U.S. patent application number 09/825721 was filed with the patent office on 2002-10-10 for adhesively bonded radiator assembly.
Invention is credited to Jones, Bart R..
Application Number | 20020144808 09/825721 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25244753 |
Filed Date | 2002-10-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020144808 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jones, Bart R. |
October 10, 2002 |
Adhesively bonded radiator assembly
Abstract
A radiator assembly (10), including an end tank (12) having a
first mating surface (14) and a heat exchanger (16) having a second
mating surface (18). The heat exchanger (16) is adhesively bonded
to the end tank (12) with an adhesive (22).
Inventors: |
Jones, Bart R.; (Midland,
MI) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Eric M. Dobrusin
Dobrusin Darden Thennisch & Lorenz PC
401 South Old Woodward Avenue, Suite 311
Birmingham
MI
48009
US
|
Family ID: |
25244753 |
Appl. No.: |
09/825721 |
Filed: |
April 4, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/173 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28F 21/067 20130101;
F28F 9/0224 20130101; F28F 2275/025 20130101; F28D 2001/0266
20130101; F28D 1/05366 20130101; F28F 9/0226 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
165/173 |
International
Class: |
F28F 009/02 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A radiator assembly, comprising: a) a first component having an
associated first mating surface; b) a second molded plastic
component having an associated second mating surface; c) an
adhesive in contact with said first mating surface and said second
mating surface for joining said first component and said second
component to define a radiator assembly, wherein the resulting
joint has a strength greater than the strength of said second
molded plastic component.
2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said first mating surface and
said second mating surface are generally nonplanar.
3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said first component and said
second component is a blend of a polyamide and a syndiotactic
polystyrene.
4. The assembly of claim 1 wherein each of said first component and
said second component is an injection molded filled plastic blend
of nylon 6,6 and syndiotactic polystyrene.
5. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said joint is substantially free
of a sealing gasket.
6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said joint is substantially free
of mechanical fasteners.
7. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the transverse cross section
thickness at said joint is less than about 7 mm.
8. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the transverse cross section
thickness at said joint is less than about 5 mm.
9. The assembly of claim 1 wherein a primer contacts said
adhesive.
10. The assembly of claim 1 wherein substantially the entirety of
the first and second mating surfaces in contact with said adhesive
is capable of bonding thereto.
11. An automotive vehicle radiator assembly, comprising: a) a first
molded thermoplastic end tank having an associated first mating
surface; b) a second molded thermoplastic end tank having an
associated second mating surface; c) a heat exchanger having a
first end and a second end, said ends adapted for opposingly
receiving respectively each of said end tank and c) an epoxy
adhesive in contact with said first mating surface and said second
mating surface for joining said end tanks to said heat exchanger to
define an automotive vehicle radiator.
12. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said first mating surface and
said second mating surface are generally nonplanar.
13. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said first end tank and said
second end tank are blends of polyamides and syndiotactic
polystyrenes.
14. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said first end tank and said
second end tank are injection molded filled plastic blends of nylon
and syndiotactic polystyrene.
15. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said joint is substantially
free of a sealing gasket.
16. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said joint is substantially
free of mechanical fasteners.
17. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the transverse cross section
thickness at said joint is less than about 7 mm.
18. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said heat exchanger is
nonrectangular.
19. The assembly of claim 18 wherein said heat exchanger includes a
rounded shape edge configuration.
20. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said heat exchanger is
contoured in the fore-aft direction of the vehicle.
21. An automotive vehicle radiator assembly, comprising: a) a first
plastic end tank component molded from the group selected from
filled polyamide and filled polyamide/polystyrenic plastics, and
having an associated first mating surface and an integrally formed
first member; b) a heat exchanger having a second mating surface
and an integrally formed second member for coating with said first
member to form a mechanical joint between said end tank and said
heat exchanger; and c) an epoxy adhesive in contact with said first
mating surface and said second mating surface for joining said
first molded thermoplastic component and said second molded
thermoplastic component to define an automotive vehicle radiator,
wherein said resulting joint has a lap shear strength of at least
about 4000 psi (28 MPa).
22. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said first mating surface and
said second mating surface are generally nonplanar.
23. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said first component and said
second component are blends of polyamides and syndiotactic
polystyrenes.
24. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said first end tank and said
second beat exchanger are injection molded filled plastic blends of
nylon and syndiotactic polystyrene.
25. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said joint is substantially
free of a sealing gasket.
26. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said joint is substantially
free of mechanical fasteners.
27. The assembly of claim 21 wherein the transverse cross section
thickness at said joint is less than about 7 mm.
28. The assembly of claim 21 wherein the transverse cross section
thickness at said joint is less than about 5 mm.
29. The assembly of claim 21 wherein a primer contacts said
adhesive.
30. The assembly of claim 21 wherein substantially the entirety of
the first and second mating surfaces in contact with said adhesive
is capable of bonding thereto.
31. The assembly of claim 21, wherein said adhesive of said
resulting joint between said end tank and said heat exchanger has a
tensile strength of at least about 6500 psi (45 MPa).
32. The assembly of claim 21, wherein said adhesive of said
resulting joint between said end tank and said heat exchanger has a
tensile strength of at least about 9000 psi (62 MPa).
33. The assembly of claim 21, wherein said end tank matingly
engages said heat exchanger so that said adhesive of said resulting
joint has a tensile strength of at least about 9000 psi (62 MPa),
said resulting joint has a transverse cross section thickness less
than about 5 mm; said resulting joint is substantially free of a
sealing gasket; and said joint is substantially free of folding
tangs and mechanical fasteners.
34. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said heat exchanger is
nonrectangular.
35. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said heat exchanger includes a
rounded shape edge configuration.
36. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said heat exchanger is
contoured in the fore-aft direction of the vehicle.
37. The assembly of claim 33 wherein said resulting joint includes
a flange disposed in a groove.
38. The assembly of claim 37, wherein said groove is defined by a
wall having a tang for achieving a snap fit.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to adhesively bonded engine
component assemblies and more particularly to adhesively bonded
radiator assemblies. The invention also relates to radiator
assemblies employing a cure-on-demand adhesive.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Historically, fabrication techniques for the manufacture of
automotive engine radiators have involved the fabrication of
separate metal components (e.g., the heat exchanger and
corresponding end tanks) and the joinder of the components using
expensive brazing techniques (e.g., for aluminum or copper
assemblies) or crimped tangs associated with one or more of the
components about substantially the entirety of the assembly
periphery. This tends to be labor intensive and the scrap rate
tends to be high in view of the potential for misalignment of the
components, the severity of operations often leading to broken
tangs or other factors contributing to a poor seal.
[0003] Moreover, the nature of such assemblies has required that
rectangular heat exchangers be employed, thereby providing
generally flat upper and lower mounting surfaces upon which the end
tanks are attached. In view of the ever growing need for lightening
vehicles and maximizing usage of space in the vehicle engine
compartment, it has become increasingly desirable to design
radiator assemblies having unconventional, non-rectangular
configurations. The need for assembling end tanks to a
non-rectangular heat exchanger, however, has not been met, because
there has been no practical manner for securing the components
together.
[0004] Accordingly, there is a need to provide a method of
manufacture and resulting assembly, pursuant to which multiple
components of a radiator assembly are joined together with an
adhesive bond. There is a further need for respective components to
be attached to each other in the optional absence of fasteners, a
gasket or both. There is still a further need for a high integrity
joint be achieved opposing mating surfaces that are non planar,
thereby enabling intricate plastic component shapes (with or
without additional integrated components) to be molded by
conventional molding processes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention meets the above needs and others by
providing an automotive engine radiator assembly including at least
one end tank having a first mating surface, and a heat exchanger
having a second mating surface. A layer of adhesive is provided
between the end tank and the heat exchanger in contact with the
respective mating surfaces for joining the end tank and heat
exchanger to define a radiator assembly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a radiator
assembly in accordance with the present invention.
[0007] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of joints formed in accordance
with the present invention.
[0008] FIGS. 3a-3b are sectional views of examples of integrated
mechanical attachments in the components of the assembly of the
present invention.
[0009] FIGS. 4a-4c are views of alternate radiator assemblies in
accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0010] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown a radiator
assembly 10 of the present invention including a first end tank 12
having a first mating surface 14. A heat exchanger 16 having a
second mating surface 18 (e.g., shown on an end plate in FIG. 1)
and a third mating surface 20. The first end tank 12 is bonded to
the heat exchanger 16 with a first intermediate layer of adhesive
22. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a second end tank 24
having a fourth mating surface 26 is bonded with a second
intermediate layer of adhesive 28 to the heat exchanger 16. Any or
all of the first, second, third or fourth mating surfaces can
include one or more additional coatings, layers or components.
Thus, it is contemplated that the mating surfaces of any of the
components may not necessarily be integrally formed on the
components.
[0011] Optionally, either or both of the end tanks, the heat
exchanger, or all of them, has a structure for facilitating jointer
or location of the components relative to each other. Referring
more specifically to FIGS. 2 and 3a-3b (where like parts are
denoted by like reference numerals), there are shown examples of
different structures. Typically, a first mating structure 30
associated with one component (e.g., an end tank) will engage a
second mating structure 32 associated with the heat exchanger. In
like manner, the first and second mating structures 30 and 32 can
be interchanged between the end tank and heat exchanger. Such
engagement can be about the periphery of a component, on an
interior portion (not shown) or both.
[0012] In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 3a, a mating joint 34
results from a flange 36 on the heat exchanger penetrating a
peripheral wall defining a groove 38 formed on the end tank,
wherein adhesive is placed in the groove 38. In another embodiment,
in FIG. 3b, adhesive is applied to a peripheral wall 40 on the heat
exchanger and the mating surface 14 of the end tank 12. As
indicated the above structural features could be interchanged as
between the end tank and the heat exchanger. Combinations of the
above types of joints are also contemplated as possible within a
single assembly. Further, as desired, any suitable coating
structure may be employed. For instance, a friction fit, an
interference fit or some other interlock fit may be used. Examples
of suitable joints include butt joints, lap joints, tongue in
groove joint or the like. Further examples are illustrated in
commonly owned, co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. ______ (filed
contemporaneously herewith; entitled "Adhesively Bonded Engine
Intake Manifold Assembly"). Other suitable structures or surface
treatments may be employed for providing an increase in the amount
of surface area of the mating surfaces of the joint, or the overlap
between the respect mating surfaces of the components. Further, as
will be appreciated from FIG. 3a, optionally, a tang or other like
structure may be formed (e.g., on mating structure 32) for
assisting in achieving a snap fit or for providing an audible
locator for facilitating assembly. It should also be appreciated
that the above structures may be suitably interchanged between
components. For example, the flanges may be formed on a heat
exchanger (e.g., at an end plate) or on a heat exchanger end tank
and complementary mating structure formed on the other.
[0013] The adhesive preferably is provided over at least a portion
of the surfaces to be joined, and preferably sufficiently about the
periphery so that there are no appreciable gaps that result between
joined components. In one embodiment, a bead of adhesive is placed
(e.g., by pumping) on the respective mating surface of at least one
of the components and the opposing mating surface is brought into
contact with it. The assembly is then cured. In another embodiment,
the adhesive is precoated (e.g., by spraying, dipping, brushing,
swabbing, or the like) on one or both of the mating surfaces of the
respective components and then the components are joined and cured.
Any other suitable joining technique may likewise be employed.
Preferably the amount of adhesive employed is sufficient to achieve
the desired performance characteristics of the assembly. Such
amount will vary from application to application.
[0014] In one embodiment the invention encompasses having disposed
on the mating surfaces of the respective components a continuous
bead or film of adhesive. As used herein continuous bead or film of
adhesive means a bead or film of adhesive that is disposed around
the periphery of the mating surface and the end of the adhesive
bead or film connects with the beginning of the adhesive bead or
film. The continuous bead or film of adhesive upon cure is capable
all of forming an air and liquid tight seal between the components.
This function allows the adhesive bead or film to replace gaskets
as the sealing means. The adhesive may be applied to the radiator
components in the immediate vicinity of the location where the
components are to be contacted with each other or it may be applied
in a location remote from where or when the components are to be
contacted. Remote as used herein refers can refer to one or both of
time and location. In the embodiment where the adhesive is applied
to one or more of the components remote from the place wherein the
components are joined together a cure-on-demand adhesive is
used.
[0015] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the end
tanks, heat exchanger or each of them is fabricated from a plastic
material, i.e., a thermoset material, a thermoplastic material, or
a mixture thereof. Among preferred high-performance thermoplastic
materials are polybutylene terephthalate, polyetherimides,
polyphenylene ether/polyamide resins, polyether sulfone resins,
polyether ether ketone resins, liquid crystal polymers,
polyarylsulfone resins, polyamideimide resins, polyphthalimide
resins, nylon 6, 6, polyamide resins, syndiotactic polystyrene, and
blends thereof. In a particular preferred embodiment, the material
is a thermoplastic selected from polyamides, polystyrenes,
polyolefins, polycarbonates, or mixtures thereof. More preferably,
the material is selected from polyamides (e.g., nylon 6,6),
polystyrenes or mixtures thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the
material is a blend of polyamides and syndiotactic polystyrenes,
and more preferably a blend of nylon 6,6 and syndiotactic
polystyrene. Among useful thermoset materials are epoxy resins.
[0016] The plastics used for preparing the components typically
will also include other ingredients, such as reinforcements,
property modifiers (e.g., impact modifiers, flame retardants, UV
protectants or the like) or other suitable fillers (e.g., chopped
glass, mineral, talc, calcium carbonate, or the like). For
instance, in one embodiment, the plastic is glass filled in an
amount of about 10 to about 50 volume percent and more preferably
about 35 volume percent. Preferably, the material selected exhibits
a tensile strength of at least about 175 MPa and more preferably at
least about 225 MPa, and an elongation of about 1 to about 10%, and
more preferably about 3 to about 5%. The material is also thermal
resistant and will withstand without degradation temperatures of at
least about 135.degree. C. (about 275.degree. F.) and more
preferably 177.degree. C. (350.degree. F.) for at least about 144
hours and more preferably 168 hours.
[0017] Of course, one or more of the components might be a metal
(e.g., cast iron, steel, magnesium, aluminum, titanium or the
like), a composite, a ceramic (e.g., a carbide, a nitride, a
boronitride, or the like), or some other material. The plastic
components of the assembly are preferably injection molded using
conventional techniques and processing conditions. Alternatively,
they may be prepared in another suitable manner, such as by
compression molding, thermoforming, blow molding or the like.
[0018] Either or both of the component materials or the adhesive
may be suitably treated (uniformly or locally) as desired to
improve corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, thermal
resistance, or another characteristic of the final product. For
instance, they might be admixed, impregnated or coated with
suitable additives for achieving a desired property. In some
instances, bond strengths might be enhanced by further contacting
the adhesive with a suitable primer.
[0019] The adhesive of the present invention is a structural
adhesive and more preferably is a curable on demand material. Any
adhesive that after cure can withstand the conditions of use of an
engine (e.g., for an automotive vehicle) can be used. Preferably
such adhesive does not decompose or delaminate at temperatures of
up to about 138.degree. C. (280.degree. F.), more preferably up to
about 143.degree. C. (290.degree. F.), even more preferably up to
about 160.degree. C. (320.degree. F.) and most preferably up to
about 191.degree. C. (375.degree. F.).
[0020] Furthermore, the adhesive is able to withstand exposure to
hydrocarbon materials, calcium chloride, brake fluid, glycol
coolants, windshield washer solvents and the like, at the
above-mentioned temperatures and the pressures to which the
internal combustion engine reaches internally. In an optional
embodiment, the adhesive is able to bond to other engine
components, which may be metallic, ceramic, composite, plastic, or
the like. The adhesive used may be curable via a variety of known
mechanisms including heat cure, infrared cure, ultraviolet cure,
chemical cure, radio frequency cure, solvent loss and moisture
cure.
[0021] In another embodiment the adhesive is a cure-on-demand
adhesive which requires a separate operation to cause the adhesive
to begin to cure. In one embodiment this is achieved by using an
encapsulated curing agent which is ruptured during assembly. In
another embodiment this is achieved by removing a protective
coating to expose the adhesive to ambient conditions. Cure can be
initiated by exposing the adhesive to heat, infrared or ultraviolet
light sources, or to shearing forces and the like.
[0022] While other adhesive families are contemplated as well
(e.g., urethanes, acrylics, silanes, or the like), preferably the
adhesive is a high temperature epoxy resin, a polyimide, a hi-bred
polyimide/epoxy resin adhesive or an epoxy novolac/nitrile rubber
adhesive. Preferred adhesives are the high temperature epoxy resin
adhesives. High temperature epoxy resin adhesive means an adhesive
wherein the primary component is an epoxy resin which when cured
can withstand exposure to the temperatures mentioned above without
decomposing or delaminating from the substrate.
[0023] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the adhesive is a
mineral filled catalyzed adhesive that includes one or more regular
or modified epoxy components, a suitable curing agent and a
suitable thixotropic agent for maintaining a room temperature
Brookfield viscosity (in uncured state) on the order of about 500
cps.
[0024] It should be recognized that the use of the term adhesive
herein is not intended to foreclose primers or other bonding agents
from the scope of the present invention.
[0025] The present invention offers considerable design
flexibility. Though mating surfaces can be planar, they need not
be. In a preferred embodiment, either or both of the mating
surfaces is generally non planar (e.g., contoured, stepped,
corrugated, or the like). The employment of molded plastic
components also enables the formation of intricately shaped
structures. In this regard, the radiator assembly can have molded
or otherwise fabricated in or on one of its surfaces one or more
components such as brackets, connectors, cable guides, hose guides,
harnesses, clips or the like. Further, conduits, ports or other
like passages can be cored or machined into a molded component to
enable integration of multiple components into the radiator
assembly.
[0026] As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, among the
many advantages of the present invention are that assemblies can be
made that are substantially free of folding tangs, a sealing
gasket, mechanical fasteners or all of these. However, the scope of
the present invention does not foreclose the use of folding tangs,
gaskets or fasteners. Indeed, it is contemplated that a gasket
might be made from (e.g., by die cutting a gasket) from the
adhesive or incorporate as a component thereof (e.g. as an
impregnant or coating), the adhesive of the present invention. The
resulting structure seals much like a gasket would, but also
exhibits the desirable mechanical characteristics of the structural
adhesive.
[0027] With specific reference to FIGS. 3a-3b, it can be seen that
the joint has a transverse cross section thickness (t) at the
joint. Though larger section thicknesses may be used and remain
within the scope of the present invention, in certain highly
preferred embodiments, the section thickness is less than about 7
mm, and still more preferably is less than about 5 mm (e.g., about
3 to about 4 mm). This further renders the present invention more
advantageous than previous assemblies, which typically have
employed larger section thicknesses.
[0028] Another advantage of the present invention is that, as shown
in FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4c, the heat exchanger, overall radiator
assembly or both need not be rectangular. For instance, FIG. 4a
shows the use of arcuate end tank to heat exchanger interfaces 42,
with a heat exchanger 44 that includes a prominent rounded shape
(e.g., circular, elliptical, oval or the like) edge configuration
46. They may include a plurality of different shapes. As
illustrated in FIG. 4b, the sides of another heat exchanger 48 may
have a straight portion 50. Optionally the perimeter of the heat
exchanger 48 may include variations in heights (e.g., peaks 52 and
valleys 54 as illustrated in FIG. 4b). Another radiator 56 may
include a heat exchanger that is contoured in the fore-aft
direction of the vehicle and need not be planar, as with
conventionally configured radiators, as shown in FIG. 4c.
Combinations of some or all of the above alternatives may be
employed as well.
[0029] Though the present invention has been described in the
context of automotive vehicle engine radiators, the use of the
invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Any apparatus
employing a radiator subject to operating conditions milder than or
comparable to those experienced by an automotive vehicle engine may
employ the present technology.
[0030] In preparation of the present assembly, the adhesive is
applied by contacting the adhesive in a conventional fashion with
one or more mating surfaces to form a continuous bead or film. The
adhesive may be coated, extruded brushed or the like onto the
surface. The adhesive can be applied immediately before joining
components or it can be applied in remote location from the
location where the components are bonded together, or the engine.
The preferred cure-on-demand adhesive is exposed to conditions such
that it will cure and thereby bond the components together and form
a seal between them. Such conditions can be applied prior to or
after bringing components together for joining. It is well within
the average level of skill in the art to determine which operation
may be used to cure the adhesive and when it should be performed.
In one embodiment the operation may be an operation that is
inherent in the assembly or operation of an automotive vehicle.
[0031] In another embodiment the assembly may include an outer
shell and an inner shell adapted such that the inner shall is
located within the outer shell and there is an insulating gap
between the two. The gap can be filled with a fluid, or a solid
material, such as elastomeric material or foam material. In another
embodiment the radiator assembly may have associated with one of
its surfaces a sound attenuating material such as an elastomer or
foam.
[0032] In another embodiment the assembly of the invention can
include a coating or film on the exterior or interior which
functions to improve the barrier properties of the radiator to
hydrocarbons. Such a coating of film can reduce the fugitive
hydrocarbon emission from an automotive vehicle. Any coating or
film which prevents the transmission of hydrocarbons through the
assembly may be used. A preferred coating is a carbon-silica based
plasma deposited coating as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,587;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,875; U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,786 and U.S. Pat. No.
5,494,712 incorporated herein by reference.
[0033] The assembly of the present invention is capable of
withstanding a temperature of about 163.degree. C. (about
325.degree. F.) for at least about 2500, and more preferably about
3000 hours and about 177.degree. C. (about 350.degree. F.)for at
least about 75 and more preferably about 100 hours. The assembly
exhibits substantially no detectable degradation in the presence of
automotive vehicle fluids, such as brake fluid, windshield washer
fluid, power steering fluid, engine coolant (standard and
lifetime), engine oil (standard, synthetic and sour), gasoline,
diesel fuel, ethanol, methanol, starter fluids or the like. The
assembly also exhibits no detectable degradation due to exposure to
environmentally encountered compounds such as calcium chloride,
sodium chloride, exhaust gas (e.g. type) or the like. In a
particularly preferred embodiment, the resulting tensile strength
of the adhesive of the joint in the assembly is at least about 4000
psi (28 MPa), more preferably at least about 6500 psi (45 MPa), and
still more preferably at least about 9000 psi (62 MPa). Further
preferably the strength of the joint is greater than the strength
of at least one, and preferably more than one, of the individual
molded components.
[0034] Further preferably the strength of the joint is greater than
the strength of at least one, and preferably more than one, of the
individual molded components.
[0035] The technology of the present radiator assembly can be
employed in combination with other adhesively bonded engine
components, such as described in commonly owned co-pending
application Ser. No. 09/766,792 ("Adhesively Bonded Valve Cover
Cylinder Head Assembly"), application Ser. No. ______ ("Adhesively
Bonded Engine Intake Manifold Assembly") (filed contemporaneously
herewith), hereby incorporated by reference.
[0036] In yet another embodiment, the present invention is employed
in the manufacture of an engine throttle body. The throttle body
includes at least one plastic component (of like type as the
radiator end tank components) having a surface that is contacted
with a structural adhesive of the present invention for bonding to
another surface. The throttle body may be made from a metal or
plastic for adhesive attachment to a metal or plastic intake
manifold of a diesel or ordinary combustion engine, without the
need for a fastener or gasket.
* * * * *