U.S. patent application number 09/985997 was filed with the patent office on 2002-09-19 for deuterated cyclosporine analogs and their use as immunomodulating agents.
Invention is credited to Foster, Robert T., Naicker, Salvaraj, Yatscoff, Randall W..
Application Number | 20020132763 09/985997 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22035297 |
Filed Date | 2002-09-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020132763 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Naicker, Salvaraj ; et
al. |
September 19, 2002 |
Deuterated cyclosporine analogs and their use as immunomodulating
agents
Abstract
Cyclosporine derivatives are disclosed which possess enhanced
efficacy and reduced toxicity over naturally occurring and other
presently known cyclosporins and cyclosporine derivatives. The
cyclosporine derivatives of the present invention are produced by
chemical and isotopic substitution of the cyclosporine A (CsA)
molecule by: (1) Chemical substitution and optionally deuterium
substitution of amino acid 1; and (2) deuterium substitution at key
sites of metabolism of the cyclosporine A molecule such as amino
acids 1, 4, 9. Also disclosed are methods of producing the
cyclosporine derivatives and method of producing immunosuppression
with reduced toxicity with the disclosed cyclosporine
derivatives.
Inventors: |
Naicker, Salvaraj;
(Edmonton, CA) ; Yatscoff, Randall W.; (Edmonton,
CA) ; Foster, Robert T.; (Edmonton, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Mary Ann Dillahunty, Esq.
BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.
P.O. Box 1404
Alexandria
VA
22313-1404
US
|
Family ID: |
22035297 |
Appl. No.: |
09/985997 |
Filed: |
November 7, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09985997 |
Nov 7, 2001 |
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09639708 |
Aug 14, 2000 |
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60061360 |
Oct 8, 1997 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/278.1 ;
514/20.5; 514/21.1; 530/317 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 7/64 20130101; A61P
7/06 20180101; C07B 59/008 20130101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P
19/08 20180101; A61P 13/12 20180101; Y10S 530/806 20130101; A61P
1/04 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 19/00 20180101; Y10S
530/807 20130101; A61P 37/06 20180101; C07K 1/13 20130101; A61P
37/00 20180101; A61K 38/00 20130101; A61P 41/00 20180101; A61P
25/00 20180101; A61P 37/02 20180101; A61P 21/04 20180101; C07K
7/645 20130101; A61P 17/06 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/9 ;
530/317 |
International
Class: |
A61K 038/00; C07K
005/00; C07K 007/00; C07K 016/00; C07K 017/00; A61K 038/12 |
Claims
1. A cyclosporine A derivative with isotopic or chemical
substitution in the amino acid position selected from the group
consisting of 1, 3 and 9 or combinations thereof.
2. A cyclosporine A derivative according to claim 1 wherein one or
more hydrogen atoms in the amino acid position selected from the
group consisting of 1, 3 and 9 or combinations thereof are
substituted with a deuterium atom and wherein said cyclosporine A
derivative is optionally chemically substituted at the amino acid 9
position.
3. The cyclosporin A derivative according to claim 1 represented by
the formula I: 27(i) a deuterium or (ii) a saturated or unsaturated
straight or branched aliphatic carbon chain of from 1 to 16 carbon
atoms and optionally containing one or more deuterium atoms or an
ester, ketone or alcohol of said carbon chain and optionally
containing one or more substituents selected from halogen, nitro,
amino, amido, aromatic, and heterocyclic, or (iii) an aromatic or
heterocyclic group containing one or more deuterium atoms, or (iv)
a methyl group and X, Y, and Z are hydrogen or deuterium provided
that if R is methyl then at least one of X, Y or Z is deuterium and
wherein R' is an OH or acetate or other ester or is an O and
together with a carbon adjacent to a double bond on amino acid 1
forms a heterocyclic ring.
4. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 3 wherein R is a
saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carbon chain of from 2 to 3
carbons.
5. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 3 wherein R is a
saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carbon chain of from 2 to 3
carbons containing one or more deuterium atoms.
6. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 3 wherein R is
methyl.
7. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 4 wherein X, Y and Z are
hydrogen.
8. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 1 represented by formula
5g: 28
9. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 1 represented by formula
5e: 29
10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the cyclosporine A
derivative of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
11. The cyclosporine A derivative of claim 3 wherein X, Y and Z are
H and R is a member selected from the group consisting of --D,
--CHO, --CDO, --CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3,
--CD.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3,
--CD.dbd.CH--CD.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CD.sub.2,
--CD.dbd.CH--CD.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CD.dbd.CD.sub.2,
--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CH--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.sub.3,
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--CH.- sub.3, and
CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2.
12. A method of producing imnmunosuppression comprising:
administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of
a cyclosporine A derivative according to claim 1.
Description
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
[0001] Cyclosporin derivatives of the present invention are
disclosed which possess enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity over
naturally occurring and other presently known cyclosporins and
cyclosporine derivatives. The cyclosporin derivatives of the
present invention are produced by chemical and isotopic
substitution of the cyclosporine A (CsA) molecule by:
[0002] 1. Chemical substitution and optionally deuterium
substitution of amino acid 1; and
[0003] 2. Deuterium substitution at key sites of metabolism of the
cyclosporine A molecule such as amino acids 1, 4, 9.
[0004] The cyclosporins are a family of, neutral, hydrophobic
cyclic undecapeptides, containing a novel nine-carbon amino acid
(MeBmt) at position 1 of the ring that exhibit potent
immunosuppressive, antiparasitic, fungicidal, and chronic
anti-inflammatory properties. The naturally occurring members of
this family of structurally related compounds are produced by
various fungi imperfecti. Cyclosporines A and C, are the major
components. Cyclosporine A, which is discussed further below, is a
particularly important member of the cyclosporin family of
compounds. Twenty four minor metabolites, also oligopeptides, have
been identified: Lawen et al, J. Antibiotics 42, 1283 (1989);
Traber et al, Helv. Chim. Acta 70, 13 (1987); Von Wartburg and
Traber Prog. Med. Chem., 25, 1 (1988).
[0005] Isolation of cyclosporines A and C, as well as the structure
of A were reported by A. Ruegger et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 59,
1075(1976); M. Dreyfuss et al., J. Appl. Microbiol. 3, 125 ( 1976).
Crystal and molecular structures of the iodo derivative of A have
been reported by T. J. Petcher et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 59, 1480
(1976). The structure of C was reported by R. Traber et al., ibid.
60, 1247 (1977). Production of A and C has been reported by E.
Harri et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,117,118 (1978 to Sandoz). Isolation,
characterization and antifungal activity of B, D, E, as well as the
structures of A through D have been reported by R. Traber et al.,
Helv. Chim. Acta 60, 1568(1977). Isolation and structures of E, F,
G, H, I: eidem, ibid. 65, 1655 (1982). Preparation of
[2-Deutero-3-fluoro-D-Ala].sup.8-CsA is disclosed by Patchett et al
in GB 2,206,199A which was published on Dec. 29, 1988.
[0006] Cyclosporin was discovered to be immunosuppressive when it
was observed to suppress antibody production in mice during the
screening of fungal extracts. Specifically, its suppressive effects
appear to be related to the inhibition of T-cell receptor-mediated
activation events. It accomplishes this by interrupting calcium
dependent signal transduction during T-cell activation by
inactivating calmodulin and cyclophilin, a peptidly propyl
isomerase. It also inhibits lymphokine production by T-helper cells
in vitro and arrests the development of mature CD8 and CD4 cells in
the thymus. Other in vitro properties include inhibition of IL-2
producing T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, inhibition of
IL-2 released by activated T-cells, inhibition of resting
T-lymphocytes in response to alloantigen and exogenous lymphokine,
inhibition of IL-1 production, and inhibition of mitogen activation
of IL-2 producing T-lymphocytes. Further evidence indicates that
the above effects involve the T-lymphocytes at the activation and
maturation stages.
[0007] Stimulation of TCR (T cell receptor) by foreign antigen on a
major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule on the surface of the T
cell results in the activation of a TCR signal transmission pathway
(exact method of transmission unknown) through the cytoplasm
causing the signal results in the activation of nuclear
transcription factors, i.e. nuclear factors of activated T-cells
(NF-AT) which regulate transcription of T-cell activation genes.
These genes include that of lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2).
Translation of the message is followed by secretion of IL-2. T-cell
activation also involves the appearance of the lymphokine receptor
IL-2R on the cell srface. After IL-2 binds to IL-2R, a lymphokine
receptor (LKR) signal transmission pathway is activated. The
immunosuppressive drug, rapamycin, inhibits this pathway.
[0008] CsA is a potent inhibitor of TCR-mediated signal
transduction pathway. It inhibits binding of NF-AT to the IL-2
enhance., and thus inhibits transcriptional activation. CsA binds
to cyclophilin, which binds to calcineurin, which is a key enzyme
in the T-cell signal transduction cascade.
[0009] Cyclophilin is found in prokaryotic and eukarotic organisms
and is ubiquitous and abundant. Cyclophilin is a single polypeptide
chain with 165 amino acid residues. It has a molecular mass of 17.8
kD. A roughly spherical molecule with a radius of 17 angstroms,
cyclophilin has a eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel. Inside
the barrel, the tightly packed core contains mostly hydrophobic
side chains. CsA has numerous hydrophobic side chains which allow
it to fit into the cyclophilin beta barrel. Cyclophillin catalyzes
the interconversion of the cis and trans-rotamers of the
peGIFdyl-prolyl amide bond of peptide and protein substrates.
Cyclophilin is identical in structure with peptidyl prolyl
cis-trans isomerase and bears structural resemblance to the
superfamily of proteins that transports ligands such as
retinol-binding protein (RBP). These proteins carry the ligand in
the barrel core. But cyclophilin actually carries the ligand
binding site on the outside of the barrel. The tetrapeptide ligand
binds in a long deep groove on the protein surface between one face
of the beta barrel and the Thr116-Gly130 loop.
[0010] Further properties have also been reported in studies of the
biological activity of CsA: J. F. Borel et al., Agents Actions 6,
468 (1976). Pharmacology: Eidem. Immunology 32, 1017 (1977); R. Y.
Calne, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 35, 1 (1979). Human studies: R. Y. Calne
et al., Lancet 2, 1323(1978); R. L. Powles et al., ibid. 1327; R.
L. Powles et al., ibid 1, 327 (1980). In vitro activity (porcine
T-cells): D. J. White et al., Transplantation 27, 55 (1979).
Effects on human lymphoid and myeloid cells: M. Y. Gordon, J. W.
Singer, Nature 279, 433(1979). Clinical study of CsA in
graft-versus-host disease: P. J. Tutschka et al., Blood 61,
318(1983).
[0011] Mechanism of Cyclosporine A Action
[0012] Cyclosporine A-Cyclophilin A complex
[0013] CsA, as discussed above, binds to the cyclophilin beta
barrel. Thirteen CyP A residues define the CsA binding site. These
residues are Arg 55, Phe 60, Met 61, Gln 63, Gly 72, Ala 101, Asn
102, Ala 103, Gln 111, Phe 113, Trp 121, Leu 122, His 126. The
largest side-chain movements are 1.3 A for Arg 55 and up to 0.7 A
for Phe 60, Gln 63, and Trp 121. There are four direct hydrogen
bonds between the CyP A and CsA. Residues 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 of CsA
protrude out into the solvent and are thought to be involved in
binding the effector protein, calcineurin (Pflugl, G., Kallen, J.,
Schirmer, T., Jansonius, J. N., Zurini, M. G. M., & Walkinshaw,
M. D. p1993) Nature 361, 91-94.)
[0014] Function of CsA-CyP A complex
[0015] The CsA-CyP A complex inhibits the phosphatase activity of
the heterodimeric protein serine/threonine phosphatase or
calcineurin (Liu, J., Farmer, J. D., Lane, W. S., Friedman, I.,
Weissman, I., & Schreiber, S. L. (1991) Cell 66, 807-15.;
Swanson, S. K., Born, T., Zydowsky, C. D., Cho, H., Chang, H. Y.,
& Walsh, C. T. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 89, 3686-90).
CyP A binds CsA with an affinity of ca. 10 nM. The complex is then
presented to calcineurin (Liu, J., Farmer, J. D., Lane, W. S.,
Friedman, J., Weissman, I., & Schreiber, S. L. (1991) Cell 66,
807-15.).
[0016] Calcineurin dephosphorylates the transcription factor NFAT
found in the catoplasm of T-cells. Dephosphorylation allows NFAT to
translocate to the nucleus, combine with jun/fos genes and activate
the transcription of the IL-2 gene responsible for cell cycle
progression, leading to immune response. CsA-CyP A complex inhibits
the phosphatase activity of calcineurin and ultimately
immunosuppression (Etzkorn, F. A., Chang, Z., Stolz, L. A., &
Walsh, C. T. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 2380-2388.). Neither CsA or
CyP A alone are important immunologically. Only their complex is
important (Liu, J., Farmer, J. D., Lane, W. S., Friedman, J.,
Weissman, I., & Schreiber, S. L. (1991) Cell 66, 807-15).
[0017] Metabolism of Cyclosporine:
[0018] Cyclosporine is metabolized in liver, small intestine and
kidney to more than 30 metabolites. The structure of 13 metabolites
and 2 phase II metabolites have been identified and at least 23
further metabolites have been isolated by HPLC and their structures
characterized by mass spectrometry. The reactions involved in phase
1 metabolism of cyclosporine are hydroxylation, demethylation as
well as oxidation and cyclisation at amino acid 1. Several clinical
studies and reports showed an association between blood
concentrations of cyclosporine metabolites and neuro- or
nephrotoxicity. In vitro experiments indicate that metabolites are
considerably less immunosupressive and more toxic than CsA.
[0019] As exemplified by the ever expanding list of indications for
which CsA has been founc useful, the cyclosporin family of
compounds find utility in the prevention of rejection or organ and
bone marrow transplants; and in the treatment of psoriasis, and a
number of autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes mellitus,
multiple sclerosis, auto immune uveitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Additional indications are discussed infra.
[0020] As is generally accepted by those of skill in the art,
inhibition of secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other
lymphokines from lymphocytes, is a useful indicator of intrinsic
immunosuppressive activity of a cyclosporin analog. For a recent
review of cyclosporin uses and mechanisms of action see Wenger et
al Cyclosporine: Chemistry, Structure-Activity Relationships and
Mode of Action, Progress in Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine,
vol. 2, 176 (1986).
[0021] Cyclosporin A is a cyclic peptide which contains several
N-methyl amino acids and, at position-8, contains a D-alanine. The
structure of Cyclosporin A.sup.a is given below: 1.sup.aUnless
otherwise specified, each of the amino acids of the disclosed
cyclosporin is of the L-configuration.
[0022] As is the practice, in the field, a particular cyclosporin
analog may be named using a shorthand notation identifying how the
analog differs from cyclosporin A. Thus, cyclosporin C which
differs from cyclosporin A by the threonine at position-2 may be
identified as [Thr].sup.2cyclosporin or [Thr].sup.2-CsA. Similarly,
cyclosporin B is [Ala].sup.2-CsA; cyclosporin D is [Val].sup.2-CsA;
cyclosporin E is [Val].sup.11-CsA; cyclosporin F is
[3-DesoxyMeBmt].sup.1-CsA; cyclosporin G is [NVa].sup.2-CsA; and
cyclosporin H is [D-MeVa].sup.11-CsA.
[0023] D-Serine and D-Threonine have been introduced into the
8-position of cyclosporin A by biosynthesis resulting in active
compounds. See R. Traber et al. J. Antibiotics 42, 591 (1989).
D-Chloroalanine has also been introduced into position-8 of
Cyclosporin A by biosynthesis. See A. Lawen e al J. Antibiotics
5-2, 1283 (1989).
[0024] Indications for Cyclosporine Therapy
[0025] Immunoregulatory abnormalities have been shown to exist in a
wide variety of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases,
including systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid
arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease,
biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis and other disorders
such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid,
sarcoidosis, psoriasis, ichthyosis, and Graves ophthalmopathy.
Although the underlying pathogenesis of each of these conditions
may be quite different, they have in common the appearance of a
variety of autoantibodies and self-reactive lymphocytes. Such
self-reactivity may be due, in part, to a loss of the homeostatic
controls under which the normal immune system operates.
[0026] Similarly, following a bone marrow or an organ
transplantation, the host lymphocytes recognize the foreign tissue
antigens and begin to produce antibodies which lead to graft
rejection.
[0027] One end result of an autoimmune or a rejection process is
tissue destruction caused by inflammatory cells and the mediators
they release. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as NSAID's
(Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs), and corticosteroids act
principally by blocking the effect of, or secretion of, these
mediators, but do nothing to modify the immunologic basis of the
disease. On the other hand, cytotoxic agents, such as
cyclophosphamide, act in such a nonspecific fashion that both the
normal and autoimmune responses are shut off. Indeed, patients
treated with such nonspecific immunosuppressive agents are as
likely to succumb to infection as they are to their autoimmune
disease.
[0028] Generally, a cyclosporin, such as cyclosporine A, is not
cytotoxic nor myelotoxic. It does not inhibit migration of
monocytes nor does it inhibit granulocytes and macrophage action.
Its action is specific and leaves most established immune responses
intact. However, it is nephrotoxic and is known to cause the
following undesirable side effects:
[0029] (1) abnormal liver function;
[0030] (2) hirsutism;
[0031] (3) gum hypertrophy;
[0032] (4) tremor;
[0033] (5) neurotoxicity;
[0034] (6) hyperaesthesia; and
[0035] (7) gastrointestinal discomfort.
[0036] A number of cyclosporines and analogs have been described in
the patent literature:
[0037] U.S. Pat. No. 4,108,985 issued to Ruegger, et al. on Aug.
22, 1978 entitled, "Dihydrocyclosporin C", discloses
dihydrocyclosporin C, which can be produced by hydrogenation of
cyclosporin C.
[0038] U.S. Pat. No. 4,117,118 issued to Harri, et al. on Sep. 26,
1978 entitled, "Organic Compounds", discloses cyclosporins A and B,
and the production thereof by fermentation.
[0039] U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,581 issued to Ruegger, et al. on Jul. 1,
1980 entitled, "Organic Compounds", discloses cyclosporin C and
dihydrocyclosporin C which can be produced by hydrogenation of
cyclosporin C.
[0040] U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,641, issued to Traber, et al. on Sep. 2,
1980 entitled, "Organic Compounds", discloses cyclosporin D,
dihydrocyclosporin D, and isocyclosporin D.
[0041] U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,431 issued to Traber. et al. on Sep. 8,
1981 entitled, "Cyclosporin Derivatives, Their Production and
Pharmaceutical Compositions Containing Them", discloses cyclosporin
C, dihydrocylosporin G, and isocyclosporin G.
[0042] U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,851, issued to Traber, et al. on Sep.
15, 1981 entitled, "Process for Producing Cyclosporin Derivatives",
discloses cyclosporin D, dihydrocyclosporin D, and isocyclosporin
D, and a process for producing same.
[0043] U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,996, issued to Bollinger, et al. on May
24, 1983 entitled "Novel Cyclosporins", discloses cyclosporins
having a .beta.-vinylene-.alpha.-amino acid residue at the
2-position and/or a .beta.-hydroxy-.alpha.-amino acid residue at
the 8-position. The cyclosporins disclosed included either MeBmt or
dihydro-MeBmt at the 1-position.
[0044] U.S. Pat. No. 4,396,542, issued to Wenger on Aug. 2, 1983
entitled, "Method for the Total Synthesis of Cyclosporins, Novel
Cyclosporins and Novel Intermediates and Methods for their
Production", discloses the synthesis of cyclosporins, wherein the
residue at the 1-position is either MeBmt, dihydro-MeBmt, and
protected intermediates.
[0045] U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,434, issued to Wenger, et al on Jan. 27,
1987, entitled "Novel Cyclosporins", discloses cyclosporins with
substituted residues at positions 1, 2, 5 and 8.
[0046] U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,754, issued to Siegel on Jul. 21, 1987
entitled, "Counteracting Cyclosporin Organ Toxicity", discloses
methods of use of cyclosporin comprising co-dergocrine.
[0047] U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,033 issued to Seebach on Oct. 27, 1987
entitled, "Novel Cyclosporins", discloses cyclosporins with
substituted residues at positions 1, 2 and 3. The substitutions at
position-3 include halogen.
[0048] H. Kobel and R Traber, Directed Biosynthesis of
Cyclosporins, European J. Appln. Microbiol Biotechnol., 14, 237B240
(1982), discloses the biosynthesis of cyclosporins A, B, C, D &
G by fermentation.
[0049] Additional cyclosporin analogs are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,798,823, issued to Witzel, entitled, New Cyclosporin Analogs
with Modified "C-9 amino acids", which discloses cyclosporin
analogs with sulfur-containing amino acids at position-1.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0050] The present invention concerns chemically substituted and
deuterated analogs of cyclosporine A and related cyclosporines.
[0051] An object of the present invention is to provide new
cyclosporine analogs which have enhanced efficacy and altered
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Another object of
the present invention is to provide a cyclosporine analog for the
care of immunoregulatory disorders and diseases, including the
prevention, control and treatment thereof. An additional object of
the present invention is to provide pharmaceutical compositions for
administering to a patient in need of the treatment one or more of
the active immunosuppressive agents of the present invention. Still
a further object of this invention is to provide a method of
controlling graft rejection, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory
diseases by administering a sufficient amount of one or more of the
novel immunosuppressive agents in a mammalian species in need of
suck treatment. Finally, it is the object of this invention to
provide processes for the preparation of the active compounds of
the present invention.
[0052] Substitution and deuteration of the cyclosporine molecule
results in altered physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties
which enhance its usefulness in the treatment of transplantation
rejection, host vs. graft disease, graft vs. host disease, aplastic
anemia, focal and segmental glomeruloscierosis, myasthenia gravis,
psoriatic arthritis, relapsing polychondritis and ulcerative
colitis.
[0053] Embodiments of the invention include CsA derivatives wherein
one or more hydrogen atoms in the 1, 3 and 9 amino acid positions
can be substituted with a deuterium atom and wherein the
cyclosporine A derivatives are optionally chemically substituted at
the amino acid 9 position. A further specific embodiment of the
invention is the CsA derivative represented by formula I: 2
[0054] where R is (i) a deuterium or (ii) a saturated or
unsaturated straight or branched aliphatic chain of from 2 to 16
carbon atoms and optionally containing one or more deuterium atoms
or an ester, ketone or alcohol of the carbon chain and optionally
containing one or more substituents selected from halogen, nitro,
amino, amido, aromatic, and heterocyclic, or (iii) R is an aromatic
or heterocyclic group optionally containing a deuterium atom, or
(iv) R is a methyl group and X, Y, and Z are hydrogen or deuterium
provided that at least one of X, Y or Z is deuterium and R' is an
OH or an ester or is an O and together with a carbon adjacent to a
double bond on amino acid 1 form a heterocyclic ring such as
5-membered rings where the heteroatom is oxygen. Other specific
embodiments of the present invention include the CsA derivative of
formula I where R is a saturated or unsaturated carbon chain of
from 2 to 3 carbons containing one or more deuterium. Further
specific embodiments include those of formulas 5g and 5e below:
3
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0055] FIG. 1 is the structure of cyclosporine A showing a site of
deuteration at the amino acid 3 position.
[0056] FIG. 2 is the structure of cyclosporine A showing a site of
deuteration at the amino acid 9 position.
[0057] FIG. 3 is scheme I of the synthesis of the cyclosporine
derivatives.
[0058] FIG. 4 is scheme II of the synthesis of the cyclosporine
derivatives.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0059] Substitution of deuterium for ordinary hydrogen and
deuterated substrates for protio metabolites can produce profound
changes in biosystems. Isotopically altered drugs have shown widely
divergent pharmacological effects. Pettersen et al., found
increased anti-cancer effect with deuterated
5,6-benzylidene-dl-L-ascorbic acid (Zilascorb) [Anticancer Res. 12,
33 (1992)].
[0060] Substitution of deuterium in methyl groups of cyclosporine
will result in a slower rate of oxidation of the C13 D bond
relative to the rate of oxidation of a non-deuterium substituted
C--H bond. The isotopic effect acts to reduce formation of
demethylated metabolites and thereby alters the pharmacokinetic
parameters of the drug. Lower rates of oxidation, metabolism and
clearance result in greater and more sustained biological activity.
Deuteration is targeted at various sites of the cyclosporin
molecule to increase the potency of drug, reduce toxicity of the
drug, reduce the clearance of the pharmacologically active moiety
and improve the stability of the molecule.
[0061] Isotopic Substitution:
[0062] Stable isotopes (e.g., deuterium, .sup.13C, .sup.15N,
.sup.18O) are nonradioactive isotopes which contain one additional
neutron than the normally abundant isotope of the respective atom.
Deuterated compounds have been used in pharmaceutical research to
investigate the in vivo metabolic fate of the compounds by
evaluation of the mechanism of action and metabolic pathway of the
non deuterated parent compound. (Blake et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 64, 3,
367-391, 1975). Such metabolic studies are important in the design
of safe, effective therapeutic drugs, either because the in vivo
active compound administered to the patient or because the
metabolites produced from the parent compound prove to be toxic or
carcinogenic (Foster et al., Advances in Drug Research Vol. 14, pp.
2-36, Academic press, London, 1985).
[0063] Incorporation of a heavy atom particularly substitution of
deuterium for hydrogen, can give rise to an isotope effect that
could alter the pharmacokinetics of the drug. This effect is
usually insignificant if the label is placed at a metabolically
inert position of the molecule.
[0064] Stable isotope labeling of a drug can alter its
physico-chemical properties such as pKa and lipid solubility. These
changes may influence the fate of the drug at different steps along
its passage through the body. Absorption, distribution, metabolism
or excretion can be changed. Absorption and distribution are
processes that depend primarily on the molecular size and the
lipophilicity of the substance. These effects and alterations can
affect the pharmacodynamic response of the drug molecule if the
isotopic substitution affects a region involved in a
ligand-receptor interaction.
[0065] Drug metabolism can give rise to large isotopic effect if
the breaking of a chemical bond to a deuterium atom is the rate
limiting step in the process. While some of the physical properties
of a stable isotope-labeled molecule are different from those of
the unlabeled one, the chemical and biological properties are the
same, with one important exception: because of the increased mass
of the heavy isotope, any bond involving the heavy isotope and
another atom will be stronger than the same bond between the light
isotope and that atom. In any reaction in which the breaking of
this bond is the rate limiting step, the reaction will proceed
slower for the molecule with the heavy isotope due to "kinetic
isotope effect" A reaction involving breaking a C13 D bond can be
up to 700 per cent slower than a similar reaction involving
breaking a C--H bond. If the C13 D bond is not involved in any of
the steps leading to the metabolite, there may not be any effect to
alter the behavior of the drug. If a deuterium is placed at a site
involved in the metabolism of a drug, an isotope effect will be
observed only if breaking of the C13 D bond is the rate limiting
step There is evidence to suggest that whenever cleavage of an
aliphatic C--H bond occurs, usually by oxidation catalyzed by a
mixed-function oxidase, replacement of the hydrogen by deuterium
will lead to observable isotope effect. It is also important to
understand that the incorporation of deuterium at the site of
metabolism slows its rate to the point where another metabolite
produced by attack at a carbon atom not substituted by deuterium
becomes the major pathway a process called "metabolic switching".
It is also observed that one of the most important metabolic
pathways of compounds containing aromatic systems is hydroxylation
leading to a phenolic group in the 3 or 4 position to carbon
substituents. Although this pathway involves cleavage of the C--H
bond, it is often not accompanied by an isotope effect, because the
cleavage of this bond mostly not involved in the rate limiting
step. The substitution of hydrogen by deuterium at the stereo
center will induce a greater effect on the activity of the
drug.
[0066] Synthesis of Cyclosporine Derivatives:
[0067] The staring material for the preparation of the compounds of
this invention is cyclosporine A. The process for preparing the
compounds of the present invention are illustrated as shown in
scheme I in FIG. 3. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary
skill in the art reviewing the synthetic route depicted below that
other compounds with formula I can be synthesized by substitution
of appropriate reactants and agents in the synthesis shown
below.
[0068] The first step in the process for making deuterated
cyclosporin analogs is the preparation of the key intermediate 3
and 6. This can be achieved by the oxidation of the double bond in
the amino acid 1. Treatment of cyclosporin with acetic anhydride
and excess of dimethylaminopyridine provided the hydroxyl protected
acetyl cyclosporin. 2 Although cleavage of the double bond could
then be accomplished by treatment of 2 with ozone, or
KMnO.sub.4/NaIO.sub.4, it was found out that OsO.sub.4/NaIO.sub.4
was the reagent of choice for the transformation to the aldehyde
product 3. The reaction was generally found to be cleaner,
producing the required material and to proceed in higher yield. The
drawback to this reaction is that OsO.sub.4, is expensive and
highly toxic, so that its use is limited. But the results can be
accomplished more economically by the use of H.sub.2O, with
OsO.sub.4 present in catalytic amounts. t-butyl hydroxide in
alkaline solution and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide can be substituted
for H.sub.2O.sub.2 in this process. The aldehyde compound 3 was
further treated with various deuterated alkyl or aryl triphenyl
phosphonium derivatives(wittig reagents) and hydrolysis by alkaline
solution provided the final derivatives (5 a-h). We also developed
a general procedure to obtain various compounds as shown in Scheme
II in FIG. 4.
[0069] In this approach, the aldehyde derivative 3 was treated with
the Wittig reagent prepared by using standard procedure. The
resultant product on mild acid hydrolysis provided the key
intermediate aldehyde product 6 This was further treated with
second deuterated alkyl or aryl triphenylphosphonium halide
reagents and on mild acid hydrolysis yielded the required products.
This method provides control over the extension of the diene
system. By using this approch, olefinic double bonds can be
introduced step by step.
[0070] A third approach to prepare the deuterated compounds
5a-h--is by heating non deuterated cyclosporin analogs described
earlier, in a deuerated solvent such as deuterated water,
deuterated acetic acid in the presence of acid or base
catalyst.
[0071] Preferred cyclosporins of the present invention include
those which contain a deuterium and/or a chemical substitution on
amino acid 1 such as those of formula II: 4
[0072] And R.dbd.--CHC, --CDO, --CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3,
--CD.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3,
--CD.dbd.CH--CD.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.C.dbd.CH.dbd.CD.sub.2,
--CD.dbd.CH--CD.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2
and --CD.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CH--CD.sub.3,
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--CH.sub.- 3, and
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2. Other preferred embodiments of the
invention include compounds where R of above formula (I) equals 13
D, --CHO, --CDO, --CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3,
--CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3,
--CD.dbd.CH--CD.dbd.CD--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CD.sub.2,
--CD.dbd.CH--CD.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CD.sub.2, --CD.dbd.CD.sub.2,
--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CH--CD.sub.3, --CH.dbd.CH--CH.sub.3,
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--CH.- sub.3, and
--CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0073] To a stirred solution of cyclosporine 1(1.01 g, 0.84 mmol)
in acetic anhydride (20 mL) at room temperature was added DMAP (150
mg, 1.23 mmol 1.5 eq). After stirring overnight, the reaction
mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 ml) and water (25 ml).
The separated EtOAc layer was then washed with water (50 mL) and
brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent removed in vacuo
to give the crude product as a glassy solid. Purification by flash
chromatography through a short column of silica (2% MeOH/DCM) and
lyophilisation from benzene yielded 2 (1.044 g, 0.84 mmol, quant.)
as a fluffy, colourless solid; [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-305.7 (c.
0.3, CHCl.sub.3); .nu..sub.max (CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1 3328m,
2963m, 1746m, 1627s, 1528m, 1472m, 1233m; .delta..sub.H (600 MHz,
C.sub.6D.sub.6) 8 73 (1H, d, J=9.5 Hz, NH, 8.30 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz,
NH), 7.92 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz, NH), 7.49 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz, NH), 6.05
(1H, d, J=11.5 Hz), 5.88 (1H, dd, J=3.5, 11.5 Hz), 5.82 (1H, d,
J=11.5 Hz), 5.65 (1H, dd, J=4.0, 12.0 Hz), 5.60 (1H, dd, J=3.5,
12.5 Hz), 5.63-5.57 (1H, m), 5.51-5.45 (1H, m), 5.37 (1H, dd,
J=5.5, 8.5 Hz), 5.05-5.01 (2H, complex), 4.99 (1H, d, J=11.0 Hz),
4.76 (1H, p, J=7.0 Hz), 4.58 (1H, p, J=7.0 Hz), 4.02 (1H, d, J=13.5
Hz), 3.47 (3H, s), 3.30 (3H, s), 3.17 (3H, s), 3.11 (3H, s), 2.98
(3H, s), 2.68-2.62 (1H, m), 2.63 (3H, s), 2.51-2.39 (2H, complex),
2.34-2.25 (8H, complex), 2.03 (3H, s), 1.97-1.85 (2H, complex),
1.83 (3H, dd, J=1.0, 6.5 Hz), 1.82-1.77 (2H, complex), 1.68-1.61
(3H, complex), 1.55 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 1.55-1.51 (1H, m), 1.44-1.38
(1H, m), 1.32-1.20 (5H, complex), 1.29 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 1.21 (3H,
d, J=6.5 Hz), 1.17 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 1.14 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 1.08
(3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 1.04 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 1.03 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz),
1.00 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.93 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 0.92 (3H, d, J=6.5
Hz), 0.88-0.84 (9H, complex), 0.76 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.57 (3H, d,
J=6.5 Hz); .delta..sub.C (75 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 173.6, 173.2,
172.8, 172.6, 171.3, 171.1, 170.71, 170.67, 170.4, 170.2, 169.8,
167.9 (C.dbd.O), 129.0, 126.2 (C.dbd.C), 73.1 (COAc), 58.1, 57.1,
56.0, 55.0, 54.6, 54.2, 50.3, 49.9, 48.6, 48.1, 47.8, 44.5, 40.8,
39.1, 35.7, 33.6, 32.9, 32.1, 31.5, 31.2, 30.0, 29.7, 29.5, 29.3,
24.9, 24.6, 24.4, 24.0, 23.6, 23.4, 23.3, 21.7, 21.1, 21.0, 20.6,
20.3, 19.5, 18.5, 18.0, 17.7, 17.5, 17.4, 14.9, 9.7; m/z
(Electrospray)
Example 2
[0074] To a solution of compound 2 (289 mg, 0.23 mmol) in a 1:1
mixture of dioxane and water (5 mL) was added firstly sodium
metaperiodate (100 mg, 0.47 mmol, 2 eq) and secondly a solution of
osmium tetraoxide (5 mL; 0.5 g OsO.sub.4 in 250 mL of solvent).
Two-phase work-up, purification by flash column chromatography (40%
acetone in petroleum ether) and lyophilisation from benzene gave
compound 3. (226 mg, 0.18 mmol, 80%) as a fluffy, colourless solid;
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-260.0 (c. 0.1, CHCl.sub.3); .nu..sub.max
(CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1 3325m, 2962m, 1748w, 1724w, 1677m,
1626s, 1228m, 755m; .delta..sub.H (300 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 8.63
(1H, d, J=9.5 Hz, NH), 8.16 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz, NH), 7.95 (1H, d,
J=7.5 Hz, NH) 7.48 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz, NH), 5.93 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz),
5.84 (1H, dd, J=4.0, 11.5 Hz), 5.70 (1H, d, J=11.5 Hz). 5.56-5.54
(1H, m), 5.32 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 8.0 Hz), 5.07-4.88(3H, complex), 4.72
(1H, p, J=7.0 Hz), 4.49 (1H, p, J=7.0 Hz), 3.98 (1H, d, J=14.0 Hz),
3.42 (3H, s, CH.sub.3N), 3.27 (3H, s, CH.sub.3N), 3.12 (3H, s,
CH.sub.3N), 3.07 (3H, s, CH.sub.3N), 2.91 (3H, s, CH.sub.3N), 2.79
(3H, s, CH.sub.3N), 2.59 (3H, s, CH.sub.3N), 2.42-2.08 (10H,
complex), 1.94 (3H, s, CH.sub.3CO.sub.2), 1.47 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz),
1.24 (3H, 7.0 Hz), 1.14-1.09 (9H, complex), 1.04 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz),
1.01 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.96 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.92 (3H, d, J=6.5
Hz), 0.91 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.89 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 0.83 (6H, d,
J=6.5 Hz), 0.74 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.59 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz),
.delta..sub.c (75 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 202.5 (CHO), 174.4, 174.0,
173.7, 172.8, 171.6, 171.5, 171.2, 171.1, 170.6, 170.2, 170.2,
168.1, 73.0, 58.7, 57.6, 56.7, 55.5, 55.0, 54.5, 49.4, 48.9, 48.5,
48.1, 45.0, 44.6, 41.3, 39.8, 38.8, 37.7, 36.2, 32.5, 32.0, 31.6,
30.9, 30.3, 30.0, 29.8, 29.6, 25.6, 25.3, 25.0, 24.8, 24.5, 24.0,
23.8, 23.4, 22.0, 21.7, 21.2, 20.5, 20.0, 19.8, 18.8, 18.5, 18.2,
17.4, 15.2, 10.0; m/z (Electrospray) 1232.8 (MH.sup.+, 100%).
Example 3
[0075] Method A: To a solution of compound 3(315 mg, 0.26 mmol) in
THF (5 mL) at 0.degree. C. was added a solution of the
deutero-phosphorus ylid (2.67 mmol, .about.10 eq), prepared from
d.sub.5-ethyltriphenylphosphoniu- m iodide. After work-up,
purification by flash column chromatography (30% to 60% acetone in
PE) and HPLC (60% to 65% MeCN in water), then lyophilisation from
benzene yielded compound 4 (153 mg, 0.12 mmol, 47%) as a fluffy,
colourless solid.
[0076] Method B: To a stirred solution of compound 3 (287 mg, 0.23
mmol) in THF (5 mL) under Ar at -78.degree. C. was carefully added
a solution of phosphorus ylid (formed by the addition of sodium
hexamethyldisilylamide (1.0M; 2.25 mL, 2.25 mmol, .about.10 eq) to
a suspension of d.sub.5-ethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide (480 mg,
1.13 mmol, .about.5 eq) in THF (10 mL) under Ar at room
temperature). After stirring for 2 hr with gradual warming to room
temperature, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0.degree. C. and
was quenched by the addition of 10% AcOH/THF (10 mL). The reaction
mixture was concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between water (20
mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with
EtOAc (20 mL) and the combined organic extracts were then washed
with 1N HCl (20 mL) and water (20 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the
solvent removed in vacuo to give the crude product. Purification by
flash column chromatography (40% acetone in petroleum ether) and
lyophilisation from benzene yielded compound 4d (84 mg, 67 .mu.mol,
29%) as a fluffy, colourless solid; [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-283.0
(c. 0.1, CHCl.sub.3); .nu..sub.max (CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1
3320m, 3010m, 2959s, 2924s, 2871m, 2853m, 1743m, 1626s, 756s;
.delta..sub.H (600 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 8.78 (1H, d, J=9.5 Hz),
8.33 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.99 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.59 (1H, d, J=9.0
Hz), 6.09 (1H, d, J=11.5 Hz), 5.92 (1H, dd, J=4.0, 11.0 Hz), 5.86
(1H, d, J=11.5 Hz), 5.72-5.64 (2H, complex), 5.62 (1H, dd, J=3.5,
12.5 Hz), 5.40 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 8.5 Hz), 5.10-5.02 (3H, complex),
4.80 (1H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.60 (1H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.05 (1H, d, J=14.0
Hz), 3.51 (3H, s), 3.31 (3H, s), 3.20 (3H, s), 3.13 (3H, s), 3.01
(3H, s), 2.87 (3H, s), 2.64 (3H, s). 2.45 (1H, dt, J=4.0, 12.5 Hz),
2.36-2.20 (10H, complex), 2.06 (3H, s), 1.93-1.79 (3H, complex);
.delta..sub.D (84 MHz, C.sub.6H.sub.6) .delta..sub.c (125 MHz,
C.sub.6D.sub.6) 174.5, 173.7, 173.6, 173.1, 171.7, 171.4, 170.9,
170.7, 170.6, 170.3, 170.0, 168.4, 130.2 (C.dbd.C), 123.8
(C.dbd.C), 73.8 (MeBmt C-3), 58.7, 58.1, 57.6, 57.1, 55.5, 55.0,
54.5, 40.4, 49.0, 48.6, 48.2, 45.0, 41.4, 39.9, 39.0, 37.8, 34.2,
33.9, 32.6, 32.3, 32.0, 31.4, 30.9, 30.8, 30.2, 30.1, 30.0, 29.9,
29.8, 29.6, 28.5, 25.6, 25.3, 25.0, 24.9, 24.8, 24.1, 23.9, 23.8,
23.6, 23.1, 22.1, 21.7, 21.4, 20.7, 20.0, 19.9, 19.8, 18.9, 18.7,
18.6, 18.3, 17.4, 15.3, 14.3, 10.2; m/z (Electrospray) 1270
([M+Na].sup.+, 100%), 1286 ([M+K].sup.+, 20).
Example 4
[0077] To a stirred solution of 4d (84 mg, 67 .mu.mol) in MeOH (5
mL) and water (2.5 mL) at room temperature was added potassium
carbonate (99 mg, 0.72 mmol, .about.10 eq). After stirring
overnight, the MeOH was removed in vacuo and the aqueous residue
was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and 5% citric acid solution
(10 mL). The EtOAc layer was then washed with water (10 mL) and
brine (10 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent removed in vacuo
to give the crude product. HPLC purification (60% to 65% MeCN in
water) and lyophilisation from benzene yielded compound 5d (59 mg,
49 .mu.mol, 70%) as a fluffy, colourless solid;
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-262.0 (c. 0.05, CHCl.sub.3); .nu..sub.max
(CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1 3318m, 3008m, 2960s, 2872m, 1627s,
1519m, 1470m, 1411m, 1295m, 1095m, 754m; .delta..sub.H (600 MHz,
C.sub.6H.sub.6) 8.27 (1H, d, J=9.5 Hz), 7.96 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz),
7.63 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.45 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 5.87 (1H, dd,
J=3.5, 11.0 Hz), 5.74 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 5.73-5.69 (1H, m),
5.66-5.64 (1H, br d, J=11.0 Hz), 5.79 (1H, dd, J=4.0, 11.5 Hz),
3.39 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 10.5 Hz), 5.33 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 8.5 Hz), 5.24
(1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 5.12 (1H, dt, J=7.5, 10.0 Hz), 4.88-4.79 (3H,
complex), 4.22 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 7.5 Hz), 4.00 (1H, d, 13.5 Hz), 3.72
(3H, s), 3.22 (3H, s), 3.06 (3H, s), 2.97 (3H, s), 2.92 (3H, s),
2.85 (3H, s), 2.67-2.60 (1H, m), 2.58 (3H, s), 2.56-2.50 (1H, br
m), 2.33-2.23 (4H, complex), 2.20-2.07 (4H, complex), 1.80-1.74
(3H, complex), 1.67 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 1.56-1.50 (2H, complex),
1.46-1.23 (9H, complex), 1.17-1.13 (16H, complex), 1.06 (3H, d,
J=6.5 Hz), 1.02 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.98 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.96
(3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.92-0.89 (9H complex), 0.86 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz),
0.83 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 0.64 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz); .delta..sub.D (84
MHz, C.sub.6H.sub.6) 1.64 (CD.sub.3); .delta..sub.C (75 MHz,
C.sub.6H.sub.6) 174.2, 174.1, 174.0, 173.7, 171.8, 171.4, 171.2,
170.5, 170.4, 170.3, 169.8, 130.2, 124.1, (99.2,) 74.3, (67.1,)
66.3, 66.1, 61.0, 59.5, 58.3, 57.8, 55.7, 55.5, 55.4, 49.4, 49.0,
48.4, 45.3, 41.4, 39.6, 39.0, 37.8, 36.5, 36.1, 35.8, 33.7, 31.6,
30.8, 30.4, 30.1, 29.9, 29.5, 29.4, 25.5, 25.2, 25.0, 24.9, 24.5,
24.2, 23.8, 23.7, 23.6, 22.0, 21.4, 20.0, 18.8, 18.5, 17.8, 16.0,
10.1; m/z (Electrospray) 1206 ([M+H].sup.+, 30%), 1228
([M+Na].sup.+, 100), 1244 ([M+K].sup.+, 25).
Example 5
[0078] To a vigorously stirred mixture of compound 3 (49 mg, 39.81
.mu.mol) and deuterated d.sub.3-allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
(311 mg, 812 .mu.mol, .about.20 eq) in benzene (3 mL) at room
temperature was added 1N NaOH (3 mL). Stirring was continued at
room temperature for 5 days, after which time the 2 layers were
separated, the benzene layer was washed with water (5 mL), dried
(MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to give the crude
product. Purification by HPLC (20% to 60% MeCN in water) and
lyophilisation from benzene yielded compound 4 (23 mg, 18.3
.mu.mol, 47%) as a fluffy, colourless solid;
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-264.2 (c. 0.24, CHCl.sub.3); .nu..sub.max
(CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1 3322m, 2959m, 1744m, 1626s, 1231m,
754m; .delta..sub.H (300 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) complex due to 1:1
ratio of geometrical isomers 8.73 (d, J=9.5 Hz, NH, 8.72 (d, J=9.5
Hz, NH), 8.29 (d, J=6.5 Hz, NH), 8.26 (d, J=6.5 Hz, NH), 7.92 (d,
J=7.5 Hz, NH), 7.86 (d, J=7.5 Hz, NH), 7.53 (d, J=9.0 Hz, NH), 7.49
(d, J=9.0 Hz, NH), 7.10-6.70 (complex), 6.33 (br t, J=11.0 Hz),
6.18 (d, J=10.5 Hz), 6.12 (d, J=10.5 Hz), 6.05 (d, J=11.0 Hz), 6.03
(d, J=11.0 Hz), 5.90-5.53 (complex), 5.37 (dd, J=6.0, 8.0 Hz), 5.20
(d, J=12.0 Hz), 5.14 (d, J=12.0 Hz), 5.07-4.97 (complex), 4.80-4.70
(complex), 4.57 (p, J=7.0 Hz), 4.02 (d, J=14.0 Hz), 4.01 (d, J=14.0
Hz), 3.47 (s), 3.46 (s), 3.28 (s), 3.26 (s), 3.16 (s), 3.15 (s),
3.09 (s), 2.97 (s), 2.96 (s), 2.84 (s), 2.62 (s), 2.48-2.23
(complex), 2.05 (s), 2.03 (s), 1.95-1.59 (complex), 1.54 (d, J=7.0
Hz), 1.53-0.80 (complex), 0.77 (d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.58 (d, J=6.5 Hz),
0.57 (d, J=6.5 Hz); .delta..sub.C (75 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 174.5,
174.0, 173.9, 173.6, 173.5, 173.1, 171.7, 171.6, 171.4, 170.9,
170.8, 170.6, 170.6, 170.3, 169.8, 169.7, 168.4, 137.9, 133.9,
133.5, 132.8, 132.3, 131.6, 130.1, 116.9, 115.0, 73.6, 58.6, 57.6,
57.0, 56.8, 55.7, 55.5, 55.0, 54.9, 54.7, 54.5, 49.4, 48.9, 48.5,
48.2, 48.1, 44.9, 41.5, 39.9, 39.0, 38.9, 37.8, 37.6, 36.6,36.3,
34.1, 33.7, 32.7, 32.1, 32.0, 31.5, 30.9, 30.7, 30.0, 29.8, 29.6,
25.6, 25.5, 25.3, 25.2, 25.0, 24.9, 24.1, 23.9, 23.7, 23.6, 22.1,
21.7, 21.6, 21.4, 21.3, 20.7, 20.0, 19.9, 18.9, 18.6, 18.3, 17.6,
15.3, 10.2; m/z (Electrospray) 1258.8 (MH.sup.+, 100%).
Example 6
[0079] To a vigorously stirred mixture of compound 3 (56 mg, 45.5
.mu.mol) and deuterated d.sub.4-crotyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
(360 mg, 907 .mu.mol, 20 eq) in benzene (3 mL) at room temperature
was added 1N NaOH (3 mL). Stirring was continued at room
temperature for 5days, after which time the 2 layers were
separated, the benzene layer was washed with water (5 mL dried
(MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to give the crude
product. Purification by HPLC (20% to 60% MeCN in water) and
lyophilisation from benzene yielded compound 4e (23 mg, 18.1
.mu.mol, 40%) as a fluffy, colourless solid;
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-236.0 (c. 0.25, CHCl.sub.3); .nu..sub.max
(CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1 3324m, 2959m, 2871m, 1745w, 1626s,
1231m; .delta..sub.H (300 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) complex due to
presence of 4 isomers 8.76 (d, J=6.0 Hz), 8:73 (d, J=6.0 Hz), 8.29
(d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.93 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.88 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.53 (d,
J=9.5 Hz), 7.62-7.31 (1H, complex), 7.16-6.88 (2H, complex),
6.59-6.39 (complex), 6.28 (t, J=11.0 Hz), 6.15 (d, J=10.5 Hz), 6.09
(d, J=10.5 Hz), 6.05 (d, J=11.5 Hz), 6.03 (d, J=11.5 Hz), 5.90-5.82
(complex), 5.68-5.35 (complex), 5.08-4.97 (complex), 4.81-4.72
(complex), 4.63-4.53 (complex), 4.03 (d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.47 (s), 3.46
(s), 3.28 (s), 3.26 (s), 3.17 (s), 3.15 (s), 3.09 (s), 2.98 (s),
2.97 (s), 2.83 (s), 2.63 (s), 2.62 (s), 2.71-2.56 (complex),
2.47-2.23 (complex), 2.05 (s), 2.04 (s), 2.03 (s), 2.02 (s),
1.98-0.82 (complex), 0.77 (d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.58 (d, J=6.5 Hz), 0.58
(d, J=6.5 Hz); m/z (Electrospray) 1273.8 (MH.sup.+, 100%).
Example 7
[0080] To a stirred solution of compound 4g (20 mg, 15.9 .mu.mol)
in methanol (5 mL) and water (1 mL) at room temperature was added
potassium carbonate (30 mg, 217 .mu.mol). After stirring overnight,
the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and 5%
aqueous citric acid (10 mL). The aqueous layer was further
extracted with EtOAc (5 mL), the combined organic layers were then
washed with 5% citric acid (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried
(MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to give the crude
product. Purification by HPLC (65% MeCN) and lyophilisation from
benzene yielded compound 5g (10 mg, 8.2 .mu.mol, 52%) as a fluffy,
colourless solid; [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25 -285.2 (c. 0.29,
CHCl.sub.3); .lambda..sub.max (CHCl.sub.3 cast)/cm.sup.-1
3500-3200br, 3319m, 2958m, 2927m, 1626s, 1520m, 1468m, 754m;
.delta..sub.H (300 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) complex due to the presence
of 2 isomers 8.25 (d, J=10.0 Hz, NH), 8.13 (d, J=10.0 Hz, NH), 7.93
(d, J=7.0 Hz, NH), 7.84 (d, J=7.0 Hz, NH), 7.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, NH),
7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, NH), 7.55 (d, J=0.5 Hz, NH) 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz,
NH), 6.84 (t, J=10.5 Hz), 6.79 (t, J=10.5 Hz), 6.58 (t, J=10.5 Hz),
6.52 (t, J=10.5 Hz), 6.30-6.14 (complex), 5.88-5.78 (complex),
5.75-5.66 (complex), 5.44-4.74 (complex), 4.22-4.15 (complex), 3.95
(d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.93 (d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.72 (s), 3.68 (s), 3.19 (s),
3.17 (s), 3.05 (s), 3.03 (s), 2.94 (s), 2.93 (s), 2.89 (s), 2.86
(s), 2.82 (s), 2.81 (s), 2.72-2.53 (complex), 2.55 (s), 2.54 (s),
2.49-2.36 (complex), 2.32-2.03 (complex), 1.81-0.81 (complex), 0.65
(d, J=6.5 Hz)), m/z (Electrospray) 1216.8 (MH.sup.+, 100%), 607.9
([M+2H].sup.2+, 15).
Example 8
[0081] To a stirred solution of compound 4e (18 mg, 14.2 .mu.mol)
in methanol (5 mL) and water (1 mL) at room temperature was added
potassium carbonate (35 mg, 254 .mu.mol). After stirring overnight,
the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and 5%
aqueous citric acid (10 mL). The aqueous layer was further
extracted with EtOAc (5 mL), the combined organic layers were then
washed with 5% citric acid (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried
(MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to give the crude
product. Purification by HPLC (65% MeCN) and lyophilisation from
benzene yielded compound 5e (10 mg, 8.1 .mu.mol, 57%) as a fluffy,
colourless solid; [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25-285.5 (c. 0.11,
CHCl.sub.3); .delta..sub.H (300 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) complex due to
presence of 4 isomers 8.31 (d, J=9.5 Hz), 8.28 (d, J=9.5 Hz), 8.16
(d, J=9.5 Hz), 8.14 (d, J=9.5 Hz), 7.96 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.95 (d,
J=7.5 Hz), 7.86 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.85 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.63 (d, J=7.5
Hz), 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.50-7.44 (complex), 6.60-6.49 (complex),
6.32-6.11 (complex), 5.88-5.83 (complex), 5.76-5.71 (complex),
5.64-5.22 (complex), 5.17-5.08 (complex), 4.91-4.77 (complex),
4.26-4.18 (complex), 3.99 (d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.97 (d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.74
(s), 3.73 (s), 3.71 (s), 3.69 (s), 3.22 (s), 321 (s), 3.20 (s),
3.19 (s), 3.07 (s), 3.06 (s), 3.05 (s), 2.97 (s), 2.96 (s), 2.95
(s), 2.92 (s), 2.91 (s), 2.89 (s), 2.84 (s), 2.83 (s), 2.69-2.07
(complex), 2.58 (s), 2.57 (s), 1.84-0.81 (complex), 0.64 (d, J=6.5
Hz); m/z (Electrospray) 1269.8 ([M+K].sup.+, 5%), 1253.8
([M+Na].sup.+, 30), 1231.8 (MH.sup.+)
Example 9
[0082] The immunosupressive activity can be tested for cyclosporine
and the disclosed cyclosporine analogs as described below.
Calcineurin activity is assayed using a modification of the method
previously described by Fruman et al. (A Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,
1992). Whole blood lysates are evaluated for their ability to
dephosphorylate a .sup.32P-labelled 19 amino acid peptide substrate
in the presence of okadaic acid, a phosphatase type 1 and 2
inhibitor. Background phosphatase 2C activity (CsA and okadaic acid
resistant activity) is determined and subtracted from each sample,
with the assay performed in the presence and absence of excess
added CsA. The remaining phosphatase activity is taken as
calcineurin activity.
Example 10
[0083] A mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay is performed with
cyclosporine and the disclosed cyclosporine analogs. The MLR assay
is useful for identifying CsA derivatives with biological
(immunosuppressive) activity and to quantify this activity relative
to the immunosuppressive activity of the parent CsA molecule.
[0084] An example of a lymphocyte proliferation assay procedure
useful for this purpose is as follows:
[0085] 1. Collect blood from two individuals (20mls each) and
isolate lymphocytes using Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia Biotech).
[0086] 2. Count lymphocytes at 1:10 dilution in 2% acetic acid
(v/v).
[0087] 3. Prepare 10 mls of each lymphocyte populations (A+B) at
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml in DMEM/20% FCS (v/v).
[0088] 4. Set up a 96 well sterile tissue culture plate, flat
bottom (Sarstedt, cat # 83.1835). To each well add:
[0089] 5. Aliquot 100 .mu.l per well lymphocyte population A
[0090] 6. Aliquot 100 .mu.l per well lymphocyte population B
[0091] 7. Aliquot 20 .mu.l per well of drug (CSA and CSA
derivatives) at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 .mu.g/L in triplicate
in DMEM with no supplements.
[0092] 8. To measure the effect of drug on proliferation, incubate
the plate for 5 days at 37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2
atmosphere.
[0093] 9. On day 6, prepare 32 mls of 1:50 dilution of
Methyl-.sup.3H-Thymidine (Amersham Life Science, cat # TRK 120) in
DMEM with no supplements. Add 30 .mu.l per well and incubate for 18
hours at 37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere.
[0094] 10. On day 7 cells are harvested onto glass microfiber
filters GF/A (Whatman, cat # 1820024) using a Cell-Harvestor
(Skatron, cat # 11019). Wash cells 3.times. with 1.0-ml sterile
distilled water. Note: All procedures are done using sterile
techniques in a biological flow hood.
[0095] 11. Place filters in Scintilation vials and add 1.5 mls of
SciniSafe Plus 50% scintilation fluid (Fisher, cat # SX-25-5).
[0096] 12. Measure the amount of radioactivity incorporated in the
lymphocytes using a beta counter (Micromedic System Inc., TAURUS
Automatic Liquid Scintilation Counter) for 1.0 minute.
[0097] 13. Calculate averages and standard deviations for each drug
and express results as: 1 % Inhibition = [ 1 - Ave CPM of test drug
Ave CPM of zero drug ] .times. 100 % Proliferation = 100 - %
Inhibition
[0098] From the results of the calcineurin assay and the mixed
lymphocyte reaction assay, it was found that cyclosporines that
have been chemically substituted and/or deuterated at the amino
acid 1 position can possess significant immunosuppressant
activity.
Example 11
[0099] Other cyclosporine derivatives of the invention which have
been prepared include the following:
1 STRUCTURE CODE # 5 DB-b1-01 6 DB-b1-08 7 DB1-b1-11 8 DB1-b1-31 9
DB1-b1-45 10 DB-b186C 11 DB-b1-92b 12 DB-b1-93C 13 DB-b1-145D 14
DB-b1-147D 15 DB-01-148 16 DB-b1-151 17 DB-b1-176 18 DB-b1-179 19
DB-b1-180 20 DB-b1-192 21 DB-b1-193 22 DB-b1-134 23 DB-b1-194 24
DB-b1-195 25 DB-b1-196 26 DB-b1-50B
[0100] Drug Composition Formulation and Elicitation of
Immunosupression
[0101] Determination of the physicochemical, pharmacodynamic,
toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of the cyclosporine
derivatives disclosed can be made using standard chemical and
biological assays and through the use of mathematical modeling
techniques which are known in the chemical and
pharmacological/toxicological arts. The therapeutic utility and
dosing regimen can be extrapolated from the results of such
techniques and through the use of appropriate pharmacokinetic
and/or pharmacodynamic models.
[0102] The compounds of this invention may be administered neat or
with a pharmaceutical carrier to a warm blooded animal in need
thereof. The pharmaceutical carrier may be solid or liquid.
[0103] This invention also relates to a method of treatment for
patients suffering from immunoregulatory abnormalities involving
the administration of the disclosed cyclosporines as the active
constituent.
[0104] For the treatment of these conditions and diseases caused by
immunoirregularity, a deuterated cyclosporin may be administered
orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray or rectally in
dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The
term parenteral, as used herein, includes subcutaneous injections,
intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion
techniques.
[0105] The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active
ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as
tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions,
dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules,
or syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be
prepared according to any method known to the art for the
manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions
may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting
of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and
preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and
palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in
admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may
also be manufactured by known methods. The excipients used may be
for example, (1) inert diluent such as calcium carbonate, lactose,
calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; (2) granulating and
disintegrating agents such as corn starch, or alginic acid; (3)
binding agents such as starch, gelatin or acacia, and (4)
lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or
talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known
techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over
a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as
glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They
may also be coated by the techniques described in the U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,256,108; 4,160,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotic
therapeutic tablets for controlled release.
[0106] In some cases, formulations for oral use may be in the form
of hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed
with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate,
calcium phosphate or kaolin. They may also be in the form of soft
gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water
or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive
oil.
[0107] Aqueous suspensions normally contain the active materials in
admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous
suspensions. Such excipients may be
[0108] (1) suspending agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose,
methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;
[0109] (2) dispersing or wetting agents which may be
[0110] (a) a naturally-occurring phosphatide such as lecithin,
[0111] (b) a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty
acid, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate,
[0112] (c) a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long
chain aliphatic alcohol, for example,
heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol,
[0113] (d) a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial
ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol such as
polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or
[0114] (e) a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial
ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride, for
example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
[0115] The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more
preservatives, for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate;
one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one
or more sweetening agents such as sucrose, aspartame or
saccharin.
[0116] Oily suspension may be formulated by suspending the active
ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil,
sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid
paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for
example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents
and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral
preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of
an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.
[0117] Dispersible powders and granules are suitable for the
preparation of an aqueous suspension. They provide the active
ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a
suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing
or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those
already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example, those
sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents described above may also
be present.
[0118] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be
in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a
vegetable oil such as olive oil or arachis oils, or a mineral oil
such as liquid paraffin or a mixture thereof. Suitable emulsifying
agents may be (1) naturally-occurring gums such as gum acacia and
gum tragacanth, (2) naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soy
bean and lecithin, (3) esters or partial esters derived from fatty
acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, (4)
condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide,
for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may
also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
[0119] Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents,
for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or
sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a
preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
[0120] The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a
sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension. This
suspension may be formulated according to known methods using those
suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which
have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may
also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic
parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a
solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and
solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and
isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils
are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For
this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including
synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as
oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
[0121] The disclosed cyclosporines may also be administered in the
form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These
compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable
non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures
but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the
rectum to release the drug. Such materials are cocoa butter and
polyethylene glycols.
[0122] For topical use, creams, ointments, jellies, solutions or
suspensions, etc., containing the disclosed cyclosporines are
employed.
[0123] Dosage levels of the order from about 0.05 mg to about 50 mg
per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of
the above-indicated conditions (from about 2.5 mg to about 2.5 gms.
per patient per day).
[0124] The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with
the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary
depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of
administration. For example, a formulation intended for the oral
administration of humans may contain from 2.5 mg to 2.5 gm of
active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount
of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent
of the total composition. Dosage unit forms will generally contain
between from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of active ingredient.
[0125] It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level
for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors
including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age,
body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration,
route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and
the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.
[0126] All references listed herein are incorporated by reference.
In the case of conflict, the text of the application is
controlling. Modifications and changes of the disclosed compounds
and methods will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Such
modifications and changes are intended to be encompassed by this
disclosure and the claims appended hereto.
* * * * *