotein precursor [Allan et al., 1985; Montagnier et al.,
1985; DiMarzoVeronese et al., 1985]. The first is the signal
peptide (positions 1-33 in FIG. 3), and its sequence appears as
variable; the second segment (pos. 34-530) forms the outer membrane
protein (hereinafter "OMP" or "gp110") and carries most of the
genetic variations, and in particular almost all of the numerous
reciprocal insertions and deletions; the third segment (531-877) is
separated from the OMP by a potential cleavage site following a
constant basic stretch (Arg-Glu-Lys-Arg) and forms the
transmembrane protein (hereinafter "TMP" or "gp 41") responsible
for the anchorage of the envelope glycoprotein in the cellular
membrane. A better conservation of the TMP than the OMP has also
been observed between the different murine leukemia viruses
(hereinafter "MLV") [Koch et al., 1983] and could be due to
structural constraints.
[0037] From the alignment of FIG. 3 and the graphical
representation of the envelope variability shown in FIG. 5, we
clearly see the existence of conserved domains, with little or no
genetic variation, and hypervariable domains, in which even the
alignment of the different sequences is very difficult, because of
the existence of a large number of mutations and of reciprocal
insertions and deletions. We have not included the sequence of the
envelope of the HTLV-3 isolate since it so close to that of
LAV.sub.BRU (cf. FIG. 4), even in the hypervariable domains, that
it did not add anything to the analysis. While this graphical
representation will be refined by more sequence data, the general
profile is already apparent, with three hypervariable domains (Hy1,
2 and 3) all being located in the OMP and separated by three
well-conserved stretches (residues 37-130, 211-289, and 488-530 of
FIG. 3 alignment) probably associated with important biological
functions.
[0038] In spite of the extreme genetic variability, the folding
pattern of the envelope glycoprotein is probably constant. Indeed
the position of virtually all of the cysteine residues is conserved
within the different isolates (FIGS. 3 and 5), and the only three
variable cysteines fall either in the signal peptide or in the very
C-terminal part of the TMP. The hypervariable domains of the OMP
are bounded by conserved cysteines, suggesting that they may
represent loops attached to the common folding pattern. Also the
calculated hydropathic profiles [Kyte and Doolittle, 1982] of the
different envelope proteins are remarkably conserved (not
shown).
[0039] About half of the potential N-glycosylation sites,
Asn-X-Ser/Thr, found in the envelopes of the Zairian isolates map
to the same positions in LAV.sub.BRU (17/26 for LAV.sub.ELI and
17/28 for LAV.sub.MAL). The other sites appear to fall within
variable domains of env, suggesting the existence of differences in
the extent of envelope glycosylation between different
isolates.
[0040] Other Viral Proteins: Of the three other identified viral
proteins, the p27 encoded by orf F, 3' of env [Allan et al., 1985b]
is the most variable (FIG. 4). The proteins encoded by orfs Q and S
of the central region are remarkable by their absence of
insertions/deletions. Surprisingly, a high frequency of amino acids
substitutions, comparable to that observed in env, is found for the
product of orf S (trans-activating factor). On the other hand, the
protein encoded by orf Q is no more variable than gag. Also
noticeable is the lower variation of the proteins encoded by the
central regions of LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL.
[0041] With the availability of the complete nucleotide sequence
from five independent isolates, some general features of the AIDS
virus' genetic variability are now emerging. Firstly, its principal
cause is point mutations which very often result in amino acid
substitutions and which are more frequent in the 3' part of the
genome (orf S, env and orf F). Like all RNA viruses, the
retroviruses are thought to be highly subject to mutations caused
by errors of the RNA polymerases during their replication, since
there is no proofreading, of this step [Holland et al., 1982;
Steinhauer and Holland, 1986].
[0042] Another source of genetic diversity is insertions/deletions.
From the FIG. 3 alignments, insertional events seem to be
implicated in most of the cases, since otherwise deletions should
have occurred in independent isolates at precisely the same
locations. Furthermore, upon analyzing these insertions, we have
observed that they most often represent one of the two copies of a
direct repeat (FIG. 6). Some are perfectly conserved like the 36 bp
repeat in the gag-pol overlap of LAV.sub.BRU (FIG. 6-a); others
carry point mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions, and as
a consequence, they are more difficult to observe, though clearly
present, in the hypervariable domains of env (cf. FIG. 6-g and -h).
As noted for point mutations, env gene and orf F also appear as
more susceptible to that form of genetic variation than the rest of
the genome. The degree of conservation of these repeats must be
related to their date of occurrence in the analyzed sequences: the
more degenerated, the more ancient. A very recent divergence of
LAV.sub.BRU and HTLV-3 is suggested by the extremely low number of
mismatched AA between their homologous proteins. However, one of
the LAV.sub.BRU repeats (located in the Hyl domain of env, FIG.
6-f) is not present in HTLV-3, indicating that this generation of
tandem repeats is a rapid source of genetic diversity. We have
found no traces of such a phenomenon, even when comparing very
closely related viruses, such as the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus
(hereinafter "MPMV") [Sonigo et al., 1986], and an
immunosuppressive simian virus (hereinafter "SRV-1") [Power et al.,
1986]. Insertion or deletion of one copy of a direct repeat have
been occasionally reported in mutant retroviruses [Shimotohno and
Temin, 1981; Darlix, 1986], but the extent to which we observe this
phenomenon is unprecedented. The molecular basis of these
duplications is unclear, but could be the "copy-choice" phenomenon,
resulting from the diploidy of the retroviral genome [Varmus and
Swanstrom, 1984; Clark and Mak, 1983]. During the synthesis of the
first-strand of the viral DNA, jumps are known to occur from one
RNA molecule to another, especially when a break or a stable
secondary structure is present on the template; an inaccurate
re-initiation on the other RNA template could result in the
generation (or the elimination) of a short direct repeat.
[0043] Genetic variability and subsequent antigenic modifications
have often been developed by microorganisms as a means for avoiding
the host's immune response, either by modifying their epitopes
during the course of the infection, as in trypanosomes [Borst and
Cross, 1982], or by generating a large repertoire of antigens, as
observed in influenza virus [Webster et al., 1982]. As the human
AIDS virus is related to animal lentiviruses [Sonigo et al., 1985;
Chiu et al., 1985], its genetic variability could be a source of
antigenic variation, as can be observed during the course of the
infection by the ovine lentivirus visna [Scott et al., 1979;
Clements et al., 1980] or by the equine infectious anemia virus
(hereinafter "EIAV") [Montelaro et al., 1984]. However, a major
discrepancy with these animal models is the extremely low, and
possibly nonexistant, neutralizing activity of the sera of
individuals infected by the AIDS virus, whether they are healthy
carriers, displaying minor symptoms, or afflicted with AIDS [Weiss
et al., 1985; Clavel et al., 1985]. Furthermore, even for the visna
virus the exact role of antigenic variation in the pathogenesis is
unclear [Thormar et al., 1983; Lutley et al., 1983]. We rather
believe that genetic variation represents a general selective
advantage for lentiviruses by allowing an adaptation to different
environments, for example by modifying their tissue or host
tropisms. In the particular case of the AIDS virus, rapid genetic
variations are tolerated, especially in the envelope. This could
allow the virus to become adapted to different "micro-environments"
namely the T4 lymphocytes. These "micro-environments" could result
from the immediate vicinity of the virus receptor to polymorphic
surface proteins, differing either between individuals or between
clones of lymphocytes.
Conserved Domains in the AIDS Virus Envelope
[0044] Since the proteins of most of the isolates are antigenically
cross-reactive, the genotypic differences do not seem to affect the
sensitivity of actual diagnostic tests, based upon the detection of
antibodies to the AIDS virus and using purified virions as
antigens. They nevertheless have to be considered for the
development of the "second-generation" tests, that are expected to
be more specific, and will use smaller synthetic or
genetically-engineered viral antigens. The identification of
conserved domains in the highly immunogenic envelope glycoprotein
and the core structural proteins (gag) is very important for these
tests. The conserved stretch found at the end of the OMP and the
beginning of the TMP (490-620, FIG. 3) could be a good candidate,
since a bacterial fusion protein containing this domain was
well-detected by AIDS patients' sera [Chang et al., 1985].
[0045] The envelope, specifically the OMP, mediates the interaction
between a retrovirus and its specific cellular receptor [DeLarco
and Todaro, 1976; Robinson et al., 1980]. In the case of the AIDS
virus, in vitro binding assays have shown the interaction of the
envelope glycoprotein gp110 with the T4 cellular surface antigen
[McDougal et al., 1986], already thought to be closely associated
with the virus receptor [Klatzmann et al., 1984; Dagleish et al.,
1984]. Identification of the AIDS virus envelope domains that are
responsible for this interaction (receptor-binding domains) appears
to be fundamental for understanding of the host-viral interactions
and for designing a protective vaccine, since an immune response
against these epitopes could possibly elicit neutralizing
antibodies. As the AIDS virus receptor is at least partly formed of
a constant structure, the T4 antigen, the binding site of the
envelope is unlikely to be exclusively encoded by domains
undergoing drastic genetic changes between isolates, even if these
could be implicated in some kind of an "adaptation". One or several
of the conserved domains of the OMP (residues 37-130, 211-289, and
488-530 of FIG. 3 alignment), brought together by the folding of
the protein, must play a part in the virus-receptor interaction,
and this can be explored with synthetic or genetically-engineered
peptides derived from these domains, either by direct binding
assays or indirectly by assaying the neutralizing activity of
specific antibodies raised against them.
African AIDS Viruses
[0046] Zaire and the neighbouring countries of Central Africa are
considered as an area endemic with the AIDS virus infection, and
the possibility that the virus has emerged in Africa has became a
subject of intense controversy (see Norman, 1985). From the present
study, it is clear that the genetic organization of Zairian
isolates is the same as that of american isolates, thereby
indicating a common origin. The very important sequence differences
observed between the proteins are consistent with a divergent
evolutionary process. In addition, the two African isolates are
mutually more divergent than the American isolates already
analyzed; as far as that observation can be extrapolated, it
suggests a longer evolution of the virus in Africa and is also
consistent with the fact that a larger fraction of the population
is exposed than in developed countries.
[0047] A novel human retrovirus with morphology and biologocal
properties (cytopathogenicity, T4 tropism) similar to those of LAV,
but nevertheless clearly genetically and antigenically distinct
from it, was recently isolated from two patients with AIDS
originating from Guinea Bissau, West-Africa [Clavel et al., 1986].
In neighboring Senegal, the population was seemingly exposed to a
retrovirus also distinct from LAV but apparently non-pathogenic
[Barin et al., 1985; Kanki et al., 1986]. Both of these novel
African retroviruses seem to be antigenically related to the simian
T-cell lymphotropic virus (hereinafter "STLV-III") shown to be
widely present in healthy African green monkeys and other simian
species [Kanki et al. 1985]. This raises the possibility of a large
group of African primate lentiviruses, ranging from the apparently
non-pathogenic simian viruses to the LAV-type viruses. Their
precise relationship will only be known after their complete
genetic characterization, but it is already very likely that they
have evolved from a common progenitor. The important genetic
variability we have observed between isolates of the AIDS virus in
Central Africa is probably a hallmark of this entire group and may
account for the apparently important genetic divergence between its
members (loss of cross-antigenicity in the envelopes). In this
sense, the conservation of the tropism for the T4 lymphocytes
suggests that it is a major advantage aquired by these
retroviruses.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Virus Isolation
[0048] LAV.sub.MAL was isolated from the peripheral blood
lymphocytes of the patient as described [Barr-Sinoussi et al.,
1983]. Briefly, the lymphocytes were fractionated and co-cultivated
with phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes in the
presence of interleukin 2 and anti-alpha interferon serum. Viral
production was assessed by cell-free reverse transcriptase
(hereinafter "RT") activity assay in the cultures and by electron
microscopy.
Molecular Cloning
[0049] Normal donor lymphocytes were acutely infected (10.sup.4 cpm
of RT activity/10.sup.6 cells) as described [Barr-Sinoussi et al.,
1983], and total DNA was extracted at the beginning of the RT
activity peak. A lambda library using the L47-1 vector [Loenen and
Brammar, 1982] was constructed by partial HindIII digestion of the
DNA as already described [Alizon et al., 1984]. DNA from infected
cells was digested to completion with HindIII, and the 9-10 kb
fraction was selected on 0.8% low melting point agarose gel and
ligated into L47-1 HindIII arms. About 2.10.sup.5 plaques for
LAV.sub.MAL, obtained by in vitro packaging (Amersham), were plated
on E. coli LA101 and screened in situ under stringent conditions,
using the 9 kb SacI insert of the clone lambda J19 [Alizon et al.,
1984] carrying most of the LAV.sub.BRU genome as probe. Clones
displaying positive signals were plaque-purified and propagated on
E. coli C600 recBC, and the recombinant phage M-H11 carrying the
complete genetic information of LAV.sub.MAL was further
characterized by restriction mapping.
Nucleotide Sequence Strategy
[0050] Viral fragments derived from M-H11 were sequenced by the
dideoxy chain terminator procedure [Sanger et al., 1977] after
"shotgun" cloning in the M13mp8 vector [Messing and Viera, 1982] as
previously described [Sonigo et al., 1985]. The viral genome of
LAV.sub.MAL is 9229 nucleotides long as shown in FIGS. 7A-7I. Each
nucleotide of LAV.sub.MAL was determined from more than 5
independent clones on average.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIGURES
[0051] FIG. 1 contains an analysis of AIDS virus isolates,
showing:
[0052] A/ Restriction maps of the inserts of phage lambda clones
derived from cells infected with LAV.sub.ELI (hereinafter "E-H12")
and with LAV.sub.MAL (M-H11). The schematic genetic organization of
the AIDS virus has been drawn above the maps. The LTRs are
indicated by solid boxes. Restriction sites are indicated as
follows: A:Aval; B:BamHI; Bg:BgIII; E:EcoRI; H:HindIII; Hc:HincII;
K:KpnI; N:NdeI; P:PstI; S:SacI; and X:XbaI. Asterisks indicate the
HindIII cloning sites in lambda L47-1 vector.
[0053] B/ A comparison of the sites for seven restriction enzymes
in six isolates: the prototype AIDS virus LAV.sub.BRU, LAV.sub.MAL
and LAV.sub.ELI; and Z1, Z2 and Z.sub.3. Restriction sites are
represented by the following symbols vertically aligned wih the
symbols in FIG. 1A: .cndot.; BgIII; * :EcoRI; .gradient.:HincII;
.tangle-soliddn.:HindIII; .diamond-solid.:KpnI; .diamond.:NdeI; and
.smallcircle.:SacI.
[0054] FIG. 2 shows the genetic organization of the central region
in AIDS virus isolates. Stop codons in each phase are represented
as vertical bars. Vertical arrows indicate possible AUG initiation
codons. Splice acceptor (A) and donor (D) sites identified in
subgenomic viral mRNA [Muesing et al., 1985] are shown below the
graphic of LAV.sub.BRU, and corresponding sites in LAV.sub.ELI and
LAV.sub.MAL are indicated. PPT indicates the repeat of the
polypurine tract flanking the 3'LTR. As observed in LAV.sub.BRU
[Wain-Hobson et al., 1985], the PPT is repeated 256 nucleotides 5'
to the end of the pol gene in both the LAV.sub.ELI and LAV.sub.MAL
sequences, but this repeat is degenerated at two positions in
LAV.sub.ELI.
[0055] FIG. 3 shows an alignment of the protein sequences of four
AIDS virus isolates. Isolate LAV.sub.BRU [Wain-Hobson et al., 1985]
is taken as reference; only differences with LAV.sub.BRU are noted
for ARV 2 [Sanchez-Pescador et al., 1985] and the two Zairian
isolates LAV.sub.MAL and LAV.sub.ELI. A minimal number of gaps (-)
were introduced in the alignments. The NH.sub.2-termini of
p25.sup.gag and p18.sup.gag are indicated [Sanchez-Pescador, 1985].
The potential cleavage sites in the envelope precursor [Allan et
al., 1985a; diMarzoVeronese, 1985] separating the signal peptide
(hereinafter "SP"), OMP and TMP are indicated as vertical arrows;
conserved cysteines are indicated by black circles and variable
cysteines are boxed. The one letter code for each amino acid is as
follows: A:Ala C:Cys; D:Asp; E:Glu; F:Phe; G:Gly; H:His; I:Ile
K:Lys; L:Leu; M:Met; N:Asn; P:Pro; Q:Gln; R:Arg S:Ser; T:Thr;
V:Val; W:Trp; Y:Tyr.
[0056] FIG. 4 shows a quantitation of the sequence divergence
between homologous proteins of different isolates. Part A of each
table gives results deduced from two-by-two alignments using the
proteins of LAV.sub.BRU as reference, part B, those of LAV.sub.ELI
as reference. Sources: Muesing et al., 1985 for HTLV-3;
Sanchez-Pescador et al., 1985 for ARV 2 and Wain-Hobson et al.,
1985 for LAV.sub.BRU. For each case in the tables, the size in
amino acids of the protein (calculated from the first methionine
residue or from the beginning of the orf for pol) is given at the
upper left part. Below are given the number of deletions (left) and
insertions (right) necessary for the alignment. The large numbers
in bold face represent the percentage of amino acids substitutions
(insertions/deletions being excluded). Two by two alignments were
done with computer assistance [Wilburg and Lipman, 1983], using a
gag penalty of 1, K-tuple of 1, and window of 20, except for the
hypervariable domains of env, where the number of gaps was made
minimum, and which are essentially aligned as shown in FIG. 3. The
sequence of the predicted protein encoded by orf R of HTLV-3 has
not been compared because of a premature termination relative to
all other isolates.
[0057] FIG. 5 shows the variability of the AIDS virus envelope
protein. For each position x of the alignment of env (FIG. 3),
variability V(x) was calculated as: V(x)=number of different
amino-acids at position x/frequency of the most abundant amino acid
at position x. Gaps in the alignments are considered as another
amino acid. For an alignment of 4 proteins, V(x) ranges from 1
(identical AA in the 4 sequences) to 16 (4 different AA). This type
of representation has previously been used in a compilation of the
AA sequence of immunoglobulins variable regions [Wu and Kabat,
1970]. Vertical arrows indicate the cleavage sites; asterisks
represent potential N-glysosylation sites (N-X-S/T) conserved in
all three four solates; black triangles represent conserved
cysteine residues. Black lozanges mark the three major hydrophobic
domains: OMP, TMP and SP; and the hypervariable domains: Hy1, 2 and
3.
[0058] FIG. 6 shows the direct repeats in the proteins of different
AIDS virus isolates. These examples are derived from the aligned
sequences of gag (a, b), F (c, d) and env (e, f, g, h) shown in
FIG. 3. The two elements of the direct repeat are boxed, while
degenerated positions are underlined.
[0059] FIGS. 7A-7I show the complete cDNA sequence of LAV.sub.MAL
of this invention.
[0060] The invention thus pertains more specifically to the
proteins, glycoproteins and other polypeptides including the
polypeptidic structures shown in the FIGS. 1-7. The first and last
amino acid residues of these proteins, glycoproteins and
polypeptides carry numbers computed from a first amino acid of the
open-reading frames concerned, although these numbers do not
correspond exactly to those of the LAV.sub.MAL proteins concerned,
rather to the corresponding proteins of the LAV.sub.BRU or
sequences shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C. Thus a number corresponding
to a "first amino acid residue" of a LAV.sub.MAL protein
corresponds to the number of the first amino-acyl residue of the
corresponding LAV.sub.BRU protein which, in any of FIGS. 3A, 3B or
3C, is in direct alignment with the corresponding first amino acid
of the LAV.sub.MAL protein. Thus the sequences concerned can be
read from FIGS. 7A-7I to the extent where they do not appear with
sufficient clarity from FIGS. 3A-3F.
[0061] The preferred protein sequences of this invention extend
between the corresponding "first" and "last" amino acid residues.
Also preferred are the protein(s)- or glycoprotein(s)-portions
including part of the sequences which follow:
1 OMP or gp110 proteins, including precursors 1 to 530 OMP or gp110
without precursor 34-530 Sequence carrying the TMP or gp41 protein
531-877, particularly 680-700 well conserved stretches of OMP
37-130, 211-289 and 488-530 well conserved stretch found at the end
of 490-620. the OMP and the beginning of TMP
[0062] Proteins containing or consisting of the "well conserved
stretches" are of particular interest for the production of
immunogenic compositions and (preferably in relation to the
stretches of the env protein) of vaccine compositions against the
LAV-1 viruses.
[0063] The invention concerns more particularly all the DNA
fragments which have been more specifically referred to in the
drawings and which correspond to open reading frames. It will be
understood that one skilled in the art will be able to obtain them
all, for instance by cleaving an entire DNA corresponding to the
complete genome of LAV.sub.MAL, such as by cleavage by a partial or
complete digestion thereof with a suitable restriction enzyme and
by the subsequent recovery of the relevant fragments. The DNA
disclosed above can be resorted to also as a source of suitable
fragments. The techniques disclosed in PCT application for the
isolation of the fragments which can then be included in suitable
plasmids are applicable here too. Of course, other methods can be
used, some of which have been examplified in European Application
No. 178,978, filed Sep. 17, 1985. Reference is for instance made to
the following methods:
[0064] a) DNA can be transfected into mammalian cells with
appropriate selection markers by a variety of techniques, such as
calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol,
protoplast-fusion, etc.
[0065] b) DNA fragments corresponding to genes can be cloned into
expression vectors for E. coli, yeast- or mammalian cells and the
resultant proteins purified.
[0066] c) The provival DNA can be "shot-gunned" (fragmented) into
procaryotic expression vectors to generate fusion polypeptides.
Recombinants, producing antigenically competent fusion proteins,
can be identified by simply screening the recombinants with
antibodies against LAV antigens.
[0067] The invention further refers to DNA recombinants,
particularly modified vectors, including any of the preceding DNA
sequences adapted to transform corresponding microorganisms or
cells, particularly eucaryotic cells such as yeasts, for instance
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or higher eucaryotic cells, particularly
cells of mammals, and to permit expression of said DNA sequences in
the corresponding microorganisms or cells. General methods of that
type have been recalled in the abovesaid PCT international patent
aplication PCT/EP 85/00548, filed Oct. 18, 1985.
[0068] More particularly the invention relates to such modified DNA
recombinant vectors modified by the abovesaid DNA sequences and
which are capable of transforming higher eucaryotic cells
particularly mammalian cells. Preferably, any of the abovesaid
sequences are placed under the direct control of a promoter
contained in said vectors and recognized by the polymerases of said
cells, such that the first nucleotide codons expressed correspond
to the first triplets of the above-defined DNA sequences.
Accordingly, this invention also relates to the corresponding DNA
fragments which can be obtained from the genome of LAV.sub.MAL or
its cDNA by any appropriate method. For instance, such a method
comprises cleaving said LAV.sub.MAL genome or its cDNA by
restriction enzymes preferably at the level of restriction sites
surrounding said fragments and close to the opposite extremities
respectively thereof, recovering and identifying the fragments
sought according to sizes, if need be checking their restriction
maps or nucleotide sequences (or by reaction with monoclonal
antibodies specifically directed against epitopes carried by the
polypeptides encoded by said DNA fragments), and further if need
be, trimming the extremities of the fragment, for instance by an
exonucleolytic enzyme such as Bal31, for the purpose of controlling
the desired nucleotid-sequences of the extremities of said DNA
fragments or, conversely, repairing said extremities with Klenow
enzyme and possibly ligating the latter to synthetic polynucleotide
fragments designed to permit the reconstitution of the nucleotide
extremities of said fragments. Those fragments may then be inserted
in any of said vectors for causing the expression of the
corresponding polypeptide by the cell transformed therewith. The
corresponding polypeptide can then be recovered from the
transformed cells, if need be after lysis thereof, and purified by
methods such as electrophoresis. Needless to say, all conventional
methods for performing these operations can be resorted to.
[0069] The invention also relates more specifically to cloned
probes which can be made starting from any DNA fragment according
to this invention, thus to recombinant DNAs containing such
fragments, particularly any plasmids amplifiable in procaryotic or
eucaryotic cells and carrying said fragments. Using the cloned DNA
fragments as a molecular hybridization probe--either by labelling
with radionucleotides or with fluorescent reagents--LAV virion RNA
may be detected directly in the blood, body fluids and blood
products (e.g. of the antihemophylic factors such as Factor VIII
concentrates) and vaccines (e.g., hepatitis B vaccine). It has
already been shown that whole virus can be detected in culture
supernatants of LAV producing cells. A suitable method for
achieving that detection comprises immobilizing virus on a support
(e.g., a nitrocellulose filter), disrupting the virion and
hybridizing with labelled (radiolabelled or "cold" fluorescent- or
enzyme-labelled) probes. Such an approach has already been
developed for Hepatitis B virus in peripheral blood [SCOTTO J. et
al. Hepatology (1983), 3, 379-384].
[0070] Probes according to the invention can also be used for rapid
screening of genomic DNA derived from the tissue of patients with
LAV related symptoms, to see if the proviral DNA or RNA present in
host tissue and other tissues can be related to that of
LAV.sub.MAL.
[0071] A method which can be used for such screening comprises the
following steps: extraction of DNA from tissue, restriction enzyme
cleavage of said DNA, electrophoresis of the fragments and Southern
blotting of genomic DNA from tissues, subsequent hybridization with
labelled cloned LAV proviral DNA. Hybridization in situ can also be
used.
[0072] Lymphatic fluids and tissues and other non-lymphatic tissues
of humans, primates and other mammalian species can also be
screened to see if other evolutionnary related retrovirus exist.
The methods referred to hereinabove can be used, although
hybridization and washings would be done under non-stringent
conditions.
[0073] The DNAs or DNA fragments according to the invention can be
used also for achieving the expression of viral antigens of
LAV.sub.MAL for diagnostic purposes.
[0074] The invention relates generally to the polypeptides
themselves, whether synthesized chemically, isolated from viral
preparations or expressed by the different DNAs of the invention,
particularly by the ORFs or fragments thereof in appropriate hosts,
particularly procaryotic or eucaryotic hosts, after transformation
thereof with a suitable vector previously modified by the
corresponding DNAs.
[0075] More generally, the invention also relates to any of the
polypeptide fragments (or molecules, particularly glycoproteins
having the same polypeptidic backbone as the polypeptides mentioned
hereinabove) bearing an epitope characteristic of a protein or
glycoprotein of LAV.sub.MAL, which polypeptide or molecule then has
N-terminal and C-terminal extremities respectively either free or,
independently from each other, covalently bonded to amino acids
other than those which are normally associated with them in the
larger polypeptides or glycoproteins of the LAV virus, which last
mentioned amino acids are then free or belong to another
polypeptidic sequence. Particularly, the invention relates to
hybrid polypeptides containing any of the
epitope-bearing-polypeptides which have been defined more
specifically hereinabove, recombined with other polypeptides
fragments normally foreign to the LAV proteins, having sizes
sufficient to provide for an increased immunogenicity of the
epitope-bearing-polypeptide yet, said foreign polypeptide fragments
either being immunogenically inert or not interfering with the
immunogenic properties of the epitope-bearing-polypeptide.
[0076] Such hybrid polypeptides, which may contain from 5 up to
150, even 250 amino acids, usually consist of the expression
products of a vector which contained ab initio a nucleic acid
sequence expressible under the control of a suitable promoter or
replicon in a suitable host, which nucleic acid sequence had
however beforehand been modified by insertion therein of a DNA
sequence encoding said epitope-bearing-polypeptide.
[0077] Said epitope-bearing-polypeptides, particularly those whose
N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids are free, are also accessible
by chemical synthesis according to technics well known in the
chemistry of proteins.
[0078] The synthesis of peptides in homogeneous solution and in
solid phase is well known. In this respect, recourse may be had to
the method of synthesis in homogeneous solution described by
Houbenweyl in the work entitled "Methoden der Organischen Chemie"
(Methods of Organic Chemistry) edited by E. WUNSCH., vol. 15-I and
II, THIEME, Stuttgart 1974. This method of synthesis consists of
successively condensing either the successive amino acids in twos,
in the appropriate order or successive peptide fragments previously
available or formed and containing already several amino-acyl
residues in the appropriate order respectively. Except for the
carboxyl and aminogroups which will be engaged in the formation of
the peptide bonds, care must be taken to protect beforehand all
other reactive groups borne by these amino-acyl groups or
fragments. However, prior to the formation of the peptide bonds,
the carboxyl groups are advantageously activated, according to
methods well known in the synthesis of peptides. Alternatively,
recourse may be had to coupling reactions bringing into play
conventional coupling reagents, for instance of the carbodiimide
type, such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-amino-propyl)-car- bodiimide.
When the amino acid group used carries an additional amine group
(e.g., lysine) or another acid function (e.g., glutamic acid),
these groups may be protected by carbobenzoxy or t-butyloxycarbonyl
groups, as regards the amine groups, or by t-butylester groups, as
regards the carboxylic groups. Similar procedures are available for
the protection of other reactive groups. for example, an --SH group
(e.g., in cysteine) can be protected by an acetamidomethyl or
paramethoxybenzyl group.
[0079] In the case of a progressive synthesis, amino acid by amino
acid, the synthesis starts preferably with the condensation of the
C-terminal amino acid with the amino acid which corresponds to the
neighboring amino-acyl group in the desired sequence and so on,
step by step, up to the N-terminal amino acid. Another preferred
technique which can be used is that described by R. D. Merrifield
in "Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis" [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 45,
2149-2154]. In accordance with the Merrifield process, the first
C-terminal amino acid of the chain is fixed to a suitable porous
polymeric resin, by means of its carboxylic group, the amino group
of the amino acid then being protected, for example by a
t-butyloxycarbonyl group. When the first C-terminal amino acid is
thus fixed to the resin, the protective group of the amine group is
removed by washing the resin with an acid, i.e., trifluoroacetic
acid, when the protective group of the amine group is a
t-butyloxycarbonyl group. Then, the carboxylic group of the second
amino acid, which is to provide the second amino-acyl group of the
desired peptidic sequence, is coupled to the deprotected amine
group of the C-terminal amino acid fixed to the resin. Preferably,
the carboxyl group of this second amino acid has been activated,
for example by dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, while its amine group has
been protected, for example by a t-butyloxycarbonyl group. The
first part of the desired peptide chain, which comprises the first
two amino acids, is thus obtained. As previously, the amine group
is then deprotected, and one can further proceed with the fixing of
the next amino-acyl group and so forth until the whole peptide
sought is obtained. The protective groups of the different side
groups, if any, of the peptide chain so formed can then be removed.
The peptide sought can then be detached from the resin, for example
by means of hydrofluoric acid, and finally recovered in pure form
from the acid solution according to conventional procedures.
[0080] As regards the peptide sequences of smallest size bearing an
epitope or immunogenic determinant, and more particularly those
which are readily accessible by chemical synthesis, it may be
required, in order to increase their in vivo immunogenic character,
to couple or "conjugate" them covalently to a physiologically
acceptable and non-toxic carrier molecule. By way of examples of
carrier molecules or macromolecular supports which can be used for
making the conjugates according to the invention can be mentioned
natural proteins, such as tetanic toxoid, ovalbumin,
serum-albumins, hemocyanins, etc. Synthetic macromolecular
carriers, for example polysines or
poly(D-L-alanine)-poly(L-lysine)s, can be used too. Other types of
macromolecular carriers that can be used, which generally have
molecular weights higher than 20,000, are known from the
literature. The conjugates can be synthesized by known processes
such as are described by Frantz and Robertson in "Infect. and
Immunity", 33, 193-198 (1981) and by P. E. Kauffman in "Applied and
Environmental Microbiology", October 1981 Vol. 42, No. 4, pp.
611-614. For instance, the following coupling agents can be used:
glutaric aldehyde, ethyl chloroformate, water-soluble carbodiimides
such as(N-ethyl-N'(3-dimethyla- mino-propyl) carbodiimide, HCl),
diisocyanates, bis-diazobenzidine, di- and trichloro-s-triazines,
cyanogen bromides and benzaquinone, as well as the coupling agents
mentioned in "Scand. J. Immunol.", 1978, vol. 8, pp. 7-23
(Avrameas, Ternynck, Guesdon).
[0081] Any coupling process can be used for bonding one or several
reactive groups of the peptide, on the one hand, and one or several
reactive groups of the carrier, on the other hand. Again coupling
is advantageously achieved between carboxyl and amine groups
carried by the peptide and the carrier or vice-versa in the
presence of a coupling agent of the type used in protein synthesis,
e.g., 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopr- opyl)-carbodiimide,
N-hydroxybenzotriazole, etc. Coupling between amine groups
respectively borne by the peptide and the carrier can also be made
with glutaraldehyde, for instance, according to the method
described by BOQUET, P. et al. (1982) Molec. Immunol., 19,
1441-1549, when the carrier is hemocyanin.
[0082] The immunogenicity of epitope-bearing-peptides can also be
reinforced by oligomerisation thereof, for example in the presence
of glutaraldehyde or any other suitable coupling agent. In
particular, the invention relates to the water soluble immunogenic
oligomers thus obtained, comprising particularly from 2 to 10
monomer units.
[0083] The glycoproteins, proteins and other polypeptides
(generally designated hereinafter as "antigens" of this invention)
whether obtained by methods, such as are disclosed in the earlier
patent applications referred to above, in a purified state from
LAV.sub.MAL virus preparations or--as concerns more particularly
the peptides--by chemical synthesis, are useful in processes for
the detection of the presence of anti-LAV antibodies in biological
media, particularly biological fluids such as sera from man or
animal, particularly with a view of possibly diagnosing LAS or
AIDS.
[0084] Particularly the invention relates to an in vitro process of
diagnosis making use of an envelope glycoprotein or of a
polypeptide bearing an epitope of this glycoprotein of LAV.sub.MAL
for the detection of anti-LAV antibodies in the serums of persons
who carry them. Other polypeptides--particular those carrying an
epitope of a core protein--can be used too.
[0085] A preferred embodiment of the process of the invention
comprises:
[0086] depositing a predetermined amount of one or several of said
antigens in the cups of a titration microplate;
[0087] introducing increasing dilutions of the biological fluid, to
be diagnosed (e.g., blood serum, spinal fluid, lymphatic fluid, and
cephalo-rachidian fluid), into these cups;
[0088] incubating the microplate;
[0089] washing carefully the microplate with an appropriate
buffer;
[0090] adding into the cups specific labelled antibodies directed
against blood immunoglobulins and
[0091] detecting the antigen-antibody-complex formed, which is then
indicative of the presence of LAV antibodies in the biological
fluid.
[0092] Advantageously the labelling of the anti-immunoglobulin
antibodies is achieved by an enzyme selected from among those which
are capable of hydrolysing a substrate, which substrate undergoes a
modification of its radiation-absorption, at least within a
predetermined band of wavelenghts. The detection of the substrate,
preferably comparatively with respect to a control, then provides a
measurement of the potential risks, or of the effective presence,
of the disease.
[0093] Thus, preferred methods of immuno-enzymatic and also
immunofluorescent detections, in particular according to the ELISA
technique, are provided. Titrations may be determinations by
immunofluorescence or direct or indirect immuno-enzymatic
determinations. Quantitative titrations of antibodies on the serums
studied can be made.
[0094] The invention also relates to the diagnostic kits themselves
for the in vitro detection of antibodies against the LAV virus,
which kits comprise any of the polypeptides identified herein and
all the biological and chemical reagents, as well as equipment,
necessary for peforming diagnostic assays. Preferred kits comprise
all reagents required for carrying out ELISA assays. Thus preferred
kits will include, in addition to any of said polypeptides,
suitable buffers and anti-human immunoglobulins, which anti-human
immunoglobulins are labelled either by an immunofluorescent
molecule or by an enzyme. In the last instance, preferred kits also
comprise a substrate hydrolysable by the enzyme and providing a
signal, particularly modified absorption of a radiation, at least
in a determined wavelength, which signal is then indicative of the
presence of antibody in the biological fluid to be assayed with
said kit.
[0095] It can of course be of advantage to use several proteins or
polypeptides not only of LAV.sub.MAL, but also of LAV.sub.ELI
together with homologous proteins or polypeptides of earlier
described viruses, such as LAV.sub.BRU, HTLV-3, ARV 2, etc.
[0096] The invention also relates to vaccine compositions whose
active principle is to be constituted by any of the antigens, i.e.,
the hereinabove disclosed polypeptides of LAV.sub.MAL, particularly
the purified gp110 or immunogenic fragments thereof, fusion
polypeptides or oligopeptides in association with a suitable
pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier. A first
type of preferred active principle is the gp110 immunogen of said
immunogens. Other preferred active principles to be considered in
that fields consist of the peptides containing less than 250 amino
acid units, preferably less than 150, particularly from 5 to 150
amino acid residues, as deducible for the complete genome of
LAV.sub.MAL and even more preferably those peptides which contain
one or more groups selected from Asn-X-Thr and Asn-X-Ser as defined
above. Preferred peptides for use in the production of vaccinating
principles are peptides (a) to (f) as defined above. By way of
example, there may be mentioned that suitable dosages of the
vaccine compositions are those which are effective to elicit
antibodies in vivo, in the host, particularly a human host.
Suitable doses range from 10 to 500 micrograms of polypeptide,
protein or glycoprotein per kg, for instance 50 to 100 micrograms
per kg.
[0097] The different peptides according to this invention can also
be used themselves for the production of antibodies, preferably
monoclonal antibodies specific for the respective different
peptides. For the production of hybridomas secreting said
monoclonal antibodies, conventional production and screening
methods can be used. These monoclonal antibodies, which themselves
are part of the invention, provide very useful tools for the
identification and even determination of relative proportions of
the different polypeptides or proteins in biological samples,
particularly human samples containing LAV or related viruses.
[0098] The invention further relates to the hosts (procaryotic or
eucaryotic cells) which are transformed by the above mentioned
recombinants and which are capable of expressing said DNA
fragments.
[0099] Finally the invention also concerns vectors for transforming
eucaryotic cells of human origin, particularly lymphocytes, the
polymerase of which are capable of recognizing the LTRs of LAV.
Particularly said vectors are characterized by the presence of a
LAV LTR therein, said LTR being then active as a promoter enabling
the efficient transcription and translation in a suitable host of a
DNA insert coding for a determined protein placed under its
controls.
[0100] Needless to say, the invention extends to all variants of
genomes and corresponding DNA fragments (ORFs) having substantially
equivalent properties, all of said genomes belonging to
retroviruses which can be considered as equivalents of LAV.sub.MAL.
It must be understood that the claims which follow are also
intended to cover all equivalents of the products (glycoproteins,
polypeptides, DNAs, etc.) whereby an equivalent is a product, e.g.,
a polypeptide, which may distinguish from a product defined in any
of said claims, say through one or several amino acids, while still
having substantially the same immunological or immunogenic
properties. A similar rule of equivalency shall apply to the DNAs,
it being understood that the rule of equivalency will then be tied
to the rule of equivalency pertaining to the polypeptides which
they encode.
[0101] It will also be understood that all the literature referred
to hereinbefore and hereinafter and all patent applications and
patents not specifically identified herein but which form
counterparts of those specifically designated herein, must be
considered as incorporated herein by reference.
[0102] It should further be mentioned that the invention further
relates to immunogenic compositions that contain preferably one or
more of the polypeptides, which are specifically identified above
and which have the amino acid sequences of LAV.sub.MAL that have
been identified, or peptidic sequences corresponding to previously
defined LAV proteins. In this respect, the invention relates more
particularly to the particular polypeptides which have the
sequences corresponding more specifically to the LAV.sub.BRU
sequences which have been referred to earlier, i.e., the sequences
extending between the following first and last amino acids, of the
LAV.sub.BRU proteins themselves, i.e., the polypeptides having
sequences contained in the LAV.sub.BRU OMP or LAV.sub.BRU TMP or
sequences extending over both, particularly those extending from
between the following positions of the amino acids included in the
env open reading frame of the LAV.sub.BRU genome,
[0103] 1-530
[0104] 34-530
[0105] and more preferably
[0106] 531-877, particularly 680-700,
[0107] 37-130
[0108] 211-289
[0109] 488-530
[0110] 490-620.
[0111] These different sequences can be used for any of the above
defined purposes and in any of the compositions which have been
disclosed.
[0112] Finally the invention also relates to the different
antibodies which can be formed specifically against the different
peptides which have been disclosed herein, particularly to the
monoclonal antibodies which recognize them specifically. The
corresponding hybridomas which can be formed starting from spleen
cells previously immunized with such peptides which are fused with
appropriate myeloma cells and selected according to standard
procedures also form part of the invention.
[0113] Phage .lambda. clone E-H12 derived from LAV.sub.ELI infected
cells has been deposited at the CNCM under No. I-550 on May 9,
1986. Phage clone M-H11 derived from LAV.sub.MAL infected cells has
been deposited at the CNCM under No. I-551 on May 9, 1986.
REFERENCES
[0114] Alizon, M., Sonigo, P., Barr-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C.,
Tiollais, P., Montagnier, L. & Wain-Hobson, S. (1984).
Molecular cloning of lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Nature 312,
757-760.
[0115] Allan, J. S., Coligan, J. E., Barin, F., McLane, M. F.,
Sodroski, J. G., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Lee, T. H., &
Essex, M. (1985a). Major glycoprotein antigens that induce
antibodies in AIDS patients. Science 228, 1091-1094.
[0116]
[0117] Allan, J. S., Coligan, J. E., Lee, T. H., McLane, M. F.,
Kanki, P. J., Groopman, J. E., & Essex, M. (1985b). A new
HTLV-III/LAV antigen detected by antibodies from AIDS patients.
Science 230, 810-813.
[0118] Arya, S. K., Guo, C., Josephs, S. F., & Wong-Staal, F.
(1985). Trans-activator gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type III
(HTLV-III). Science 229, 69-73.
[0119] Bailey, A. C., Downing, R. G., Cheinsong-Popov, R., Tedder,
R. C., Dalgleish, A. G., & Weiss, R. A.(1985). HTLV-III
serology distinguishes atypical and endemic Kaposi's sarcoma in
Africa. Lancet I, 359-361.
[0120] Barin, F., M'Boup, S., Denis, F., Kanki, P., Allan, J. S.,
Lee, T. M., & Essex, M. (1985). Serological evidence for virus
related to simian T lymphotropic retrovirus in residents of West
Africa. Lancet II, 1387-1389.
[0121] Barr-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T.,
Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Brun-Vzinet,
F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W. & Montagnier, L. (1983).
Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk of
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220,
868-870.
[0122] Been, S., Rutledge, R., Folks, T., Gold, J., Baker, L.
McCormick, J. Feorino, P., Piot, P., Quinn T. & Martin, M.
(1985). Genomic heterogeneity of AIDS retroviral isolates from
North America and Zaire. Science 230, 949-951.
[0123]
[0124] Borst, P., & Cross, G. A. M. (1982). Molecular basis for
trypanosome antigenic variation. Cell 29, 291-303.
[0125] Brun-Vsinet, F., Rouzioux, C., Montagnier, L., Chamaret, S.,
Gruest, J., Barr-Sinoussi, F., Geroldi, D., Chermann, J. C.,
McCormick, J. Mitchell, S., Piot, P., Taelmann, H. Minlangu, K. B.,
Wobin, O., Mbendi, N. Mazebo, P., Kalambayi, K. Bridts, C.,
Desmyter, J., Feinsod, F., & Quinn T. C. (1984). Prevelance of
antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in African patients
with AIDS. Science 226, 453-456.
[0126] Chang, N. T., Chanda, P. K., Barone, A. D., McKinney, S.,
Rhodes, D. P., Tam, S. H., Shearman, C. W., Huang, J. & Chang,
T. W. (1985). Expression in Escheridia coli of open reading frame
gene segments of HTLV-III. Science 228, 93-96.
[0127] Chiu, I. M., Yaniv, A., Dahlberg, J. E., Gazit, A., Skuntz,
S. F., Tronick, S. R. & Aaronson, S. A. (1985). Nucleotide
sequence evidence for relationship of AIDS retrovirus to
lentiviruses. Nature 317, 366-368.
[0128] Clark, S. P., & Mak, T. W., (1984). Fluidity of a
retrovirus genome. J. Virol. 50, 759-765.
[0129] Clavel, F., Klatzmann, D., & Montagnier, L., (1985).
Deficient neutralizing capacity of sera from patients with AIDS or
related syndromes. Lancet I, 879-880.
[0130] Clavel, F., Brun-V{acute over (e )}zinet, F., Guetard, D.,
Chamaret, S., Laurent, A., Rouzioux, C., Rey, M., Katlama, C., Rey,
F., Champelinaud, J. L., Nina, J, S., Mansinho, K.,
Santos-Ferreira, M. O., Klatzmann, D., & Montagnier, L. (1986).
LAV type II: a second retrovirus associated with AIDS in
West-Africa. C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris 302, 485-488.
[0131] Clements, J. E., Narayan, O., Griffin, D. E. and Johnson, R.
T. (1980). genomic changes associated with antigenic variation of
visna virus during persistent infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
77,4454-4458.
[0132] Clumeck, N., Sonnet, J., Taelman, M., Mascart-Lemone, F., De
Bruyere, M., Van de Perre, P., Dasnoy, J., Marcelis, L., Lamy, M.,
Jonas, C., Eyckmans, L., Noel, H., Vanhaeverbeek, M. & Butzler,
J. P. (1984). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in African
patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 10, 492-497.
[0133] Dalgleish, A. G., Beverley, P. C., Clapham P. R., Crawford,
D. H., Greaves, M. F. & Weiss, R. A. (1984). The CD4 (T4)
antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS
retrovirus. Nature 312, 763-767.
[0134] Darlix, J. L. (1986) Control of Rous sarcoma virus RNA
translation and packaging by the 5' and 3' untranslated sequences.
J.Mol.Biol., in the press.
[0135] DeLarco, J. & Todaro, G. J. (1976). Membrane receptors
of murine leukemia viruses: characterization using the purified
viral envelope glycoprotein, gp71l. Cell 8, 365-371.
[0136] DiMarzoVeronese, F., DeVico, A. L., Copeland, T. D.,
Oroszlan, S., Gallo, R. C., & Sarngadharan, M. G. (1985).
Characterization of gp 41 as the transmembrane protein coded by the
HTLV-III/LAV envelope gene. Science 229, 1403-1405.
[0137] Ellrodt, A., Barr-Sinoussi, F., Le Bras, P., Nugeyre, M. T.,
Brun-V{acute over (e )}zinet, F., Rouzioux, C., Segond, P., Caquet,
R., Montagnier, L. & Chermann, J. C. (1984). Isolation of human
T-lymphotropic retrovirus (LAV) from Zairan married couple, one
with AIDS, one with prodromes. Lancet I, 1383-1385.
[0138] Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., Arya, S. U., Popovic, M., Gallo,
R. C., & Wong-Staal, F. (1984). Molecular cloning and
characterizaion of the HTLV-III virus associated with AIDS. Nature
312, 166-169.
[0139] Holland, J., Spindler, K., Horodyski, F., Grabau, E.,
Nichol, S., & Van de Pol, S. (1982). Rapid evolution of RNA
genomes. Science 215, 1577-1585.
[0140] Kan, N. C., Franchini, G., Wong-Staal, F., Dubois, G. C.,
Robey, W. G., Lautenberger, J. A., & Papas, T. S. (1986).
Identification of HTLV-III/LAV sor gene product and detection of
antibodies in human sera. Science 231, 1553-1555.
[0141] Kanki, P. J., Alroy, J. & Essex, M. (1985). Isolation of
T-lymphotropic retroviruses from wild-caught African Green Monkeys.
Science 230, 951-954.
[0142] Kanki, P. J., Barin, F., M'Boup, S., Allan, J. S.,
Romet-Lemonne, J. L., Markink, R., McLane, M. F., Lee, T. H.,
Arbeille, B., Denis, F. & Essex, M. (1986). New human
T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to simian T-lymphotropic virus
type III (STLV-III.sub.AGM). Science, 232, 238-243.
[0143] Klatzmann, D., Champagne, E., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J.,
Guetard, D., Hercend, T., Gluckman, J. C., & Montagnier, L.
(1984). T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behave as the receptor for human
retrovirus LAV. Nature 312, 767-768.
[0144] Kyte, J. & Doolittle, R., (1982). A simple methof for
displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J.Mol.Biol. 157,
105-132.
[0145] Koch, W., Hunsmann, G. & Friedrich, R. (1983).
Nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of Friend murine leukemia
virus. J. Virol., 45, 1-9.
[0146] Lee, T. H., Coligan, J. E. Allan, J. S., McLane, M. F.,
Groopman, J. E. & Essex, M. (1986). A new HTLV III/LAV protein
encoded by a gene found in cytopathic retroviruses. Science 231,
1546-1549.
[0147] Loenec, W. A. M. & Brammar, W. J. (1980). A
bacteriophage lambda vector for cloning large DNA fragments made
with several restriction enzymes. Gene 10, 249-259.
[0148] Lutley, R., Petursson, G., Palsson, P. A., Georgsson, G.,
Klein, J., & Nathanson, N. (1983). Antigenic drift in visna:
virus variation during longterm infection of icelandic sheep. J.
Gen. Virol. 64, 1433-1440.
[0149] MacDougal, J. S., Kennedy, M. S., Sligh, J. M., Cort, S. P.,
Mawle, A. & Nicholson, J. K. A. (1986). Binding of HTLV-III/LAV
to T4.sup.+ cells by a complex of the 110 k viral protein and the
T4 molecule. Science 231, 382-385.
[0150] Messing, J. and Viera, J. (1982). A new pair of M13 vectors
for selecting either DNA strand of double digest restriction
fragments. Gene 19, 269-276.
[0151] Montagnier, L. (1985). Lymphadenopathy-associated virus:
from molecular biology to pathogenicity. Ann.Inter.Med. 103,
689-693.
[0152] Montagnier, L., Clavel, F., Krust, B., Chamaret, S., Rey,
F., Barr-Sinoussi, F. & Chermann, J. C. (1985). Identification
and antigenicity of the major envelope glycoprotein of
lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Virology 144, 283-289.
[0153] Montelaro, R. C, Parekh, B., Orrego, A. & Issel, C. J.
(1984). Antigenic variation during persistent infection by equine
infectious anemia virus, a retrovirus. J.Biol.Chem., 250,
10539-10544.
[0154] Muesing, M. A., Smith, D. M., Cabradilla, C. D., Benton, C.
V., Lasky, L. A. & Capon, D. J. (1985). Nucleic acid structure
and expression of the human AIDS/lymphadenopathy retroviruses.
Nature 313, 450-458.
[0155] Norman, C. (1985). Politics and science clash on African
AIDS. Science 230, 1140-1142.
[0156] Piot, P., Quinn, T. C., Taelman, H., Feinsod, F. M.,
Minlangu, K. B., Wobin, O., Mbendi, N., Mazebo, P., Ndongi, K.,
Stevens, W., Kalambayi, K., Mitchell, S., Bridts, C. &
McCormick, J. B. (1984). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in
Power, M. D., Marx, P. A., Bryant, M. L., Gardner, M. B., Barr, P.
J. & Luciw, P. A. (1986). Nucleotide sequence of SRV-1, a type
D simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome retrovirus. Science
231, 1567-1572.
[0157] Rabson, A. B. & Martin, M. A. (1985). Molecular
organization of the AIDS retrovirus. Cell 40, 477-480.
[0158] Ratner, L., Haseltine, W., Patarca, R., Livak, K. J.,
Starcich, B., Josephs, S. F., Doran, E. R., Rafalski, A.,
Whitchorn, E. A., Baumeister, K., Ivanoff, L., Petteway, S. R.,
Pearson, M. L., Lautenbergen, J. A., Papas, T. S., Ghrayeb, J.,
Chang, N. T., Gallo, R. C. & Wong-Staal, F. (1985). Complete
nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature 313,
277-284.
[0159] Robinson, P. J. G., Hunsmann, G., Schneider, J. &
Schirrmacher, V. (1980). Possible cell surface receptor for Friend
murine leukemia virus is isolated with viral envelop glycoprotein
complexes. J.Virol., 36, 291-294.
[0160] Rosen, C. A., Sodroski, J. G. & Haseltine, W. A.
(1985).
[0161] The location of cisacting regulatory sequences in the human
T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) long terminal
repeat. Cell 41, 813-823.
[0162] Sanchez-Pescador, R. Power, M. D., Barr, P. J., Steimer, K.
S., Stemfeieb, M. M., Brown-Shimer, S. L., Gee, W. W., Bernard, A.,
Randolph, A., Levy, J. A., Dina, D. & Luciw, P. A., (1985).
Nucleotide sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus
(ARV-2). Science 227, 484-492.
[0163] Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. & Coulsen, A. R. (1977). DNA
sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 74, 5463-5467.
[0164] Scott, J. V., Stowring, L., Haase, A. T., Narayan, O. &
Vigne, R. (1979). Antigenic variation in visna virus. Cell 18,
321-327.
[0165] Shimotohno, K., & Temin, H. (1982). Spontaneous
variation and synthesis in the U3 region of the long terminal
repeat of an avian retrovirus. J. Virol. 41, 163-171.
[0166] Sodroski, J., Patarca, R., Rosen C., Wong-Staal, F. &
Haseltine, W. (1985). Location of the trans-activating region of
the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II. Science 229,
74-77.
[0167] Sonigo, P., Alizon, M., Staskus, K., Klatzmann, D., Cole,
S., Danos, O., Retzel, E., Tiollais, P., Haase, A. &
Wain-Hobson, S. (1985). Nucleotide sequence of the visna
lentivirus: Relationship to the AIDS virus. Cell 42, 369-382.
[0168] Sonigo, P., Barker, C., Hunter, E. & Wain-Hobson S.
(1986). Nucleotide sequence of Mason-Pfizer Monkey virus: an
immunosuppressive D-type retrovirus. Cell, in the press.
[0169] Steinhauer, D. A., & Holland, J. H. (1986). Direct
method for quantitation of extreme polymerase error frequencies at
selected single base in viral RNA. J. Virol. 57, 219-228.
[0170] Thormar, H., Barshatsky, M. R., Arnesen, K., &
Kozlowski, P. B. (1983). The emergence of antigenic variants is a
rare event in long-term visna virus invention in vivo. J. Gen.
Virol. 64, 1427-1432.
[0171] Van de Perre, P., Rouvroy, D., Lepage, P., Bogaerts, J.,
Kestelyn, P., Kayihigi, J., Hekker, A. C., Butzler, J. P. &
Clumeck, N. (1984). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Rwanda.
Lancet II, 62-65.
[0172] Varmus, H. & Swanstrom, R. (1984). Replication of
retroviruses. In Molecular biology of the tumor viruses/RNA tumor
viruses. R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, J. Coffin, eds. (Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York), vol. 1, pp. 369-512.
[0173] Wain-Hobson, S., Sonigo, P., Danos, O., Cole, S., &
Alizon, M. (1985). Nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, LAV. Cell
40, 9-17.
[0174] Webster, R. G., Laver, W. G., Air, G. M. & Schild, G. C.
(1982). Molecular mechanisms of variation in influenza viruses.
Nature 296, 115-121.
[0175] Weiss, R. A. (1984). Human T-cell retroviruses. In Molecular
biology of the tumor viruses: RNA viruses. R. Weiss, N. Teich, H.
Varmus, J. Coffin, eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York),
vol II: supplement, pp. 405-485.
[0176] Weiss, R. A., Clapham, P. R., Cheinson-Popov, R. Dalgleish,
A. G., Carne, C. A., Weller, I. A. D. & Tedder, R. C. (1985).
Neutralization of human T-lymphotropic virus type III by sera of
AIDS and AIDS-risk patients, Nature, 316, 69-72.
[0177] Wilburg, W. J., & Lipman, D. J. (1983). Rapid similarity
searches of nucleic acid and protein data banks. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 80, 726-730.
[0178] Wu, T. T., & Kabat, E. A. (1970). An analysis of the
sequences of the variable regions of Bence-Jones proteins and
myeloma light chains and their implications for antibody
complementarity. J.Exp.Med. 132, 211-250.
* * * * *