U.S. patent application number 10/082323 was filed with the patent office on 2002-10-10 for removable back support apparatus for use with a multi-purpose weight machine.
Invention is credited to Walsh, Michael J..
Application Number | 20020147086 10/082323 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26767322 |
Filed Date | 2002-10-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020147086 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Walsh, Michael J. |
October 10, 2002 |
Removable back support apparatus for use with a multi-purpose
weight machine
Abstract
A removable back support apparatus, for use with a multi-purpose
weight lifting machine, having a substantially vertically disposed
back rest. One or more transverse cross members are each fastened,
near a respective horizontal center portion thereof, to the back
rest by two respective rear face fasteners. At least one of the
transverse cross members allows ready and removable attachment of
the removable back support apparatus to the multi-purpose weight
lifting machine without the use of hand tools.
Inventors: |
Walsh, Michael J.;
(Hamilton, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HOFBAUER ASSOCIATES
205 N 1455 LAKESHORE ROAD
BURLINGTON
ON
L7S SJ1
CA
|
Family ID: |
26767322 |
Appl. No.: |
10/082323 |
Filed: |
February 26, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60281727 |
Apr 6, 2001 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
482/142 ;
482/94 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 21/078
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
482/142 ;
482/94 |
International
Class: |
A63B 021/06; A63B
026/00 |
Claims
I claim:
1. A removable back support apparatus for use with a multi-purpose
weight lifting machine, said removable back support apparatus
comprising a substantially vertically disposed back rest having a
front face and a rear face, and said removable back support
apparatus further comprising attachment means for removably
attaching said back rest to two upright barbell support beams of
said multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
2. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said attachment means comprises ready attachment means for
removably attaching said back rest to said two upright barbell
support beams of said multi-purpose weight lifting machine without
the use of hand tools.
3. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
said ready attachment means comprises one or more transverse cross
members, with each of said cross members respectively in a fastened
relation with said substantially vertically disposed back rest, and
with one or more of said cross members removably attachable to said
two upright barbell support beams without the use of hand
tools.
4. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 3,
wherein, in said fastened relation, a respective horizontal center
portion of each of said cross members is securely fastened to said
rear face of said back rest by one or more rear face fasteners.
5. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
said one or more transverse cross members comprise two or more
transverse cross beams, so as to define at least an upper and a
lower transverse cross beam.
6. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 5, wherein
each of said cross beams is of a length equal to or greater than a
distance between said two upright barbell support beams of said
multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
7. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
said length of each of said cross beams is greater than said
distance between said two upright barbell support beams of said
multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
8. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 7, wherein
each of said cross beams respectively has left and right extremity
portions, and wherein said upper transverse cross beam further
comprises two pins, with each of said two pins projecting in a
rearward and slightly downward direction from each of said left and
right extremity portions of said upper transverse cross beam, such
that each of said pins is removably hookable into one of a
plurality of apertures in each of said two upright barbell support
beams of said multi-purpose weight lifting machine, and such that
said upper transverse cross beam is removably attachable to said
two upright barbell support beams without the use of hand
tools.
9. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 8, wherein
said front face of said back rest is covered with a padded material
for engaging and comfortably supporting the back of a user.
10. A removable back support apparatus according to claim 9,
wherein said one or more rear face fasteners comprise two or more
hexagonally headed threaded bolts.
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/281,727, filed Apr. 6, 2001.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of
exercise equipment and more particularly to a removable back
support apparatus for use with a multi-purpose weight lifting
machine to reduce the risk of injury therefrom and to increase the
amount of weight that might be safely lifted in performing a
variety of exercises, including the behind-neck military press and
dumbbell arm curls.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The behind-neck military press exercise targets the middle
and back portions of the shoulders, and it is generally regarded as
one of the most important strength training exercises. In the
behind-neck military press, the exerciser positions his or her
hands on a barbell slightly further than shoulder-width apart.
Keeping continuous tension in his arms, the exerciser extends his
arms upwardly from a retracted position behind his neck to an
arm-extended position above his head without locking his elbows.
The motion is generally parallel to the torso of the exerciser. The
exerciser's head should be aligned with his torso, and his back
should be straight. When lifting heavier weights, there is a
tendency to lean forward, a tendency which can cause serious injury
to the muscles of the neck, the shoulders, and/or the back of an
exerciser. It is well known to exercise and weight lifting
enthusiasts that being seated and using a back support when
performing the behind-neck military press reduces the risk of
injury to the muscles of the neck, the shoulders, and/or the back
of an exerciser and allows an increase in the amount of weight that
might be safely lifted.
[0004] The dumbbell arm curl exercise targets the front portion of
the upper arms. In a starting position for the dumbbell arm curl
exercise, using an underhand grip, a weight bearing dumbbell is
grasped in either hand of the exerciser with his arms extended at
his sides. Using a first arm, the exerciser then curls a first
dumbbell upwards, keeping his elbow close to his side. Once the
first dumbbell is lifted to a position adjacent to the first arm's
shoulder, the first dumbbell is then lowered slowly to return it to
the starting position, while simultaneously using a second arm to
curl a second dumbbell upwards. After lifting the second dumbbell
to a position adjacent to the second arm's shoulder, the exerciser
alternates lifting the first and second dumbbells. Ideally, for
maximum effectiveness and isolation of the upper arm muscles, the
exerciser's upper arms will be motionless and pressed tightly
against his rib cage. When performing dumbbell arm curls,
especially with heavier weights, there is a tendency for the
exerciser to use his back to swing the dumbbells upwards, but to do
so risks serious injury thereto. It is well known to exercise and
weight lifting enthusiasts that standing against a wall or being
seated and using a back support when performing dumbbell arm curls
minimizes unnecessary movement and substantially reduces the risk
of injury to the muscles of the neck, the shoulders, and/or the
back of an exerciser, while also allowing an increase in the amount
of weight that might be safely lifted.
[0005] Compact, multi-purpose weight lifting machines, such as, for
example, the YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight
lifting machine, available from York Barbell Co., Ltd., of
Oakville, Ontario, Canada, for use in developing and maintaining a
wide variety of muscles in the human body are well known in the art
of exercising devices. Such weight lifting machines typically allow
for a significant number of exercises to be performed therewith,
including, for example, seated rowing, leg curls and extensions,
squats, tricep pressdowns, flat and inclined bench presses,
pectoral deck flies, and behind-neck latissimus dorsi pull
downs.
[0006] However, there is currently no multi-purpose weight lifting
machine that, in addition to offering the ability to perform each
of the aforementioned weight lifting exercises, also allows an
exerciser to perform the behind-neck military press and dumbbell
arm curls from a seated position with a back rest. Accordingly, the
present apparatus has been developed to overcome this notable
deficiency in the prior art.
[0007] The primary object of the invention is to provide a back
rest that is designed to be used when performing the seated
behind-neck military press or seated dumbbell arm curls with a
multi-purpose weight lifting machine, such as, for example, the
YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting
machine.
[0008] Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus
that reduces the risk of injury while performing the seated
behind-neck military press exercise with a multi-purpose weight
lifting machine, such as, for example, the YORK POWER STATION
.sub.3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
[0009] Yet another object of the invention is to increase the
amount of weight a person may lift while performing the seated
behind-neck military press exercise with a multi-purpose weight
lifting machine, such as, for example, the YORK POWER STATION
3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
[0010] Still yet another object of the invention is to provide an
apparatus that reduces the risk of injury while performing seated
dumbbell arm curls with a multi-purpose weight lifting machine,
such as, for example, the YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose
weight lifting machine.
[0011] A further object of the invention is to increase the amount
of weight a person may lift while performing seated dumbbell arm
curls with a multi-purpose weight lifting machine, such as, for
example, the YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight
lifting machine.
[0012] A yet further object of the invention is to provide a back
rest that is relatively easy to mount on and dismount from a
multi-purpose weight lifting machine, such as, for example, the
YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting
machine.
[0013] A still yet further object of the invention is to provide a
back rest that is designed to be used with a multi-purpose weight
lifting machine, such as, for example, the YORK POWER STATION
3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting machine, and is relatively
inexpensive to manufacture.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] There is thus provided, according to one aspect of the
present invention, a removable back support apparatus, for use with
a multi-purpose weight lifting machine, comprising a substantially
vertically disposed back rest that has a front face and a rear
face. The removable back support apparatus further comprises
attachment means for removably attaching the back rest to two
upright barbell support beams of the multi-purpose weight lifting
machine. According to another aspect of the invention, the
attachment means comprises ready attachment means for removably
attaching the back rest to the two upright barbell support beams of
the multi-purpose weight lifting machine without the use of hand
tools. According to a further aspect of the invention, the ready
attachment means comprises one or more transverse cross members,
with each of the cross members respectively in a fastened relation
with the substantially vertically disposed back rest, and with one
or more of the cross members being removably attachable to the two
upright barbell support beams without the use of hand tools.
[0015] According to a still further aspect of the invention, in
said fastened relation, a respective horizontal center portion of
each of the cross members is securely fastened to the rear face of
the back rest by one or more rear face fasteners.
[0016] According to another aspect of the invention, the one or
more transverse cross members comprise two or more transverse cross
beams, so as to define at least an upper and a lower transverse
cross beam. According to yet another aspect of the invention, each
of said cross beams is of a length equal to or greater than a
distance between the two upright barbell support beams of the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine. According to an aspect of the
preferred embodiment, the length of each of the cross beams is
greater than the distance between the two upright barbell support
beams of the multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
[0017] According to another aspect of the preferred embodiment,
each of the cross beams respectively has left and right extremity
portions, and the upper transverse cross beam further comprises two
pins, with each of the two pins projecting in a rearward and
slightly downward direction from each of the left and right
extremity portions of the upper transverse cross beam. The
configuration, spacing and positioning of the two pins is such that
each of the pins is removably hookable into one of a plurality of
apertures in each of the two upright barbell support beams of the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine, and such that the upper
transverse cross beam, the back rest, and the removable back
support apparatus are removably attachable to the two upright
barbell support beams without the use of hand tools.
[0018] With the pins so hooked, the removable back support
apparatus rests in an attached position with respect to the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine. When the back support
apparatus is removably hooked onto the multi-purpose weight lifting
machine in this manner, it may be easily removed from the attached
position by simply lifting the back support apparatus and
simultaneously pulling it in a forward direction away from the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
[0019] According to a further aspect of the preferred embodiment,
the front face of the back rest is covered with a padded material
for engaging and comfortably supporting the back of a user in the
attached position. According to a still further aspect of the
preferred embodiment, the one or more rear face fasteners comprise
two or more hexagonally headed threaded bolts.
[0020] In use, an exerciser sits facing forward astride a bench of
the multi-purpose weight lifting machine and, with the removable
back support apparatus in the attached position, presses his or her
back against the padded material of the front face of the
substantially vertically disposed back rest. The typical
multi-purpose weight lifting machine is equipped with vertically
adjustable cradles attached to its upright barbell support beams
and a weight bearing barbell resting in balanced relation thereon.
To perform a seated behind-neck military press, the exerciser
positions his or her hands on the barbell slightly further than
shoulder-width apart, and keeping his head aligned with his torso
and his back straight and firmly pressed against the back rest, the
exerciser lifts the barbell in a motion generally parallel to his
torso, extending his arms upwardly to a military press arm-extended
position above the head without locking the elbows. Keeping
continuous tension in his arms, the exerciser then brings the
weight bearing barbell to a military press retracted position
behind the neck, without allowing the barbell to rest on his
shoulders. The exerciser repeats this motion, moving between the
military press arm-extended position and the military press
retracted position behind the neck, until the desired number of
repetitions (usually between eight and twelve) have been completed,
before returning the weight bearing barbell to rest, in said
balanced relation on the vertically adjustable cradles attached to
the upright barbell support beams of the multi-purpose weight
lifting machine.
[0021] To perform seated dumbbell arm curls, the exerciser grasps a
first and a second weight bearing dumbbell, one each in either
hand, and once again sits facing forward astride the bench of the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine and, with the removable back
support in the attached position, presses his or her back against
the padded material of the front face of the substantially
vertically disposed back rest. The exerciser then lifts the first
dumbbell from a dumbbell arm curl arm-extended position, in which
an arm carrying the dumbbell extends in a generally downward
direction, to a dumbbell arm curl retracted position, in which the
arm is bent at the elbow, such that the dumbbell is positioned
adjacent that arm's shoulder. On moving the first dumbbell back
from the dumbbell arm curl retracted position to the dumbbell arm
curl arm-extended position, the exerciser moves a second arm
carrying the second dumbbell from the dumbbell arm curl
arm-extended position to the dumbbell arm curl retracted position.
Thereafter, the exerciser alternates lifting the first and second
dumbbells, moving each from the dumbbell arm curl arm-extended
position to the dumbbell arm curl retracted position, until the
desired number of repetitions have been performed.
[0022] The removable back support of the present invention is
designed to be used with multi-purpose weight lifting machines, and
it allows users of such machines to safely add further exercises,
such as, for example, the seated behind-neck military press and
seated dumbbell arm curls, to their exercise routines. That is, the
use of the removable back support apparatus of the present
invention in such contexts both reduces the risk of injury to the
users of multi-purpose weight lifting machines and allows them to
increase the amount of weight they might safely lift.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] The novel features which are believed to be characteristic
of the removable back support apparatus for use with a
multi-purpose weight lifting machine according to the present
invention, which may be embodied in various forms, as to its
structure, features, characteristics, organization and combination
of parts, functions of related elements of its structure, use and
method of operation, and economies of manufacture, together with
further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better
understood from the following drawings which constitute a part of
this specification, and in which a presently preferred embodiment
of the invention will now be illustrated by way of example. It is
expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the
purpose of illustration and description only, and are not intended
as a definition of the limits of the invention. It is to be further
understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention
may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding
of the invention. In the accompanying drawings:
[0024] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a preferred embodiment
of a removable back support apparatus for use with a multi-purpose
weight lifting machine, shown attached to two upright barbell
support beams of an exemplary multi-purpose weight lifting machine,
namely, a YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting
machine.
[0025] FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the back support
apparatus of FIG. 1 shown removed from the multi-purpose weight
lifting machine of FIG. 1.
[0026] FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of the back support
apparatus of FIG. 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0027] A detailed description of a preferred embodiment follows. It
is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be
embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed
herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but as a
representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ
the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed
system, structure or manner.
[0028] FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a removable back
support apparatus 20 attached to a multi-purpose weight lifting
machine 22. The multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22 is
preferably of the type shown in FIG. 1, having a left upright
barbell support beam 34a and a right upright barbell support beam
34b. Each of the upright barbell support beams, 34a and 34b, has a
front face 36 that is shaped so as to define a plurality of
apertures 38 therein, respectively arranged in a single vertical
column. The multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22 shown in FIG. 1
also has a vertically adjustable left barbell support cradle 40a
and a vertically adjustable right barbell support cradle 40b,
removably attached respectively to the left and right upright
barbell support beams, 34a and 34b. The multi-purpose weight
lifting machine 22 of FIG. 1 will be seen to further comprise a
bench 42, and a barbell 44 with weighted disks 46 attached
proximate to either end thereof.
[0029] The removable back support apparatus 20 comprises a
substantially vertically disposed back rest 24 with a padded front
face 26. The removable back support apparatus further comprises
attachment means for removably attaching the back rest 24 to the
upright barbell support beams, 34a and 34b, of the Ad multi-purpose
weight lifting machine 22. The attachment means comprises ready
attachment means for removably attaching the back rest 24 to the
upright barbell support beams, 34a and 34b, of the multi-purpose
weight lifting machine 22 without the use of hand tools. The ready
attachment means comprises one or more transverse cross members. In
the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, the one or
more transverse cross members comprise an upper transverse cross
beam 30 and a lower transverse cross beam 32. Each of the upper
transverse cross beam 30 and the lower transverse cross beam 32 has
a left extremity portion, 30a and 32a respectively, and a right
extremity portion, 30b and 32b respectively.
[0030] Turning now to FIGS. 2 and 3, the back support apparatus 20
is shown removed from its releasable attachment with the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22. The upper transverse cross
beam 30 comprises a left pin 48a and a right pin 48b, respectively
projecting from the left and right extremity portions, 30a and 30b,
of the upper transverse cross beam 30 in a rearward and slightly
downward direction, as depicted by arrow "A" in FIGS. 2 and 3, and
as best seen in FIG. 3.
[0031] With specific reference to FIG. 3, the substantially
vertically disposed back rest 24 of the removable back support
apparatus 20 will be seen to further comprise a rear face 50. Each
of the transverse cross beams, 30 and 32, has a horizontal center
portion, 30c and 32c, and is in a fastened relation with the rear
face 50 of the substantially vertically disposed back rest 24. In
the fastened relation, each said horizontal center portion, 30c and
32c, of each of the cross beams, 30 and 32, is respectively
securely fastened to the rear face 50 of the back rest 24 by one or
more rear face fasteners. In the preferred embodiment shown in
FIGS. 1 through 3, and as best seen in FIG. 3, each of said one or
more rear face fasteners comprises two hexagonally headed threaded
bolts 52, positioned proximate to each respective horizontal center
portion, 30c and 32c, of the transverse cross beams, 30 and 32.
[0032] The configuration, spacing and positioning of the pins, 48a
and 48b, on the back support apparatus 20 are such that the left
pin 48a on the left extremity portion 30a of the upper transverse
cross beam 30 may be removably hooked into one of the plurality of
apertures 38 in the left upright barbell support beam 34a on the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22 at the same time as the
right pin 48b on the right extremity portion 30b of the upper
transverse cross beam 30 is removably hooked into a corresponding
one of the plurality of apertures 38 in the right upright barbell
support beam 34b. With the pins 48a and 48b so hooked, the
removable back support apparatus 20 rests in an attached position
with respect to the multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22, as
shown in FIG. 1. In the attached position, the back support
apparatus 20 is removably hooked onto the multi-purpose weight
lifting machine 22, and it may be readily removed from the attached
position without the use of hand tools by simultaneously lifting
the back support apparatus 20 and pulling it in a forward
direction, as depicted by arrow "B" in FIG. 1, away from the
multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22.
[0033] In use, an exerciser (not shown) sits facing in a forward
direction (as depicted by arrow "C" in FIG. 1) astride the bench 42
of the multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22 and, with the
removable back support 20 in the attached position (as shown in
FIG. 1), presses his or her back against the padded front face 26
of the substantially vertically disposed back rest 24. To perform a
seated behind-neck military press, the exerciser positions his
hands on the barbell 44 slightly further than shoulder-width apart,
and keeping his head aligned with his torso and his back straight
and firmly pressed against the back rest 24, the exerciser lifts
the barbell 44 upward in a motion generally parallel to his torso,
as indicated by arrow "D" in FIG. 1, extending his arms to a
military press arm-extended position above the head, without
locking the elbows. Keeping continuous tension in his arms, the
exerciser then brings the weight bearing barbell 44 in a downward
direction, as indicated by arrow "E" in FIG. 1, to a military press
retracted position behind the neck, without allowing the barbell to
rest on his shoulders. The exerciser repeats this motion, moving
between the military press arm-extended position and the military
press retracted position behind the neck, until the desired number
of repetitions (usually between eight and twelve) have been
completed, before returning the barbell 44 to rest, in balanced
relation on the cradles, 40a and 40b, attached to the upright
barbell support beams, 34a and 34b, of the multi-purpose weight
lifting machine 22.
[0034] To perform seated dumbbell arm curls, the exerciser (not
shown) grasps a first and a second weight bearing dumbbell, 54a and
54b, one each in either hand, and once again sits facing in a
forward direction (as depicted by arrow "C" in FIG. 1) astride the
bench 42 of the multi-purpose weight lifting machine 22 and, with
the removable back support 20 in the attached position (as shown in
FIG. 1), presses his or her back against the padded front face 26
of the substantially vertically disposed back rest 24. The
exerciser then lifts the first dumbbell 54a from a dumbbell arm
curl arm-extended position, in which a first arm carrying the first
dumbbell 54a extends in a generally downward direction, as
indicated by arrow "E" in FIG. 1, to a dumbbell arm curl retracted
position, in which the first arm is bent at its elbow, such that
the first dumbbell 54a is positioned adjacent the first arm's
shoulder. On moving the first dumbbell 54a back from the dumbbell
arm curl retracted position to the dumbbell arm curl arm-extended
position, the exerciser moves a second arm carrying the second
dumbbell 54b from the dumbbell arm curl arm-extended position to
the dumbbell arm curl retracted position. Thereafter, the exerciser
alternates lifting the first and second dumbbells, 54a and 54b,
moving each from the dumbbell arm curl arm-extended position to the
dumbbell arm curl retracted position, until the desired number of
repetitions have been performed.
[0035] While the invention has been described in connection with a
preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the scope of the
invention to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, it
is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and
equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the
invention. By way of an exemplary modification of this sort, the
upper transverse cross beam 30 of the ready attachment means might
be provided with clamps in place of the pins, 48a and 48b, in order
to effect removable attachment of the back rest 24 and the back
support apparatus 20 to the multi-purpose weight lifting machine
22. In a further example, glue or screws might take the place of
the hexagonally headed threaded bolts 52. We also note that,
although the removable back support apparatus 20 has been specified
as having particular utility in performing the seated behind-neck
military press and seated dumbbell arm curls using multi-purpose
weight lifting machines, the present invention is not limited to
uses in association with such exercises, but rather may be used to
reduce risk of injury and to increase the amount of weight a person
may lift while performing a number of further exercises. For
example, the removable back support apparatus 20 might be used to
reduce risk of injury and to increase the amount of weight a person
may lift while performing tricep pullovers on multi-purpose weight
lifting machines. As well, FIG. 1 shows, by way of example, the
removable back support apparatus 20 of the present invention
attached to the YORK POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight
lifting machine. In this regard, we note that the scope and spirit
of the present invention is properly viewed as extending also to
uses in association with a significant number of similar
multi-purpose weight lifting machines, in addition to the YORK
POWER STATION 3000.TM. multi-purpose weight lifting machine.
Obviously, the present invention allows for a wide variety of
different possible combinations of the various modifications and
alterations specifically contemplated herein. As well, we note
again that the foregoing are merely examples of various
modifications and alterations that do not depart from the spirit
and scope of the invention, and as such, it should perhaps be noted
once more that the present invention is limited only by the
accompanying claims.
* * * * *