U.S. patent application number 10/126055 was filed with the patent office on 2002-10-24 for method and system for rna analysis by matched ion polynucleotide chromatography.
Invention is credited to Gjerde, Douglas T., Hanna, Christopher T., Hornby, David P., Kuklin, Alexander I..
Application Number | 20020153312 10/126055 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27489994 |
Filed Date | 2002-10-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020153312 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gjerde, Douglas T. ; et
al. |
October 24, 2002 |
Method and system for RNA analysis by matched ion polynucleotide
chromatography
Abstract
A Matched Ion Polynucleotide Chromatography method and system
for size-based segregation of a mixture of RNA molecules. The
method includes applying the mixture to a reverse phase column
containing polymeric beads and eluting, preferably under denaturing
conditions, the RNA molecules with a mobile phase which includes
counterion reagent and an organic component. The method can be used
in segregating RNA molecules having lengths in the range of about
100 to 20,000 nucleotides. Improved segregation is obtained using a
chromatography column having an ID greater than about 5 mm.
Inventors: |
Gjerde, Douglas T.;
(Saratoga, CA) ; Hornby, David P.; (Widnes,
GB) ; Hanna, Christopher T.; (Greenfield, MA)
; Kuklin, Alexander I.; (Blue Bell, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
JOHN F. BRADY
TRANSGENOMIC, INC.
2032 CONCOURSE DRIVE
SAN JOSE
CA
95131
US
|
Family ID: |
27489994 |
Appl. No.: |
10/126055 |
Filed: |
April 18, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10126055 |
Apr 18, 2002 |
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09557424 |
Apr 21, 2000 |
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09557424 |
Apr 21, 2000 |
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09183123 |
Oct 30, 1998 |
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6066258 |
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09183123 |
Oct 30, 1998 |
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09058580 |
Apr 10, 1998 |
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09058580 |
Apr 10, 1998 |
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08748376 |
Nov 13, 1996 |
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5772889 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
210/635 ;
210/656 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 15/101 20130101;
C12Q 2565/107 20130101; B01D 15/166 20130101; B01D 15/366 20130101;
C12Q 1/6806 20130101; C12Q 1/6806 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
210/635 ;
210/656 |
International
Class: |
B01D 015/08 |
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A chromatographic method for segregating a mixture of RNA
molecules having lengths exceeding about 100 nucleotides, said
method comprising: a) applying a solution of said fragments and
counterion reagent to a column containing polymeric beads having
non-polar surfaces, wherein said beads have an average diameter of
about 1 to about 100 microns; b) eluting said RNA molecules with a
mobile phase which includes said counterion reagent and an organic
component.
2. A method of claim 1 wherein said eluting is carried out under
conditions effective to denature the secondary structure of said
RNA molecules.
3. A method of claim 1 including collecting mobile phase fractions
containing said RNA molecules.
4. A method of claim 1, wherein said mobile phase comprises a
counterion agent and an organic solvent, wherein said organic
solvent is water soluble.
5. A method of claim 4, wherein said solvent is selected from the
group consisting of alcohol, nitrile, dimethylformamide,
tetrahydrofuran, ester, ether, and mixtures of one or more
thereof.
6. A method of claim 4, wherein said solvent comprises
acetonitrile.
7. A method of claim 1 wherein said counterion agent is selected
from the group consisting of lower alkyl primary amine, lower alkyl
secondary amine, lower alkyl tertiary amine, lower trialkyammonium
salt, quaternary ammonium salt, and mixtures of one or more
thereof.
8. A method of claim 7 wherein said counterion agent is selected
from the group consisting of octylammonium acetate,
octadimethylammonium acetate, decylammonium acetate,
octadecylammonium acetate, pyridiniumammonium acetate,
cyclohexylammonium acetate, diethylammonium acetate,
propylethylammonium acetate, propyldiethylammonium acetate,
butylethylammonium acetate, methylhexylammonium acetate,
tetramethylammonium acetate, tetraethylammonium acetate,
tetrapropylammonium acetate, tetrabutylammonium acetate,
dimethydiethylammonium acetate, triethylammonium acetate,
tripropylammonium acetate, tributylammonium acetate,
tetrapropylammonium acetate, tetrabutylammonium acetate,
triethylammonium hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol, and mixtures of one
or more thereof.
9. A method of claim 2 wherein said eluting is carried out at a
temperature greater than about 60.degree. C.
10. A method of claim 9 wherein said eluting is carried out at a
temperature within the range of about 40.degree. C. to about
80.degree. C.
11. A method of claim 1 wherein the pH of said mobile phase is
within the range of about pH 5 to about pH 9.
12. A method of claim 11 wherein the pH of said mobile phase is
about pH 7.
13. A method of claim 1 wherein said mixture comprises RNA
molecules exceeding about 1,000 nucleotides.
14. A method of claim 1 wherein said mixture comprises RNA
molecules having up to about 20,000 nucleotides.
15. An improved method for segregating a mixture of RNA molecules
by Matched Ion Polynucleotide Chromatography, said mixture
comprising molecules having lengths exceeding about 100
nucleotides, the method comprising: a) applying a solution of said
molecules and counterion reagent to a column containing polymeric
separation beads having non-polar surfaces, wherein said separation
beads have an average diameter of 1 to 100 microns, said column
having an ID greater than about 5 mm; b) eluting said RNA molecules
with a mobile phase which includes said counterion reagent and an
organic component.
16. A method of claim 15 wherein said eluting is carried out under
conditions effective to minimize the secondary structure of said
RNA molecules.
17. A method of claim 15 wherein said eluting is carried out at a
temperature within the range of about 40.degree. C. to about
80.degree. C.
18. A method of claim 15 wherein said ID is greater than about 7
mm.
19. A method of claim 15 wherein said ID is greater than about 10
mm.
20. A method of claim 15 wherein said ID is greater than about 50
mm.
21. A method of claim 15 wherein said ID is in the range of about 5
mm to about 1 m.
22. An improved reverse phase chromatography column for segregating
a mixture of RNA molecules by Matched Ion Polynucleotide
Chromatography, the mixture comprising molecules having lengths
exceeding about 100 nucleotides, the column comprising: a cylinder
containing polymer beads, said beads having an average diameter of
1 to 100 microns, said beads being unsubstituted polymer beads or
polymer beads substituted with a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1
to 1,000,000 carbons, said column having an ID greater than about 5
mm.
23. A column of claim 22 wherein said ID is greater than about 7
mm.
24. A system for segregating a mixture or RNA molecules by Matched
ion Polynucleotide Chromatography, comprising: the column of claim
22.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/183,123 filed Oct. 30, 1998, which is a
continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/058,580
filed Apr. 10, 1998, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Pat.
No. 5,772,889. This application is a regular U.S. patent
application under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.111(a) and 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.1.53(b) and claims priority from the following co-pending,
commonly assigned provisional applications, each filed under 35
U.S.C. .sctn.111(b), each of which is incorporated herein by
reference:
[0002] 60/130,824 filed Apr. 23, 1999;
[0003] 60/135,314 filed May 20, 1999;
[0004] 60/155,685 filed Sep. 23, 1999;
[0005] 60/163,197 filed Nov. 3, 1999;
[0006] 60/187,979 filed Mar. 9, 2000.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention is directed to the analysis of RNA
molecules by liquid chromatography. More specifically, the
invention is directed to a liquid chromatography system and method,
such as Matched Ion Polynucleotide Chromatography, which enhances
the purification of RNA.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0008] RNA molecules are polymers comprising sub-units called
ribonucleotides. The four ribonucleotides found in RNA comprise a
common cyclic sugar, ribose, which is covalently bonded to any of
the four bases, adenine (a purine), guanine (a purine), cytosine (a
pyrimidine), and uracil (a pyrimidine), referred to herein as A, G,
C, and U respectively. A variety of modified bases are also
encountered in RNA. A phosphate group links a 3'-hydroxyl of one
ribonucleotide with the 5'-hydroxyl of another ribonucleotide to
form a polymeric chain. Secondary structure commonly occurs via
intra-chain hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
[0009] Ribonucleic acid (RNA) transports genetic information within
the cell. In the most general terms, RNA passes specific peptide
and protein coding information from the genome in the nucleus to
those parts of the cell responsible for the production of these
peptides and proteins. There are a number of different RNAs found
in the cell at any given time. Some of them are noted below, along
with their functions:
[0010] Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries the coding messages to the
ribosomes for the production of peptides and proteins;
[0011] Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): Responsible for removing intronic
sequences from mRNA precursors (preribosomal mRNAs), prior to the
spliced mRNA delivery to the ribosomes;
[0012] Transfer RNA (tRNA): Provide chemically activated amino
acids for binding to the ribosomal complex in the process of
protein synthesis;
[0013] Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): RNA within the ribosomes themselves,
which by association, are part of the protein synthesis
process.
[0014] Within molecular biology, it is often necessary to isolate
these RNA molecules, particularly mRNA. This is because an mRNA
"message" indicates that a gene has been transcribed. Furthermore,
the extent to which the gene is expressed (up-regulated,
down-regulated, turned on, turned off) is often proportional to the
amount of gene-specific RNA (mRNA) present in the cell. The
quantitation of gene expression via mRNA content can occur by
various means (e.g., RT-PCR, expression array/hybridization
analysis, etc.)
[0015] On other occasions it is desirable to create a compilation,
or "library", of those genetic messages being expressed in a cell
or cells under a given set of conditions (i.e., normal vs. diseased
state). This is often performed by selectively harvesting the mRNAs
present in a sample, reverse transcribing the mRNAs to cDNA (first
strands and second strands), and then cloning these double stranded
sequences into some suitable vector. Once cloned, the cDNA
"libraries" can be utilized in various procedures.
[0016] RNA is thus the starting material in numerous molecular
biology experiments involving the identification of unknown genes
and assignment of functions to various proteins. Quality, quantity,
purity, and size distribution of RNA determine the rate of success
in applications such as cDNA library construction, Northern blot
analysis, reverse transcription, and in situ analysis. Present
techniques for the purification of RNA are labor intensive and
lengthy. Quantification is routinely performed by gel
visualization, radiometric methods, and spectrophotometric
techniques. Sizing and quality determination is often performed by
electrophoresis on denaturing agarose gels. However, RNA can become
covalently modified by the chemicals used during the fractionation
process (e.g., formaldehyde or acryalmide). Many of the present
separation techniques require the use of hazardous chemicals (e.g.,
methylmercuric hydroxide).
[0017] In the preparation of mRNA from total RNA, spin columns
containing beads coated with poly T oligomers are often used (e.g.,
Poly(A)Pure.TM. mRNA Purification Kit, Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.;
Oligotex.TM. mRNA Purification System, Qiagen, Inc., Valencia,
Calif.). The disadvantages of this technique include a requirement
for high amounts of total RNA sample due to low recovery of mRNA,
contamination of the product (e.g. by rRNA), and degradation of the
mRNA product.
[0018] There is a need for faster, safer, more reliable, less labor
intensive, and more accurate methods of RNA analysis.
[0019] Separations of polynucleotides such as RNA have been
traditionally performed using electrophoresis through agarose gels
or sedimentation through sucrose gradients. However, liquid
chromatographic analysis of polynucleotides is becoming more
important because of the ability to automate the process and to
collect fractions.
[0020] Traditional chromatography is a separation process based on
partitioning of mixture components between a "stationary phase" and
a "mobile phase". The stationary phase is provided by the surface
of solid materials which can comprise many different materials in
the form of particles or passageway surfaces of cellulose, silica
gel, coated silica gel, polymer beads, polysaccharides, and the
like. These materials can be supported on solid surfaces such as on
glass plates or packed in a column. The mobile phase can be a
liquid or a gas in gas chromatography.
[0021] The separation principles are generally the same regardless
of the materials used, the form of the materials, or the apparatus
used. The different components of a mixture have different
respective degrees of solubility in the stationary phase and in the
mobile phase. Therefore, as the mobile phase flows over the
stationary phase, there is an equilibrium in which the sample
components are partitioned between the stationary phase and the
mobile phase. As the mobile phase passes through the column, the
equilibrium is constantly shifted in favor of the mobile phase.
This occurs because the equilibrium mixture, at any time, sees
fresh mobile phase and partitions into the fresh mobile phase. As
the mobile phase is carried down the column, the mobile phase sees
fresh stationary phase and partitions into the stationary phase.
Eventually, at the end of the column, there is no more stationary
phase and the sample simply leaves the column in the mobile
phase.
[0022] A separation of a mixture of components occurs because the
mixture components have slightly different affinities for the
stationary phase and/or solubilities in the mobile phase, and
therefore have different partition equilibrium values. Therefore,
the mixture components pass down the column at different rates.
[0023] In traditional liquid chromatography, a glass column is
packed with stationary phase particles and mobile phase passes
through the column, pulled only by gravity. However, when smaller
stationary phase particles are used in the column, the pull of
gravity alone is insufficient to cause the mobile phase to flow
through the column. Instead, pressure must be applied. However,
glass columns can only withstand about 200 psi. Passing a mobile
phase through a column packed with 5 micron particles requires a
pressure of about 2000 psi or more to be applied to the column. 5
to 10 micron particles are standard today. Particles smaller than 5
microns are used for especially difficult separations or certain
special cases). This process is denoted by the term "high pressure
liquid chromatography" or HPLC.
[0024] HPLC has enabled the use of a far greater variety of types
of particles used to separate a greater variety of chemical
structures than was possible with large particle gravity columns.
The separation principle, however, is still the same.
[0025] An HPLC-based ion pairing chromatographic method was
recently introduced to effectively separate mixtures of
polynucleotides wherein the separations are based on base pair
length (U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,236 to Bonn (1996); Huber, et al.,
Chromatographia 37:653 (1993); Huber, et al., Anal. Biochem.
212:351 (1993)). Ion pair reverse phase high pressure liquid
chromatography (IPRPHPLC) was used as a process for separating DNA
using non-polar separation media, wherein the process used a
counterion agent, and an organic solvent to release the DNA from
the separation media. This method was used in the separation of
double stranded DNA of up to about 1,000 base pairs and for the
separation of single stranded DNA of up to about 100
nucleotides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0026] Objects of the present invention include providing a method
and system for segregating RNA molecules which is fast, safe,
reliable, convenient, reproducible, and quantatitive.
[0027] In one aspect, the invention provides a chromatographic
method for segregating a mixture of RNA molecules having lengths
exceeding about 100 nucleotides. The method includes the steps of
a) applying a solution of the fragments and counterion reagent to a
column containing polymeric beads having non-polar surfaces,
wherein said beads have an average diameter of about 1 to about 100
microns and b) eluting the RNA molecules with a mobile phase which
includes the counterion reagent and an organic component. The
method is preferably carried out under conditions effective to
denature the secondary structure of said RNA molecules. The method
can include collecting mobile phase fractions containing the
segregated RNA molecules. The method can be carried out at a mobile
phase temperature greater than about 50.degree. C., preferably
greater than 60.degree. C., and more preferably greater than
70.degree. C.
[0028] In the inventive method, the mobile phase preferably
includes a counterion agent and a water soluble organic solvent.
The organic solvent can be selected from the group consisting of
alcohol, nitrile, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, ester, ether,
and mixtures of one or more thereof. A preferred solvent includes
acetonitrile. The counterion agent can be selected from the group
consisting of lower alkyl primary amine, lower alkyl secondary
amine, lower alkyl tertiary amine, lower trialkyammonium salt,
quaternary ammonium salt, and mixtures of one or more thereof.
Preferably, the counterion agent is selected from the group
consisting of octylammonium acetate, octadimethylammonium acetate,
decylammonium acetate, octadecylammonium acetate,
pyridiniumammonium acetate, cyclohexylammonium acetate,
diethylammonium acetate, propylethylammonium acetate,
propyldiethylammonium acetate, butylethylammonium acetate,
methylhexylammonium acetate, tetramethylammonium acetate,
tetraethylammonium acetate, tetrapropylammonium acetate,
tetrabutylammonium acetate, dimethydiethylammonium acetate,
triethylammonium acetate, tripropylammonium acetate,
tributylammonium acetate, tetrapropylammonium acetate,
tetrabutylammonium acetate, triethylammonium hexafluoroisopropyl
alcohol, and mixtures of one or more thereof.
[0029] Also, in the inventive method, the pH of said mobile phase
is preferably within the range of about pH 5 to about pH 9. A
preferred pH is about pH 7.
[0030] The method can be used for analyzing RNA molecules exceeding
about 1,000 nucleotides and can be used for analyzing RNA molecules
having up to about 20,000 nucleotides.
[0031] In another aspect, the invention concerns a method for
segregating a mixture of RNA molecules by Matched Ion
Polynucleotide Chromatography, in which the mixture includes RNA
molecules having lengths exceeding about 100 nucleotides. The
method includes a) applying a solution of the molecules and
counterion reagent to a column containing polymeric separation
beads having non-polar surfaces, wherein the separation beads have
an average diameter of 1 to 100 microns and the column has an ID
greater than about 5 mm and b) eluting the RNA molecules with a
mobile phase which includes the counterion reagent and an organic
component. In the method, the eluting step preferably is carried
out under conditions effective to minimize the secondary structure
of the RNA molecules. The eluting can be carried out at a
temperature within the range of about 40.degree. C. to about
80.degree. C., and preferably at about 75.degree. C. In one
embodiment of the method, the column ID is greater than about 7 mm.
In another embodiment, the column ID is greater than about 10 mm.
In yet another embodiment, the column ID is greater than about 50
mm. In still another embodiment the column ID is in the range of
about 5 mm to about 1 m.
[0032] In still another aspect, the invention concerns an improved
column for segregating a mixture of RNA molecules by Matched Ion
Polynucleotide Chromatography, the mixture including molecules
having lengths exceeding about 100 nucleotides. The column includes
a cylinder having an ID greater than about 5 mm and containing
polymer beads. The beads have an average diameter of 1 to 100
microns and are unsubstituted polymer beads or are polymer beads
substituted with a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to 1,000,000
carbons. In one embodiment, the column ID is greater than about 7
mm. In another embodiment, the column ID is greater than about 10
mm. In yet another embodiment, the column ID is greater than about
50 mm. In still another embodiment the column ID is in the range of
about 5 mm to about 1 m.
[0033] In yet another aspect, the invention concerns a system for
segregating a mixture or RNA molecules by Matched Ion
Polynucleotide Chromatography in which the system includes a column
which includes a cylinder having an ID greater than about 5 mm and
containing polymer beads. The beads have an average diameter of 1
to 100 microns and are unsubstituted polymer beads or are polymer
beads substituted with a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to
1,000,000 carbons.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a single column MIPC
system using valves and valve controls to establish mobile phase
gradients.
[0035] FIG. 2 is a partial schematic representation of a pump
system for establishing mobile phase gradients.
[0036] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an autosampler
subsystem.
[0037] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an injection valve
used in the MIPC system.
[0038] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an injection valve
in the filled loop load position.
[0039] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an injection valve
in the filled loop injection position.
[0040] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an injection valve
in the partial loop load position.
[0041] FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of the injection valve
in the partial loop injection position.
[0042] FIG. 9 is a front view of the separation compartment of an
MIPC column oven.
[0043] FIG. 10 is a top view of the HPLC DNA analyzer column oven
shown in FIG. 9.
[0044] FIG. 11 is an end view of the compact column heater
embodiment of this invention.
[0045] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A
in FIG. 11.
[0046] FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a Peltier heater/cooler
embodiment of this invention.
[0047] FIG. 14 is a representation of the physical structure of a
representative reverse phase chromatographic column.
[0048] FIG. 15 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of RNA size
markers. Peaks are labeled with the number of nucleotides of the
eluted molecules.
[0049] FIG. 16 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of RNA size
markers.
[0050] FIG. 17 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of total RNA
from a plant extract.
[0051] FIG. 18 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of RNA from a
plant extract after a first affinity purification.
[0052] FIG. 19 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of RNA from a
plant extract after a second affinity purification.
[0053] FIG. 20 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of mouse
brain mRNA.
[0054] FIG. 21 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of human
brain mRNA.
[0055] FIG. 22 is a chromatogram from a MIPC analysis of human
brain mRNA.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0056] In one aspect, the present invention concerns a Matched Ion
Polynucleotide Chromatography (MIPC) method and system for
segregating a mixture of RNA molecules.
[0057] "Matched Ion Polynucleotide Chromatography" as defined
herein, includes a process for segregating RNA molecules using
non-polar reverse phase media, wherein the process uses a
counterion agent, and an organic solvent to release the
polynucleotides from the reverse phase media.
[0058] "Segregating" as defined herein includes a Matched Ion
Polynucleotide Chromatography process for separating RNA molecules
in which the retention time of a molecule is primarily based on
nucleotide length but in which the retention time can be subject to
bias due to the influence of the polarity of the bases. The bias
can either increase or decrease the retention time.
[0059] MIPC process are described in earlier, copending and
commonly assigned U.S. Patents or Patent Applications U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,772,889; 5,997,742; 5,972,222; 5,986,085; 6,017,457; U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/058,580 filed Apr. 10, 1998; Ser.
No. 09/183,123 filed Oct. 30, 1998; Ser. No. 09/183,450 filed Oct.
30, 1998; Ser. No. 09/350,737 filed Jul. 9, 1999; Ser. No.
09/318,407 filed May 25, 1999; Ser. No. 09/469,551 filed Dec. 22,
1999, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety
herein.
[0060] The preferred MIPC system provides automated options for
sample selection, mobile phase gradient selection and control,
column and mobile phase temperature control, and fraction
collection.
[0061] FIG. 1 is a schematic layout of the system in accordance
with one embodiment of the MIPC system. A plurality of containers
can be used as reservoirs for solutions, such as solvents,
counterions, and other solutions, which make up the mobile phase.
For example, container 2 can contain an aqueous component of a
mobile phase such as an aqueous solution of counterion agent (e.g.,
triethylammonium acetate (TEAA)), and container 4 can contain an
aqueous solution of counterion agent plus organic (driving) solvent
(e.g., TEAA plus acetonitrile). An auxiliary liquid (e.g., a
co-solvent) can be held in container 6. These solutions are mixed
to achieve a selected concentration of organic solvent in the
mobile phase during a separation. Other examples of these solutions
are provided in the Examples herein and in the commonly assigned
patent indicated hereinabove. The containers have respective
transport tubing such as counterion solution transport tubing 8,
solvent solution transport tubing 10, and auxiliary liquid
transport tubing 12 communicating therewith, and leading to
degasser 14.
[0062] The degasser 14 removes dissolved gases from the liquids. An
example of a suitable degasser is the Degassit Model 6324. Removal
of dissolved oxygen is particularly important because its presence
increases the risk of oxidizing ferrous or other oxidizable metals
in the system components and thus introducing the corresponding
cations into the mobile phase liquid.
[0063] Column cleaning solution is contained in cleaning solution
container 16 which likewise has a cleaning solution transport
conduit 18 communicating therewith leading to the degasser 14. In
this embodiment, the cleaning solution can flow by gravity pressure
if the container 16 is elevated above the degasser and injection
valve 54. Alternatively, a pump 110 as shown in FIG. 2 can be
provided to achieve cleaning solution flow.
[0064] The system of the invention incorporates conventional mobile
phase flow control means which controls flow of solvent solution
and aqueous components of a mobile phase. In one embodiment, the
mobile phase flow control means comprises a set of flow control
valves, each with automatic opening controls under computer control
as described hereinbelow. In another embodiment the mobile phase
flow control means comprises a set of pumps, the flow setting of
which are responsive to computer control as described
hereinbelow.
[0065] The system illustrated in FIG. 1 utilizes one embodiment of
a mobile phase flow control means which includes a set of flow
control valves. Degassed counterion solution conduit 20, degassed
solvent solution conduit 22, and degassed auxiliary liquid conduit
24 leading from the degasser 14 communicate with respective aqueous
component proportioning valve 26, solvent solution proportioning
valve 28, and auxiliary liquid proportioning valve 30. The settings
for these proportioning valves are set and changed by valve
operators such as stepper motors associated therewith, and these
valve operators respond to establish a desired set of settings in
response to commands from the mobile phase flow control software
module described in greater detail hereinbelow. The flow control
valves 26, 28, and 30 comprise an embodiment of a mobile phase flow
control means which controls the flow of solvent solution and other
components of the mobile phase. The settings for these valves
control the ratio of liquids (co-solvents, solvent solution, etc.)
through the injector valve and the separation column. Conduits 32,
34, and 36 lead from respective proportioning valves 26, 28 and 30
to the intake of pump 38.
[0066] The cleaning solution transport conduit 31 leads to a
cleaning solution valve 40. An optional cleaning solution conduit
42 leads from the valve 40 and communicates with the inlet of pump
38. Valve 33 controls flow through conduit 42.
[0067] The openings of valves 26, 28 and 30 accurately set the
relative ratios of the organic solvent, and other components,
within the mobile phase, a most important part of this system
because the RNA segregation by MIPC is a function of solvent
concentration. As will be described in regard to the various RNA
segregation processes, the slope of the organic solvent gradient as
a function of time is changed during the separation process, and
the most critical phase may require a very precise gradient. The
settings of the valves 26, 28 and 30 are established by
conventional valve actuators which can be remotely set by signals
to a conventional valve control device.
[0068] In a preferred embodiment, the separation system is under
computer control as represented at 35. The computer includes
Instrument Control Software which provides computer controlled
instructions for establishing the settings of valves 26, 28 and 30
to precise flow values at appropriate times during the operation of
the system.
[0069] In a similar manner, the Instrument Control Software of the
instant invention provides computer controlled instructions to
establish the operational parameters of the pump 38, such as the
off/on status of the pump and the pressure or flow rate settings of
the pump.
[0070] Pump outflow conduit 44 communicates with the in-line mixer
46, directing the liquid flow through the mixer 46 for thorough
mixing of the components. Mixed liquid outflow conduit 48
communicates with optional guard column 50 to treat the mixed
liquid to remove multivalent metal cations and other contaminants
which would interfere with the separation of RNA molecules. Guard
column 50 can contain a cation exchange resin in sodium or hydrogen
form for removal of multivalent metal cations by conventional ion
exchange. Conduit 52 communicates with the outlet of the guard
column and an inlet port of a cleaning solution injector valve 54.
Cleaning solution supply conduit 56 connects valve 40 with the
cleaning solution injector valve 54, and waste outlet conduit 58
leads to waste. Conduit 60 leads from valve 54 to the sample
injection valve 62.
[0071] Sample aliquot selector 64 communicates with injector valve
62 through sample conduit 66. Waste conduit 68 leads from the
injector valve and removes waste liquids.
[0072] In the injector valve 62, the sample is introduced into a
stream of solvent and carrier liquid passing through the valve from
conduit 60. Sample conduit 70 communicates with an outlet port of
injector valve 62 and with the column prefilter 74 in the air bath
oven 72. The capillary tubing coil 76 communicates with the
prefilter 74 and the inlet of chromatography column 78. The
extended length of the capillary coil 76 allows ample heat to pass
from the heated oven air into the liquid passing through the coil,
bringing the liquid within .+-.0.05.degree. C. of a selected
temperature. The oven 72 establishes this temperature uniformity in
the prefilter 74, coil 76, and chromatography column 78.
[0073] The separation column 78 is packed with beads having a
unique separation surface which effects segregation of RNA
molecules in the presence of a counterion by the MICP process. The
separation process and details about the column and beads are
described in detail hereinbelow. A stream of mobile phase
containing segregated RNA molecules passes from the chromatography
column 78 through conduit 80.
[0074] Conduit 80 communicates with a detector 84. The detector can
be a conventional UV absorbance device which measures the UV
absorbance of the RNA fragment structures in the liquid mobile
phase. The absorbance is a function of the concentration of the RNA
fragments in the liquid being tested.
[0075] Alternatively, if the RNA is labeled with a fluorescent
marker, the detector can be a fluorescence detector which can
continuously measure the level of the fluorescent marker in the
liquid by detecting the emission level at the frequency most
appropriate for the marker. It will be readily apparent that any
detecting system capable of continuously measuring a characteristic
of the liquid which is a function of the concentration of the RNA
molecules therein is suitable and intended to be within the scope
of this invention. Examples of suitable detectors include the
L-7420 UV-Vis detector, and the L-7480 Fluorescence detector
available from Hitachi. The electrical output from the detector
preferably is converted to a digital form by an A/D converter and
recorded in standard digital format to a digital storage device
such as a disk drive in computer 35. Conduit 86 removes the tested
liquid.
[0076] Then, the mobile phase passes to the automated fraction
collector 88 where selected portions of the mobile phase fractions
are collected in vials for later processing or analysis.
Uncollected fractions are removed through conduit 90.
[0077] In the above description, the liquid flow system is
described as a series of conduits. The conduits are capillary
tubing selected to avoid introduction of multivalent cations into
the liquids. The preferred capillary tubing materials are titanium
and PEEK. The other components of the system are preferably made of
titanium or PEEK or have the surfaces exposed to the liquid coated
with PEEK to protect them from oxidation and prevent the
introduction of multivalent cations into the liquid. Stainless
steel can also be used but is preferably treated to remove all
oxidized surface materials and the solutions contacting the
stainless steel surfaces are free of dissolved oxygen.
[0078] Illustrating another embodiment of a mobile phase flow
control means, FIG. 2 is a partial schematic representation of a
pump system for establishing mobile phase composition. This system
relies on proportioning pumps to control the ratio of aqueous
component and solvent solution, such as solutions A and B described
hereinabove. The inlets of proportioning pumps 92, 94 and 96 by way
of their respective supply conduits 98, 100, and 102 communicate
with the degasser 14, and by way of their respective outlet
conduits 104, 106 and 108 communicate with the inline mixer 46. The
operational speed for these proportioning pumps are calibrated to
flow rates therethrough and are controlled by a flow control
software module described in greater detail hereinbelow. The
settings for these proportioning valves control the liquid flow
speed and the ratio of liquids (co-solvents, driving solvents,
etc.) through the injector valve and the separation column.
[0079] A pump 110 can supply cleaning solution to the system
through optional conduit 112. An optional conduit 107 leads from
conduit 112 and communicates with the in-line mixer 46. Valve 111
controls flow through conduit 107.
[0080] Examples of suitable mobile phase control means for use in
the invention include the programmable dual piston pump Model
L-7100 available from Hitachi and the Model 2690 Separations Module
available from Waters.
[0081] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an autosampler
subsystem used in the MIPC system. This autosampler removes an
aliquot having a predetermined volume from a selected well or vial
(e.g., micro-centrifuge tube) supported in a multi-well 113.
Microwell plates can have any predetermined number of wells 114
having a precise dimensional position for each well, such as the
standard 96 well multiwell plate. The sampling needle 115 is
supported on a sampling carriage 116. The sampling carriage 116 has
a needle support 118 mounted for vertical movement on vertical
support 117. Vertical support 117 is mounted for lateral movement
on carriage 116. Lateral movement of the support 117 positions the
needle above a selected well or the injector port 119 of injection
valve 120. The flexible tubing 123 is mounted in sealed engagement
with the needle 115 at one end and with the syringe needle 124 at
the other end. The syringe needle 124 communicates with the inner
volume of the syringe cylinder 125. The piston 126 is mounted on
the syringe actuator rod 128 and forms a sealed engagement with the
inner wall of the cylinder 125. In operation, vertical upward
movement of the syringe actuator rod 128 displaces liquid in the
cylinder 125, and vertical downward movement of the syringe
actuator rod 128 pulls liquid into the syringe. Rod 128 is attached
to clamp 130 which is supported for movement along guide element
132. When valve 122 is positioned to provide communication between
the needle 124 and the tubing 123, the downward movement of the
piston 126 pulls sample into the needle 115 from a well 114. When
needle 115 is positioned above injector valve port 119, upward
movement of the piston 126 discharges sample from needle 115 into
port 119.
[0082] Conduit 131 extends from valve 122 to the cleaning solution
reservoir 121. When valve 122 is in the position providing
communication between the needle 124 and the conduit 131, the
downward movement of the piston 126 draws cleaning solution into
the needle. When the needle 115 is positioned above the injector
port 119 and valve 122 is positioned to provide communication
between the needle 124 and the conduit 123, upward movement of the
piston 126 discharges cleaning solution into the injector port 119.
Examples of suitable autosamplers include the HITACHI Model L-7250
Programmable Autosampler and the HTS PAL High Throughput
Autosampler (Shimadzu, Columbia, Md.). The autosampler is
preferably adapted for retaining the sample at a chilled
temperature, e.g. 4-10.degree. C.
[0083] FIG. 4 is schematic representation showing the structure of
the sample injection valve and cleaning solution injection valve
for use in the MIPC system. The same valve structure can be used
for both the sample injection and cleaning solution injection. The
injection valve 150 is a six-port, rotary valve operated by a
conventional valve motor such as a stepper motor (not shown).
Exemplary valves include the LabPRO valves available from RHEODYNE
(Cotati, Calif.). The valve has six external ports permanently
connected to inlet and outlet conduits. External port 152 is
connected with an injection line 154 for receiving a sample to be
analyzed. External port 156 is connected with a column supply
conduit 158 communicating with the separation column 78 (FIG. 1).
External port 160 is connected with an inlet conduit 162
communicating with the outlet of pump 38 (FIG. 1). External port
164 is connected with a waste conduit 166. Opposed outlet ports 168
and 170 communicate with the opposed sample inlet and outlet ends
of a sample loop 172. During the injection of cleaning solution,
the valve injects a block of cleaning solution into the solvent
stream, regenerating and cleaning the separation column and other
components downstream of the injection, removing from the surfaces
accumulated residues and any residual RNA remaining from prior
segregation procedures.
[0084] The connections between the external ports and internal
passages, and their operation in the cleaning solution injector
valve 54 and sample injector valve 62 in FIG. 1 is described in
FIGS. 5-8. The description hereinbelow is presented for the sample
injection valve 62, but the same relationships and operation apply
to the cleaning solution injection valve with the exception of the
liquids being injected and their source.
[0085] FIGS. 5 and 6 describe the use of the valve for filled loop
injection, the mode used when a larger volume of sample (or
cleaning solution) is to be injected. FIG. 5 is a schematic
representation of an injection valve in the sample load position,
and FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the injection valve in
the injection position. In the load position shown in FIG. 5, a
first internal passageway 174 of the valve connects the first end
176 of loop 172 with the sample injection line 154, and a second
internal passageway 178 connects the second end 180 of loop 172
with the waste conduit 166. A third internal passageway 182
connects the pump outlet conduit 162 with the conduit 158 to the
separation column 78. While sample from the injection port 154 is
introduced into the sample loop 172 through passageway 174, any
surplus or liquid in the loop 172 is expelled to the waste conduit
166 through passageway 178. Simultaneously, mobile phase solutions
flow from the pump conduit 162 to the separation column 78 through
third conduit 182.
[0086] Rotation of the valve in the direction of arrow 150 to the
injection position shown in FIG. 6 moves the internal passageways
to establish a different set of connections with the inlet and
outlet conduits. Passageway 179 connects one end 180 of the loop
172 with the conduit 158 leading to the separation column, and
passageway 175 connects the other end 176 of the loop 172 with the
inlet conduit 162 leading to the pump. Mobile phase solution from
the pump enters passageway 175 and passes through the loop 172,
expelling sample solution into the conduit 158 leading to the
column and continues to rinse the loop, carrying any residue into
the column conduit 158. Meanwhile, passageway 183 connects the
sample injection conduit 154 to waste, permitting passage of
cleaning solution, if desired, through passageway 183. This
procedure provides a reliable injection of a measured volume of
sample solution into the conduit leading to the separation column
78 (FIG. 1), the liquid passing through the prefilter 74 and
temperature regulating coil 76 before it reaches the separation
column.
[0087] The system of the invention incorporates oven temperature
control means for controlling the temperature of the separation
column and the mobile phase entering the column.
[0088] FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate one embodiment of a temperature
control means. FIG. 9 is a front view of the process compartment of
an HPLC RNA analyzer column oven, and FIG. 10 is a top view of the
HPLC RNA analyzer column oven shown in FIG. 9. The process
compartment in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 is divided
from the heating compartment by back wall 200 in which air exhaust
port 202 is positioned. A metal bar 204 enclosing a temperature
sensor such as a thermocouple or thermister is positioned in the
port 202 to measure the temperature of the air passing through the
port. Capillary tubing 206 leads from the sample injector (not
shown) to a prefilter 208. Prefilter 208 is an inline filter or
guard cartridge, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,889,
which removes contaminants from the incoming liquid. An elongated
coil 210 of capillary tubing has an inlet end in communication with
prefilter 208 for receiving mobile phase liquid therefrom. The
elongated coil 210 has an outlet end communicating with the inlet
end 212 of a separation column 214. Separation column 214
preferably contains MIPC separation media. Outlet tubing 216 leads
from the outlet end 218 of the separation column 214 to detector 84
(FIG. 1). Coil 210 is a liquid heating coil made of a RNA
compatible tubing such as titanium or PEEK. The length and diameter
of tubing used is any length which is sufficient to enable liquid
mobile phase passing therethrough to reach the equilibrium
temperature of air in the processing compartment. A tubing length
of from 6 to 400 cm and a tubing ID of from 0.15 to 0.4 mm is
usually sufficient. Since the length of tubing 210 does not degrade
the separation of components achieved by the system, the length can
be selected based on the length required to achieve effective
heating of the process liquids.
[0089] Referring to FIG. 10, air from the processing compartment
220 passes through the opening 202 in wall 200, through a
heater/fan system 222 for temperature adjustment. The adjusted air
received by the heating compartment 224 recycles back to the
processing compartment 220 along the passageways 226 defined by the
spacing between the sidewalls 227 and the outer oven wall 228. The
heating coil in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 provides a
temperature accuracy to within the range of .+-.0.2.degree. C. and
reduces the temperature equilibrium time between temperature
settings to below 5 minutes for temperature changes of 5.degree. C.
and below 2 minutes for temperature changes of up to 1.degree.
C.
[0090] FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate another embodiment of a
temperature control means. FIG. 11 is an end view of a compact
column heater, and FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along
the line A-A in FIG. 11. This embodiment relies on direct
metal-to-metal conduction of heat to and from the system components
and does not depend upon an air bath to achieve temperature changes
and accuracy. This embodiment is shown for a two column system,
although it could be used for a single column, if desired. It
comprises heat conducting blocks (230, 232) having receptacles
sized and shaped to receive the system components. Filter cavity or
prefilter receptacles (234, 236) have inner surfaces which are
sized to receive prefilters (238, 240) and establish heat transfer
contact with the outer surfaces thereof. Separation column
receptacles (242, 244) have inner surfaces sized to receive
respective separation columns (246, 248) and separation column
couplers (250) (one is shown in FIG. 12) which connect capillary
tubing to the respective separation columns. Receptacles (242, 244)
are sized and shaped to establish heat transfer contacts between
the inner heat transfer surfaces of blocks (230, 232) and the
separation column components received therein. Capillary coil
receptacles 252 (one is shown in FIG. 12) have an inner surface
which is shaped to receive a coils of capillary tubing 254 (one is
shown in FIG. 12) and to establish heat transfer contact with the
outer surface thereof. In the embodiment shown in these figures,
receptacles (234, 236) and (242, 244) can be cylindrical holes with
approximately parallel central axes lying in a common plane. It
would be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that other
configurations are equally suitable and all configurations are
considered to be within the scope of this invention.
[0091] Temperature sensor receptacles (256, 258) are provided in
heat conducting blocks (230, 232). Capillary receptacle passageways
260 for receiving connecting tubing 262 in a heat-conducting
relationship are also provided in the heating-conducting block
(230, 232). The capillary coil receptacles 252 are shown in this
figure to be cylindrical cavities with their axes perpendicular to
the axes of receptacles (234, 236) and (242, 244). Optionally, a
conductive metal cylinder (not shown) can be positioned within the
capillary coils in heat conducting contact with the inner surfaces
thereof to increase heat transfer area between the metal block
heating assembly and the liquid in the coils. A KAPTON resistance
heater or other type of heating unit 264 is positioned between and
in heat-conducting contact with surfaces 266 and 268 of heating
blocks (230, 232) to transfer heat to the heat-conducting blocks.
Heat sinks (270, 272) are positioned in heat-conducting
relationship with opposed cooling surfaces (274, 276) of the heat
conduct blocks (230, 232) to remove heat therefrom. Cooling fans
278 and 280 are in a heat removal relationship with the heat sinks
270 and 272 and are activated to accelerate heat removal
therefrom.
[0092] The heat conducting blocks 230 and 232, and the heat sinks
270 and 272 are made of a material having high heat conductivity
such as aluminum or copper, although they can be made of other
heat-conducting solids such as ferrous metals or any other solid
material having the requisite heat conductivity. Heat pipes can
also be used as heat sinks.
[0093] The capillary tubing can be made of PEEK or titanium,
although titanium is preferred for maximum heat transfer
efficiency. With this improved heat transfer, the capillary coil
can have a fully extended length as short as 5 cm although a
minimum coil length of 10 cm is preferred. A longer coil of PEEK
tubing would be required to achieve the same heat transfer as
titanium capillary tubing.
[0094] The system shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 comprises two systems in
mirror image. It will be readily apparent that for a single column,
half the system would be sufficient and is intended to be included
within the scope of this invention. The position, alignment and
spacing of the receptacles are not a critical feature of this
invention. Any alignment and configuration which provides a compact
and heat-transfer efficient result is intended to be included
within the scope of this invention.
[0095] The embodiments shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 provide a compact
heater which is more responsive to heater controls, provides rapid
changes from one temperature platform to another, and maintains a
temperature accuracy within .+-.0.5.degree. C. of a set
temperature. The heat transfer rate obtained with the
metal-to-metal contact between the heating block and the elements
being heated is far greater than can be obtained in an air bath
system, providing the more rapid response to a changed temperature
and greater temperature accuracy. It also allows process liquid
temperature adjustment with a shorter capillary tubing coil.
[0096] In yet another illustration of a temperature control means,
FIG. 13 shows a schematic view of a preferred Peltier heater/cooler
embodiment. Heating block 282 is in conductive contact with a
Peltier heating element (not shown) for heating or cooling required
to reach and maintain a desired temperature. Channel 284 is a
prefilter receptor having an inner surface 286 in heat conductive
relationship with prefilter 288. Channel 290 is a column and column
guard receptor having an inner surface 292 in heat conductive
relationship with coupler 294 and end nut elements 296 of
separation column 298. Capillary tubing 300 communicates with the
prefilter 288 and the sample and solution sources (not shown).
Capillary tubing 302 from the outlet of the separation column 288
communicates with an analyzer 84 (FIG. 1). Capillary tubing 304
connects the outlet end of the prefilter 288 with the coupler 294,
which in turn communicates with the separation column 298.
Capillary tubing 304 is received in a labyrinth-like configuration
of channels in the heating block 282 to provide increased capillary
length and surface contact between the capillary tubing 304 and the
heating block 282. The configuration of the labyrinth and tubing
can be any configuration which provides an adequate capillary
length and surface contact, including additional loops and
capillary placement of more than one pass per channel. The
capillary tubing 304 can be PEEK or titanium, titanium being
preferred because of its high heat conductivity. The heating block
282 can be any heat conductive metal. Aluminum or copper are
preferred because of their higher heat conductivity, although
ferrous metals such as steel can be used. The Peltier heater is
controlled with a conventional temperature and control system (not
shown) such as the systems used in Peltier thermocyclers. As with
the embodiment shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, the temperature accuracy
achieved by the Peltier heated block is .+-.0.5.degree. C.
[0097] Features of improved air bath oven and solid block heating
systems described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 9-13 are
described in greater detail in commonly owned, copending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/295,474 filed Apr. 19, 1999, the
entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0098] Other examples of heating systems suitable for used in the
subject invention include the L-7300 column oven (Hitachi) and the
Column Heater available from Bio-Rad (catalogue no. 125-0235).
[0099] An important aspect of the present invention concerns the
cross-sectional dimension of the separation column 78. FIG. 14 is a
partially exploded representation of the physical structure of a
representative separation column. The column comprises a cylinder
or tube 334 with external ferrule 335 on both ends. The tube has
internal diameter (ID) as shown at 333 and is filled with
separation media 336. A porous frit 338 is held against the upper
surface of the separation media by the end fitting 340. The end
fitting 340 receives frit 338 and holds the frit against the end of
the tube 334. The internally threaded nut 342 receives the
externally threaded fitting 340 in a threaded engagement. The
fitting 340 has an internally threaded end receptor 346 for
receiving a capillary tubing end coupler (not shown).
[0100] The material comprising the cylinder 334 can be polymer or
metal. Stainless steel tubes suitable for use in the present
invention are available commercially, for example from Isolation
Technologies Inc. (Hopedale, Mass.). Examples include stainless
steel tubing having ID sizes such as 4.6, 6.5, 7.8, 10.0, 21.2, 30
and 50 mm. Columns as large as 500 mm to 1 m are also available and
are suitable for use in the present invention. The column
preferably includes porous frits 338 (e.g., as manufactured by Mott
Corporation, Farmington, Conn.) inside the fittings on both ends
and can include end seals that screw into the fittings (available
from Upchurch Scientific, Oak Harbor, Wash. and/or Isolation
Technologies).
[0101] The separation media 336 comprises organic polymer materials
or inorganic materials having the requisite structure and non-polar
surfaces. Suitable materials are described hereinbelow and in
copending, commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 09/183,123
the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0102] In one aspect, the present invention concerns a
chromatographic method for segregating a mixture of RNA molecules
having lengths exceeding about 100 nucleotides, said method
comprising: a) applying a solution of said fragments and counterion
reagent to a column containing polymeric beads having non-polar
surfaces, wherein said beads have an average diameter of about 1 to
about 100 microns; b) eluting said RNA molecules with a mobile
phase which includes counterion reagent and an organic
component.
[0103] In the practice of the method of the invention, a liquid
sample containing RNA is injected onto a MIPC chromatography column
containing a reverse phase support. In MIPC, the RNA is paired with
a counterion and then subjected to reverse phase chromatography
using the nonporous beads as described herein. Aqueous mobile phase
containing ion pairing reagent is applied to the column at an
initial concentration of organic component that is low enough such
that all of the RNA molecules of interest bind to the column. The
RNA molecules elute as the concentration of organic component in
the mobile phase is increased. The concentration of organic
component preferably is applied as a gradient in order to elute the
RNA molecules. The gradient can be a linear gradient, although
curved or step gradients can also be used.
[0104] In a preferred embodiment of the method, the elution is
carried out under conditions effective to denature the secondary
structure of the RNA molecules. For example, the denaturation can
be accomplished by conducting the elution at a temperature greater
than about 60.degree. C. and more preferably above 70.degree. C. An
operable temperature is within the range of about 40.degree. C. to
about 80.degree. C.
[0105] The pH of the mobile phase is preferably within the range of
about pH 5 to about pH 9, and optimally within the range of about
pH 6 to about pH 7.5.
[0106] Fractions eluting from the MIPC system can be collected as a
single fraction or as a plurality of fractions. The collection can
be performed manually (e.g., from conduit 90) or using an automated
fraction collector.
[0107] The method of the invention can be used to segregate
molecules having lengths exceeding about 100 nt. The method is
especially useful in segregating RNA molecules above a length
exceeding about 200 nt. The method can also be used in segregating
RNA molecules of about 50 to 200 nt from RNA molecules of about 500
to 2,000. The method can be used in segregating RNA molecules
having lengths of about 500 to about 1,000 from molecules having
lengths of about 3,000 to about 20,000. The method can be used in
segregating RNA molecules having lengths within the range of about
2,000 nt to about 20,000 nt. The method can be used to segregate
tRNA from rRNA, and can be used to segregate tRNA and rRNA from
mRNA molecules which exceed the length of the largest rRNA.
[0108] MIPC segregation of RNA has the advantage of providing
essentially pure and intact RNA molecules, or size ranges of RNA
molecules, avoiding chemical covalent modification which can occur
using prior art separation methods. Also, segregation by MIPC can
be accomplished in about 10-30 min, in contrast to conventional gel
chromatography which can require hours or days. The shorter
processing times required in the present method decrease the chance
for RNA degradation to occur.
[0109] Particular examples of the segregation of RNA molecules are
described in the examples herein.
[0110] In the chromatogram shown in FIG. 15, as described in
Example 1, RNA size standards ranging in size from 155 to 1770
nucleotides were segregated using the system and method of the
present invention. FIG. 16 is another example of segregation of RNA
size standards.
[0111] Another example of an RNA segregation is described in
Example 2 (FIG. 17) in which a sample of total RNA from a plant
source was applied to a reverse phase column of the invention and
eluted at 75.degree. C. Peaks were observed for different classes
of RNA in order of their respective sizes with tRNA (70-150 nt)
eluting first, followed by rRNA (1,500 to 3,700 nt). rRNA, the most
abundant species, appeared as two large peaks between about 13-15
min. and had the greatest area under the curve. In order to enrich
for mRNA, a portion of the plant total RNA was further purified
using a spin column containing polystyrene-latex particles
covalently linked to dT oligonucleotides, according to the
instructions provided with the column (Catalog no. 70022, Qiagen).
Analysis of the resulting product by MIPC (FIG. 18) indicated a
decrease in rRNA (appearing at about 14 min) and a relative
increase in an mRNA peak (appearing at about 17 min). A those
observed at or near the surface of the polymeric beads of the
present invention.
[0112] The nonporous polymeric beads of the present invention can
be prepared by a two-step process in which small seed beads are
initially produced by emulsion polymerization of suitable
polymerizable monomers. The emulsion polymerization procedure of
the invention is a modification of the procedure of Goodwin, et al.
(Colloid & Polymer Sci., 252:464-471 (1974)). Monomers which
can be used in the emulsion polymerization process to produce the
seed beads include styrene, alkyl substituted styrenes,
alpha-methyl styrene, and alkyl substituted alpha-methyl styrene.
The seed beads are then enlarged and, optionally, modified by
substitution with various groups to produce the nonporous polymeric
beads of the present invention.
[0113] The seed beads produced by emulsion polymerization can be
enlarged by any known process for increasing the size of the
polymer beads. For example, polymer beads can be enlarged by the
activated swelling process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,510.
The enlarged or swollen polymer beads are further swollen with a
crosslinking polymerizable monomer and a polymerization initiator.
Polymerization increases the crosslinking density of the enlarged
polymeric bead and reduces the surface porosity of the bead.
Suitable crosslinking monomers contain at least two carbon-carbon
double bonds capable of polymerization in the presence of an
initiator. Preferred crosslinking monomers are divinyl monomers,
preferably alkyl and aryl (phenyl, naphthyl, etc.) divinyl monomers
and include divinyl benzene, butadiene, etc. Activated swelling of
the polymeric seed beads is useful to produce polymer beads having
an average diameter ranging from 1 up to about 100 microns.
[0114] Alternatively, the polymer seed beads can be enlarged simply
by heating the seed latex resulting from emulsion polymerization.
This alternative eliminates the need for activated swelling of the
seed beads with an activating solvent. Instead, the seed latex is
mixed with the crosslinking monomer and polymerization initiator
described above, together with or without a water-miscible solvent
for the crosslinking monomer. Suitable solvents include acetone,
tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, and dioxane. The resulting mixture
is heated for about 1-12 hours, preferably about 4-8 hours, at a
temperature below the initiation temperature of the polymerization
initiator, generally, about 10.degree. C.-80.degree. C., preferably
30.degree. C.-60.degree. C. Optionally, the temperature of the
mixture can be increased by 10-20% and the mixture heated for an
additional 1 to 4 hours. The ratio of monomer to polymerization
initiator is at least 100:1, preferably about 100:1 to about 500:1,
more preferably about 200:1 in order to ensure a degree of
polymerization of at least 200. Beads having this degree of
polymerization are sufficiently pressure-stable to be used in high
pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) applications. This thermal
swelling process allows one to increase the size of the bead by
about 110-160% to obtain polymer beads having an average diameter
up to about 5 microns, preferably about 2-3 microns. The thermal
swelling procedure can, therefore, be used to produce smaller
particle sizes previously accessible only by the activated swelling
procedure.
[0115] Following thermal enlargement, excess crosslinking monomer
is removed and the particles are polymerized by exposure to
ultraviolet light or heat. Polymerization can be conducted, for
example, by heating of the enlarged particles to the activation
temperature of the polymerization initiator and continuing
polymerization until the desired degree of polymerization has been
achieved. Continued heating and polymerization allows one to obtain
beads having a degree of polymerization greater than 500.
[0116] In the present invention, the packing material disclosed by
Bonn et al. or U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,510 can be modified through
substitution of the polymeric beads with alkyl groups or can be
used in its unmodified state. For example, the polymer beads can be
alkylated with 1 or 2 carbon atoms by contacting the beads with an
alkylating agent, such as methyl iodide or ethyl iodide. Alkylation
is achieved by mixing the polymer beads with the alkyl halide in
the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst to effect electrophilic
aromatic substitution on the aromatic rings at the surface of the
polymer blend. Suitable Friedel-Crafts catalysts are well-known in
the art and include Lewis acids such as aluminum chloride, boron
trifluoride, tin tetrachloride, etc. The beads can be hydrocarbon
substituted by substituting the corresponding hydrocarbon halide
for methyl iodide in the above procedure, for example.
[0117] The term alkyl as used herein in reference to the beads of
the present invention is defined to include alkyl and alkyl
substituted aryl groups, having from 1 to 1,000,000 carbons, the
alkyl groups including straight chained, branch chained, cyclic,
saturated, unsaturated nonionic functional groups of various types
including aldehyde, ketone, ester, ether, alkyl groups, and the
like, and the aryl groups including as monocyclic, bicyclic, and
tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups including phenyl, naphthyl,
and the like. Methods for alkyl substitution are conventional and
well-known in the art and are not an aspect of this invention. The
substitution can also contain hydroxy, cyano, nitro groups, or the
like which are considered to be non-polar, reverse phase functional
groups.
[0118] In the present invention, successful segregation of RNA
molecules can be achieved using underivatized nonporous beads as
well as using beads derivatized with alkyl groups having 1 to
1,000,000 carbons.
[0119] The base polymer of the invention can also be other
polymers, non-limiting examples of which include mono- and di-vinyl
substituted aromatics such as styrene, substituted styrenes,
alpha-substituted styrenes and divinylbenzene; acrylates and
methacrylates; polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene;
polyesters; polyurethanes; polyamides; polycarbonates; and
substituted polymers including fluorosubstituted ethylenes commonly
known under the trademark TEFLON. The base polymer can also be
mixtures of polymers, non-limiting examples of which include
poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) and poly(ethylvinylbenzene--
divinylbenzene). Methods for making beads from these polymers are
conventional and well known in the art (for example, see U.S. Pat.
No. 4,906,378). The physical properties of the surface and
near-surface areas of the beads are the predominant influence on
chromatographic efficiency. The polymer, whether derivatized or
not, preferably provides a nonporous, non-reactive, and non-polar
surface for the MIPC segregation.
[0120] To achieve optimal results, it is generally necessary to
tightly pack the chromatographic column with the solid phase
polymer beads. Any known method of packing the column with a column
packing material can be used in the present invention to obtain
adequate high resolution separations. Typically, a slurry of the
polymer beads is prepared using a solvent having a density equal to
or less than the density of the polymer beads. The column is then
filled with the polymer bead slurry and vibrated or agitated to
improve the packing density of the polymer beads in the column.
Mechanical vibration or sonication are typically used to improve
packing density.
[0121] For example, to pack a 50.times.7.8 mm ID column, 3.0 grams
of beads can be suspended in 15 mL of methanol with the aid of
sonication. The suspension is then packed into the column using 100
mL of methanol at 8,000 psi pressure. This improves the density of
the packed bed.
[0122] There are several types of counterions suitable for use with
MIPC. These include a mono-, di-, or trialkylamine that can be
protonated to form a positive counter charge or a quaternary alkyl
substituted amine that already contains a positive counter charge.
The alkyl substitutions may be uniform (for example,
triethylammonium acetate or tetrapropylammonium acetate) or mixed
(for example, propyldiethylammonium acetate). The size of the alkyl
group may be small (methyl) or large (up to 30 carbons) especially
if only one of the substituted alkyl groups is large and the others
are small. For example octyldimethylammonium acetate is a suitable
counterion agent. Preferred counterion agents are those containing
alkyl groups from the ethyl, propyl or butyl size range.
[0123] The purpose of the alkyl group is to impart a nonpolar
character to the RNA through a matched ion process so that the RNA
can interact with the nonpolar surface of the reverse phase media.
The requirements for the extent of nonpolarity of the
counterion-RNA pair depends on the polarity of the reverse phase
media, the solvent conditions required for RNA segregation, the
particular size and type of molecules being segregated. For
example, if the polarity of the reverse phase media is increased,
then the polarity of the counterion agent may have to change to
match the polarity of the surface and increase interaction of the
counterion-RNA pair. Triethylammonium acetate is preferred although
quaternary ammonium reagents such as tetrapropyl or tetrabutyl
ammonium salts can be used when extra nonpolar character is needed
or desired.
[0124] In the mobile phase of the present method, an organic
solvent that is water soluble is preferably used, for example,
alcohols, nitrites, dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF),
esters, and ethers. Water soluble solvents are defined as those
which exist as a single phase with aqueous systems under all
conditions of operation of the present invention. Solvents which
are particularly preferred for use in the method of this invention
include methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, tetrahydrofuran
(THF), and acetonitrile, with acetonitrile being most preferred
overall.
[0125] In some cases, it may be desired to increase the range of
concentration of organic solvent used to perform the segregation.
For example, increasing the alkyl length on the counterion agent
will increase the nonpolarity of the counterion-RNA pair resulting
in the need to either increase the concentration of the mobile
phase organic component, or increase the strength of the organic
component type. There is a positive correlation between
concentration of the organic solvent required to elute a fragment
from the column and the length of the fragment. However, at high
organic solvent concentrations, the RNA could precipitate. To avoid
precipitation, a strong organic solvent or a smaller counterion
alkyl group can be used. The alkyl group on the counterion reagent
can also be substituted with halides, nitro groups, or the like to
moderate polarity.
[0126] The mobile phase preferably contains a counterion agent.
Typical counterion agents include trialkylammonium salts of organic
or inorganic acids, such as lower alkyl primary, secondary, and
lower tertiary amines, lower trialkyammonium salts and lower
quaternary alkyalmmonium salts. Lower alkyl refers to an alkyl
radical of one to six carbon atoms, as exemplified by methyl,
ethyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, isoamyl, n-pentyl, and isopentyl.
Examples of counterion agents include octylammonium acetate,
octadimethylammonium acetate, decylammonium acetate,
octadecylammonium acetate, pyridiniumammonium acetate,
cyclohexylammonium acetate, diethylammonium acetate,
propylethylammonium acetate, propyldiethylammonium acetate,
butylethylammonium acetate, methylhexylammonium acetate,
tetramethylammonium acetate, tetraethylammonium acetate,
tetrapropylammonium acetate, tetrabutylammonium acetate,
dimethydiethylammonium acetate, triethylammonium acetate,
tripropylammonium acetate, tributylammonium acetate,
tetrapropylammonium acetate, and tetrabutylammonium acetate.
Although the anion in the above examples is acetate, other anions
may also be used, including carbonate, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate,
propionate, formate, chloride, and bromide, or any combination of
cation and anion. These and other agents are described by Gjerde,
et al. in Ion Chromatography, 2nd Ed., Dr. Alfred Huthig Verlag
Heidelberg (1987). Counterion agents that are volatile are
preferred for use in the method of the invention, with
triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) and triethylammonium
hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol being most preferred.
[0127] The mobile phase can optionally include a chelating agent at
a concentration of about 0.01 to about 1.0 mM. Examples of
preferred chelating agents include water soluble chelating agents
and crown ethers. Non-limiting examples of multivalent chelating
agents which can be used in the present invention include
acetylacetone, alizarin, aluminon, chloranilic acid, kojic acid,
morin, rhodizonic acid, thionalide, thiourea, .alpha.-furildioxime,
nioxime, salicylaldoxime, dimethylglyoxime, .alpha.-furildioxime,
cupferron, .alpha.-nitroso-.beta.-naphthol, nitroso-R-salt,
diphenylthiocarbazone, diphenylcarbazone, eriochrome black T, PAN,
SPADNS, glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil), murexide, .alpha.-benzoinoxime,
mandelic acid, anthranilic acid, ethylenediamine, glycine,
triaminotriethylamine, thionalide, triethylenetetramine, EDTA,
metalphthalein, arsonic acids, .alpha.,.alpha.'-bipyridine,
4-hydroxybenzothiazole, 8-hydroxyquinaldine, 8-hydroxyquinoline,
1,10-phenanthroline, picolinic acid, quinaldic acid,
.alpha.,.alpha.',.alpha."-terpyridyl,
9-methyl-2,3,7-trihydroxy-6-fluoron- e, pyrocatechol, salicylic
acid, tiron, 4-chloro-1,2-dimercaptobenzene, dithiol,
mercaptobenzothiazole, rubeanic acid, oxalic acid, sodium
diethyidithiocarbarbamate, and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate. These
and other examples are described by Perrin in Organic Complexing
Reagents: Structure, Behavior, and Application to Inorganic
Analysis, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co. (1964). In the present
invention, a preferred multivalent cation binding agent is
EDTA.
[0128] Other features of the invention will become apparent in the
course of the following descriptions of exemplary embodiments which
are given for illustration of the invention and are not intended to
be limiting thereof.
EXAMPLE 1
RNA Segregation of an RNA Sizing Standard by MIPC using a 7.8 mm ID
Column
[0129] MIPC analysis of a 0.16-1.77 Kb RNA ladder (Catalog no.
15623010, Life Technologies) was performed using octadecyl
modified, nonporous poly(ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene) beads
packed in a 50 mm.times.7.8 mm ID reverse phase column (DNASEP.RTM.
cartridge, Transgenomic, Inc., San Jose, Calif.) and using a
WAVE.RTM. Nucleic Acid Fragment Analysis System (Transgenomic).
Buffer A: 0.1 M TEM, pH 7.0; buffer B: 0.1 TEM, 25% (v/v)
acetonitrile, pH 7.0. The buffer stock solutions were obtained form
Transgenomic. The gradient conditions were as follows:
1 Time (min) % B 0.0 38 1.0 40 16 60 22 66 22.5 70 23 100 24 100 25
38 27 38
[0130] The flow rate was 0.9 mL/min and the column temperature was
75.0.degree. C. UV detection was performed at 260 nm. The injection
volume was 5.0 .mu.L. The sample contained a mixture of eight RNAs
having the nucleotide lengths as shown in FIG. 15.
[0131] Prior to the injection, the column was equilibrated with 75%
acetonitrile for 30-45 min at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The column
was then equilibrated using 38% B for 30 min. Prior to the elution
of RNA, two control gradient elutions (using the same gradient
conditions as for the RNA) were performed: a first injection of 10
.mu.L of 0.5 mM EDTA and a second injection of 10 .mu.L of nuclease
free water (Catalog no. 9930, Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.). These
two injections (data not shown) demonstrated that the column was
free from contamination.
[0132] Another sizing standard (catalog no. 1062611, Roche
Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) was similarly analyzed
as shown in FIG. 16. 1 .mu.g RNA was injected in a volume of 1
.mu.L.
[0133] In preparing the mRNA sample for injection, all chemicals
were of the highest purity grade available for molecular biology.
Solutions, glassware, and small instruments were sterilized
whenever possible. Liquid transfers were made using RNase free
pipette tips (Rainin Instrument Co., Inc., Woburn, Mass.). All
manipulations were performed wearing surgical gloves.
EXAMPLE 2
RNA Segregation of Tobacco Plant RNA by MIPC using a 7.8 mm ID
Column
[0134] Total RNA was extracted from the flower of tobacco plant
(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) by an acid guanidinium
thiocyanate phenol-chloroform extraction method, and precipitated
with 4 M lithium chloride (Chomczynski, et al., Anal. Biochem.
162:156-159 (1987) as described in Bahrami, et al., Plant Molecular
Biology, 39:325-333 (1999).
[0135] MIPC analysis of total RNA from the plant extract was
performed using octadecyl modified, nonporous
poly(ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene- ) beads packed in a 50
mm.times.7.8 mm ID reverse phase column (DNASEP.RTM. cartridge,
Transgenomic, Inc., San Jose, Calif.) and using a WAVE.RTM. Nucleic
Acid Fragment Analysis System (Transgenomic). Buffer A: 0.1 M TEM,
pH 7.0; buffer B: 0.1 TEAA, 25% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH 7.0. The
gradient conditions were as described in Example 1. The volume
injected was 2 .mu.L (containing 1.54 .mu.g RNA). The chromatogram
is shown in FIG. 17.
[0136] mRNA was extracted from 50 .mu.g of the total RNA
preparation using the OLIGOTEX mRNA Purification System from Qiagen
and following the procedures supplied with the kit (catalog no.
70022). A portion of the extracted mRNA was analyzed by MIPC (FIG.
18) using the elution conditions described in Example 1. The
product of the first OLIGOTEX extraction was re-extracted, and a
portion of the product was again analyzed by MIPC (FIG. 19).
EXAMPLE 3
RNA Segregation of Mouse Brain mRNA by MIPC using a 7.8 mm ID
Column
[0137] 5 .mu.L (4.5 .mu.g RNA) of mouse brain mRNA was subjected to
MIPC analysis, using elution conditions as described in Example 1,
with the resulting chromatograph shown in FIG. 20.
EXAMPLE 4
RNA Segregation of Human Brain mRNA by MIPC using a 4.6 mm ID
Column
[0138] MIPC analysis of human brain mRNA (Catalog no. 6516-1,
Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) was performed using
octadecyl modified, nonporous
poly(ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene) beads packed in a 50
mm.times.4.6 mm ID reverse phase column (DNASEP.RTM. cartridge,
Transgenomic, Inc., San Jose, Calif.) and using a WAVE.RTM. Nucleic
Acid Fragment Analysis System (Transgenomic). Buffer A: 0.1 M TEAA,
pH 7.0; buffer B: 0.1 TEAA, 25% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH 7.0. The
gradient conditions were as follows:
2 Time (min) % B 0.0 38 1.0 40 16 60 22 66 22.5 70
[0139] The flow rate was 0.9 mL/min and the column temperature was
75.0.degree. C. UV detection was performed at 260 nm. Injection
volume was 4.5 .mu.L. The chromatogram is shown in FIG. 21.
EXAMPLE 5
RNA Segregation of Human Brain mRNA by MIPC using a 7.8 mm ID
Column
[0140] MIPC analysis was performed using the same mRNA sample and
conditions as described in Example 4 except that the column was
replaced by a 50 mm.times.7.8 mm ID column. The injection volume
was 5.5 .mu.L. The chromatogram is shown in FIG. 22.
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of nonporous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) particles
[0141] Sodium chloride (0.236 g) was added to 354 mL of deionized
water in a reactor having a volume of 1.0 liter. The reactor was
equipped with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, and a gas
introduction tube. The dissolution of the sodium chloride was
carried out under inert atmosphere (argon), assisted by stirring
(350 rpm), and at an elevated temperature (87.degree. C.). Freshly
distilled styrene (33.7 g) and 0.2184 g of potassium
peroxodisulfate (K.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.8) dissolved in 50 mL of
deionized water were then added. Immediately after these additions,
the gas introduction tube was pulled out of the solution and
positioned above the liquid surface. The reaction mixture was
subsequently stirred for 6.5 hours at 87.degree. C. After this, the
contents of the reactor were cooled down to ambient temperature and
diluted to a volume yielding a concentration of 54.6 g of
polymerized styrene in 1000 mL volume of suspension resulting from
the first step. The amount of polymerized styrene in 1000 mL was
calculated to include the quantity of the polymer still sticking to
the mechanical stirrer (approximately 5-10 g). The diameter of the
spherical beads in the suspension was determined by light
microscopy to be about 1.0 micron.
[0142] Beads resulting from the first step are still generally too
small and too soft (low pressure stability) for use as
chromatographic packings. The softness of these beads is caused by
an insufficient degree of crosslinking. In a second step, the beads
are enlarged and the degree of crosslinking is increased.
[0143] The protocol for the second step is based on the activated
swelling method described by Ugelstad et al. (Adv. Colloid
Interface Sci., 13:101-140 (1980)). In order to initiate activated
swelling, or the second synthetic step, the aqueous suspension of
polystyrene seeds (200 ml) from the first step was mixed first with
60 mL of acetone and then with 60 mL of a 1-chlorododecane
emulsion. To prepare the emulsion, 0.206 g of sodium
dodecylsulfate, 49.5 mL of deionized water, and 10.5 mL of
1-chlorododecane were brought together and the resulting mixture
was kept at 0.degree. C. for 4 hours and mixed by sonication during
the entire time period until a fine emulsion of <0.3 microns was
obtained. The mixture of polystyrene seeds, acetone, and
1-chlorododecane emulsion was stirred for about 12 hours at room
temperature, during which time the swelling of the beads occurred.
Subsequently, the acetone was removed by a 30 minute distillation
at 80.degree. C.
[0144] Following the removal of acetone, the swollen beads were
further grown by the addition of 310 g of a ethyidivinylbenzene and
divinylbenzene (DVB) (1:1.71) mixture also containing 2.5 g of
dibenzoylperoxide as an initiator. The growing occurred with
stirring and with occasional particle size measurements by means of
light microscopy.
[0145] After completion of the swelling and growing stages, the
reaction mixture was transferred into a separation funnel. In an
unstirred solution, the excess amount of the monomer separated from
the layer containing the suspension of the polymeric beads and
could thus be easily removed. The remaining suspension of beads was
returned to the reactor and subjected to a stepwise increase in
temperature (63.degree. C. for about 7 hours, 73.degree. C. for
about 2 hours, and 83.degree. C. for about 12 hours), leading to
further increases in the degree of polymerization (>500). The
pore size of beads prepared in this manner was below the detection
limit of mercury porosimetry (<30 .ANG.).
[0146] After drying, the dried beads (10 g) from step two were
washed four times with 100 mL of n-heptane, and then two times with
each of the following: 100 mL of diethylether, 100 mL of dioxane,
and 100 mL of methanol. Finally, the beads were dried.
EXAMPLE 7
Alkylation of Poly(Styrene-Divinylbenzene) Polymer Beads
[0147] The following procedures were carried out under nitrogen
(Air Products, Ultra Pure grade, Allentown, Pa.) at a flow rate of
250-300 mL/min. 25 g of the beads prepared in Example 5 were
suspended in 150-160 g of 1-chlorooctadecane (product no. 0235, TCI
America, Portland, Oreg.) using a bow shaped mixer (use a 250 mL
wide neck Erlenmeyer flask). The temperature was set to
50-60.degree. C. to prevent the 1-chlorooctadecane from
solidifying. Larger pieces of polymer were broken up to facilitate
suspending. The solution was mixed using a stirrer (Model RZRI,
Caframo, ONT NOH2T0, Canada) with the speed set at 2. The polymer
suspension was transferred into a three neck bottle (with reflux
condenser, overhead stirrer and gas inlet). 52-62 g of
1-chlorooctadecane were used to rinse the Erlenmeyer flask and were
added to the three neck bottle. The bottle was heated in an
ethylene glycol bath set at 80.degree. C. The solution was mixed
using a stirrer (Caframo) with the speed set at 0. After 20
minutes, the reaction was started by addition of 1.1 g AlCl.sub.3
powder (product no. 06218, Fluka, Milwaukee, Wis.) and continued
for 16-18 h.
[0148] After the reaction, the polymer was separated from excess
1-chlorooctadecane by centrifugation followed by consecutive
washing steps:
3 Addition Comment 50 mL conc. HCl, 50-60 mL 4 repetitions, with
recycled heptane n-heptane 100 mL H.sub.2O, 50-60 mL n-heptane 1
repetition, with fresh heptane 50 mL conc. HCl, 50-60 mL 1
repetition, with fresh heptane n-heptane 100 mL H.sub.2O, 50-60 mL
n-heptane 1 repetition, fresh heptane 150 mL H.sub.2O, no n-heptane
3 repetitions, use plastic stirrer to break up chuncks of polymer
beads. Repeat steps 4 and 5 three times. Shake for two minutes with
no centrifugation. 100 mL THF 3 repetitions 100 mL THF/n-heptane 1
repetition 100 mL n-heptane 1 repetition 100 mL THF 1 repetition
100 mL CH.sub.3OH 4 repetitions
[0149] In the steps where aqueous solvents (HCl or H.sub.2O) were
used, the polymer was shaken for 30 seconds with the aqueous phase
before adding n-heptane. n-Heptane was then added and the mixture
was shaken vigorously for 2 min. After the final polymeric beads
were dried at 40-50.degree. C. for 2-3 hr, they were ready for
packing.
EXAMPLE 8
Acid Wash Treatment
[0150] The beads prepared in Example 7 were washed three times with
tetrahydrofuran and two times with methanol. Finally the beads were
stirred in a mixture containing 100 mL tetrahydrofuran and 100 mL
concentrated hydrochloric acid for 12 hours. After this acid
treatment, the polymer beads were washed with a
tetrahydrofuran/water mixture until neutral (pH=7). The beads were
then dried at 40.degree. C. for 12 hours.
EXAMPLE 9
Column Packing Procedure
[0151] After weighing out 3 grams of oven dried polymeric beads, a
slurry was formed with 10 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) and place in a
sonicator under a fume hood for 15 min. 5 mL of THF and 5 mL of
methanol (MeOH) were added followed by sonication for an additional
10 min. A packing assembly was pre-filled with 20 mL MeOH. The
slurry was slowly poured into the packing assembly. A Haskel pump
(Haskel International, Inc., Burbank, Calif.) was turned on and the
packing pressure was slowly increased to 5000 psi for the initial
packing phase. After 10 min, the packing pressure was slowly
increased to 9000 psi and the secondary packing phase set for 20
min. After 20 min, the packing eluent was changed from MeOH to 0.05
M Na.sub.4EDTA. The final packing phase was set for 40 min.
[0152] While the foregoing has presented specific embodiments of
the present invention, it is to be understood that these
embodiments have been presented by way of example only. It is
expected that others will perceive and practice variations which,
though differing from the foregoing, do not depart from the spirit
and scope of the invention as described and claimed herein.
* * * * *