U.S. patent application number 09/816703 was filed with the patent office on 2002-10-10 for use of protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta as a biomolecular target in the treatment and visualization of brain tumors.
This patent application is currently assigned to AGY THERAPEUTICS. Invention is credited to Chin, Daniel J., Melcher, Thorsten, Mueller, Sabine.
Application Number | 20020146370 09/816703 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25221394 |
Filed Date | 2002-10-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020146370 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Mueller, Sabine ; et
al. |
October 10, 2002 |
USE OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE ZETA AS A BIOMOLECULAR TARGET
IN THE TREATMENT AND VISUALIZATION OF BRAIN TUMORS
Abstract
The present invention relates to the use of proteins which are
differentially expressed in primary brain tumor tissues, as
compared to normal brain tissues, as biomolecular targets for brain
tumor treatment therapies. Specifically, the present invention
relates to the use of immunotherapeutic and immunoimaging agents
which specifically bind to human protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta
(PTP.xi.) for the treatment and visualization of brain tumors in
patients. The present invention also provides compounds and
pharmaceutically acceptable compositions for administration in the
methods of the invention.
Inventors: |
Mueller, Sabine; (San
Francisco, CA) ; Melcher, Thorsten; (San Francisco,
CA) ; Chin, Daniel J.; (Foster City, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP
200 MIDDLEFIELD RD
SUITE 200
MENLO PARK
CA
94025
US
|
Assignee: |
AGY THERAPEUTICS
|
Family ID: |
25221394 |
Appl. No.: |
09/816703 |
Filed: |
March 23, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/1.69 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 51/1075 20130101;
A61K 51/1093 20130101; A61K 47/6871 20170801 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/1.69 |
International
Class: |
A61K 051/00; A61M
036/14 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A method to treat a brain tumor comprising administering a
therapeutic amount of a composition comprising: a compound of the
general formula .alpha.(P.sub.z)C, wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one
or more moieties which specifically binds to a human protein
tyrosine phosphatase-zeta, and C is one or more cytotoxic moieties;
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic composition is
administered by intrathecal administration.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic composition is
administered by intravascular administration.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the brain tumor is a
glioblastoma.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is selected from
the group consisting of an antibody and an antibody fragment.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the antibody is selected from the
group consisting of: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies,
humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies, chemically modified
antibodies, and synthetic antibody analogs.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the antibody fragment is selected
from the group consisting of fragments of: monoclonal antibodies,
polyclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant
antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, and synthetic antibody
analogs.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein C is a radioactive moiety.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the radioactive moiety comprises a
pharmaceutically acceptable radioactive isotope selected from the
group consisting of .sup.123I, .sup.125I, .sup.131I, .sup.90 Y,
.sup.211At, .sup.67Cu, .sup.186Re, .sup.188Re, .sup.212Pb, and
.sup.212Bi.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the radioactive moiety comprises
a pharmaceutically acceptable radioactive isotope selected from the
group consisting of .sup.123I, .sup.125I, .sup.131I, and
.sup.211At.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein C is a chemotoxic moiety.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the chemotoxic moiety is
selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, a pyrimidine
analog, a purine analog, a phorbol ester, and butyric acid.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein C is a toxin protein moiety.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the toxin protein moiety is
selected from the group consisting of ricin, abrin, diphtheria
toxin, cholera toxin, gelonin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Shigella
toxin, and pokeweed antiviral protein.
15. A compound for the treatment of a brain tumor of the general
formula .alpha.(P.sub.z)C, wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more
moieties which specifically binds to a human protein tyrosine
phosphatase-zeta, and C is one or more cytotoxic moieties.
16. The compound of claim 15 wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is selected
from the group consisting of an antibody and an antibody
fragment.
17. The compound of claim 16 wherein the antibody is selected from
the group consisting of: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal
antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies,
chemically modified antibodies, and synthetic antibody analogs.
18. The compound of claim 16 wherein the antibody fragment is
selected from the group consisting of fragments of: monoclonal
antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies,
recombinant antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, and
synthetic antibody analogs.
19. The compound of claim 15 wherein C is a radioactive moiety.
20. The compound of claim 15 wherein the radioactive moiety
comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable radioactive isotope
selected from the group consisting of .sup.123I, .sup.125I,
.sup.131I, .sup.90Y, .sup.211At, .sup.67Cu, .sup.186Re, 188Re,
.sup.22Pb, and .sup.212Bi.
21. The compound of claim 15 wherein the radioactive moiety
comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable radioactive isotope
selected from the group consisting of .sup.123I, .sup.125I and
.sup.131I.
22. The compound of claim 15 wherein C is a chemotoxic moiety.
23. The compound of claim 22 wherein the chemotoxic moiety is
selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, a pyrimidine
analog, a purine analog, a phorbol ester, and butyric acid.
24. The compound of claim 15 wherein C is a toxin protein
moiety.
25. The compound of claim 24 wherein the toxin protein moiety is
selected from the group consisting of ricin, abrin, diphtheria
toxin, cholera toxin, gelonin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Shigella
toxin, and pokeweed antiviral protein.
26. A method to treating a brain tumor comprising administering a
therapeutic amount of a composition comprising: a compound of the
general formula .alpha.(P.sub.z), wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one
or more moieties which specifically binds to a human protein
tyrosine phosphatase-zeta, wherein the binding of .alpha.(P.sub.z)
alters the function of protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the therapeutic composition is
administered by intrathecal administration.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein the therapeutic composition is
administered by intravascular administration.
29. The method of claim 26 wherein the brain tumor is a
glioblastoma.
30. The method of claim 26 wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is selected
from the group consisting of an antibody and an antibody
fragment.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein the antibody is selected from
the group consisting of: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal
antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies,
chemically modified antibodies, and synthetic antibody analogs.
32. The method of claim 30 wherein the antibody fragment is
selected from the group consisting of fragments of: monoclonal
antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies,
recombinant antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, and
synthetic antibody analogs.
33. A composition for the treatment of a brain tumor comprising: a
compound of the general formula .alpha.(P.sub.z), wherein
.alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more moieties which specifically binds
to a human protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta, wherein the binding
of .alpha.(P.sub.z) alters the function of protein tyrosine
phosphatase-zeta, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
34. The composition of claim 33 wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is
selected from the group consisting of an antibody and an antibody
fragment.
35. The compound of claim 34 wherein the antibody is selected from
the group consisting of: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal
antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies,
chemically modified antibodies, and synthetic antibody analogs.
36. The compound of claim 34 wherein the antibody fragment is
selected from the group consisting of fragments of: monoclonal
antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies,
recombinant antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, and
synthetic antibody analogs.
37. A method for visualizing a brain tumor in a patient, the method
comprising: a) administering to a patient an effective amount of a
composition comprising: a compound of the general formula
.alpha.(P.sub.z)I, wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more moieties
which specifically binds to a human protein tyrosine
phosphatase-zeta, and I is one or more imaging moieties; and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and b) visualizing the imaging
moieties of the compound.
38. The method of claim 37 wherein the imaging composition is
administered by intrathecal administration.
39. The method of claim 37 wherein the imaging composition is
administered by intravascular administration.
40. The method of claim 37 wherein the brain tumor is a
glioblastoma.
41. The method of claim 37 wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is selected
from the group consisting of an antibody and an antibody
fragment.
42. The method of claim 41 wherein the antibody is selected from
the group consisting of: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal
antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies,
chemically modified antibodies, and synthetic antibody analogs.
43. The method of claim 41 wherein the antibody fragment is
selected from the group consisting of fragments of: monoclonal
antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies,
recombinant antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, and
synthetic antibody analogs.
44. The method of claim 37 wherein I is a radiographic moiety.
45. The method of claim 44 wherein the radiographic moiety
comprises iodine or an iodine isotope.
46. The method of claim 44 wherein the visualization in step (b) is
by x-ray imaging.
47. The method of claim 44 wherein the visualization in step (b) is
by scintillation imaging.
48. The method of claim 37 wherein I is a positron-emitting
moiety.
49. The method of claim 48 wherein the positron-emitting moiety
comprises .sup.18F.
50. The method of claim 48 wherein the visualization in step (b) is
by positron emission tomography.
51. The method of claim 37 wherein I is a magnetic spin contrast
moiety.
52. The method of claim 51 wherein the magnetic spin contrast
moiety comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of
chromium(III), manganese(II), iron(II), nickel(II), copper(II),
praseodymium(III), neodymium(III), samarium(III) and
ytterbium(III).
53. The method of claim 51 wherein the visualization in step (b) is
by magnetic resonance imaging.
54. The method of claim 37 wherein I is selected from the group
consisting of an optically visible dye and an optically visible
particle.
55. The method of claim 54 wherein the visualization method in step
(b) is by direct visual inspection.
56. The method of claim 54 wherein the visualization method in step
(b) is by visual inspection through an endoscopic instrument.
57. A composition for the visualization of a brain tumor
comprising: a compound of the general formula .alpha.(P.sub.z)I,
wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more moieties which specifically
binds to a human protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta, and I is one or
more imaging moieties; and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
58. The composition of claim 57 wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is
selected from the group consisting of an antibody and an antibody
fragment.
59. The composition of claim 58 wherein the antibody is selected
from the group consisting of: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal
antibodies, humanized antibodies, recombinant antibodies,
chemically modified antibodies, and synthetic antibody analogs.
60. The composition of claim 58 wherein the antibody fragment is
selected from the group consisting of fragments of: monoclonal
antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies,
recombinant antibodies, chemically modified antibodies, and
synthetic antibody analogs.
61. The composition of claim 57 wherein I is a radiographic
moiety.
62. The composition of claim 61 wherein the radiographic moiety
comprises iodine or an iodine isotope.
63. The composition of claim 57 wherein I is a magnetic-spin
contrast moiety.
64. The composition of claim 63 wherein the magnetic spin contrast
moiety comprises an ion selected from the group consisting of
chromium(III), manganese(II), iron(II), nickel(II), copper(II),
praseodymium(III), neodymium(III), samarium(III) and
ytterbium(III).
65. The composition of claim 57 wherein I is a positron-emitting
moiety.
66. The composition of claim 65 wherein the positron-emitting
moiety comprises .sup.18F.
67. The composition of claim 57 wherein I is selected from the
group consisting of an optically visible dye and an optically
visible particle.
Description
FIELD OF USE
[0001] The present invention relates to the use of proteins which
are differentially expressed in primary brain tumor tissues, as
compared to normal brain tissues, as biomolecular targets for brain
tumor treatment therapies. Specifically, the present invention
relates to the use of immunotherapeutic and immunoimaging agents
which specifically bind to human protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta
(PTP.xi.) for the treatment and visualization of brain tumors in
patients. The present invention also provides compounds and
pharmaceutically acceptable compositions for administration in the
methods of the invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Brain Tumor Biology and Etiology
[0003] Brain tumors are considered to have one of the least
favorable prognoses for long term survival: the average life
expectancy of an individual diagnosed with a central nervous system
(CNS) tumor is just eight to twelve months. Several unique
characteristics of both the brain and its particular types of
neoplastic cells create daunting challenges for the complete
treatment and management of brain tumors. Among these are 1) the
physical characteristics of the intracranial space, 2) the relative
biological isolation of the brain from the rest of the body, 3) the
relatively essential and irreplaceable nature of the organ mass,
and 4) the unique nature of brain tumor cells.
[0004] First and foremost, the intracranial space and physical
layout of the brain create significant obstacles to treatment and
recovery. The brain is made of, primarily, astrocytes (which make
up the majority of the brain mass, and serve as a scaffold and
support for the neurons), neurons (which carry the actual
electrical impulses of the nervous system,) and a minor contingent
of other cells such as insulating oligodendrocytes (which produce
myelin). These cell types give rise to primary brain tumors (e.g.,
astrocytomas, neuroblastomas, glioblastomas, oligodendrogliomas,
etc.) Although the World Health Organization has recently
established standard guidelines, the nomenclature for brain tumors
is somewhat imprecise, and the terms astrocytoma and glioblastoma
are often used broadly. The brain is encased in the relatively
rigid shell of the skull, and is cushioned by the cerebrospinal
fluid, much like a fetus in the womb. Because of the relatively
small volume of the skull cavity, minor changes in the volume of
tissue in the brain can dramatically increase intracranial
pressure, causing damage to the entire organ (i.e., "water on the
brain"). Thus, even small tumors can have a profound and adverse
affect on the brain's function. In contrast, tumors in the
relatively distensible abdomen may reach several pounds in size
before the patient experiences adverse symptoms. The cramped
physical location of the cranium also makes surgery and treatment
of the brain a difficult and delicate procedure. However, because
of the dangers of increased intracranial pressure from the tumor,
surgery is often the first strategy of attack in treating brain
tumors.
[0005] In addition to its physical isolation, the brain is
chemically and biologically isolated from the rest of the body by
the so-called "Blood-Brain-Barrier" (or BBB). This physiological
phenomenon arises because of the "tightness" of the epithelial cell
junctions in the lining of the blood vessels in the brain. Although
nutrients, which are actively transported across the cell lining,
may reach the brain, other molecules from the bloodstream are
excluded. This prevents toxins, viruses, and other potentially
dangerous molecules from entering the brain cavity. However, it
also prevents therapeutic molecules, including many
chemotherapeutic agents that are useful in other types of tumors,
from crossing into the brain. Thus, many therapies directed at the
brain must be delivered directly into the brain cavity (e.g., by an
Ommaya reservoir), or administered in elevated dosages to ensure
the diffusion of an effective amount across the BBB.
[0006] With the difficulties of administering chemotherapies to the
brain, radiotherapy approaches have also been attempted. However,
the amount of radiation necessary to completely destroy potential
tumor-producing cells also produce unacceptable losses of healthy
brain tissue. The retention of patient cognitive function while
eliminating the tumor mass is another challenge to brain tumor
treatment. Neoplastic brain cells are often pervasive, and travel
throughout the entire brain mass. Thus, it is impossible to define
a true "tumor margin," unlike, for example, in lung or bladder
cancers. Unlike reproductive (ovarian, uterine, testicular,
prostate, etc.), breast, kidney, or lung cancers, the entire organ,
or even significant portions, cannot be removed to prevent the
growth of new tumors. In addition, brain tumors are very
heterogeneous, with different cell doubling times, treatment
resistances, and other biochemical idiosyncrasies between the
various cell populations that make up the tumor. This pervasive and
variable nature greatly adds to the difficulty of treating brain
tumors while preserving the health and function of normal brain
tissue.
[0007] Although current surgical methods offer considerably better
post-operative life for patients, the current combination therapy
methods (surgery, low-dosage radiation, and chemotherapy) have only
improved the life expectancy of patients by one month, as compared
to the methods of 30 years ago. Without effective agents to prevent
the growth of brain tumor cells that are present outside the main
tumor mass, the prognosis for these patients cannot be
significantly improved. Although some immuno-affinity agents have
been proposed and tested for the treatment of brain tumors, see,
e.g., the tenascin-targeting agents described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,624,659, these agents have not proven sufficient for the
treatment of brain tumors. Thus, therapeutic agents which are
directed towards new molecular targets, and are capable of
specifically targeting and killing brain tumor cells, are urgently
needed for the treatment of brain tumors.
[0008] Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptors: Generally and
PTP-Zeta (.xi.)
[0009] Vital cellular functions, such as cell proliferation and
signal transduction, are regulated in part by the balance between
the activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. These
protein-modifying enzymes add or remove a phosphate group from
serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues in specific proteins. Some
tyrosine kinases (PTK's) and phosphatases (PTPase's) have been
theorized to have a role in some types of oncogenesis, which is
thought to result from an imbalance in their activities. There are
two classes of PTPase molecules: low molecular weight proteins with
a single conserved phosphatase domain such as T-cell
protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPT; MIM 176887), and high molecular
weight receptor-linked PTPases with two tandemly repeated and
conserved phosphatase domains separated by 56 to 57 amino acids.
Examples of this latter group of receptor proteins include:
leukocyte-common antigen (PTPRC; MIM 151460) and leukocyte antigen
related tyrosine phosphatase (PTPRF; MIM 179590).
[0010] Kaplan et al. cloned 3 human receptor PTP genes, including
PTP-.gamma. ("Cloning of three human tyrosine phosphatases reveals
a multigene family of receptor-linked protein-tyrosine-phosphatases
expressed in brain." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 7000-7004 (1990).)
It was shown that one PTPG allele was lost in 3 of 5 renal
carcinoma cell lines and in 5 of 10 lung carcinoma tumor samples
tested. PTP-.gamma. mRNA was expressed in kidney cell lines and
lung cell lines but not in several hematopoietic cell lines tested.
Thus, the PTP-.gamma. gene appeared to have characteristics
suggesting that it may be a tumor suppressor gene in renal and lung
carcinoma. Barnea et al. ("Identification of a carbonic
anhydrase-like domain in the extracellular region of RPTP-gamma
defines a new subfamily of receptor tyrosine phosphatases." Molec.
Cell. Biol. 13: 1497-1506 (1993)) cloned cDNAs for the human and
mouse PTP-.gamma. gene (designated PTP-.gamma. by that group) from
brain cDNA libraries, and analyzed their predicted polypeptide
sequences. The human (1,445-amino acid) and mouse (1,442-amino
acid) sequences share 95% identity at the amino acid level and
predict a putative extracellular domain, a single transmembrane
domain, and a cytoplasmic region with 2 tandem catalytic tyrosine
phosphatase domains. The extracellular domain contains a stretch of
266 amino acids that are highly similar to the zinc-containing
enzyme carbonic anhydrase (MIM 114800), suggesting that PTP-.gamma.
and PTP.xi. represent a subfamily of receptor tyrosine
phosphatases. The gene for PTP-.gamma. has 30 exons and is
approximately 780 kb in size. It is much larger than the other
receptor PTP genes, with the CD45 gene (MIM 151460) being around
100 kb and the others even smaller.
[0011] Another receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase, protein tyrosine
phosphatase zeta (PTP.xi.) [also known as PTPRZ, HPTP-ZETA, HPTPZ,
RPTP-BETA(.beta.), or RPTPB] was isolated as a cDNA sequence by two
groups in the early nineties. The complete cDNA sequence of the
protein is provided in SEQ ID NO. 1, and the complete deduced amino
acid sequence is provided in SEQ ID NO. 2. Splicing variants and
features are indicated in the sequences. Levy et al. ("The cloning
of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed in the
central nervous system" J. Biol. Chem. 268: 10573-10581, (1993))
isolated cDNA clones from a human infant brain step mRNA expression
library, and deduced the complete amino acid sequence of a large
receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase containing 2,307 amino
acids.
[0012] Levy found that the protein, which they designated
PTP-.beta. (PTP.xi.), is a transmembrane protein with 2 cytoplasmic
PTPase domains and a 1,616-amino acid extracellular domain. As in
PTP-.gamma. (MIM 176886), the 266 N-terminal residues of the
extracellular domain are have a high degree of similarity to
carbonic anhydrases (see MIM 114880). The human gene encoding
PTP.xi. has been mapped to chromosome 7q31.3-q32 by chromosomal in
situ hybridization (Ariyama et al., "Assignment of the human
protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, zeta (PTPRZ) gene to
chromosome band 7q31.3" Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 70: 52-54 (1995)).
Northern blot analysis has shown that showed that PTP-zeta is
expressed only in the human central nervous system. By in situ
hybridization, Levy et al. (1993) localized the expression to
different regions of the adult human brain, including the Purkinje
cell layer of the cerebellum, the dentate gyrus, and the
subependymal layer of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.
Levy stated that this was the first mammalian tyrosine phosphatase
whose expression is restricted to the nervous system. In addition,
high levels of expression in the murine embryonic brain were said
to suggest an important role in CNS development.
[0013] Gebbink et al. isolated a mouse cDNA of 5.7 kb, encoding a
`new` member of the family of receptor-like protein-tyrosine
phosphatases, termed RPTP-.mu. ("Cloning, expression and
chromosomal localization of a new putative receptor-like protein
tyrosine phosphatase." FEBS Lett. 290: 123-130 (1991)). The cDNA
predicted a protein of 1,432 amino acids (not including the signal
peptide) with a calculated molecular mass of 161,636. In addition,
they cloned the human homolog, which showed 98.7% amino acid
identity to the mouse protein. The predicted mouse protein
consisted of a 722-amino acid extracellular region, containing 13
potential N-glycosylation sites, a single transmembrane domain, and
a 688-amino acid intracellular part containing two tandem repeats
homologous to the catalytic domains of other tyrosine phosphatases.
RNA blot analysis showed a single transcript that was most abundant
in lung but present in much lower amounts in brain and heart as
well. The human PTP-.mu. gene was assigned to 18 pter-q11 by
Southern analysis of human/rodent somatic cell hybrid clones.
[0014] PTP-.epsilon. cDNA was isolated by Krueger et al.
(Structural diversity and evolution of human receptor-like protein
tyrosine phosphatases. EMBO J. 9:3241-3252, 1990.1990). The
700-amino acid protein has a short extracellular domain and two
tandemly repeated intracellular PTPase domains. High levels of
PTP-.epsilon. transcription were noted in the mouse brain and
testes. Both isoforms of PTP-.epsilon.-a transmembrane,
receptor-type isoform and a shorter, cytoplasmic one--appear to
arise from a single gene through the use of alternative promoters
and 5-prime exons.
[0015] Thus, the PTP receptor family of proteins has been
characterized as a fairly diverse family of membrane-bound
receptors, and non-membrane bound isoforms, which share a common
PTPase cytosol domain architecture. Although their expression in
fetal and embryonic tissues has suggested a developmental biology
role for the proteins, their full function in normal and disease
state biology is still not fully understood.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0016] The present invention provides novel methods and reagents
for specifically targeting brain tumor neoplastic cells for both
therapeutic and imaging purposes. Thus, in a first aspect, the
present invention provides PTP.xi. affinity-based compounds and
compositions useful in treating a brain tumor in a patient. The
compositions and compounds of this aspect of the invention
generally fall into two groups: PTP.xi.-binding conjugate
compounds, which comprise a cytotoxic moiety (C), which inhibits
the growth of tumor cells; and PTP.xi.-binding compound
compositions in which the PTP.xi. binding moiety alters the normal
function of PTP.xi. in the tumor cell, thus inhibiting cell
growth.
[0017] In a first group of embodiments of this aspect of the
invention, PTP.xi.-binding therapeutic conjugate compounds are
provided. These compounds have the general formula
.alpha.(P.sub.z)C, wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more moieties
which specifically binds to a human protein tyrosine
phosphatase-zeta, and C is one or more cytotoxic moieties. In
preferred embodiments .alpha.(P.sub.z) is an antibody or an
antibody fragment. In particularly preferred embodiments,
.alpha.(P.sub.z) is an antibody or an antibody fragment which
elicits a reduced immune response when administered to a human
patient. Preferred cytotoxic moieties for use in these embodiments
of the invention include radioactive moieties, chemotoxic moieties,
and toxin proteins. The invention also provides compositions
comprising these PTP.xi.-binding therapeutic conjugate compounds in
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0018] In a second group of embodiments of this first aspect of the
invention, PTP.xi.-binding therapeutic compounds are provided which
alter the normal function of PTP.xi. in brain tumor cells and
inhibit brain tumor cell growth. These PTP.xi.-binding therapeutic
compounds have the general formula .alpha.(P.sub.z), wherein
.alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more moieties which specifically binds
to a human protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta, and wherein the
binding of .alpha.(P.sub.z) alters the function of protein tyrosine
phosphatase-zeta. In preferred embodiments .alpha.(P.sub.z) is an
antibody or an antibody fragment. In particularly preferred
embodiments, .alpha.(P.sub.z) is an antibody or an antibody
fragment which elicits a reduced immune response when administered
to a human patient. It is preferred that the therapeutic compounds
of this second group of embodiments of the first aspect of the
invention be formulated into therapeutic compositions comprising
the PTP.xi.-binding compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
[0019] In a second aspect, the present invention provides methods
for using these compounds and compositions to treat a brain tumor
in a patient. The methods comprise administering an effective
amount of a composition, comprising a PTP.xi.-binding compound from
the first or second group of embodiments of the first aspect and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, to a patient in need thereof.
Brain tumors treated in this fashion may be glioblastomas,
astrocytomas, neuroblastomas, or any type of brain tumor.
Administration of the therapeutic composition may be by any
acceptable means. One preferred method for administration is by
intrathecal administration, although intravascular administration
is also preferred.
[0020] In a third aspect, the present invention provides PTP.xi.
affinity-based compounds and compositions for the visualization of
brain tumors in patients. These compounds have the general formula
.alpha.(P.sub.z)I, wherein .alpha.(P.sub.z) is one or more moieties
which specifically binds to a human protein tyrosine
phosphatase-zeta, and I is one or more imaging moieties. In
preferred embodiments .alpha.(P.sub.z) is an antibody or an
antibody fragment. In particularly preferred embodiments,
.alpha.(P.sub.z) is an antibody or an antibody fragment which
elicits a reduced immune response when administered to a human
patient. Preferred I moieties include radiographic moieties (useful
in, e.g., x-ray, scintillation, or other radiation imaging
methods,) positron-emitting moieties, magnetic spin contrast
moieties, and optically visible moieties (such as visible
particles, fluorescent dyes, and visible-spectrum dyes.) It is
preferred that the imaging compounds of these embodiments of the
third aspect of the invention be formulated into therapeutic
compositions comprising the PTP.xi.-binding compound in a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0021] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides methods
of using the compounds and compositions of the third aspect of the
invention to visualize a brain tumor in a patient. These methods
generally comprise administering an effective amount of an imaging
compound of the general formula .alpha.(P.sub.z)I in a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the patient, and then
visualizing the imaging moieties of the compound. Administration of
the imaging composition may be by any acceptable means.
Intravascular administration of the imaging composition is
preferred in these methods, although intrathecal administration is
also preferred. Preferred methods of visualizing the imaging
moieties of the compounds include radiographic imaging techniques
(e.g., x-ray imaging and scintillation imaging techniques),
positron-emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging
techniques, and direct or indirect (e.g., endoscopic) visual
inspection.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1: A diagram of the three known splicing variant
isoforms of PTP.xi.. The approximate position of the domains of the
isoforms is indicated at the left. Isoform PTP.xi.-.alpha. is the
full length isoform, which contains the primary amino acid sequence
aa 25-2314 of SEQ ID NO. 2 (aa 1-24 are a signal polypeptide). In
Isoform PTP.xi.-.beta., aa 755-1614 are missing. Isoform PTP.xi.-S
(phosphacan), is a secreted isoform which comprise the
extracellular domains of PTP.xi.-.alpha., in which the
transmembrane and cytosol domains are missing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0023] Applicants have identified protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta
(PTP.xi.) as a gene which is differentially regulated between brain
cancer tissue (glioblastoma) and normal brain tissue. Applicants
have performed differential cloning between cancerous and normal
brains and have identified the PTP.xi. gene by DNA sequence
analysis. Based on the observation in other diseases, particularly
other cancers, in which overexpressed genes can contribute to the
pathology of the disease, these overexpressed genes and their
protein products are expected to mediate the initiation and
progression of brain tumors. Thus, the overexpressed PTP.xi.
protein, which is presented on the cell surface, provides an
excellent target for immunotherapeutic agents which either deliver
cytotoxic agents to directly promote tumor cell death, or which
alter the function of PTP.xi. to inhibit the normal physiology of
the tumor cell. In addition, immunoimaging agents targeted to
PTP.xi. may be utilized to visualize the tumor mass either in
diagnostic methods (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or
radiography), or in surgery (e.g., by the use of optically visual
dye moieties in the immunoimaging agent).
[0024] Applicants have identified PTP.xi. by a direct examination
of the expression level of genes in actual tumor cells. These
samples provide a more accurate and realistic picture of tumor cell
biology, especially on the detailed transcriptome level, than
animal models or established cell tissue culture cell lines.
Several groups have found that cell lines established from
astrocytomas and other cell lines do not exhibit expression
patterns which reflect the actual expression of the original tumor.
For instance, Schreiber, et. al., "Primary brain tumors differ in
their expression of octamer deoxyribonucleic acid-binding
transcription factors from long-term cultured glioma cell lines."
Neurosurgery 34: 129-35 (1994), showed that nervous system-specific
transcription factors known as N-Oct proteins are differentially
expressed in human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines in
vitro. However, when these results were compared to freshly
isolated human primary and metastatic brain tumors, of the five
astrocytomas and three glioblastomas analyzed, all but two tumors
displayed the complete N-Oct protein profile, irrespective of
histopathological tumor grade. Similarly, Eberle, et al., "The
expression of angiogenin in tissue samples of different brain
tumors and cultured glioma cells." Anticancer Res 20: 1679-84
(2000), could show that angiogenin is detectable in different kinds
of intracranial tumor tissue samples. Although angiogenin could be
detected in primary cultivated glioma cells, it was not detected in
the permanent cell lines. Finally, Hartmann, et al., "The rate of
homozygous CDKN2A/p16 deletions in glioma cell lines and in primary
tumors." Int J Oncol 15: 975-82 (1999), showed that the rate of
homozygous deletions of CDKN2A/p16 is variable between different
tumor entities, but the rate of deletions is higher in established
cell lines in comparison with primary tumors. Hartmann hypothesized
that such incongruencies may reflect statistical sampling errors,
true differences depending on tissue derivatization and CDKN2A/p16
loss under selective pressure in tissue culture. After comparing
established cell lines derived from human glioblastomas and their
corresponding primary tumors by multiplex PCR methodology, they
found that in 2 of 11 cases (18%) the primary tumor had no p16
alteration whereas the corresponding cell lines had a homozygous
p16 deletion, and that CDKN2A/p16 was lost already in the earliest
passages of the cell lines. Thus, Hartmann concluded that the
deletion was the result of selective cell-culture pressures in many
cases.
[0025] These inconsistent results arise because the tumor tissue
samples are obtained from their native milieu, without allowing
them the opportunity to alter their gene expression levels in
response to artificial environmental stimuli. As recently reported
by the Brain Tumor Progress Review group of the National Cancer
Institute in November, 2000, conventionally used glioblastoma cell
lines contain genetic and gene expression alterations that are well
defined and do not necessarily reflect the primary tumors from
which they were derived. In addition, these cell lines are highly
homogenous, unlike a primary brain tumor. Therefore, data derived
soley from a cell line cannot reliably reflect the biology,
heterogeneity, or therapeutic response of a primary brain
tumor.
[0026] Applicants obtained tumor tissue, snap frozen in the
operation hall from unknown patients, which was confirmed as
glioblastoma grade IV by neuropathology. These tissues served as
the experimental sample. Human whole brain tissue (Clontech
Laboratories, Palo Alto, USA) served as control sample. Poly-A+RNA
prepared from the cells was converted into double-stranded cDNA
(dscDNA).
[0027] Briefly, the ds-cDNA's from control and disease states were
subjected to kinetic re-annealing hybridization during which
normalization of transcript abundances and enrichment for
differentially expressed transcripts (i.e., subtraction) occurs.
Normalized-subtracted ds-cDNAs were cloned into a plasmid vector, a
large number of recombinant bacterial clones were picked, and their
recombinant inserts were isolated by PCR. High-density cDNA arrays
of those PCR products were screened with cDNA probes derived from
the original control and disease states. Thus, only clones
displaying a significant transcriptional induction and/or
repression were sequenced and carried forward for massive
expression profiling using a variety of temporal, spatial and
disease-related probe sets.
[0028] The selected PCR products (fragments of 200-2000 bp in size)
from clones showing a significant transcriptional induction and/or
repression were sequenced and functionally annotated in AGY's
proprietary database structure (See WO01/13105). Because large
sequence fragments were utilized in the sequencing step, the data
generated has a much higher fidelity and specificity than other
approaches, such as SAGE. The resulting sequence information was
compared to public databases using the BLAST (blastn) and tblastx
algorithm. PTP.xi. was identified as being expressed in
glioblastoma cells at a level approximately 2.0 to 4.0 times the
expression in normal brain cells. In the selected group from the
subtractive library, 20 clones out of 20,000 were found to align
with the PTP.xi. coding sequence.
[0029] Characteristics and Use of PTP.xi.
[0030] Thus, PTP.xi. was selected as a prime target for selective
immuno-therapeutic agents in treating or imaging brain tumors. The
complete cDNA sequence encoding PTP.xi. is provided in SEQ ID NO.
1, and the complete amino acid sequence encoding PTP.xi. is
provided in SEQ ID NO. 2. Three different splice variants have been
described, which include two membrane bound variants (full length:
PTP.xi.-.alpha., and shorter version PTP.xi.-.beta.) and one
secreted form (Phosphacan). See FIG. 1. Isoform PTP.xi.-.alpha. is
the full length isoform, which contains the primary amino acid
sequence aa 25-2314 of SEQ ID NO. 2 (aa 1-24 are a signal
polypeptide). In Isoform PTP.xi.-.beta., aa 755-1614 are missing.
Isoform PTP.xi.-S (phosphacan), is a secreated isoform, which is
comprises the extracellular domains of PTP.xi.-.alpha.. Northern
Blot analysis have shown that the PTP zeta is exclusively expressed
in the human central nervous system. In mouse embryos, the PTP.xi.
transcript was mainly detected in the ventricular and
subventricular zone of the brain and the spinal cord. The same
pattern was detected in adult mice. Detailed studies have shown
that during rat embryogenesis the two transmembrane splice variants
of PTP.xi. are mainly expressed in glial precursor cells and that
the secretory version (Phosphacan) is more abundant in mature
astrocytes which have already migrated in the ventricle zone.
[0031] As used herein, a compound which specifically binds to human
protein tyrosine phosphatase-zeta (PTP.xi.) is any compound (such
as an antibody) which has a binding affinity for any naturally
occurring isoform, spice variant, or polymorphism of PTP.xi.,
explicitly including the three splice variants describe herein. As
one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, such "specific"
binding compounds (e.g., antibodies) may also bind to other closely
related proteins which exhibit significant homology (such as
greater than 90% identity, more preferably greater than 95%
identity, and most preferably greater than 99% identity) with the
amino acid sequence of PTP.xi.. Such proteins include truncated
forms or domains of PTP.xi., and recombinantly engineered
alterations of PTP.xi.. For example, an portion of SEQ ID NO. 1 may
be engineered to include a non-naturally occurring cysteine for
cross-linking to an immunoconjugate protein, as described
below.
[0032] In general, it is preferred that the antibodies utilized in
the compositions and methods of the invention bind to the
membrane-bound isoforms of the protein, as this will more
specifically target the cytotoxic therapeutic agent, or the imaging
agent, to the brain tumor cell. However, embodiments which utilize
antibodies which bind to the secreted isoform of the protein are
also useful in the invention, as one of ordinary skill would expect
that the concentration of the secreted isoform would also be
increased adjacent to brain tumor cells which over-express the
protein.
[0033] The amino acid sequence of full length PTP.xi. consists of
2307 amino acids, as the sequence was deduced by Levy (in which aa
1722-1728 of SEQ ID NO. 2 were missing) (See also U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,604,094, and 6,160,090, fully incorporated herein by reference),
or 2314 amino acids as the sequence was deduced by Krueger, et al.,
("A human transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase, PTP zeta, is
expressed in brain and has an N-terminal receptor domain homologous
to carbonic anhydrases" Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
89:7417-7421(1992)). Amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO. 2 are a signal
sequence which directs the proper placement of the transmembrane
protein. The extracellular domain of the mature PTP.xi. protein
spans amino acids 25-1635 of SEQ ID NO. 2 in the long and secreted
forms (this forms the entire secreted form), and amino acids
25-754,1615-1635 in the short isoform. The transmembrane region of
the protein spans amino acids 1636-1661 of SEQ ID NO. 2, and the
balance of the protein forms the cytoplasmic domain, amino acids
1662-2314.
[0034] When raising antibodies to PTP.xi., the entire protein (any
of the three isoforms) or a portion thereof may be utilized. For
instance, the extracellular domain of the long or short form, the
entire secreted form, or a portion of extracellular domain may be
utilized. For instance, amino acids 25-754, which are common to
both .alpha. and .beta. isoforms, may be used. Such larger PTP.xi.
proteins and domains may be produced utilizing any suitable
recombinant vector/protein production system, such as the
baculovirus transfection system outlined below, after being
amplified from a fetal brain cDNA library (as available from, e.g.,
Clontech, Palo alto, Calif.) or another suitable genetic source.
When utilizing an entire protein, or a larger section of the
protein, antibodies may be raised by immunizing the production
animal with the protein and a suitable adjuvant (e.g., Fruend's,
Fruend's complete, oil-in-water emulsions, etc.). In these cases,
the PTP.xi. protein (or a portion thereof) can serve as the PTP.xi.
antigen. When a smaller peptide is utilized, it is advantageous to
conjugate the peptide with a larger molecule to make an
immunostimulatory conjugate for use as the PTP.xi. antigen.
Commonly utilized conjugate proteins which are commercially
available for such use include bovine serum albumin (BSA) and
keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). In order to raise antibodies to
particular epitopes, peptides derived from the full PTP.xi.
sequence may be utilized. Preferably, one or more 8-30 aa peptide
portions of an extracellular domain of PTP.xi. are utilized, with
peptides in the range of 10-20 being a more economical choice.
Custom-synthesized peptides in this range are available from a
multitude of vendors, and can be order conjugated to KLH or BSA.
Alternatively, peptides in excess of 30 amino acids may be
synthesized by solid-phase methods, or may be recombinantly
produced in a suitable recombinant protein production system. In
order to ensure proper protein glycosylation and processing, an
animal cell system (e.g., Sf9 or other insect cells, CHO or other
mammalian cells) is preferred. Other information useful in
designing an antigen for the production of antibodies to PTP.xi.,
including glycosylation sites, is provided in SEQ ID NO. 2
[0035] The extracellular domain of human PTP.zeta. is known to bind
to tenascin-C, tenascin-R, pleiotrophin (NM.sub.--002825), midkine
(NM.sub.--002391), FGF-2 (XM.sub.--00366), Nr-CAM
(NM.sub.--005010), L1/Ng-CAM , contactin (NM.sub.--001843), N-CAM
(XM.sub.--006332), and axonin-1NM.sub.--005076.) The first 5 of
these molecules are either components of the extracellular matrix
in gliomas or are soluble factors known to be present in gliomas,
and the latter 4 are neuronal surface molecules. The binding of
PTP.xi. to these molecules may play a significant role in the
oncogenesis and growth of neoplastic cells in the brain. Thus, in
alternative embodiments of the compositions and methods of the
invention, antibody moieties are utilized which bind to PTP.xi. at
a site on the protein which alters the binding of an extracellular
ligand molecule to PTP.xi.. Such PTP.xi. activity altering
antibodies may be utilized in therapeutic compositions in an
unconjugated form (e.g., the antibody in an acceptable
pharmaceutical carrier), or may be conjugated to either a
therapeutic moiety (creating a double-acting therapeutic agent) or
an imaging moiety (creating a duel therapeutic/imaging agent).
[0036] Selection of antibodies which alter (enhance or inhibit) the
binding of a ligand to PTP.xi. may be accomplished by a
straightforward binding inhibition/enhancement assay. According to
standard techniques, the binding of a labeled (e.g., fluorescently
or enzyme-labeled) antibody to PTP.xi., which has been immobilized
in a microtiter well, is assayed in both the presence and absence
of the ligand. The change in binding is indicative of either an
enhancer (increased binding) or competitive inhibitor (decreased
binding) relationship between the antibody and the ligand. Such
assays may be carried out in high-throughput formats (e.g., 384
well plate formats, in robotic systems) for the automated selection
of monoclonal antibody candidates for use as PTP.xi. ligand-binding
inhibitors or enhancers.
[0037] In addition, antibodies which are useful for altering the
function of PTP.xi. may be assayed in functional formats, such as
glioblastoma cell culture or mouse/rat CNS tumor model studies. In
glioblastoma cell models of activity, expression of PTP.xi. is
first verified in the particular cell strain to be used. If
necessary, the cell line may be stably transfected with a PTP.xi.
coding sequence under the control of an appropriate constituent
promoter, in order to express PTP.xi. at a level comparable to that
found in primary tumors. The ability of the glioblastoma cells to
survive in the presence of the candidate function-altering
anti-PTP.xi. antibody is then determined. Similarly, In vivo models
for human brain tumors, particularly nude mice/SCID mice model or
rat models, have been described [Antunes, L., Angioi-Duprez, K. S.,
Bracard, S. R., Klein-Monhoven, N. A., Le Faou, A. E., Duprez, A.
M., and Plenat, F. M. (2000). Analysis of tissue chimerism in nude
mouse brain and abdominal xenograft models of human glioblastoma
multiforme: what does it tell us about the models and about
glioblastoma biology and therapy? J Histochem Cytochem 48, 847-58;
Price, A., Shi, Q., Morris, D., Wilcox, M. E., Brasher, P. M.,
Rewcastle, N. B., Shalinsky, D., Zou, H., Appelt, K., Johnston, R.
N., Yong, V. W., Edwards, D., and Forsyth, P. (1999). Marked
inhibition of tumor growth in a malignant glioma tumor model by a
novel synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor AG3340. Clin
Cancer Res 5, 845-54; and Senner, V., Sturm, A., Hoess, N.,
Wassmann, H., and Paulus, W. (2000). In vivo glioma model enabling
regulated gene expression. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 99, 603-8.] Once
correct expression of PTP.xi. in the tumor model is verified, the
effect of the candidate anti-PTP.xi. antibodies on the tumor masses
in these models can evaluated, wherein the ability of the
anti-PTP.xi. antibody candidates to alter PTP.xi. activity is
indicated by a decrease in tumor growth or a reduction in the tumor
mass. Thus, antibodies which exhibit the appropriate anti-tumor
effect may be selected without direct knowledge of a binding
ligand.
[0038] Antibodies for Use in the Antibody-Therapeutics Methods of
the Invention
[0039] Generally, as the term is utilized in the specification,
"antibody" or "antibody moiety" is intended to include any
polypeptide chain-containing molecular structure that has a
specific shape which fits to and recognizes an epitope, where one
or more non-covalent binding interactions stabilize the complex
between the molecular structure and the epitope. Antibodies which
bind specifically to a human protein PTP.xi. are referred to as
anti-PTP.xi. antibodies, or .alpha.(P.sub.z). The specific or
selective fit of a given structure and its specific epitope is
sometimes referred to as a "lock and key" fit. The archetypal
antibody molecule is the immunoglobulin, and all types of
immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, etc.), from all sources
(e.g., human, rodent, rabbit, cow, sheep, pig, dog, other mammal,
chicken, turkey, emu, other avians, etc.) are considered to be
"antibodies." Antibodies utilized in the present invention may be
polyclonal antibodies, although monoclonal antibodies are preferred
because they may be reproduced by cell culture or recombinantly,
and may be modified to reduce their antigenicity.
[0040] Polyclonal antibodies may be raised by a standard protocol
by injecting a production animal with an antigenic composition,
formulated as described above. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane,
Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
1988. In one such technique, an PTP.xi. antigen comprising an
antigenic portion of the PTP.xi. polypeptide is initially injected
into any of a wide variety of mammals (e.g., mice, rats, rabbits,
sheep or goats). Alternatively, in order to generate antibodies to
relatively short peptide portions of PTP.xi. (see discussion
above), a superior immune response may be elicited if the
polypeptide is joined to a carrier protein, such as ovalbumin, BSA
or KLH. The peptide-conjugate is injected into the animal host,
preferably according to a predetermined schedule incorporating one
or more booster immunizations, and the animals are bled
periodically. Polyclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide
may then be purified from such antisera by, for example, affinity
chromatography using the polypeptide coupled to a suitable solid
support.
[0041] Alternatively, for monoclonal antibodies, hybridomas may be
formed by isolating the stimulated immune cells, such as those from
the spleen of the inoculated animal. These cells are then fused to
immortalized cells, such as myeloma cells or transformed cells,
which are capable of replicating indefinitely in cell culture,
thereby producing an immortal, immunoglobulin-secreting cell line.
The immortal cell line utilized is preferably selected to be
deficient in enzymes necessary for the utilization of certain
nutrients. Many such cell lines (such as myelomas) are known to
those skilled in the art, and include, for example: thymidine
kinase (TK) or hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoriboxyl transferase
(HGPRT). These deficiencies allow selection for fused cells
according to their ability to grow on, for example, hypoxanthine
aminopterinthymidine medium (HAT).
[0042] Preferably, the immortal fusion partners utilized are
derived from a line that does not secrete immunoglobulin. The
resulting fused cells, or hybridomas, are cultured under conditions
that allow for the survival of fused, but not unfused, cells and
the resulting colonies screened for the production of the desired
monoclonal antibodies. Colonies producing such antibodies are
cloned, expanded, and grown so as to produce large quantities of
antibody, see Kohler and Milstein, 1975 Nature 256:495 (the
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
[0043] Large quantities of monoclonal antibodies from the secreting
hybridomas may then be produced by injecting the clones into the
peritoneal cavity of mice and harvesting the ascites fluid
therefrom. The mice, preferably primed with pristine, or some other
tumor-promoter, and immunosuppressed chemically or by irradiation,
may be any of various suitable strains known to those in the art.
The ascites fluid is harvested from the mice and the monoclonal
antibody purified therefrom, for example, by CM Sepharose column or
other chromatographic means. Alternatively, the hybridomas may be
cultured in vitro or as suspension cultures. Batch, continuous
culture, or other suitable culture processes may be utilized.
Monoclonal antibodies are then recovered from the culture medium or
supernatant.
[0044] Several monoclonal antibodies against PTP.xi. are currently
available from commercial sources. For instance, BD Transduction
Labs supplies a mouse anti-human MAB (WB, IH, IF), denominated
"R20720", which recognizes the two transmembrane isoforms
(PTP.xi.-.alpha. and PTP.xi.-.beta.). Chemicon supplied a mouse
anti-human MAB (WB, IH, IP), denominated "MAB5210", which
recognizes both of the transmembrane isoforms, and also recognizes
the soluble isoform (phosphacan, PTP.xi.-S). These antibodies are
suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention,
especially in Fab fragment form (which eliminates significant
portions of the antigenic mouse constant heavy and light chain
regions.) However, it is preferred that such antibodies by
humanized or chimerized according to one of the procedures outlined
below.
[0045] In addition, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments may
be produced by genetic engineering. In this technique, as with the
standard hybridoma procedure, antibody-producing cells are
sensitized to the desired antigen or immunogen. The messenger RNA
isolated from the immune spleen cells or hybridomas is used as a
template to make cDNA using PCR amplification. A library of
vectors, each containing one heavy chain gene and one light chain
gene retaining the initial antigen specificity, is produced by
insertion of appropriate sections of the amplified immunoglobulin
cDNA into the expression vectors. A combinatorial library is
constructed by combining the heavy chain gene library with the
light chain gene library. This results in a library of clones which
co-express a heavy and light chain (resembling the Fab fragment or
antigen binding fragment of an antibody molecule). The vectors that
carry these genes are co-transfected into a host (e.g. bacteria,
insect cells, mammalian cells, or other suitable protein production
host cell.). When antibody gene synthesis is induced in the
transfected host, the heavy and light chain proteins self-assemble
to produce active antibodies that can be detected by screening with
the antigen or immunogen.
[0046] Preferably, recombinant antibodies are produced in a
recombinant protein production system which correctly glycosylates
and processes the immunoglobulin chains, such as insect or
mammalian cells. An advantage to using insect cells which utilize
recombinant baculoviruses for the production of antibodies for use
in the present invention is that the baculovirus system allows
production of mutant antibodies much more rapidly than stably
transfected mammalian cell lines. In addition, insect cells have
been shown to correctly process and glycosylate eukaryotic
proteins, which prokaryotic cells do not. Finally, the baculovirus
expression of foreign protein has been shown to constitute as much
as 50-75% of the total cellular protein late in viral infection,
making this system an excellent means of producing milligram
quantities of the recombinant antibodies.
[0047] The use of the baculovirus Autographia californica nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) and recombinant viral stocks in
Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells to prepare large quantities of
protein has been described by Smith et al. (1985), Summers and
Smith (1987). A preferred method of preparing recombinant
antibodies is through the expression of DNA encoding recombinant
antibody (produced by screening,. as above, or by protein
engineering to include more human-like domains, as discussed below)
via the baculoviral expression system in Sf9 insect cells.
Production of recombinant proteins in Sf9 cells is well known in
the art, and one of ordinary skill would be able to select from a
number of acceptable protocols (e.g., that described in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,603,905).
[0048] It should be noted that antibodies which have a reduced
propensity to induce a violent or detrimental immune response in
humans (such as anaphylactic shock), and which also exhibit a
reduced propensity for priming an immune response which would
prevent repeated dosage with the antibody therapeutic or imaging
agent (e.g., the human-anti-murine-antibo- dy "HAMA" response), are
preferred for use in the invention. These antibodies are preferred
for all administrative routes, including intrathecal
administration. Even through the brain is relatively isolated in
the cranial cavity, behind the blood brain barrier, an immune
response still can occur in the form of increased leukocyte
infiltration, and inflammation. Although some increased immune
response against the tumor is desirable, the concurrent binding and
inactivation of the therapeutic or imaging agent generally
outweighs this benefit. Thus, humanized, chimeric, or xenogenic
human antibodies, which produce less of an immune response when
administered to humans, are preferred for use in the present
invention.
[0049] Chimeric antibodies may be made by recombinant means by
combining the murine variable light and heavy chain regions (VK and
VH), obtained from a murine (or other animal-derived) hybridoma
clone, with the human constant light and heavy chain regions, in
order to produce an antibody with predominantly human domains. The
production of such chimeric antibodies is well known in the art,
and may be achieved by standard means (as described, e.g., in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,624,659, incorporated fully herein by reference.)
Humanized antibodies are engineered to contain even more human-like
immunoglobulin domains, and incorporate only the
complementarity-determining regions of the animal-derived antibody.
This is accomplished by carefully examining the sequence of the
hyper-variable loops of the variable regions of the monoclonal
antibody, and fitting them to the structure of the human antibody
chains. Although facially complex, the process is straightforward
in practice. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,287, incorporated fully
herein by reference.
[0050] Alternatively, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be
produced from animals which have been genetically altered to
produce human immunoglobulins, such as the Abgenix XenoMouse or the
Medarex HuMAb.RTM. technology. The transgenic animal may be
produced by initially producing a "knock-out" animal which does not
produce the animal's natural antibodies, and stably transforming
the animal with a human antibody locus (e.g., by the use of a human
artificial chromosome.) Only human antibodies are then made by the
animal. Techniques for generating such animals, and deriving
antibodies therefrom, are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,963 and
6,150,584, incorporated fully herein by reference. Such fully human
xenogenic antibodies are a preferred antibody for use in the
methods and compositions of the present invention.
[0051] Alternatively, single chain antibodies (Fv, as described
below) can be produced from phage libraries containing human
variable regions. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,708, incorporated fully
herein by reference. Also see Kuan, C. T., Reist, C. J., Foulon, C.
F., Lorimer, I. A., Archer, G., Pegram, C. N., Pastan, I.,
Zalutsky, M. R., and Bigner, D. D. (1999). 125I-labeled
anti-epidermal growth factor receptor-vIII single-chain Fv exhibits
specific and high-level targeting of glioma xenografts. Clin Cancer
Res 5, 1539-49;Lorimer, I. A., Keppler-Haflkemeyer, A., Beers, R.
A., Pegram, C. N., Bigner, D. D., and Pastan, I. (1996).
Recombinant immunotoxins specific for a mutant epidermal growth
factor receptor: targeting with a single chain antibody variable
domain isolated by phage display. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93,
14815-20; Pastan, I. H., Archer, G. E., McLendon, R. E., Friedman,
H. S., Fuchs, H. E., Wang, Q. C., Pai, L. H., Herndon, J., and
Bigner, D. D. (1995). Intrathecal administration of single-chain
immunotoxin, LMB-7 [B3(Fv)-PE38], produces cures of carcinomatous
meningitis in a rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 2765-9, all
of which are incorporated by reference fully herein.
[0052] In addition to entire immunoglobulins (or their recombinant
counterparts), immunoglobulin fragments comprising the epitope
binding site (e.g., Fab', F(ab').sub.2, or other fragments) are
useful as antibody moieties in the present invention. Such antibody
fragments may be generated from whole immunoglobulins by ficin,
pepsin, papain, or other protease cleavage. "Fragment," or minimal
immunoglobulins may be designed utilizing recombinant
immunoglobulin techniques. For instance "Fv" immunoglobulins for
use in the present invention may be produced by linking a variable
light chain region to a variable heavy chain region via a peptide
linker (e.g., poly-glycine or another sequence which does not form
an alpha helix or beta sheet motif).
[0053] Fv fragments are heterodimers of the variable heavy chain
domain (V.sub.H) and the variable light chain domain (V.sub.L). The
heterodimers of heavy and light chain domains that occur in whole
IgG, for example, are connected by a disulfide bond. Recombinant
Fvs in which V.sub.H and V.sub.L are connected by a peptide linker
are typically stable, see, for example, Huston et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad, Sci. USA 85:5879-5883 (1988) and Bird et al., Science
242:423-426 (1988), both fully incorporated herein, by reference.
These are single chain Fvs which have been found to retain
specificity and affinity and have been shown to be useful for
imaging tumors and to make recombinant immunotoxins for tumor
therapy. However, researchers have bound that some of the single
chain Fvs have a reduced affinity for antigen and the peptide
linker can interfere with binding. Improved Fv's have been also
been made which comprise stabilizing disulfide bonds between the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L regions, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
6,147,203, incorporated fully herein by reference. Any of these
minimal antibodies may be utilized in the present invention, and
those which are humanized to avoid HAMA reactions are preferred for
use in embodiments of the invention.
[0054] In addition, derivatized immunoglobulins with added chemical
linkers, detectable moieties [fluorescent dyes, enzymes,
substrates, chemiluminescent moieties], or specific binding
moieties [such as streptavidin, avidin, or biotin] may be utilized
in the methods and compositions of the present invention. For
convenience, the term "antibody" or "antibody moiety" will be used
throughout to generally refer to molecules which specifically bind
to an epitope of PTP.xi., although the term will encompass all
immunoglobulins, derivatives, fragments, recombinant or engineered
immunoglobulins, and modified immunoglobulins, as described
above.
[0055] Candidate anti-PTP.xi. antibodies can be tested for
anti-PTP.xi. activity by any suitable standard means. As a first
screen, the antibodies may be tested for binding against the
PTP.xi. antigen utilized to produce them, or against the entire
PTP.xi. extracellular domain or protein. As a second screen,
anti-PTP.xi. candidates may be tested for binding to an appropriate
glioblastoma cell line (i.e., one which approximates primary tumor
PTP.xi. expression), or to primary tumor tissue samples. For these
screens, the anti-PTP.xi. candidate antibody may be labeled for
detection (e.g., with fluorescein or another fluorescent moiety, or
with an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase). After selective
binding to PTP.xi. is established, the candidate antibody, or an
antibody conjugate produced as described below, may be tested for
appropriate activity (i.e., the ability to decrease tumor cell
growth and/or to aid in visualizing tumor cells) in an in vivo
model, such as an appropriate glioblastoma cell line, or in a mouse
or rat human brain tumor model, as described above.
[0056] Therapeutic and Imaging Moieties, and Methods for
Conjugating them with anti-PTP.xi. Antibodies to Use in the
Compositions and Methods of the Invention
[0057] As described above, the anti-PTP.xi. antibodies for use in
the present invention may have utility on their own without
conjugation, if they alter the native activity of PTP.xi. in the
tumor cell. Such antibodies, which may be selected as described
above, may be utilized without further modification to include a
cytotoxic or imaging moiety. These types of compositions have the
advantage of reduced toxicity (in that only the toxicity f the
antibody moieties themselves must be taken into account when
dosing), and are simpler to manufacture: thus, non-conjugated
activity altering anti-PTP.xi. antibody therapeutics are a
preferred embodiment of the invention. However, the conjugation of
cytotoxic or imaging agents is yet another preferred embodiment
when utilizing these antibodies, as the added moieties also add
functionality to the therapeutic.
[0058] Thus, in many preferred embodiments of the invention, the
anti-PTP.xi. antibodies may be coupled or conjugated to one or more
therapeutic cytotoxic or imaging moieties. As used herein,
"cytotoxic moiety" (C) simply means a moiety which inhibits cell
growth or promotes cell death when proximate to or absorbed by the
cell. Suitable cytotoxic moieties in this regard include
radioactive isotopes (radionuclides), chemotoxic agents such as
differentiation inducers and small chemotoxic drugs, toxin
proteins, and derivatives thereof. As utilized herein, "imaging
moiety" (I) means a moiety which can be utilized to increase
contrast between a tumor and the surrounding healthy tissue in a
visualization technique (e.g., radiography, positron-emission
tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, direct or indirect visual
inspection.) Thus, suitable imaging moieties include radiography
moieties (e.g. heavy metals and radiation emitting moieties),
positron emitting moieties, magnetic resonance contrast moieties,
and optically visible moieties (e.g., fluorescent or
visible-spectrum dyes, visible particles, etc.). It will be
appreciated by one of ordinary skill that some overlap exists
between what is a therapeutic moiety and what is an imaging moiety.
For instance .sup.212Pb and .sup.212Bi are both useful
radioisotopes for therapeutic compositions, but are also
electron-dense, and thus provide contrast for X-ray radiographic
imaging techniques, and can also be utilized in scintillation
imaging techniques.
[0059] In general, therapeutic or imaging agents may be conjugated
to the anti-PTP.xi. moiety by any suitable technique, with
appropriate consideration of the need for pharmokinetic stability
and reduced overall toxicity to the patient. A therapeutic agent
may be coupled to a suitable antibody moiety either directly or
indirectly (e.g. via a linker group). A direct reaction between an
agent and an antibody is possible when each possesses a functional
group capable of reacting with the other. For example, a
nucleophilic group, such as an amino or sulfhydryl group, may be
capable of reacting with a carbonyl-containing group, such as an
anhydride or an acid halide, or with an alkyl group containing a
good leaving group (e.g., a halide). Alternatively, a suitable
chemical linker group may be used. A linker group can function as a
spacer to distance an antibody from an agent in order to avoid
interference with binding capabilities. A linker group can also
serve to increase the chemical reactivity of a substituent on a
moiety or an antibody, and thus increase the coupling efficiency.
An increase in chemical reactivity may also facilitate the use of
moieties, or functional groups on moieties, which otherwise would
not be possible.
[0060] Suitable linkage chemistries include maleimidyl linkers and
alkyl halide linkers (which react with a sulfhydryl on the antibody
moiety) and succinimidyl linkers (which react with a primary amine
on the antibody moiety). Several primary amine and sulflhydryl
groups are present on immunoglobulins, and additional groups may be
designed into recombinant immunoglobulin molecules. It will be
evident to those skilled in the art that a variety of bifunctional
or polyfunctional reagents, both homo- and hetero-functional (such
as those described in the catalog of the Pierce Chemical Co.,
Rockford, Ill.), may be employed as a linker group. Coupling may be
effected, for example, through amino groups, carboxyl groups,
sulfhydryl groups or oxidized carbohydrate residues. There are
numerous references describing such methodology, e.g., U.S. Pat.
No. 4,671,958. As an alternative coupling method, cytotoxic or
imaging moieties may be coupled to the anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety
through a an oxidized carbohydrate group at a glycosylation site,
as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,057,313 and 5,156,840. Yet another
alternative method of coupling the antibody moiety to the cytotoxic
or imaging moiety is by the use of a non-covalent binding pair,
such as streptavidin/biotin, or avidin/biotin. In these
embodiments, one member of the pair is covalently coupled to the
antibody moiety and the other member of the binding pair is
covalently coupled to the cytotoxic or imaging moiety.
[0061] Where a cytotoxic moiety is more potent when free from the
antibody portion of the immunoconjugates of the present invention,
it may be desirable to use a linker group which is cleavable during
or upon internalization into a cell, or which is gradually
cleavable over time in the extracellular environment. A number of
different cleavable linker groups have been described. The
mechanisms for the intracellular release of a cytotoxic moiety
agent from these linker groups include cleavage by reduction of a
disulfide bond (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,710), by irradiation of a
photolabile bond (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,014), by hydrolysis of
derivatized amino acid side chains (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,045),
by serum complement-mediated hydrolysis (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
4,671,958), and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
4,569,789).
[0062] It may be desirable to couple more than one cytotoxic and/or
imaging moiety to an antibody. By poly-derivatizing the
anti-PTP.xi. antibody, several cytotoxic strategies may be
simultaneously implemented, an antibody may be made useful as a
contrasting agent for several visualization techniques, or a
therapeutic antibody may be labeled for tracking by a visualization
technique. In one embodiment, multiple molecules of an imaging or
cytotoxic moiety are coupled to one antibody molecule. In another
embodiment, more than one type of moiety may be coupled to one
antibody. Regardless of the particular embodiment, immunoconjugates
with more than one moiety may be prepared in a variety of ways. For
example, more than one moiety may be coupled directly to an
antibody molecule, or linkers which provide multiple sites for
attachment (e.g., dendrimers) can be used. Alternatively, a carrier
with the capacity to hold more than one cytotoxic or imaging moiety
can be used.
[0063] A carrier may bear the agents in a variety of ways,
including covalent bonding either directly or via a linker group,
and non-covalent associations. Suitable covalent-bond carriers
include proteins such as albumins (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,234),
peptides, and polysaccharides such as aminodextran (e.g., U.S. Pat.
No. 4,699,784), each of which have multiple sites for the
attachment of moieties. A carrier may also bear an agent by
non-covalent associations, such as non-covalent bonding or by
encapsulation, such as within a liposome vesicle (e.g., U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,429,008 and 4,873,088). Encapsulation carriers are
especially useful for imaging moiety conjugation to anti-PTP.xi.
antibody moieties for use in the invention, as a sufficient amount
of the imaging moiety (dye, magnetic resonance contrast reagent,
etc.) for detection may be more easily associated with the antibody
moiety. In addition, encapsulation carriers are also useful in
chemotoxic therapeutic embodiments, as they can allow the
therapeutic compositions to gradually release a chemotoxic moiety
over time while concentrating it in the vicinity of the tumor
cells.
[0064] Carriers and linkers specific for radionuclide agents (both
for use as cytotoxic moieties or positron-emission imaging
moieties) include radiohalogenated small molecules and chelating
compounds. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,792 discloses
representative radiohalogenated small molecules and their
synthesis. A radionuclide chelate may be formed from chelating
compounds that include those containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms
as the donor atoms for binding the metal, or metal oxide,
radionuclide. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,562, to Davison et
al. discloses representative chelating compounds and their
synthesis. Such chelation carriers are also useful for magnetic
spin contrast ions for use in magnetic resonance imaging tumor
visualization methods, and for the chelation of heavy metal ions
for use in radiographic visualization methods.
[0065] Preferred radionuclides for use as cytotoxic moieties are
radionulcides which are suitable for pharmacological
administration. Such radionuclides include .sup.123I, .sup.125I,
.sup.131I, .sup.90Y, .sup.211At, .sup.67Cu, .sup.186Re, .sup.188Re,
.sup.212Pb, and .sup.212Bi. Iodine and astatine isotopes are more
preferred radionuclides for use in the therapeutic compositions of
the present invention, as a large body of literature has been
accumulated regarding their use. .sup.131I is particularly
preferred, as are other .beta.-radiation emitting nuclides, which
have an effective range of several millimeters. .sup.123I,
.sup.125I, .sup.131I, or .sup.211At may be conjugated to antibody
moieties for use in the compositions and methods utilizing any of
several known conjugation reagents, including Iodogen,
N-succinimidyl 3-[.sup.211At]astatobenzoate, N-succinimidyl
3-[.sup.131I]iodobenzoate (SIB), and, N-succinimidyl
5-[.sup.131I]iodob-3-pyridinecarboxylate (SIPC). Any iodine isotope
may be utilized in the recited iodo-reagents. For example, a
suitable antibody for use in the present invention may be easily
made by coupling an Fab fragment of the BD Transduction Labs R20720
anti-PTP.xi. MAb with .sup.131I Iodogen according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Other radionuclides may be conjugated
to anti-PTP.xi. antibody moieties by suitable chelation agents
known to those of skill in the nuclear medicine arts.
[0066] Preferred chemotoxic agents include small-molecule drugs
such as methotrexate, and pyrimidine and purine analogs. Preferred
chemotoxin differentiation inducers include phorbol esters and
butyric acid. Chemotoxic moieties may be directly conjugated to the
anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety via a chemical linker, or may
encapsulated in a carrier, which is in turn coupled to the
anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety.
[0067] Preferred toxin proteins for use as cytotoxic moieties
include ricin, abrin, diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, gelonin,
Pseudomonas exotoxin, Shigella toxin, pokeweed antiviral protein,
and other toxin proteins known in the medicinal biochemistry arts.
As these toxin agents may elicit undesirable immune responses in
the patient, especially if injected intravascularly, it is
preferred that they be encapsulated in a carrier for coupling to
the anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety.
[0068] Preferred radiographic moieties for use as imaging moieties
in the present invention include compounds and chelates with
relatively large atoms, such as gold, iridium, technetium, barium,
thallium, iodine, and their isotopes. It is preferred that less
toxic radiographic imaging moieties, such as iodine or iodine
isotopes, be utilized in the compositions and methods of the
invention. Examples of such compositions which may be utilized for
x-ray radiography are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,846,
incorporated fully herein by reference. Such moieties may be
conjugated to the anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety through an
acceptable chemical linker or chelation carrier. Positron emitting
moieties for use in the present invention include .sup.18F, which
can be easily conjugated by a fluorination reaction with the
anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety according to the method described in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,284.
[0069] Preferred magnetic resonance contrast moieties include
chelates of chromium(III), manganese(II), iron(II), nickel(II),
copper(II), praseodymium(III), neodymium(III), samarium(III) and
ytterbium(III) ion. Because of their very strong magnetic moment,
the gadolinium(III), terbium(III), dysprosium(III), holmium(III),
erbium(III), and iron(III) ions are especially preferred. Examples
of such chelates, suitable for magnetic resonance spin imaging, are
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,522, incorporated fully herein by
reference. Nuclear spin contrast chelates may be conjugated to the
anti-PTP.xi. antibody moieties through a suitable chemical
linker.
[0070] Optically visible moieties for use as imaging moieties
include fluorescent dyes, or visible-spectrum dyes, visible
particles, and other visible labeling moieties. Fluorescent dyes
such as fluorescein, coumarin, rhodamine, bodipy Texas red, and
cyanine dyes, are useful when sufficient excitation energy can be
provided to the site to be inspected visually. Endoscopic
visualization procedures may be more compatible with the use of
such labels. For many procedures where imaging agents are useful,
such as during an operation to resect a brain tumor, visible
spectrum dyes are preferred. Acceptable dyes include FDA-approved
food dyes and colors, which are non-toxic, although pharmacuetially
acceptable dyes which have been approved for internal
administration are preferred. In preferred embodiments, such dyes
are encapsulated in carrier moieties, which are in turn conjugated
to the anti-PTP.xi. antibody. Alternatively, visible particles,
such as colloidal gold particles or latex particles, may be coupled
to the anti-PTP.xi. antibody moiety via a suitable chemical
linker.
[0071] Delivery of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents to the
Patient:
[0072] The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and Administration
Strategies:
[0073] At one time, the BBB was not considered to present a problem
in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, because early scans
of human brain tumors suggested that the BTB (blood tumor barrier)
was "leaky." This leakiness is relative, however: as the size of
the molecule increases, the rate of movement across the barrier
decreases. The BBB has been demonstrated to be heterogeneous in
experimental human tumor xenograft animal models and in human
patients. This lack of uniformity is because of the reduced
integrity of tight junctions in the capillary endothelial cells of
the tumor neovasculature, intratumoral variation in permeability,
and altered intratumoral blood flow (Fuchs et al, 1990, Cancer
research 50, 1954-59, Groothuis et al., 1984, Prog.Exp.Tumor Res.)
Thus, although the BBB may not pose a delivery problem for some
tumors in some patients, this cannot be said for all brain tumors
across the board. In addition, a preferred mode of administration
of the therapeutics of the invention is after removal of the main
tumor mass (resection of the tumor), which destroys much of the
"leaky" neovasculature. Moreover, as brain carcinomas are usually
pervasive throughout the organ, therapies which are directed
towards eradicating all tumor-producing cells cannot rely
exclusively on the localized tumor neovasculature.
[0074] A first strategy for drug delivery through the BBB entails
disruption of the BBB, either by osmotic means such as mannitol or
leukotrienes, or biochemically by the use of vasoactive substances
such as bradykinin. The potential for using BBB opening to target
specific agents to brain tumors is also an option. In preferred
embodiments, a BBB disrupting agent is co-administered with the
therapeutic or imaging compositions of the invention when the
compositions are administered by intravascular injection. Other
strategies to go through the BBB may entail the use of endogenous
transport systems, including carrier-mediated transporters such as
glucose and amino acid carriers, receptor-mediated transcytosis for
insulin or transferrin, and active efflux transporters such as
p-glycoprotein. Active transport moieties may also be conjugated to
the therapeutic or imaging compounds for use in the invention to
facilitate transport across the epithelial wall of the blood
vessel. However, the best current strategy for drug delivery behind
the BBB is by intrathecal delivery of therapeutics or imaging
agents directly to the cranium, as through an Ommaya reservoir.
[0075] Delivery/Administration of Therapeutic Antibodies:
[0076] For administration, the antibody-therapeutic or
antibody-imaging agent will generally be mixed, prior to
administration, with a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier substance. Usually, this will be an aqueous solution, such
as normal saline or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Ringer's
solution, lactate-Ringer's solution, or any isotonic
physiologically acceptable solution for administration by the
chosen means. Preferably, the solution is sterile and pyrogen-free,
and is manufactured and packaged under current Good Manufacturing
Processes (GMP's), as approved by the FDA. The clinician of
ordinary skill is familiar with appropriate ranges for pH,
tonicity, and additives or preservatives when formulating
pharmaceutical compositions for administration by intravascular
injection, intrathecal injection, injection into the cerebro-spinal
fluid, direct injection into the tumor, or by other routes. In
addition to additives for adjusting pH or tonicity, the
antibody-therapeutics and antibody-imaging agents may be stabilized
against aggregation and polymerization with amino acids and
non-ionic detergents, polysorbate, and polyethylene glycol.
Optionally, additional stabilizers may include various
physiologically-acceptable carbohydrates and salts. Also,
polyvinylpyrrolidone may be added in addition to the amino acid.
Suitable therapeutic immunoglobulin solutions which are stabilized
for storage and administration to humans are described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,945,098, incorporated fully herein by reference. Other
agents, such as human serum albumin (HSA), may be added to the
therapeutic or imaging composition to stabilize the antibody
conjugates.
[0077] The compositions of the invention may be administered using
any medically appropriate procedure, e.g., intravascular
(intravenous, intraarterial, intracapillary) administration,
injection into the cerebrospinal fluid, intracavity or direct
injection in the tumor. Intrathecal administration maybe carried
out through the use of an Ommaya reservoir, in accordance with
known techniques. (F.Balis et al., Am J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.
11, 74, 76 (1989). For the imaging compositions of the invention,
administration via intravascular injection is preferred for
pre-operative visualization of the tumor. Post-operative
visualization or visualization concurrent with an operation may be
through intrathecal or intracavity administration, as through an
Ommaya reservoir, or also by intravascular administration.
[0078] Intravascular injection may be by intravenous or
intraarterial injection: carotid artery injection is thought to
assist in administration to the brain, and is thus preferred.
Antibody-agents injected into the blood stream have been shown to
cross the blood-brain barrier and to infiltrate the cranial cavity
to some extent, usually in the range of 10.sup.-4 to 10.sup.-3%
injected dose per gram. This rate of uptake may be sufficient for
imaging reagents, and also may be useful for tumor-cell specific
cytotoxic agents (e.g, those specifically directed to the
inhibition of the function of tumor-cell overexpressed proteins).
However, in order to achieve therapeutic concentrations of the
antibody-therapeutic agents without unacceptable toxicity to the
patient, it is preferred that the therapeutics compositions be
administered by intrathecal injection, direct injection, or
injection into the cerebro-spinal fluid.
[0079] Thus, a preferred method for administration of the
therapeutic compositions of the invention is by depositing it into
the inner cavity of a cystic tumor by any suitable technique, such
as by direct injection (aided by stereotaxic positioning of an
injection syringe, if necessary) or by placing the tip of an Ommaya
reservoir into a cavity, or cyst, for administration. Where the
tumor is a solid tumor, the antibody may be administered by first
creating a resection cavity in the location of the tumor. This
procedure differs from an ordinary craniotomy and tumor resection
only in a few minor respects. As tumor resection is a common
treatment procedure, and is often indicated to relieve pressure,
administration of the therapeutic compositions of the invention
following tumor resection is a preferred embodiment of the
treatment methods of the invention. Following gross total resection
in a standard neurosurgical fashion, the cavity is preferable
rinsed with saline until all bleeding is stopped by cauterization.
Next the pia-arachnoid membrane, surrounding the tumor cavity at
the surface, is cauterized to enhance the formation of fibroblastic
reaction and scarring in the pia-arachnoid area. The result is the
formation of an enclosed, fluid-filled cavity within the brain
tissue at the location from where the tumor was removed. After the
cyst has been formed, either the tip of an Ommaya reservoir or a
micro catheter, which is connected to a pump device and allows the
continues infusion of an antibody solution into the cavity, can be
placed into the cavity. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,852,
incorporated fully herein by reference.
[0080] Alternatively, a convention-enhanced delivery catheter may
be implanted directly into the tumor mass, into a natural or
surgically created cyst, or into the normal brain mass. Such
convention-enhanced pharmaceutical composition delivery devices
greatly improve the diffusion of the composition throughout the
brain mass. The implanted catheters of these delivery devices
utilize high-flow microinfusion (with flow rates in the range of
about 0.5 to 15.0 .mu.l/minute), rather than diffusive flow, to
deliver the therapeutic or imaging composition to the brain and/or
tumor mass. Such devices are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,720,
incorporated fully herein by reference.
[0081] The effective amount of the therapeutic antibody-conjugate
composition or of the imaging antibody-conjugate compositions to be
given to a particular patient will depend on a variety of factors,
several of which will be different from patient to patient. A
competent clinician will be able to determine an effective amount
of a therapeutic antibody-conjugate composition to administer to a
patient to retard the growth and promote the death of tumor cells,
or an effective amount of an imaging composition to administer to a
patient to facilitate the visualization of a tumor. Dosage of the
antibody-conjugate will depend on the treatment of the tumor, route
of administration, the nature of the therapeutics, sensitivity of
the tumor to the therapeutics, etc. Utilizing LD.sub.50 animal
data, and other information available for the conjugated cytotoxic
or imaging moiety, a clinician can determine the maximum safe dose
for an individual, depending on the route of administration. For
instance, an intravenously administered dose may be more than an
intrathecally administered dose, given the greater body of fluid
into which the therapeutic composition is being administered.
Similarly, compositions which are rapidly cleared from the body may
be administered at higher doses, or in repeated doses, in order to
maintain a therapeutic concentration. As imaging moieties are
typically less toxic than cytotoxic moieties, they may be
administered in higher doses in some embodiments. Utilizing
ordinary skill, the competent clinician will be able to optimize
the dosage of a particular therapeutic or imaging composition in
the course of routine clinical trials.
[0082] Typically the dosage will be 0.001 to 100 milligrams of
conjugate per Kilogram subject body weight. Doses in the range of
0.01 to 1 mg per kilogram of patient body weight may be utilized
for a radionuclide therapeutic composition which is administered
intrathecally. Relatively large doses, in the range of 0.1 to 10 mg
per kilogram of patient body weight, may used for imaging
conjugates with a relatively non-toxic imaging moiety. The amount
utilized will depend on the sensitivity of the imaging method, and
the relative toxicity of the imaging moiety. In a therapeutic
example, where the therapeutic composition comprises a .sup.131I
cytotoxic moiety, the dosage to the patient will typically start at
a lower range of 10 mCi, and go up to 100, 300 or even 500 mCi.
Stated otherwise, where the therapeutic agent is .sup.131I, the
dosage to the patient will typically be from 5,000 Rads to 100,000
Rads (preferably at least 13,000 Rads, or even at least 50,000
Rads). Doses for other radionuclides are typically selected so that
the tumoricidal dose will be equivalent to the foregoing range for
.sup.131I. Similarly, chemotoxic or toxin protein doses may be
scaled accordingly.
[0083] The antibody conjugate can be administered to the subject in
a series of more than one administration. For therapeutic
compositions, regular periodic administration (e.g., every 2-3
days) will sometimes be required, or may be desirable to reduce
toxicity. For therapeutic compositions which will be utilized in
repeated-dose regimens, antibody moieties which do not provoke HAMA
or other immune responses are preferred. The imaging antibody
conjugate compositions may be administered at an appropriate time
before the visualization technique. For example, administration
within an hour before direct visual inspection may be appropriate,
or administration within twelve hours before an MRI scan may be
appropriate. Care should be taken, however, to not allow too much
time to pass between administration and visualization, as the
imaging compound may eventually be cleared from the patient's
system.
[0084] The foregoing is intended to be illustrative of the
embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit
the invention in any way. Although the invention has been described
with respect to specific modifications, the details thereof are not
to be construed as limitations, for it will be apparent that
various equivalents, changes and modifications may be resorted to
without departing from the spirit and scope thereof and it is
understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included
herein. All publications and patent applications are herein
incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual
publication or patent application was specifically and individually
indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Sequence CWU 1
1
2 1 7941 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (148)..(7092) 1 cacacatacg cacgcacgat
ctcacttcga tctatacact ggaggattaa aacaaacaaa 60 caaaaaaaac
atttccttcg ctccccctcc ctctccactc tgagaagcag aggagccgca 120
cggcgagggg ccgcagaccg tctggaa atg cga atc cta aag cgt ttc ctc gct
174 Met Arg Ile Leu Lys Arg Phe Leu Ala 1 5 tgc att cag ctc ctc tgt
gtt tgc cgc ctg gat tgg gct aat gga tac 222 Cys Ile Gln Leu Leu Cys
Val Cys Arg Leu Asp Trp Ala Asn Gly Tyr 10 15 20 25 tac aga caa cag
aga aaa ctt gtt gaa gag att ggc tgg tcc tat aca 270 Tyr Arg Gln Gln
Arg Lys Leu Val Glu Glu Ile Gly Trp Ser Tyr Thr 30 35 40 gga gca
ctg aat caa aaa aat tgg gga aag aaa tat cca aca tgt aat 318 Gly Ala
Leu Asn Gln Lys Asn Trp Gly Lys Lys Tyr Pro Thr Cys Asn 45 50 55
agc cca aaa caa tct cct atc aat att gat gaa gat ctt aca caa gta 366
Ser Pro Lys Gln Ser Pro Ile Asn Ile Asp Glu Asp Leu Thr Gln Val 60
65 70 aat gtg aat ctt aag aaa ctt aaa ttt cag ggt tgg gat aaa aca
tca 414 Asn Val Asn Leu Lys Lys Leu Lys Phe Gln Gly Trp Asp Lys Thr
Ser 75 80 85 ttg gaa aac aca ttc att cat aac act ggg aaa aca gtg
gaa att aat 462 Leu Glu Asn Thr Phe Ile His Asn Thr Gly Lys Thr Val
Glu Ile Asn 90 95 100 105 ctc act aat gac tac cgt gtc agc gga gga
gtt tca gaa atg gtg ttt 510 Leu Thr Asn Asp Tyr Arg Val Ser Gly Gly
Val Ser Glu Met Val Phe 110 115 120 aaa gca agc aag ata act ttt cac
tgg gga aaa tgc aat atg tca tct 558 Lys Ala Ser Lys Ile Thr Phe His
Trp Gly Lys Cys Asn Met Ser Ser 125 130 135 gat gga tca gag cat agt
tta gaa gga caa aaa ttt cca ctt gag atg 606 Asp Gly Ser Glu His Ser
Leu Glu Gly Gln Lys Phe Pro Leu Glu Met 140 145 150 caa atc tac tgc
ttt gat gcg gac cga ttt tca agt ttt gag gaa gca 654 Gln Ile Tyr Cys
Phe Asp Ala Asp Arg Phe Ser Ser Phe Glu Glu Ala 155 160 165 gtc aaa
gga aaa ggg aag tta aga gct tta tcc att ttg ttt gag gtt 702 Val Lys
Gly Lys Gly Lys Leu Arg Ala Leu Ser Ile Leu Phe Glu Val 170 175 180
185 ggg aca gaa gaa aat ttg gat ttc aaa gcg att att gat gga gtc gaa
750 Gly Thr Glu Glu Asn Leu Asp Phe Lys Ala Ile Ile Asp Gly Val Glu
190 195 200 agt gtt agt cgt ttt ggg aag cag gct gct tta gat cca ttc
ata ctg 798 Ser Val Ser Arg Phe Gly Lys Gln Ala Ala Leu Asp Pro Phe
Ile Leu 205 210 215 ttg aac ctt ctg cca aac tca act gac aag tat tac
att tac aat ggc 846 Leu Asn Leu Leu Pro Asn Ser Thr Asp Lys Tyr Tyr
Ile Tyr Asn Gly 220 225 230 tca ttg aca tct cct ccc tgc aca gac aca
gtt gac tgg att gtt ttt 894 Ser Leu Thr Ser Pro Pro Cys Thr Asp Thr
Val Asp Trp Ile Val Phe 235 240 245 aaa gat aca gtt agc atc tct gaa
agc cag ttg gct gtt ttt tgt gaa 942 Lys Asp Thr Val Ser Ile Ser Glu
Ser Gln Leu Ala Val Phe Cys Glu 250 255 260 265 gtt ctt aca atg caa
caa tct ggt tat gtc atg ctg atg gac tac tta 990 Val Leu Thr Met Gln
Gln Ser Gly Tyr Val Met Leu Met Asp Tyr Leu 270 275 280 caa aac aat
ttt cga gag caa cag tac aag ttc tct aga cag gtg ttt 1038 Gln Asn
Asn Phe Arg Glu Gln Gln Tyr Lys Phe Ser Arg Gln Val Phe 285 290 295
tcc tca tac act gga aag gaa gag att cat gaa gca gtt tgt agt tca
1086 Ser Ser Tyr Thr Gly Lys Glu Glu Ile His Glu Ala Val Cys Ser
Ser 300 305 310 gaa cca gaa aat gtt cag gct gac cca gag aat tat acc
agc ctt ctt 1134 Glu Pro Glu Asn Val Gln Ala Asp Pro Glu Asn Tyr
Thr Ser Leu Leu 315 320 325 gtt aca tgg gaa aga cct cga gtc gtt tat
gat acc atg att gag aag 1182 Val Thr Trp Glu Arg Pro Arg Val Val
Tyr Asp Thr Met Ile Glu Lys 330 335 340 345 ttt gca gtt ttg tac cag
cag ttg gat gga gag gac caa acc aag cat 1230 Phe Ala Val Leu Tyr
Gln Gln Leu Asp Gly Glu Asp Gln Thr Lys His 350 355 360 gaa ttt ttg
aca gat ggc tat caa gac ttg ggt gct att ctc aat aat 1278 Glu Phe
Leu Thr Asp Gly Tyr Gln Asp Leu Gly Ala Ile Leu Asn Asn 365 370 375
ttg cta ccc aat atg agt tat gtt ctt cag ata gta gcc ata tgc act
1326 Leu Leu Pro Asn Met Ser Tyr Val Leu Gln Ile Val Ala Ile Cys
Thr 380 385 390 aat ggc tta tat gga aaa tac agc gac caa ctg att gtc
gac atg cct 1374 Asn Gly Leu Tyr Gly Lys Tyr Ser Asp Gln Leu Ile
Val Asp Met Pro 395 400 405 act gat aat cct gaa ctt gat ctt ttc cct
gaa tta att gga act gaa 1422 Thr Asp Asn Pro Glu Leu Asp Leu Phe
Pro Glu Leu Ile Gly Thr Glu 410 415 420 425 gaa ata atc aag gag gag
gaa gag gga aaa gac att gaa gaa ggc gct 1470 Glu Ile Ile Lys Glu
Glu Glu Glu Gly Lys Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Ala 430 435 440 att gtg aat
cct ggt aga gac agt gct aca aac caa atc agg aaa aag 1518 Ile Val
Asn Pro Gly Arg Asp Ser Ala Thr Asn Gln Ile Arg Lys Lys 445 450 455
gaa ccc cag att tct acc aca aca cac tac aat cgc ata ggg acg aaa
1566 Glu Pro Gln Ile Ser Thr Thr Thr His Tyr Asn Arg Ile Gly Thr
Lys 460 465 470 tac aat gaa gcc aag act aac cga tcc cca aca aga gga
agt gaa ttc 1614 Tyr Asn Glu Ala Lys Thr Asn Arg Ser Pro Thr Arg
Gly Ser Glu Phe 475 480 485 tct gga aag ggt gat gtt ccc aat aca tct
tta aat tcc act tcc caa 1662 Ser Gly Lys Gly Asp Val Pro Asn Thr
Ser Leu Asn Ser Thr Ser Gln 490 495 500 505 cca gtc act aaa tta gcc
aca gaa aaa gat att tcc ttg act tct cag 1710 Pro Val Thr Lys Leu
Ala Thr Glu Lys Asp Ile Ser Leu Thr Ser Gln 510 515 520 act gtg act
gaa ctg cca cct cac act gtg gaa ggt act tca gcc tct 1758 Thr Val
Thr Glu Leu Pro Pro His Thr Val Glu Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser 525 530 535
tta aat gat ggc tct aaa act gtt ctt aga tct cca cat atg aac ttg
1806 Leu Asn Asp Gly Ser Lys Thr Val Leu Arg Ser Pro His Met Asn
Leu 540 545 550 tcg ggg act gca gaa tcc tta aat aca gtt tct ata aca
gaa tat gag 1854 Ser Gly Thr Ala Glu Ser Leu Asn Thr Val Ser Ile
Thr Glu Tyr Glu 555 560 565 gag gag agt tta ttg acc agt ttc aag ctt
gat act gga gct gaa gat 1902 Glu Glu Ser Leu Leu Thr Ser Phe Lys
Leu Asp Thr Gly Ala Glu Asp 570 575 580 585 tct tca ggc tcc agt ccc
gca act tct gct atc cca ttc atc tct gag 1950 Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser
Pro Ala Thr Ser Ala Ile Pro Phe Ile Ser Glu 590 595 600 aac ata tcc
caa ggg tat ata ttt tcc tcc gaa aac cca gag aca ata 1998 Asn Ile
Ser Gln Gly Tyr Ile Phe Ser Ser Glu Asn Pro Glu Thr Ile 605 610 615
aca tat gat gtc ctt ata cca gaa tct gct aga aat gct tcc gaa gat
2046 Thr Tyr Asp Val Leu Ile Pro Glu Ser Ala Arg Asn Ala Ser Glu
Asp 620 625 630 tca act tca tca ggt tca gaa gaa tca cta aag gat cct
tct atg gag 2094 Ser Thr Ser Ser Gly Ser Glu Glu Ser Leu Lys Asp
Pro Ser Met Glu 635 640 645 gga aat gtg tgg ttt cct agc tct aca gac
ata aca gca cag ccc gat 2142 Gly Asn Val Trp Phe Pro Ser Ser Thr
Asp Ile Thr Ala Gln Pro Asp 650 655 660 665 gtt gga tca ggc aga gag
agc ttt ctc cag act aat tac act gag ata 2190 Val Gly Ser Gly Arg
Glu Ser Phe Leu Gln Thr Asn Tyr Thr Glu Ile 670 675 680 cgt gtt gat
gaa tct gag aag aca acc aag tcc ttt tct gca ggc cca 2238 Arg Val
Asp Glu Ser Glu Lys Thr Thr Lys Ser Phe Ser Ala Gly Pro 685 690 695
gtg atg tca cag ggt ccc tca gtt aca gat ctg gaa atg cca cat tat
2286 Val Met Ser Gln Gly Pro Ser Val Thr Asp Leu Glu Met Pro His
Tyr 700 705 710 tct acc ttt gcc tac ttc cca act gag gta aca cct cat
gct ttt acc 2334 Ser Thr Phe Ala Tyr Phe Pro Thr Glu Val Thr Pro
His Ala Phe Thr 715 720 725 cca tcc tcc aga caa cag gat ttg gtc tcc
acg gtc aac gtg gta tac 2382 Pro Ser Ser Arg Gln Gln Asp Leu Val
Ser Thr Val Asn Val Val Tyr 730 735 740 745 tcg cag aca acc caa ccg
gta tac aat ggt gag aca cct ctt caa cct 2430 Ser Gln Thr Thr Gln
Pro Val Tyr Asn Gly Glu Thr Pro Leu Gln Pro 750 755 760 tcc tac agt
agt gaa gtc ttt cct cta gtc acc cct ttg ttg ctt gac 2478 Ser Tyr
Ser Ser Glu Val Phe Pro Leu Val Thr Pro Leu Leu Leu Asp 765 770 775
aat cag atc ctc aac act acc cct gct gct tca agt agt gat tcg gcc
2526 Asn Gln Ile Leu Asn Thr Thr Pro Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser Asp Ser
Ala 780 785 790 ttg cat gct acg cct gta ttt ccc agt gtc gat gtg tca
ttt gaa tcc 2574 Leu His Ala Thr Pro Val Phe Pro Ser Val Asp Val
Ser Phe Glu Ser 795 800 805 atc ctg tct tcc tat gat ggt gca cct ttg
ctt cca ttt tcc tct gct 2622 Ile Leu Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly Ala Pro
Leu Leu Pro Phe Ser Ser Ala 810 815 820 825 tcc ttc agt agt gaa ttg
ttt cgc cat ctg cat aca gtt tct caa atc 2670 Ser Phe Ser Ser Glu
Leu Phe Arg His Leu His Thr Val Ser Gln Ile 830 835 840 ctt cca caa
gtt act tca gct acc gag agt gat aag gtg ccc ttg cat 2718 Leu Pro
Gln Val Thr Ser Ala Thr Glu Ser Asp Lys Val Pro Leu His 845 850 855
gct tct ctg cca gtg gct ggg ggt gat ttg cta tta gag ccc agc ctt
2766 Ala Ser Leu Pro Val Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Leu Leu Glu Pro Ser
Leu 860 865 870 gct cag tat tct gat gtg ctg tcc act act cat gct gct
tca gag acg 2814 Ala Gln Tyr Ser Asp Val Leu Ser Thr Thr His Ala
Ala Ser Glu Thr 875 880 885 ctg gaa ttt ggt agt gaa tct ggt gtt ctt
tat aaa acg ctt atg ttt 2862 Leu Glu Phe Gly Ser Glu Ser Gly Val
Leu Tyr Lys Thr Leu Met Phe 890 895 900 905 tct caa gtt gaa cca ccc
agc agt gat gcc atg atg cat gca cgt tct 2910 Ser Gln Val Glu Pro
Pro Ser Ser Asp Ala Met Met His Ala Arg Ser 910 915 920 tca ggg cct
gaa cct tct tat gcc ttg tct gat aat gag ggc tcc caa 2958 Ser Gly
Pro Glu Pro Ser Tyr Ala Leu Ser Asp Asn Glu Gly Ser Gln 925 930 935
cac atc ttc act gtt tct tac agt tct gca ata cct gtg cat gat tct
3006 His Ile Phe Thr Val Ser Tyr Ser Ser Ala Ile Pro Val His Asp
Ser 940 945 950 gtg ggt gta act tat cag ggt tcc tta ttt agc ggc cct
agc cat ata 3054 Val Gly Val Thr Tyr Gln Gly Ser Leu Phe Ser Gly
Pro Ser His Ile 955 960 965 cca ata cct aag tct tcg tta ata acc cca
act gca tca tta ctg cag 3102 Pro Ile Pro Lys Ser Ser Leu Ile Thr
Pro Thr Ala Ser Leu Leu Gln 970 975 980 985 cct act cat gcc ctc tct
ggt gat ggg gaa tgg tct gga gcc tct tct 3150 Pro Thr His Ala Leu
Ser Gly Asp Gly Glu Trp Ser Gly Ala Ser Ser 990 995 1000 gat agt
gaa ttt ctt tta cct gac aca gat ggg ctg aca gcc ctt 3195 Asp Ser
Glu Phe Leu Leu Pro Asp Thr Asp Gly Leu Thr Ala Leu 1005 1010 1015
aac att tct tca cct gtt tct gta gct gaa ttt aca tat aca aca 3240
Asn Ile Ser Ser Pro Val Ser Val Ala Glu Phe Thr Tyr Thr Thr 1020
1025 1030 tct gtg ttt ggt gat gat aat aag gcg ctt tct aaa agt gaa
ata 3285 Ser Val Phe Gly Asp Asp Asn Lys Ala Leu Ser Lys Ser Glu
Ile 1035 1040 1045 ata tat gga aat gag act gaa ctg caa att cct tct
ttc aat gag 3330 Ile Tyr Gly Asn Glu Thr Glu Leu Gln Ile Pro Ser
Phe Asn Glu 1050 1055 1060 atg gtt tac cct tct gaa agc aca gtc atg
ccc aac atg tat gat 3375 Met Val Tyr Pro Ser Glu Ser Thr Val Met
Pro Asn Met Tyr Asp 1065 1070 1075 aat gta aat aag ttg aat gcg tct
tta caa gaa acc tct gtt tcc 3420 Asn Val Asn Lys Leu Asn Ala Ser
Leu Gln Glu Thr Ser Val Ser 1080 1085 1090 att tct agc acc aag ggc
atg ttt cca ggg tcc ctt gct cat acc 3465 Ile Ser Ser Thr Lys Gly
Met Phe Pro Gly Ser Leu Ala His Thr 1095 1100 1105 acc act aag gtt
ttt gat cat gag att agt caa gtt cca gaa aat 3510 Thr Thr Lys Val
Phe Asp His Glu Ile Ser Gln Val Pro Glu Asn 1110 1115 1120 aac ttt
tca gtt caa cct aca cat act gtc tct caa gca tct ggt 3555 Asn Phe
Ser Val Gln Pro Thr His Thr Val Ser Gln Ala Ser Gly 1125 1130 1135
gac act tcg ctt aaa cct gtg ctt agt gca aac tca gag cca gca 3600
Asp Thr Ser Leu Lys Pro Val Leu Ser Ala Asn Ser Glu Pro Ala 1140
1145 1150 tcc tct gac cct gct tct agt gaa atg tta tct cct tca act
cag 3645 Ser Ser Asp Pro Ala Ser Ser Glu Met Leu Ser Pro Ser Thr
Gln 1155 1160 1165 ctc tta ttt tat gag acc tca gct tct ttt agt act
gaa gta ttg 3690 Leu Leu Phe Tyr Glu Thr Ser Ala Ser Phe Ser Thr
Glu Val Leu 1170 1175 1180 cta caa cct tcc ttt cag gct tct gat gtt
gac acc ttg ctt aaa 3735 Leu Gln Pro Ser Phe Gln Ala Ser Asp Val
Asp Thr Leu Leu Lys 1185 1190 1195 act gtt ctt cca gct gtg ccc agt
gat cca ata ttg gtt gaa acc 3780 Thr Val Leu Pro Ala Val Pro Ser
Asp Pro Ile Leu Val Glu Thr 1200 1205 1210 ccc aaa gtt gat aaa att
agt tct aca atg ttg cat ctc att gta 3825 Pro Lys Val Asp Lys Ile
Ser Ser Thr Met Leu His Leu Ile Val 1215 1220 1225 tca aat tct gct
tca agt gaa aac atg ctg cac tct aca tct gta 3870 Ser Asn Ser Ala
Ser Ser Glu Asn Met Leu His Ser Thr Ser Val 1230 1235 1240 cca gtt
ttt gat gtg tcg cct act tct cat atg cac tct gct tca 3915 Pro Val
Phe Asp Val Ser Pro Thr Ser His Met His Ser Ala Ser 1245 1250 1255
ctt caa ggt ttg acc att tcc tat gca agt gag aaa tat gaa cca 3960
Leu Gln Gly Leu Thr Ile Ser Tyr Ala Ser Glu Lys Tyr Glu Pro 1260
1265 1270 gtt ttg tta aaa agt gaa agt tcc cac caa gtg gta cct tct
ttg 4005 Val Leu Leu Lys Ser Glu Ser Ser His Gln Val Val Pro Ser
Leu 1275 1280 1285 tac agt aat gat gag ttg ttc caa acg gcc aat ttg
gag att aac 4050 Tyr Ser Asn Asp Glu Leu Phe Gln Thr Ala Asn Leu
Glu Ile Asn 1290 1295 1300 cag gcc cat ccc cca aaa gga agg cat gta
ttt gct aca cct gtt 4095 Gln Ala His Pro Pro Lys Gly Arg His Val
Phe Ala Thr Pro Val 1305 1310 1315 tta tca att gat gaa cca tta aat
aca cta ata aat aag ctt ata 4140 Leu Ser Ile Asp Glu Pro Leu Asn
Thr Leu Ile Asn Lys Leu Ile 1320 1325 1330 cat tcc gat gaa att tta
acc tcc acc aaa agt tct gtt act ggt 4185 His Ser Asp Glu Ile Leu
Thr Ser Thr Lys Ser Ser Val Thr Gly 1335 1340 1345 aag gta ttt gct
ggt att cca aca gtt gct tct gat aca ttt gta 4230 Lys Val Phe Ala
Gly Ile Pro Thr Val Ala Ser Asp Thr Phe Val 1350 1355 1360 tct act
gat cat tct gtt cct ata gga aat ggg cat gtt gcc att 4275 Ser Thr
Asp His Ser Val Pro Ile Gly Asn Gly His Val Ala Ile 1365 1370 1375
aca gct gtt tct ccc cac aga gat ggt tct gta acc tca aca aag 4320
Thr Ala Val Ser Pro His Arg Asp Gly Ser Val Thr Ser Thr Lys 1380
1385 1390 ttg ctg ttt cct tct aag gca act tct gag ctg agt cat agt
gcc 4365 Leu Leu Phe Pro Ser Lys Ala Thr Ser Glu Leu Ser His Ser
Ala 1395 1400 1405 aaa tct gat gcc ggt tta gtg ggt ggt ggt gaa gat
ggt gac act 4410 Lys Ser Asp Ala Gly Leu Val Gly Gly Gly Glu Asp
Gly Asp Thr 1410 1415 1420 gat gat gat ggt gat gat gat gat gac aga
gat agt gat ggc tta 4455 Asp Asp Asp Gly Asp Asp Asp Asp Asp Arg
Asp Ser Asp Gly Leu 1425 1430 1435 tcc att cat aag tgt atg tca tgc
tca tcc tat aga gaa tca cag 4500 Ser Ile His Lys Cys Met Ser Cys
Ser Ser Tyr Arg Glu Ser Gln 1440 1445 1450 gaa aag gta atg aat gat
tca gac acc cac gaa aac agt ctt atg 4545 Glu Lys Val Met Asn Asp
Ser Asp Thr His Glu Asn Ser Leu Met
1455 1460 1465 gat cag aat aat cca atc tca tac tca cta tct gag aat
tct gaa 4590 Asp Gln Asn Asn Pro Ile Ser Tyr Ser Leu Ser Glu Asn
Ser Glu 1470 1475 1480 gaa gat aat aga gtc aca agt gta tcc tca gac
agt caa act ggt 4635 Glu Asp Asn Arg Val Thr Ser Val Ser Ser Asp
Ser Gln Thr Gly 1485 1490 1495 atg gac aga agt cct ggt aaa tca cca
tca gca aat ggg cta tcc 4680 Met Asp Arg Ser Pro Gly Lys Ser Pro
Ser Ala Asn Gly Leu Ser 1500 1505 1510 caa aag cac aat gat gga aaa
gag gaa aat gac att cag act ggt 4725 Gln Lys His Asn Asp Gly Lys
Glu Glu Asn Asp Ile Gln Thr Gly 1515 1520 1525 agt gct ctg ctt cct
ctc agc cct gaa tct aaa gca tgg gca gtt 4770 Ser Ala Leu Leu Pro
Leu Ser Pro Glu Ser Lys Ala Trp Ala Val 1530 1535 1540 ctg aca agt
gat gaa gaa agt gga tca ggg caa ggt acc tca gat 4815 Leu Thr Ser
Asp Glu Glu Ser Gly Ser Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Asp 1545 1550 1555 agc
ctt aat gag aat gag act tcc aca gat ttc agt ttt gca gac 4860 Ser
Leu Asn Glu Asn Glu Thr Ser Thr Asp Phe Ser Phe Ala Asp 1560 1565
1570 act aat gaa aaa gat gct gat ggg atc ctg gca gca ggt gac tca
4905 Thr Asn Glu Lys Asp Ala Asp Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Gly Asp Ser
1575 1580 1585 gaa ata act cct gga ttc cca cag tcc cca aca tca tct
gtt act 4950 Glu Ile Thr Pro Gly Phe Pro Gln Ser Pro Thr Ser Ser
Val Thr 1590 1595 1600 agc gag aac tca gaa gtg ttc cac gtt tca gag
gca gag gcc agt 4995 Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Val Phe His Val Ser Glu
Ala Glu Ala Ser 1605 1610 1615 aat agt agc cat gag tct cgt att ggt
cta gct gag ggg ttg gaa 5040 Asn Ser Ser His Glu Ser Arg Ile Gly
Leu Ala Glu Gly Leu Glu 1620 1625 1630 tcc gag aag aag gca gtt ata
ccc ctt gtg atc gtg tca gcc ctg 5085 Ser Glu Lys Lys Ala Val Ile
Pro Leu Val Ile Val Ser Ala Leu 1635 1640 1645 act ttt atc tgt cta
gtg gtt ctt gtg ggt att ctc atc tac tgg 5130 Thr Phe Ile Cys Leu
Val Val Leu Val Gly Ile Leu Ile Tyr Trp 1650 1655 1660 agg aaa tgc
ttc cag act gca cac ttt tac tta gag gac agt aca 5175 Arg Lys Cys
Phe Gln Thr Ala His Phe Tyr Leu Glu Asp Ser Thr 1665 1670 1675 tcc
cct aga gtt ata tcc aca cct cca aca cct atc ttt cca att 5220 Ser
Pro Arg Val Ile Ser Thr Pro Pro Thr Pro Ile Phe Pro Ile 1680 1685
1690 tca gat gat gtc gga gca att cca ata aag cac ttt cca aag cat
5265 Ser Asp Asp Val Gly Ala Ile Pro Ile Lys His Phe Pro Lys His
1695 1700 1705 gtt gca gat tta cat gca agt agt ggg ttt act gaa gaa
ttt gag 5310 Val Ala Asp Leu His Ala Ser Ser Gly Phe Thr Glu Glu
Phe Glu 1710 1715 1720 aca ctg aaa gag ttt tac cag gaa gtg cag agc
tgt act gtt gac 5355 Thr Leu Lys Glu Phe Tyr Gln Glu Val Gln Ser
Cys Thr Val Asp 1725 1730 1735 tta ggt att aca gca gac agc tcc aac
cac cca gac aac aag cac 5400 Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Asp Ser Ser Asn
His Pro Asp Asn Lys His 1740 1745 1750 aag aat cga tac ata aat atc
gtt gcc tat gat cat agc agg gtt 5445 Lys Asn Arg Tyr Ile Asn Ile
Val Ala Tyr Asp His Ser Arg Val 1755 1760 1765 aag cta gca cag ctt
gct gaa aag gat ggc aaa ctg act gat tat 5490 Lys Leu Ala Gln Leu
Ala Glu Lys Asp Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Tyr 1770 1775 1780 atc aat gcc
aat tat gtt gat ggc tac aac aga cca aaa gct tat 5535 Ile Asn Ala
Asn Tyr Val Asp Gly Tyr Asn Arg Pro Lys Ala Tyr 1785 1790 1795 att
gct gcc caa ggc cca ctg aaa tcc aca gct gaa gat ttc tgg 5580 Ile
Ala Ala Gln Gly Pro Leu Lys Ser Thr Ala Glu Asp Phe Trp 1800 1805
1810 aga atg ata tgg gaa cat aat gtg gaa gtt att gtc atg ata aca
5625 Arg Met Ile Trp Glu His Asn Val Glu Val Ile Val Met Ile Thr
1815 1820 1825 aac ctc gtg gag aaa gga agg aga aaa tgt gat cag tac
tgg cct 5670 Asn Leu Val Glu Lys Gly Arg Arg Lys Cys Asp Gln Tyr
Trp Pro 1830 1835 1840 gcc gat ggg agt gag gag tac ggg aac ttt ctg
gtc act cag aag 5715 Ala Asp Gly Ser Glu Glu Tyr Gly Asn Phe Leu
Val Thr Gln Lys 1845 1850 1855 agt gtg caa gtg ctt gcc tat tat act
gtg agg aat ttt act cta 5760 Ser Val Gln Val Leu Ala Tyr Tyr Thr
Val Arg Asn Phe Thr Leu 1860 1865 1870 aga aac aca aaa ata aaa aag
ggc tcc cag aaa gga aga ccc agt 5805 Arg Asn Thr Lys Ile Lys Lys
Gly Ser Gln Lys Gly Arg Pro Ser 1875 1880 1885 gga cgt gtg gtc aca
cag tat cac tac acg cag tgg cct gac atg 5850 Gly Arg Val Val Thr
Gln Tyr His Tyr Thr Gln Trp Pro Asp Met 1890 1895 1900 gga gta cca
gag tac tcc ctg cca gtg ctg acc ttt gtg aga aag 5895 Gly Val Pro
Glu Tyr Ser Leu Pro Val Leu Thr Phe Val Arg Lys 1905 1910 1915 gca
gcc tat gcc aag cgc cat gca gtg ggg cct gtt gtc gtc cac 5940 Ala
Ala Tyr Ala Lys Arg His Ala Val Gly Pro Val Val Val His 1920 1925
1930 tgc agt gct gga gtt gga aga aca ggc aca tat att gtg cta gac
5985 Cys Ser Ala Gly Val Gly Arg Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ile Val Leu Asp
1935 1940 1945 agt atg ttg cag cag att caa cac gaa gga act gtc aac
ata ttt 6030 Ser Met Leu Gln Gln Ile Gln His Glu Gly Thr Val Asn
Ile Phe 1950 1955 1960 ggc ttc tta aaa cac atc cgt tca caa aga aat
tat ttg gta caa 6075 Gly Phe Leu Lys His Ile Arg Ser Gln Arg Asn
Tyr Leu Val Gln 1965 1970 1975 act gag gag caa tat gtc ttc att cat
gat aca ctg gtt gag gcc 6120 Thr Glu Glu Gln Tyr Val Phe Ile His
Asp Thr Leu Val Glu Ala 1980 1985 1990 ata ctt agt aaa gaa act gag
gtg ctg gac agt cat att cat gcc 6165 Ile Leu Ser Lys Glu Thr Glu
Val Leu Asp Ser His Ile His Ala 1995 2000 2005 tat gtt aat gca ctc
ctc att cct gga cca gca ggc aaa aca aag 6210 Tyr Val Asn Ala Leu
Leu Ile Pro Gly Pro Ala Gly Lys Thr Lys 2010 2015 2020 cta gag aaa
caa ttc cag ctc ctg agc cag tca aat ata cag cag 6255 Leu Glu Lys
Gln Phe Gln Leu Leu Ser Gln Ser Asn Ile Gln Gln 2025 2030 2035 agt
gac tat tct gca gcc cta aag caa tgc aac agg gaa aag aat 6300 Ser
Asp Tyr Ser Ala Ala Leu Lys Gln Cys Asn Arg Glu Lys Asn 2040 2045
2050 cga act tct tct atc atc cct gtg gaa aga tca agg gtt ggc att
6345 Arg Thr Ser Ser Ile Ile Pro Val Glu Arg Ser Arg Val Gly Ile
2055 2060 2065 tca tcc ctg agt gga gaa ggc aca gac tac atc aat gcc
tcc tat 6390 Ser Ser Leu Ser Gly Glu Gly Thr Asp Tyr Ile Asn Ala
Ser Tyr 2070 2075 2080 atc atg ggc tat tac cag agc aat gaa ttc atc
att acc cag cac 6435 Ile Met Gly Tyr Tyr Gln Ser Asn Glu Phe Ile
Ile Thr Gln His 2085 2090 2095 cct ctc ctt cat acc atc aag gat ttc
tgg agg atg ata tgg gac 6480 Pro Leu Leu His Thr Ile Lys Asp Phe
Trp Arg Met Ile Trp Asp 2100 2105 2110 cat aat gcc caa ctg gtg gtt
atg att cct gat ggc caa aac atg 6525 His Asn Ala Gln Leu Val Val
Met Ile Pro Asp Gly Gln Asn Met 2115 2120 2125 gca gaa gat gaa ttt
gtt tac tgg cca aat aaa gat gag cct ata 6570 Ala Glu Asp Glu Phe
Val Tyr Trp Pro Asn Lys Asp Glu Pro Ile 2130 2135 2140 aat tgt gag
agc ttt aag gtc act ctt atg gct gaa gaa cac aaa 6615 Asn Cys Glu
Ser Phe Lys Val Thr Leu Met Ala Glu Glu His Lys 2145 2150 2155 tgt
cta tct aat gag gaa aaa ctt ata att cag gac ttt atc tta 6660 Cys
Leu Ser Asn Glu Glu Lys Leu Ile Ile Gln Asp Phe Ile Leu 2160 2165
2170 gaa gct aca cag gat gat tat gta ctt gaa gtg agg cac ttt cag
6705 Glu Ala Thr Gln Asp Asp Tyr Val Leu Glu Val Arg His Phe Gln
2175 2180 2185 tgt cct aaa tgg cca aat cca gat agc ccc att agt aaa
act ttt 6750 Cys Pro Lys Trp Pro Asn Pro Asp Ser Pro Ile Ser Lys
Thr Phe 2190 2195 2200 gaa ctt ata agt gtt ata aaa gaa gaa gct gcc
aat agg gat ggg 6795 Glu Leu Ile Ser Val Ile Lys Glu Glu Ala Ala
Asn Arg Asp Gly 2205 2210 2215 cct atg att gtt cat gat gag cat gga
gga gtg acg gca gga act 6840 Pro Met Ile Val His Asp Glu His Gly
Gly Val Thr Ala Gly Thr 2220 2225 2230 ttc tgt gct ctg aca acc ctt
atg cac caa cta gaa aaa gaa aat 6885 Phe Cys Ala Leu Thr Thr Leu
Met His Gln Leu Glu Lys Glu Asn 2235 2240 2245 tcc gtg gat gtt tac
cag gta gcc aag atg atc aat ctg atg agg 6930 Ser Val Asp Val Tyr
Gln Val Ala Lys Met Ile Asn Leu Met Arg 2250 2255 2260 cca gga gtc
ttt gct gac att gag cag tat cag ttt ctc tac aaa 6975 Pro Gly Val
Phe Ala Asp Ile Glu Gln Tyr Gln Phe Leu Tyr Lys 2265 2270 2275 gtg
atc ctc agc ctt gtg agc aca agg cag gaa gag aat cca tcc 7020 Val
Ile Leu Ser Leu Val Ser Thr Arg Gln Glu Glu Asn Pro Ser 2280 2285
2290 acc tct ctg gac agt aat ggt gca gca ttg cct gat gga aat ata
7065 Thr Ser Leu Asp Ser Asn Gly Ala Ala Leu Pro Asp Gly Asn Ile
2295 2300 2305 gct gag agc tta gag tct tta gtt taa cacagaaagg
ggtgggggga 7112 Ala Glu Ser Leu Glu Ser Leu Val 2310 ctcacatctg
agcattgttt tcctcttcct aaaattaggc aggaaaatca gtctagttct 7172
gttatctgtt gatttcccat cacctgacag taactttcat gacataggat tctgccgcca
7232 aatttatatc attaacaatg tgtgcctttt tgcaagactt gtaatttact
tattatgttt 7292 gaactaaaat gattgaattt tacagtattt ctaagaatgg
aattgtggta tttttttctg 7352 tattgatttt aacagaaaat ttcaatttat
agaggttagg aattccaaac tacagaaaat 7412 gtttgttttt agtgtcaaat
ttttagctgt atttgtagca attatcaggt ttgctagaaa 7472 tataactttt
aatacagtag cctgtaaata aaacactctt ccatatgata ttcaacattt 7532
tacaactgca gtattcacct aaagtagaaa taatctgtta cttattgtaa atactgccct
7592 agtgtctcca tggaccaaat ttatatttat aattgtagat ttttatattt
tactactgag 7652 tcaagttttc tagttctgtg taattgttta gtttaatgac
gtagttcatt agctggtctt 7712 actctaccag ttttctgaca ttgtattgtg
ttacctaagt cattaacttt gtttcagcat 7772 gtaattttaa cttttgtgga
aaatagaaat accttcattt tgaaagaagt ttttatgaga 7832 ataacacctt
accaaacatt gttcaaatgg tttttatcca aggaattgca aaaataaata 7892
taaatattgc cattaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa 7941 2 2314
PRT Homo sapiens Reference (1)..(2314) Krueger, N.X. and Saito, H.
A human transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, PTP zeta, is
expressed in brain and has an N-terminal receptor domain homologous
to carbonic anhydrases; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (16),
7417-7421 (1992) 2 Met Arg Ile Leu Lys Arg Phe Leu Ala Cys Ile Gln
Leu Leu Cys Val 1 5 10 15 Cys Arg Leu Asp Trp Ala Asn Gly Tyr Tyr
Arg Gln Gln Arg Lys Leu 20 25 30 Val Glu Glu Ile Gly Trp Ser Tyr
Thr Gly Ala Leu Asn Gln Lys Asn 35 40 45 Trp Gly Lys Lys Tyr Pro
Thr Cys Asn Ser Pro Lys Gln Ser Pro Ile 50 55 60 Asn Ile Asp Glu
Asp Leu Thr Gln Val Asn Val Asn Leu Lys Lys Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Phe
Gln Gly Trp Asp Lys Thr Ser Leu Glu Asn Thr Phe Ile His 85 90 95
Asn Thr Gly Lys Thr Val Glu Ile Asn Leu Thr Asn Asp Tyr Arg Val 100
105 110 Ser Gly Gly Val Ser Glu Met Val Phe Lys Ala Ser Lys Ile Thr
Phe 115 120 125 His Trp Gly Lys Cys Asn Met Ser Ser Asp Gly Ser Glu
His Ser Leu 130 135 140 Glu Gly Gln Lys Phe Pro Leu Glu Met Gln Ile
Tyr Cys Phe Asp Ala 145 150 155 160 Asp Arg Phe Ser Ser Phe Glu Glu
Ala Val Lys Gly Lys Gly Lys Leu 165 170 175 Arg Ala Leu Ser Ile Leu
Phe Glu Val Gly Thr Glu Glu Asn Leu Asp 180 185 190 Phe Lys Ala Ile
Ile Asp Gly Val Glu Ser Val Ser Arg Phe Gly Lys 195 200 205 Gln Ala
Ala Leu Asp Pro Phe Ile Leu Leu Asn Leu Leu Pro Asn Ser 210 215 220
Thr Asp Lys Tyr Tyr Ile Tyr Asn Gly Ser Leu Thr Ser Pro Pro Cys 225
230 235 240 Thr Asp Thr Val Asp Trp Ile Val Phe Lys Asp Thr Val Ser
Ile Ser 245 250 255 Glu Ser Gln Leu Ala Val Phe Cys Glu Val Leu Thr
Met Gln Gln Ser 260 265 270 Gly Tyr Val Met Leu Met Asp Tyr Leu Gln
Asn Asn Phe Arg Glu Gln 275 280 285 Gln Tyr Lys Phe Ser Arg Gln Val
Phe Ser Ser Tyr Thr Gly Lys Glu 290 295 300 Glu Ile His Glu Ala Val
Cys Ser Ser Glu Pro Glu Asn Val Gln Ala 305 310 315 320 Asp Pro Glu
Asn Tyr Thr Ser Leu Leu Val Thr Trp Glu Arg Pro Arg 325 330 335 Val
Val Tyr Asp Thr Met Ile Glu Lys Phe Ala Val Leu Tyr Gln Gln 340 345
350 Leu Asp Gly Glu Asp Gln Thr Lys His Glu Phe Leu Thr Asp Gly Tyr
355 360 365 Gln Asp Leu Gly Ala Ile Leu Asn Asn Leu Leu Pro Asn Met
Ser Tyr 370 375 380 Val Leu Gln Ile Val Ala Ile Cys Thr Asn Gly Leu
Tyr Gly Lys Tyr 385 390 395 400 Ser Asp Gln Leu Ile Val Asp Met Pro
Thr Asp Asn Pro Glu Leu Asp 405 410 415 Leu Phe Pro Glu Leu Ile Gly
Thr Glu Glu Ile Ile Lys Glu Glu Glu 420 425 430 Glu Gly Lys Asp Ile
Glu Glu Gly Ala Ile Val Asn Pro Gly Arg Asp 435 440 445 Ser Ala Thr
Asn Gln Ile Arg Lys Lys Glu Pro Gln Ile Ser Thr Thr 450 455 460 Thr
His Tyr Asn Arg Ile Gly Thr Lys Tyr Asn Glu Ala Lys Thr Asn 465 470
475 480 Arg Ser Pro Thr Arg Gly Ser Glu Phe Ser Gly Lys Gly Asp Val
Pro 485 490 495 Asn Thr Ser Leu Asn Ser Thr Ser Gln Pro Val Thr Lys
Leu Ala Thr 500 505 510 Glu Lys Asp Ile Ser Leu Thr Ser Gln Thr Val
Thr Glu Leu Pro Pro 515 520 525 His Thr Val Glu Gly Thr Ser Ala Ser
Leu Asn Asp Gly Ser Lys Thr 530 535 540 Val Leu Arg Ser Pro His Met
Asn Leu Ser Gly Thr Ala Glu Ser Leu 545 550 555 560 Asn Thr Val Ser
Ile Thr Glu Tyr Glu Glu Glu Ser Leu Leu Thr Ser 565 570 575 Phe Lys
Leu Asp Thr Gly Ala Glu Asp Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Pro Ala 580 585 590
Thr Ser Ala Ile Pro Phe Ile Ser Glu Asn Ile Ser Gln Gly Tyr Ile 595
600 605 Phe Ser Ser Glu Asn Pro Glu Thr Ile Thr Tyr Asp Val Leu Ile
Pro 610 615 620 Glu Ser Ala Arg Asn Ala Ser Glu Asp Ser Thr Ser Ser
Gly Ser Glu 625 630 635 640 Glu Ser Leu Lys Asp Pro Ser Met Glu Gly
Asn Val Trp Phe Pro Ser 645 650 655 Ser Thr Asp Ile Thr Ala Gln Pro
Asp Val Gly Ser Gly Arg Glu Ser 660 665 670 Phe Leu Gln Thr Asn Tyr
Thr Glu Ile Arg Val Asp Glu Ser Glu Lys 675 680 685 Thr Thr Lys Ser
Phe Ser Ala Gly Pro Val Met Ser Gln Gly Pro Ser 690 695 700 Val Thr
Asp Leu Glu Met Pro His Tyr Ser Thr Phe Ala Tyr Phe Pro 705 710 715
720 Thr Glu Val Thr Pro His Ala Phe Thr Pro Ser Ser Arg Gln Gln Asp
725 730 735 Leu Val Ser Thr Val Asn Val Val Tyr Ser Gln Thr Thr Gln
Pro Val 740 745 750 Tyr Asn Gly Glu Thr Pro Leu Gln Pro Ser Tyr Ser
Ser Glu Val Phe 755 760 765 Pro Leu Val Thr Pro Leu Leu Leu Asp Asn
Gln Ile Leu Asn Thr Thr 770 775 780 Pro Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser Asp Ser
Ala Leu His Ala
Thr Pro Val Phe 785 790 795 800 Pro Ser Val Asp Val Ser Phe Glu Ser
Ile Leu Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly 805 810 815 Ala Pro Leu Leu Pro Phe Ser
Ser Ala Ser Phe Ser Ser Glu Leu Phe 820 825 830 Arg His Leu His Thr
Val Ser Gln Ile Leu Pro Gln Val Thr Ser Ala 835 840 845 Thr Glu Ser
Asp Lys Val Pro Leu His Ala Ser Leu Pro Val Ala Gly 850 855 860 Gly
Asp Leu Leu Leu Glu Pro Ser Leu Ala Gln Tyr Ser Asp Val Leu 865 870
875 880 Ser Thr Thr His Ala Ala Ser Glu Thr Leu Glu Phe Gly Ser Glu
Ser 885 890 895 Gly Val Leu Tyr Lys Thr Leu Met Phe Ser Gln Val Glu
Pro Pro Ser 900 905 910 Ser Asp Ala Met Met His Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly
Pro Glu Pro Ser Tyr 915 920 925 Ala Leu Ser Asp Asn Glu Gly Ser Gln
His Ile Phe Thr Val Ser Tyr 930 935 940 Ser Ser Ala Ile Pro Val His
Asp Ser Val Gly Val Thr Tyr Gln Gly 945 950 955 960 Ser Leu Phe Ser
Gly Pro Ser His Ile Pro Ile Pro Lys Ser Ser Leu 965 970 975 Ile Thr
Pro Thr Ala Ser Leu Leu Gln Pro Thr His Ala Leu Ser Gly 980 985 990
Asp Gly Glu Trp Ser Gly Ala Ser Ser Asp Ser Glu Phe Leu Leu Pro 995
1000 1005 Asp Thr Asp Gly Leu Thr Ala Leu Asn Ile Ser Ser Pro Val
Ser 1010 1015 1020 Val Ala Glu Phe Thr Tyr Thr Thr Ser Val Phe Gly
Asp Asp Asn 1025 1030 1035 Lys Ala Leu Ser Lys Ser Glu Ile Ile Tyr
Gly Asn Glu Thr Glu 1040 1045 1050 Leu Gln Ile Pro Ser Phe Asn Glu
Met Val Tyr Pro Ser Glu Ser 1055 1060 1065 Thr Val Met Pro Asn Met
Tyr Asp Asn Val Asn Lys Leu Asn Ala 1070 1075 1080 Ser Leu Gln Glu
Thr Ser Val Ser Ile Ser Ser Thr Lys Gly Met 1085 1090 1095 Phe Pro
Gly Ser Leu Ala His Thr Thr Thr Lys Val Phe Asp His 1100 1105 1110
Glu Ile Ser Gln Val Pro Glu Asn Asn Phe Ser Val Gln Pro Thr 1115
1120 1125 His Thr Val Ser Gln Ala Ser Gly Asp Thr Ser Leu Lys Pro
Val 1130 1135 1140 Leu Ser Ala Asn Ser Glu Pro Ala Ser Ser Asp Pro
Ala Ser Ser 1145 1150 1155 Glu Met Leu Ser Pro Ser Thr Gln Leu Leu
Phe Tyr Glu Thr Ser 1160 1165 1170 Ala Ser Phe Ser Thr Glu Val Leu
Leu Gln Pro Ser Phe Gln Ala 1175 1180 1185 Ser Asp Val Asp Thr Leu
Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Pro Ala Val Pro 1190 1195 1200 Ser Asp Pro Ile
Leu Val Glu Thr Pro Lys Val Asp Lys Ile Ser 1205 1210 1215 Ser Thr
Met Leu His Leu Ile Val Ser Asn Ser Ala Ser Ser Glu 1220 1225 1230
Asn Met Leu His Ser Thr Ser Val Pro Val Phe Asp Val Ser Pro 1235
1240 1245 Thr Ser His Met His Ser Ala Ser Leu Gln Gly Leu Thr Ile
Ser 1250 1255 1260 Tyr Ala Ser Glu Lys Tyr Glu Pro Val Leu Leu Lys
Ser Glu Ser 1265 1270 1275 Ser His Gln Val Val Pro Ser Leu Tyr Ser
Asn Asp Glu Leu Phe 1280 1285 1290 Gln Thr Ala Asn Leu Glu Ile Asn
Gln Ala His Pro Pro Lys Gly 1295 1300 1305 Arg His Val Phe Ala Thr
Pro Val Leu Ser Ile Asp Glu Pro Leu 1310 1315 1320 Asn Thr Leu Ile
Asn Lys Leu Ile His Ser Asp Glu Ile Leu Thr 1325 1330 1335 Ser Thr
Lys Ser Ser Val Thr Gly Lys Val Phe Ala Gly Ile Pro 1340 1345 1350
Thr Val Ala Ser Asp Thr Phe Val Ser Thr Asp His Ser Val Pro 1355
1360 1365 Ile Gly Asn Gly His Val Ala Ile Thr Ala Val Ser Pro His
Arg 1370 1375 1380 Asp Gly Ser Val Thr Ser Thr Lys Leu Leu Phe Pro
Ser Lys Ala 1385 1390 1395 Thr Ser Glu Leu Ser His Ser Ala Lys Ser
Asp Ala Gly Leu Val 1400 1405 1410 Gly Gly Gly Glu Asp Gly Asp Thr
Asp Asp Asp Gly Asp Asp Asp 1415 1420 1425 Asp Asp Arg Asp Ser Asp
Gly Leu Ser Ile His Lys Cys Met Ser 1430 1435 1440 Cys Ser Ser Tyr
Arg Glu Ser Gln Glu Lys Val Met Asn Asp Ser 1445 1450 1455 Asp Thr
His Glu Asn Ser Leu Met Asp Gln Asn Asn Pro Ile Ser 1460 1465 1470
Tyr Ser Leu Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Glu Asp Asn Arg Val Thr Ser 1475
1480 1485 Val Ser Ser Asp Ser Gln Thr Gly Met Asp Arg Ser Pro Gly
Lys 1490 1495 1500 Ser Pro Ser Ala Asn Gly Leu Ser Gln Lys His Asn
Asp Gly Lys 1505 1510 1515 Glu Glu Asn Asp Ile Gln Thr Gly Ser Ala
Leu Leu Pro Leu Ser 1520 1525 1530 Pro Glu Ser Lys Ala Trp Ala Val
Leu Thr Ser Asp Glu Glu Ser 1535 1540 1545 Gly Ser Gly Gln Gly Thr
Ser Asp Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Glu Thr 1550 1555 1560 Ser Thr Asp Phe
Ser Phe Ala Asp Thr Asn Glu Lys Asp Ala Asp 1565 1570 1575 Gly Ile
Leu Ala Ala Gly Asp Ser Glu Ile Thr Pro Gly Phe Pro 1580 1585 1590
Gln Ser Pro Thr Ser Ser Val Thr Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Val Phe 1595
1600 1605 His Val Ser Glu Ala Glu Ala Ser Asn Ser Ser His Glu Ser
Arg 1610 1615 1620 Ile Gly Leu Ala Glu Gly Leu Glu Ser Glu Lys Lys
Ala Val Ile 1625 1630 1635 Pro Leu Val Ile Val Ser Ala Leu Thr Phe
Ile Cys Leu Val Val 1640 1645 1650 Leu Val Gly Ile Leu Ile Tyr Trp
Arg Lys Cys Phe Gln Thr Ala 1655 1660 1665 His Phe Tyr Leu Glu Asp
Ser Thr Ser Pro Arg Val Ile Ser Thr 1670 1675 1680 Pro Pro Thr Pro
Ile Phe Pro Ile Ser Asp Asp Val Gly Ala Ile 1685 1690 1695 Pro Ile
Lys His Phe Pro Lys His Val Ala Asp Leu His Ala Ser 1700 1705 1710
Ser Gly Phe Thr Glu Glu Phe Glu Thr Leu Lys Glu Phe Tyr Gln 1715
1720 1725 Glu Val Gln Ser Cys Thr Val Asp Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Asp
Ser 1730 1735 1740 Ser Asn His Pro Asp Asn Lys His Lys Asn Arg Tyr
Ile Asn Ile 1745 1750 1755 Val Ala Tyr Asp His Ser Arg Val Lys Leu
Ala Gln Leu Ala Glu 1760 1765 1770 Lys Asp Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Tyr
Ile Asn Ala Asn Tyr Val Asp 1775 1780 1785 Gly Tyr Asn Arg Pro Lys
Ala Tyr Ile Ala Ala Gln Gly Pro Leu 1790 1795 1800 Lys Ser Thr Ala
Glu Asp Phe Trp Arg Met Ile Trp Glu His Asn 1805 1810 1815 Val Glu
Val Ile Val Met Ile Thr Asn Leu Val Glu Lys Gly Arg 1820 1825 1830
Arg Lys Cys Asp Gln Tyr Trp Pro Ala Asp Gly Ser Glu Glu Tyr 1835
1840 1845 Gly Asn Phe Leu Val Thr Gln Lys Ser Val Gln Val Leu Ala
Tyr 1850 1855 1860 Tyr Thr Val Arg Asn Phe Thr Leu Arg Asn Thr Lys
Ile Lys Lys 1865 1870 1875 Gly Ser Gln Lys Gly Arg Pro Ser Gly Arg
Val Val Thr Gln Tyr 1880 1885 1890 His Tyr Thr Gln Trp Pro Asp Met
Gly Val Pro Glu Tyr Ser Leu 1895 1900 1905 Pro Val Leu Thr Phe Val
Arg Lys Ala Ala Tyr Ala Lys Arg His 1910 1915 1920 Ala Val Gly Pro
Val Val Val His Cys Ser Ala Gly Val Gly Arg 1925 1930 1935 Thr Gly
Thr Tyr Ile Val Leu Asp Ser Met Leu Gln Gln Ile Gln 1940 1945 1950
His Glu Gly Thr Val Asn Ile Phe Gly Phe Leu Lys His Ile Arg 1955
1960 1965 Ser Gln Arg Asn Tyr Leu Val Gln Thr Glu Glu Gln Tyr Val
Phe 1970 1975 1980 Ile His Asp Thr Leu Val Glu Ala Ile Leu Ser Lys
Glu Thr Glu 1985 1990 1995 Val Leu Asp Ser His Ile His Ala Tyr Val
Asn Ala Leu Leu Ile 2000 2005 2010 Pro Gly Pro Ala Gly Lys Thr Lys
Leu Glu Lys Gln Phe Gln Leu 2015 2020 2025 Leu Ser Gln Ser Asn Ile
Gln Gln Ser Asp Tyr Ser Ala Ala Leu 2030 2035 2040 Lys Gln Cys Asn
Arg Glu Lys Asn Arg Thr Ser Ser Ile Ile Pro 2045 2050 2055 Val Glu
Arg Ser Arg Val Gly Ile Ser Ser Leu Ser Gly Glu Gly 2060 2065 2070
Thr Asp Tyr Ile Asn Ala Ser Tyr Ile Met Gly Tyr Tyr Gln Ser 2075
2080 2085 Asn Glu Phe Ile Ile Thr Gln His Pro Leu Leu His Thr Ile
Lys 2090 2095 2100 Asp Phe Trp Arg Met Ile Trp Asp His Asn Ala Gln
Leu Val Val 2105 2110 2115 Met Ile Pro Asp Gly Gln Asn Met Ala Glu
Asp Glu Phe Val Tyr 2120 2125 2130 Trp Pro Asn Lys Asp Glu Pro Ile
Asn Cys Glu Ser Phe Lys Val 2135 2140 2145 Thr Leu Met Ala Glu Glu
His Lys Cys Leu Ser Asn Glu Glu Lys 2150 2155 2160 Leu Ile Ile Gln
Asp Phe Ile Leu Glu Ala Thr Gln Asp Asp Tyr 2165 2170 2175 Val Leu
Glu Val Arg His Phe Gln Cys Pro Lys Trp Pro Asn Pro 2180 2185 2190
Asp Ser Pro Ile Ser Lys Thr Phe Glu Leu Ile Ser Val Ile Lys 2195
2200 2205 Glu Glu Ala Ala Asn Arg Asp Gly Pro Met Ile Val His Asp
Glu 2210 2215 2220 His Gly Gly Val Thr Ala Gly Thr Phe Cys Ala Leu
Thr Thr Leu 2225 2230 2235 Met His Gln Leu Glu Lys Glu Asn Ser Val
Asp Val Tyr Gln Val 2240 2245 2250 Ala Lys Met Ile Asn Leu Met Arg
Pro Gly Val Phe Ala Asp Ile 2255 2260 2265 Glu Gln Tyr Gln Phe Leu
Tyr Lys Val Ile Leu Ser Leu Val Ser 2270 2275 2280 Thr Arg Gln Glu
Glu Asn Pro Ser Thr Ser Leu Asp Ser Asn Gly 2285 2290 2295 Ala Ala
Leu Pro Asp Gly Asn Ile Ala Glu Ser Leu Glu Ser Leu 2300 2305 2310
Val
* * * * *