U.S. patent application number 10/078008 was filed with the patent office on 2002-09-19 for wireless private branch exchange (wpbx) and communicating between mobile units and base stations.
This patent application is currently assigned to COMMIL LTD.. Invention is credited to Arazi, Nitzan, Barak, Haim, Soffer, Yaron.
Application Number | 20020132630 10/078008 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27393413 |
Filed Date | 2002-09-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020132630 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Arazi, Nitzan ; et
al. |
September 19, 2002 |
Wireless private branch exchange (WPBX) and communicating between
mobile units and base stations
Abstract
Methods to create a cellular-like communication system, such as
a Wireless Private Branch Exchange (WPBX), which includes mobile
devices such as standard cordless phones (handsets), particularly,
mobile devices utilizing the Bluetooth short-range wireless
communication protocol. The methods provide seamless and reliable
handoff of sessions between Base Stations while the mobile device
is moving between picocells, by implementing a high-level of
synchronization between the Base Stations and the Switch. Base
Stations of picocells having small coverage areas communicate with
the handsets. The communication protocol is divided into a
low-level protocol performed by the Base Stations and a high-level
protocol performed by the Switch connected to all the Base
Stations. The methods support mobile computing or telephony devices
and communication protocols, which are not specified to handle
handoffs of sessions while moving between Base Stations coverage
areas in a data, voice or telephony wireless network.
Inventors: |
Arazi, Nitzan; (Ramat
Hasharon, IL) ; Soffer, Yaron; (Nes-Ziona, IL)
; Barak, Haim; (Kfar Saba, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DR. MARK FRIEDMAN LTD.
C/o Bill Polkinghorn
Discovery Dispatch
9003 Florin Way
Upper Marlboro
MD
20772
US
|
Assignee: |
COMMIL LTD.
|
Family ID: |
27393413 |
Appl. No.: |
10/078008 |
Filed: |
February 20, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10078008 |
Feb 20, 2002 |
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09784109 |
Feb 16, 2001 |
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60195219 |
Apr 7, 2000 |
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60208306 |
Jun 1, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
455/502 ;
375/132; 375/356; 455/41.2; 455/436 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W 8/005 20130101;
H04M 2250/02 20130101; H04W 36/00835 20180801; H04W 56/00 20130101;
H04M 1/725 20130101; H04W 84/16 20130101; H04W 76/00 20130101; H04M
1/733 20130101; H04W 36/0033 20130101; H04W 84/105 20130101; H04W
88/02 20130101; H04M 1/724 20210101 |
Class at
Publication: |
455/502 ; 455/41;
455/436; 375/356; 375/132 |
International
Class: |
H04Q 007/20 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a wireless communication system comprising a plurality of
Base Stations and at least one Switch in communication with the
Base Stations, a method of synchronizing at least one neighboring
Base Station to a Base Station connected with a mobile unit
comprising: from the Base Station connected with the mobile unit,
periodically transmitting during a selected time interval with
higher transmission power than during normal transmission; and
receiving the transmission with higher transmission power at the
least one neighboring Base Station.
2. Method, according to claim 1, wherein: the selected time
interval is a synchronization hop in a series of periodic hops; and
the increased transmission power during the synchronization hop is
at least twice as great as the normal transmission power.
3. Method, according to claim 1, wherein: the selected time
interval is a synchronization hop in a series of periodic hops; and
the synchronization hop is transmitted at a different frequency
than the remaining periodic hops.
4. Method, according to claim 1, wherein: the mobile unit is
equipped with a short-range wireless communication
transmitter/receiver.
5. Method, according to claim 1, wherein the mobile unit is a
device selected from the group consisting of: telephone handset,
standard cordless telephone handset, cellular telephone handset,
personal data device, personal digital assistant (PDA), computer,
laptop computer, e-mail server, a device utilizing point-to-point
protocol (PPP) to the Internet via a central remote access server a
headset, a personal server, a wearable computer, a wireless camera,
and a mobile music player.
6. Method, according to claim 1, further comprising: providing
communication links between the Base Stations, wherein the
communication links between the Base Stations are selected from the
group consisting of RF links and land lines; and transferring
connection status information and rough synchronization information
between the Base Stations over the communications links.
7. Method, according to claim 1, wherein: the Base Stations and the
Switch are connected via a wired or wireless local area network
(LAN).
8. Method, according to claim 1, wherein: a first plurality of Base
Stations are connected to a first Switch; a second plurality of
Base Stations are connected to a second Switch; the Switches
maintain status tables for calls and connections that they are
handling, and maintain copies of each other's status tables; and
when a Switch updates one of its status tables, it sends the
updated status table to the other Switches.
9. Method, according to claim 1, wherein: the wireless
communication system comprises a wireless private branch exchange
(WPBX) handling calls from mobile units comprising handsets.
10. Method, according to claim 9, further comprising: in the
Switch, maintaining a table of calls being handled by the WPBX,
comprising information selected from the group consisting of a
unique Call Identification number for each active call being
handles by the WPBX, the origin of the call, the destination of the
call, Calling Number Identification (CNID), Destination Number
(DN), Originating Base Station Identification, Destination Base
Station Identification, Status of call, information for billing,
and information for performance analysis.
11. Method, according to claim 9, further comprising: in the
Switch, for each call, maintaining a table of connections
comprising information selected from the group consisting of
Handset ID, Current Base Station ID, handle of high-level
protocols, handle of low-level protocols, Number of candidate Base
Stations for handoff, List of candidate Base Stations for handoff,
and List of handoff status for each candidate Base Station.
Description
[0001] This Application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 09/784,109 filed Feb. 16, 2001, currently pending.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to wireless communications systems
having a plurality of mobile units (devices) having the ability to
connect short-range with a plurality of Base Stations, and
techniques for handing off a mobile unit from one Base Station to
another when the mobile unit moves between areas of coverage of
neighboring Base Stations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The effective range of a mobile device, such as a cordless
handset, from its Base Station is limited by its transmission power
and by the receiver sensitivity of the mobile device and the Base
Station. Wireless Private Branch Exchange (WPBX) systems address
this limitation by using more than one Base Station (BS). The area
that a Base Station covers is called a cell. In the main,
hereinafter, mobile units (devices) that are cordless (telephone)
handsets are discussed.
[0004] In a WPBX, the Base Stations are interconnected in order to
allow handsets that are in different cells to communicate with one
another. When a handset moves from one cell to another during a
call, the handoff (or handover) of communication from one Base
Station to another Base Station enables uninterrupted
communication. A central unit that is usually called the "Switch"
is connected to all the Base Stations. The Switch controls the
operation of the system, routes the call to Base Stations and to
Gateways, which connect the WPBX to external communication systems.
The transmission power of a cordless handset in the WPBX is usually
lower than the transmission power of the handset of a standard
cellular system, which results in a WPBX for cordless handsets
having much smaller cells (referred to as mini-cells, or
micro-cells or picocells) than the cells of a standard cellular
system.
[0005] Some cordless handsets use communication protocols that are
also used in cellular system, but they transmit in a lower power
than a mobile (cellular) handset. For examples protocols in use are
GSM and IS-136. According to these protocols the handoff between
cells is performed by collaboration of the cordless handset, the
Base Stations and the Switch. These handsets can connect to the
WPBX when they are in its coverage area, and can also connect to
any other cellular system that supports the communication protocol
that they are using.
[0006] Some handsets use communication protocols that were designed
especially to allow communication with WPBX. Some examples are
DECT, CT-2, PAC, and PACS. The handset is usually a dedicated
handset that is used only in the area covered by the WBPX.
[0007] Some handsets have dual mode support. For example a handset
may communicate with the WPBX using DECT, and may allow
communication with other cellular systems using GSM.
[0008] Some WPBXs use standard cordless handsets. These handsets
have no special mechanism to support the handoff between cells. In
these systems the Switch and the Base Stations perform the handoff,
and the handset is not aware of (does not participate actively in)
the handoff process. When a standard cordless handset moves from
one cell to another the Switch routes the call to another cell.
Since cordless phones use "simple" protocols, for example an analog
fixed transmission, when the call is routed to the new cell, the
cordless phone automatically will receive it.
[0009] During the last years short-range communication protocols
have become much more complicated. Very low power is used in order
to allow many systems to operate in close vicinity. Complex
transmissions methods like frequency hopping and spread spectrum
are used in order to overcome interference, and improve the
communication quality. Digital communication methods are used
allowing communication of data and voice on the same system. Error
correction encoders are used in order to improve reliability.
Security and privacy of the communication is improved with the use
of Digital authentication and encryption.
[0010] Short-range communication systems are used for many
purposes. A growing trend for short-range communication usage is
Personal Area Network (PAN) devices and applications, among such is
the "all in one handset" and personal data devices. Such type of
handset supports standard cellular communication, and also has the
ability to communicate with personal area network devices that are
in its near vicinity, using short-range communication. Some PAN
short-range communication standards were not designed to allow
mobility, i.e. they were not designed to allow handoff in between
Base Stations in general and during an active session in
particular. This limits a session via such device to be linked to a
single Base Station and therefore to very limited area.
[0011] The "Bluetooth" standard is a short-range wireless
communication standard that has many uses for voice applications
and telephony (e.g. cordless phone, wireless headsets) and also for
data applications (laptop to personal computer communication,
wireless local area network Gateways etc.). The Bluetooth wireless
technology is implemented using a universal radio interface in the
2.45 GHz frequency band that enables portable electronic devices to
connect and communicate wirelessly via short-range, ad hoc
networks. Each unit can simultaneously communicate with up to seven
other units per piconet. Moreover, each unit can simultaneously
belong to several piconets.
[0012] Bluetooth connection is planned to be standard feature in
future cellular handsets, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs),
Palmtop and Laptop computers. The Bluetooth standard does not
support mobility between Base Stations, since it was primarily
designed for short-range communication as a cable replacement. A
cellular handset with Bluetooth wireless technology will be able to
operate as a cordless phone, but only in the near vicinity of a
single Base Station. The same limitation applies to mobile personal
data devices such as PDA's and mobile computers.
[0013] Glossary
[0014] Unless otherwise noted, or as may be evident from the
context of their usage, any terms, abbreviations, acronyms or
scientific symbols and notations used herein are to be given their
ordinary meaning in the technical discipline to which the invention
most nearly pertains. The following glossary of terms is intended
to lend clarity and consistency to the various descriptions
contained herein, as well as in prior art documents:
1 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BER Bit Error Rate Bluetooth
short-range wireless communications standard/interface/protocol BS
Base Station CPU Central Processing Unit CRC Cyclic Redundancy
Check. CT-2 a communication protocol DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telephone communication protocol DN Destination Number ECHO a
response to a PING FIFO First In, First Out FTP File Transfer
Protocol Gateway an interface for communications between dissimilar
services GHz GigaHertz GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
handoff transfer of mobile devices from one Base Station to another
Base Station ID Identification (number) IEEE 802.2 Ethernet
protocol IS-136 communication protocol ISDN Integrated Services
Digital Network ITU-T 802.15 a communication standard similar to
the Bluetooth standard ITU-T Q.931 a telephony protocol for call
setup IVR Interactive Voice Response LAN Local Area Network LMSE
Least Mean Square Error MSC Mobile Switching Center (MSC) PAC a
communication protocol PACS a communication protocol PAN Personal
Area Network PBX Private Branch Exchange PABX Private Automatic
Branch Exchange (also referred to as PBX) PDA Personal Digital (or
Data) Assistant picocell a coverage area of a short-range Base
Station PING a command which is sent, soliciting a response PPP
Point-To-Point Protocol PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network RF
Radio Frequency SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio Switch Apparatus for
routing telephone calls TOD Time Of Day WAP Wireless Application
Protocol WPBX Wireless Private Branch Exchange
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] A general object of the invention is to provide a technique
for allowing mobile units (devices) such as standard cordless
telephone handsets and PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), laptop or
notebook computers or similar devices that support wireless
communication (such as Bluetooth wireless technology) to seamlessly
connect to a Wireless Private Branch Exchange (WPBX), or to a
standard (wired) PBX or to a LAN or to a cellular telephone network
or to a standard wired telephone network, thereby avoiding the use
of special (typically expensive) handsets or attachmnents or
software or hardware agents, with the abovementioned mobile
devices.
[0016] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising at least two Base
Stations, at least one Switch in communication with the Base
Stations, a method of communicating between mobile units and the
Base Stations comprising: dividing a communication protocol into a
low-level protocol for performing tasks that require accurate time
synchronization and a high-level protocol which does not require
accurate time synchronization; and for each connection of a mobile
unit with a Base Station, running an instance of the low-level
protocol at the Base Station connected with the mobile unit and
running an instance of the high-level protocol at the Switch.
[0017] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising a Base Station connected
with a mobile unit, a method of synchronizing at least one
neighboring Base Station to the Base Station connected with the
mobile unit comprising: from the Base Station connected with the
mobile unit, sending call parameters and rough synchronization
information to the at least one neighboring Base Station; and at
the at least one neighboring Base Station, monitoring transmissions
of at least one of: the Base Station connected with the mobile
unit; the mobile unit; and a beacon signal from a beacon
transmitter which is within range of the at least one neighboring
Base Station and the Base Station connected with the mobile
unit.
[0018] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising a plurality of Base
Stations and at least one Switch in communication with the Base
Stations, a method of synchronizing at least one neighboring Base
Station to a Base Station connected with a mobile unit comprising:
from the Base Station connected with the mobile unit, periodically
transmitting during a selected time interval with higher
transmission power than during normal transmission; and receiving
the transmission with higher transmission power at the least one
neighboring Base Station.
[0019] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising a Base Station connected
with a mobile unit, a method of detecting the presence of a
specific mobile unit in a coverage area of at least one neighboring
Base Station, comprising: the Base Station connected with the
mobile unit provides, to the at least one neighboring Base Station,
information about the connection with the mobile unit, including
rough TOD and a device address for the mobile unit; at the at least
one neighboring Base Station, receiving information and generating
a list of frequencies in which the mobile unit is likely to
transmit; and at the at least one neighboring Base Station,
checking for a signal transmitted by the mobile unit.
[0020] According to the present invention there is provided a
method for detecting a mobile unit by a Base Station, wherein
frequency-hopping is used to communicate between Base Stations and
mobile units, comprising: at a Base Station that is connected to a
mobile unit, periodically yielding a hop; and during the hop which
has been yielded by the Base Station connected with the mobile
unit, communicating with the mobile unit from at least one
neighboring Base Station.
[0021] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising a Base Station connected
with a mobile unit, a method of detecting a handset by at least one
Base Station which is waiting for the mobile unit to enter its
coverage area, comprising: from the at least one Base Station
waiting for the mobile unit to enter its coverage area and the Base
Station connected with the mobile unit, sending a PING command to
the mobile unit; and at the Base Station waiting for the mobile
unit to enter its coverage area, receiving an ECHO reply from the
mobile unit.
[0022] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising at least two Base
Stations, at least one Switch in communication with the Base
Stations, and at least one mobile unit, a method of handing off the
mobile unit from a Base Station communicating with the mobile unit
and a neighboring Base Station, comprising: smoothing a plurality
of signals received from a handset by a plurality of Base Stations;
comparing the signals with one another; and selecting a Base
Station for handoff based on signal quality.
[0023] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising at least two Base Stations
and at least one Switch in communication with the Base Stations, a
method of performing handoff of a session from a Base Station
connected with a mobile unit to a neighboring Base Station, wherein
an instance of a low-level communications protocol is running at
the Base Station connected with the mobile unit, comprising: at the
Switch, determining when to perform handoff to a selected one of
the neighboring Base Stations; at the selected one of the
neighboring Base Stations, creating a copy of the low-level
communications protocol, including at least a synchronized time of
day (TOD) parameter; from the Switch, sending a command to stop
communication with the mobile unit at a specified TOD to the Base
Station connected with the mobile unit and sending a command to
start communication with the mobile unit at the specified TOD to
the selected one of the neighboring Base Stations; and updating
session status tables in the Switch and in the Base Stations.
[0024] According to the present invention there is provided, in a
wireless communication system comprising a Base Station connected
with a mobile unit, a method of detecting and synchronizing with
the mobile unit prior to receiving a handoff of a session with the
mobile unit, comprising: from the Base Station connected with the
mobile unit, sending rough synchronization information to at least
one neighboring Base Station; at the neighboring Base Station,
performing a wide-range search for "target" signals having the
correct timing for a mobile unit, based on the rough
synchronization information provided by the Base Station which is
connected with the mobile unit; narrowing the search for an actual
signal from the mobile unit; acquiring the target signal; and
synchronizing the neighboring Base Station to the Base Station
connected with the mobile unit.
[0025] According to the present invention, a system comprises one
or more mobile units such as standard cordless handsets, two or
more Base Stations, and at least one Switch. The Base Stations are
connected to one another and to the Switch. The handsets
communicate directly with the Base Stations, rather than with one
another.
[0026] According to an aspect of the present invention, the Base
Stations and Switch communicate directly with one another, rather
than, for example, over the PSTN. However, the system may interface
with the PSTN, the Internet or a LAN, or with a PBX via a
Gateway.
[0027] According to a feature of the present invention, a method is
provided for handing off calls from a one Base Station to another
(neighboring) Base Station, with mobile units (e.g., standard
cordless handsets) that do not support connection to more than one
Base Station and that do not support mobility with seamless handoff
between Base Stations. This is an important feature because the
mobile device uses complicated digital communication methods, so
simple handoff methods that only the Switch supports are
inadequate. Rather, the Switch and Base Stations cooperate with one
another for the handoff operation. Accurate synchronization of Base
Stations facilitates handoff. Advantageously, the handoff operation
does not require explicit cooperation between the mobile device and
the Base Stations.
[0028] According to an aspect of the present invention, a method is
provided for dividing the short-range communication protocol that
is used by the handset between high-level protocols which do not
need accurate time synchronization and low-level protocols which
have strict time synchronization requirements (require accurate
time synchronization). The low-level protocols are performed by the
Base Stations, and the high-level protocols are performed in the
Switch. This enables handoff to be performed even when complex
(e.g. frequency hopping, encryption, authentication) and
multi-level protocols are used. This also reduces the
synchronization requirements between Base Stations.
[0029] According to an aspect of the present invention, a method is
provided for accurately synchronizing the Base Stations and, more
particularly, for synchronizing the Base Stations when
frequency-hopping communication is used.
[0030] According to an aspect of the present invention, a method is
provided for detecting the presence of a mobile device in the
coverage area of a Base Station (i.e., its picocell).
[0031] According to an aspect of the present invention, a method is
provided for determining when to perform handoff of a session(i.e.,
a phone call, a data link, etc.), and to which Base Station to hand
the session, by measuring signal quality at the Base Stations. This
method is effective, even when complex transmission methods are
used.
[0032] The methods disclosed herein are not limited to the
communication of a certain type of data. Hence, they can be
utilized for telephony applications and for data applications.
[0033] Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will
become apparent in light of the following description thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] Reference will be made in detail to preferred embodiments of
the invention, examples of which may be illustrated in the
accompanying drawing figures. The figures are intended to be
illustrative, not limiting. Although the invention is generally
described in the context of these preferred embodiments, it should
be understood that it is not intended to limit the spirit and scope
of the invention to these particular embodiments.
[0035] In flowcharts presented herein, rectangular boxes generally
represent a sequential step being performed, a diamond shaped box
generally represents a decision step (test) having two
mutually-exclusive results ("Y"=Yes; "N"=No), and an empty circle
is not a step or a test, but is merely a graphical junction point
at which two or more paths in the flowchart converge.
[0036] The structure, operation, and advantages of the present
preferred embodiment of the invention will become further apparent
upon consideration of the following description, taken in
conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein:
[0037] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a cellular system covering a
relatively large area and a Wireless Private Branch Exchange (WPBX)
system covering a relatively smaller area, illustrating that a
cellular handset can communicate with a Base Station of the
cellular system and also with Base Stations of the WPBX;
[0038] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating main
components and architecture of a WPBX system, suitable for use as
the WPBX system of FIG. 1;
[0039] FIG. 3A is a schematic block diagram of a communications
system incorporating a WPBX, such as the WPBX of FIG. 2, with the
addition of a Gateway connecting the WPBX to the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN);
[0040] FIG. 3B is a schematic block diagram of a communications
system incorporating a WPBX, such as the WPBX of FIG. 2, with the
addition of a Gateway connecting the WPBX to a Private Branch
Exchange (PBX);
[0041] FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an
architecture for a WPBX, with the Base Stations, the Switch and the
Gateway interconnected by a local area network (LAN);
[0042] FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure for call
"setup" at an originating Base Station of a WPBX;
[0043] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure for call
"setup" at a receiving Base Station of a WPBX;
[0044] FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure for call
"setup" at a Switch of a WPBX;
[0045] FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic block diagrams illustrating an
architecture for dividing the communication protocol into low-level
and high-level protocols for implementation in the Base Stations
and in the Switch, respectively, of a WPBX particularly during a
handoff, according to the invention;
[0046] FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C are schematic block diagrams
illustrating rough and fine synchronization of Base Stations in a
WPBX, particularly during a handoff, according to the
invention;
[0047] FIG. 10 is a graph of a Base Station's transmission power,
during hops, illustrating that once in every K hops the energy that
the Base Station transmits may be increased to allow other Base
Stations that normally do not receive transmissions from the
transmitting Base Station to synchronize to the transmitting Base
Station, according to the invention;
[0048] FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an
architecture for major components of a Base Station, according to
the invention;
[0049] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a "call routing task"
that runs in the Switch in order to isolate the high-level
protocols from the occurrence of the handoff, according to the
invention;
[0050] FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a passive
method for detecting arrival of a handset in a Base Station's
coverage area during a call, according to the invention;
[0051] FIG. 14A is a diagram illustrating a handset communicating
with one Base Station, and six other neighboring Base Stations
waiting for the handset to enter their coverage area, according to
the invention;
[0052] FIGS. 14B, 14C and 14D are graphs illustrating transmissions
by the Base Station communicating with the handsets, and by the
neighboring Base stations, according to the invention;
[0053] FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams illustrating detection of a
handset by a Base Station in communication with the handset and a
neighboring Base Station, according to the invention;
[0054] FIG. 16A is a flowchart illustrating a procedure that Base
Stations may use to detect a handset that enters their coverage
area, according to the invention;
[0055] FIG. 16B is a flowchart illustrating a procedure that Base
Stations may use to determine that a handset connected to them is
moving into the coverage area of another Base Station, according to
the invention;
[0056] FIG. 17A is a schematic block diagram illustrating a method
for making a handoff decision, performed in the central Switch,
when a passive detection method is used, according to the
invention;
[0057] FIG. 17B is a schematic block diagram illustrating a method
for making a handoff decision, performed in the central Switch,
when an active detection method is used, according to the
invention;
[0058] FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of a Base Station
comprising a central processing unit (CPU), front end processors,
memory, TOD synchronization and handset detection unit, and an
interface to a local area network (LAN), according to the
invention;
[0059] FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the
front-end processor of the Base Station of FIG. 18, which comprises
a base-band processor and a radio frequency (RF) front end,
according to the invention;
[0060] FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the
structure of a detector and fine TOD estimator, based on a matching
correlator, according to the invention;
[0061] FIG. 21 is a schematic block diagram of an implementation
for the Time-Frequency Correlator of FIG. 20, according to the
invention;
[0062] FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating an implementation of a
WPBX system with two Switches, according to the invention.
[0063] FIG. 23 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for
transmitting "PING" commands to a handset and receiving "ECHO"
responses from the handset, when the Base Station originating the
"PING" command is the same Base Station the handset is currently
connected to, according to the invention; and
[0064] FIG. 24 is a schematic block diagram of a system utilizing
the methods of the current invention to support mobility of
personal data devices as well as wireless handsets, according to
the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0065] FIG. 1 illustrates the basic components and operation of an
exemplary, overall communication system 100. A Base Station 101 of
a cellular system covers a cell 111 having a relatively large
coverage area 111. (The Base Station 101 is shown off-center in its
coverage area 111, and the coverage area 111 is shown as elliptical
rather than circular, for illustrative clarity.) Base Stations 107,
108 and 109 of a WPBX system cover cells 102, 103 and 104,
respectively, each having relatively smaller coverage areas. (The
Base Stations 107, 108 and 109 are shown off-center in their
respective coverage areas 102, 103 and 104, for illustrative
clarity.) Sometimes, these smaller cells 102, 103 and 104 are
referred to as "microcells", or "picocells", or "minicells".
[0066] A mobile handset 110 can communicate with the cellular Base
Station 101 via a communication link 105 and, when it is in the
coverage area of the WPBX, it also can use short-range
communication link 106, to communicate with one of its Base
Stations 107, 108 and 109. In this manner, a standard cellular
handset 110, that is enhanced (additionally equipped) with a
short-range communication link (e.g. Bluetooth wireless technology)
can connect with the WPBX system whenever it is in range of one of
the WPBX Base Stations 107, 108 and 109.
[0067] The WPBX system can also operate when there is no cellular
coverage at all. And the handset 110 can be an ordinary cordless
telephone handset. Therefore, the cellular Base Station 101 shown
in FIG. 1 is optional, insofar as the WPBX system of the present
invention is involved. In the main hereinafter, a handset which is
an otherwise ordinary cordless telephone handset, equipped with a
short-range communication link (e.g. Bluetooth wireless link) will
be used to describe the invention.
[0068] In an office environment, a WPBX system improves
availability of employees, who carry mobile handsets, and therefore
reduces operational cost and increases productivity. In the home
environment, a WPBX system enables the use of the standard cellular
handsets instead of special cordless phones.
[0069] In the present invention, when the handset is the same as
the cellular handset, the cost of equipment is lower then the cost
of a standard WPBX which requires dedicated handsets. Since the
WPBX handles calls between handsets connected to it, the
communication charges are lower then when standard cellular
communication is used for all the calls.
[0070] The handset 110 may indicate to the user that more then one
service is available. The user decides which service to use
(Cellular or WPBX). The ability to choose between services is a
well-known feature in many mobile phones.
[0071] It should be understood that the handset 110 is merely an
example of a "mobile unit" which can be any of a number of
telephony, voice, computing or data devices which communicate via
Base Stations, as described in greater detail hereinbelow. As used
herein, "Mobile Units" are devices communicating wirelessly with
(also referred to as "connected to") Base Stations.
[0072] As illustrated in FIG. 1 (and ignoring the cellular Base
Station 101 and link 105) the handset 110 is currently
communicating with (connected to) the Base Station 108. The Base
Stations 107 and 109 are each referred to as "neighboring" Base
Stations since they are each adjacent to the Base Station 108 that
the handset is currently connected to. The present invention deals
largely with how communication with a Mobile Unit such as a handset
is handed off (or passed off) from a one Base Station to another
(neighboring) Base Station when the handset moves from one minicell
to another minicell.
[0073] FIG. 2 illustrates the main components and architecture of a
WPBX system 200 suitable for use as the WPBX system of FIG. 1. The
architecture of a WPBX system generally resembles the architecture
of a cellular system. However, as described in greater detail
hereinbelow, the function that each component performs is
different, since the current invention deals with short-range
communication with mobile units that have no built-in support for
handoff.
[0074] The WPBX 200 comprises a plurality (three shown) of Base
Stations 123, 124, 125. A handset 121 communicates via a
short-range communication link 122 (e.g. Bluetooth wireless link)
with Base Station #1 123. Base Station #2 124 and Base Station #3
125 are ready to receive the call should handset 121 move into
their coverage area. At the same time, the other Base Stations may
participate in calls with other handsets. For example, Base Station
#2 124 communicates via a short-range communication link 134 (e.g.
Bluetooth wireless link) with a handset 133. The handsets 121 and
133 may communicate with each other via the WPBX (as opposed to
directly with one another), as described in greater detail
hereinbelow.
[0075] Communication links 126, 127, 128 connect the Base Stations
123, 124, 125 with one another, as illustrated. These
communications links transfer data between the Base Stations 123,
124, 125, including voice communication, data communication,
connection status information and synchronization information, as
described in greater detail hereinbelow, and may be RF links or
land lines (e.g., copper wires, optical fibers, etc.).
[0076] Communication links 130, 131, 132 connect the Base Stations
123, 124, 125, respectively, with a Central Switch (hereinafter
"Switch") 129. These communication links enable the Switch 129 to
control the operation of the Base Stations and to participate in
the higher levels of the communication protocols, as described in
greater detail hereinbelow, and may be RF links or land lines.
[0077] FIG. 3A illustrates the addition of a Gateway 135 to the
WPBX system 200 of FIG. 2. The Gateway 135 connects the Switch 129
to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 136. This enables the
WPBX system 200 to receive incoming calls from and to send outgoing
calls to other telecommunication systems (not shown) which are
connected to the PSTN. The Gateway 135 may be implemented in any
suitable manner, such as in hardware and/or software.
[0078] As used herein, a "Gateway" is a logical or physical
connection between two different communication networks. The term
implies a need for conversion of some aspect of the information or
communication in order to operate, as contrasted with a "port"
which implies a point not requiring significant conversion of the
message or information. Gateways are well known.
[0079] FIG. 3B illustrates the addition of a Gateway 137 to the
WPBX system 200 of FIG. 2. The Gateway 137 connects the Switch 129
to a standard Private Branch Exchange (PBX) 138. This enables the
WPBX system 200 to receive incoming calls from and to send outgoing
calls to standard telephone sets 139 connected to the PBX 138. As
illustrated, the PBX 138 is interfaced with the PSTN 136. Thus, the
WPBX system 200 can also communicate with other telecommunication
systems (not shown) which are connected to the PSTN.
[0080] Having dedicated connections for all the Base Stations 123,
124, 125 and the Switch 129, such as illustrated in FIG. 2,
hereinabove, is generally not cost-effective. Rather, when real
time interaction or synchronization is not required, a shared local
network, for example a local area network such as the IEEE 802.2
Ethernet, can connect these units in a cost-effective manner.
[0081] FIG. 4 illustrates a plurality (three shown) of Base
Stations 123, 124 and 125 (compare FIG. 2) connected via a
communications link which is a Local Area Network (LAN) 140 which
handles the transfer of information between the Base Stations 123,
124, and 125, the Switch 129 and, in this example, the Gateway 135
to the PSTN 136. Using a standard local area network (LAN) as the
communication backbone allows simple integration with other
telephony application servers (not shown), such as IVR (interactive
voice response), voice loggers, voice mail and billing systems. The
LAN 140 can be either wired, or wireless.
[0082] FIGS. 2, 3A, 3B and 4 therefore illustrate, in a general
manner, a number of ways in which the main components of a WPBX can
be connected with one another, and interfaced with other
communications systems (PSTN, PBX, etc.)
[0083] For office WPBX applications the Switch 129 may be a
standard computer that has the processing power required for
handling the switching of hundreds of calls simultaneously. It
should support operation in a multi-server environment. This can be
achieved with standard server hardware. For home WPBX applications,
the Switch 129 may be a part of one Base Station, or a part of
several Base Stations.
[0084] Call Setup Procedures
[0085] FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate call setup procedures for a
single call at an "originating" Base Station (e.g., 123), at a
"receiving" Base Station (e.g., 124), and at the Switch (e.g.,
129), respectively. Call setup between the handset (e.g., 121) and
the Base Station it is connected to (e.g., 123) is suitably
performed according to standard telephony protocols, for example
ITU-T Q.931. A similar protocol is a part of the Bluetooth protocol
stack. However, the present invention is not limited to a specific
protocol for call setup.
[0086] FIG. 5 illustrates a call setup procedure performed by an
originating Base Station (e.g. 123) when a handset (e.g., 121) that
is connected to it, tries to initiate a call. As shown in the step
151, the handset that is originating the call sends a destination
number (DN). In a next step 152, the originating Base Station
(e.g., 123) checks whether the destination handset (e.g., 133) is
in its "Base Station Connection Table"--in other words, whether the
destination handset is in the originating Base Station's coverage
area. If not (step 152, "N"), in a step 160 the destination number
(DN) is sent via the communications link (e.g., LAN 140) to the
central WPBX Switch (e.g., 129). The originating Base Station then
sets a timeout (step 161), and waits for a reply from the Switch.
The timeout set in the step 161 is suitably on the order of up to 5
seconds. Next, it is determined in a step 162 whether there is a
timeout.
[0087] If there is a timeout (step 162, "Y"), the Base Station
sends a busy indication (suitably a tone) to the originating
handset (step 177), and the Switch is updated about the failure of
the call (step 178). If, there is not a timeout (step 162, "N"),
the originating Base Station receives (from the Switch) the address
of a destination Base Station (step 163). The originating Base
Station then calls the destination Base Station (step 164), and it
also calls all the neighbors (neighboring Base Stations) of the
destination Base Station (step 180). Then the originating Base
Station sets a timeout (step 165) and waits for a reply from the
called Base Station (and its neighbors). Calling more then one
destination Base Station is preferred in order to overcome
uncertainties during handoff. The timeout set in the step 165 is
suitably on the order of up to 5 seconds. Next, it is determined in
a step 166 whether there is a timeout.
[0088] If there is a timeout (step 166, "Y"), the Base Station
sends a busy tone to the originating handset (step 177), and the
Switch is updated about the failure of the call (step 178). If,
there is not a timeout (step 166, "N"), and a reply from the
destination Base Station is received, the originating Base Station
checks if the call is connected (step 167), and then connects the
originating handset (step 168), and updates the Switch about the
success of the call (step 169).
[0089] If, in the step 163 the address of a destination Base
Station is not received (N), it is determined (step 170) whether
the destination of the call is the Switch itself. If so (step 170,
"Y"), a procedure similar to that for sending a call to another
Base Station is implemented, except that the call is sent to the
Switch (step 171) and not to another Base Station. Then the
originating Base Station sets a timeout (step 172) and waits for
the Switch to reply (step 173). The timeout is suitably on the
order of up to 5 seconds. Next, it is determined in the step 173
whether there is a timeout.
[0090] If there is a timeout (step 173, "Y"), the Base Station
sends a busy tone to the originating handset (step 177), and the
Switch is updated about the failure of the call (step 178). If the
Switch responds that the call is connected, there is not a timeout
(step 173, "N"), and the originating Base Station connects the
handset (step 175), and updates the Switch (step 176) about the
status of the call.
[0091] If it is determined that the destination handset is in the
originating Base Station's coverage area (step 152, "Y"), and a
busy signal is not returned (step 153, "N"), the originating Base
Station then attempts (step 154) to connect the call to the
destination handset, and also to all the neighboring Base Stations
(step 181). Again, the calling of neighboring Base Stations is
preferred in order to overcome uncertainties, such as the handset
moving, during the call setup. Then the originating Base Station
performs a procedure similar to that described hereinabove of
setting a timeout (step 155), waiting for the Switch to reply (step
156), connecting (step 158) or disconnecting (step 177) the call,
and updating the Switch (steps 159 or 178).
[0092] In summary, the call setup procedure performed by an
originating Base Station (e.g., 123) is that, first, the
originating Base Station determines whether a call request from an
originating handset (e.g., 121) is:
[0093] a. to a DN in the originating Base Station's coverage area
(e.g., step 152), in which case the originating Base Station
attempts (step 181) to also connect the call to its neighboring
Base Stations; or
[0094] b. to a DN in another Base Station's coverage area (e.g.,
step 164), in which case the originating Base Station attempts
(step 180) to also connect the call to Base Stations which are
neighbors of the destination Base Station; or
[0095] c. to a DN outside of the WPBX coverage area and is to be
routed through a Gateway (see FIG. 7) associated with the Switch
(steps 170, 171).
[0096] In each case, the originating Base Station then:
[0097] d. sets a timeout (steps 155, 165, 172);
[0098] e. waits for the Switch to reply (steps 156, 166, 173) that
the call is connected (steps 157, 167, 174)
[0099] f. connects the originating handset (steps 158, 168,
175);
[0100] g. updates the Switch (steps 159, 169, 176) about the status
of the call; and
[0101] h. waits (step 179) for a new event (a new call setup).
[0102] FIG. 6 illustrates the call setup procedure performed at a
destination Base Station (e.g., 124) which is receiving a call,
whether it be from another Base Station or from the Switch. When
the destination Base Station receives a request (step 201) to
connect a call to a handset (e.g., 133) which is reportedly within
its coverage area, it first checks (step 202) whether the handset
is already communicating with (connected to) it. If the handset is
already connected to the Base Station (step 202, "Y"), the Base
Station tries to connect the call to the handset. A timeout is set
(step 203), again on the order of up to 5 seconds, and the Base
Station waits (step 204).
[0103] If a time-out occurs (step 204, "Y"), or if a timeout does
not occur (step 204, "N") but the call was unable to connect (step
205, "N"), the destination Base Station returns an indication (step
208) of call setup failure ("unable to connect") to the originating
Base Station (or to the Switch, as the case may be). If, however,
the connection succeeds (step 205, "Y") the Base Station returns an
indication (step 206) of successful call setup ("call connected")
to the originating Base Station. In either case (call connected,
unable to connect), the destination Base Station sends similar
indications (steps 211, 212, respectively) to all the neighboring
Base Stations of the originating Base Station Again, sending the
reply to the neighboring Base Stations is to overcome uncertainties
during handoff. In both cases the Switch is updated at steps 207
and 209, respectively. Finally the Base Station waits (step 210)
for a new event (a new call setup).
[0104] FIG. 7 illustrates the call setup procedure performed at the
Switch (e.g., 129). The Switch handles two types of messages, one
is a request to establish a new call, and the other is an update to
the status of the call. In a step 231, it is determined whether the
request is for a new call (step 231, "Y") or a request to update a
call (step 231, "N").
[0105] If the arriving message is a request to update a call (step
231, "N"), an update of the "Calls Table" is generally required
(step 254, "Y"). The Switch checks if it receives indication that
the call is connected (step 255). If the call is connected, (step
255, "Y"), the status of the call is updated in the Calls Table
(step 256). Otherwise (step 255, "N"), the call is removed from the
Calls Table (step 257).
[0106] If the arriving message is a request to initiate a new call
(step 231, "Y"), the Switch checks if the call is intended to a
handset connected to the WPBX (step 232). This is done by checking
its "Connections Table". If the call is intended to connect to
outside the WPBX (e.g., via the PSTN 136), the Switch checks (step
233) if the destination number (DN) is a legal (valid) number. If
the DN is a valid number (step 233, "Y"), in a step 234 the Switch
transfers the call to the Gateway (e.g., 135), sets a timeout (step
235) and waits (step 236). If not (step 233, "N"), the program
exits.
[0107] If the connection via the Gateway succeeds (step 236, "N"),
it is whether the call is connected determined (step 237). If the
call is connected, (step 237, "Y"), the Switch requests from the
originating Base Station to transfer the call to the Switch (step
238), and waits for connection with originating Base Station (steps
239, 240). If connection succeeds, and the call is connected (step
242, "Y"), the call is added to the "Calls Table" (step 243), and
the call is routed to the Gateway (step 244). If connection fails
(step 240, "Y"; or step 242, "N"), the connection with the Gateway
is disconnected (step 241).
[0108] If the call destination is one of the Base Stations (step
259), its source may be another Base Station (step 249), or the
Gateway (step 245). If the source is another Base Station, the
Switch send to the originating Base Station the address of the
destination Base Station, and adds the call to the "Calls Table".
If the call arrived from the Gateway the Switch tries to connect
the call to the destination Base Station (step 245). If is succeeds
the call is added to the "Calls Table" (step 252), the call is
transferred to the destination (step 253). If it fails the
connection with the Gateway is disconnected.
[0109] The procedure described in FIG. 7 is also applicable to the
case when more than one Gateway connects to the WPBX to the
PSTN--for example, in a case where two branch offices share a
single WPBX, and each has its own independent connection to the
PSTN. The main difference would be that when the Switch handles an
outgoing call, it will determine to which Gateway to send the call.
This can either be done randomly, or can be pre-determined. The
handling of the incoming calls would proceed as set forth above in
FIG. 7.
[0110] FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 have illustrated a call setup procedure for
the handling of a single call. When either the Base Stations or the
Switch need to handle more then one call, several instances of
these procedures can be run in parallel. For that purpose, both
Base Station software and Switch software are preferably based on a
real time operating system that supports multi-tasking. For each
new call, a new task will be created, and the task will perform the
procedures described in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. The task will be closed
when the procedure is completed.
[0111] In systems with a very large number of Base Stations, due to
limited processing power of each Switch, it may be preferable to
divide the Switch into two or more units. Dividing the Switch into
several units can also improve the reliability of the WPBX, by
eliminating the possibility of having a single point of failure
shutting down the entire system.
[0112] FIG. 22 illustrates the division of the Base Stations, into
two groups; a first group (Group A) 1050 comprising a plurality
(four shown) of Base Stations 1050a, 1050b, 1050c and 1050d; and a
second group (Group B) 1051 comprising a plurality (four shown) of
Base Stations 1051a, 1051b, 1051c, 1051d. The Base Stations of
Group A are connected to a first Switch (Switch A) 1052, and the
Base Stations of Group B are connected to a second Switch (Switch
B) 1053. The Base Stations and the Switches function according to
the procedures described in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. All the Switches
mirror all the status tables of the other Switches, i.e. by having
copies of each other's "Calls Table" and "Connections Table". When
a Switch updates one of its status tables, it sends the information
to all the other Switches, and they update their tables
accordingly. In order for this process to be reliable, the other
Switches will send an indication that the message was received. If
the originating Switch does not receive such a reply within T.sub.1
milliseconds, it will retransmit the message. The retransmission
will be repeated up to P times. For example T.sub.1 shall be equal
to 100, and P shall be equal to 5.
[0113] It is within the scope of the invention that more than two
Switches, and corresponding more than two groups of Base Stations
can be employed. As described hereinabove, all of the Switches
would mirror and update each other's status tables. The description
of two Switches 1052 and 1053 is intended to be exemplary rather
than limiting.
[0114] Calls Table
[0115] The Switch (129) maintains the "Calls Table", which contains
the status and information about all the active calls being handled
by the WPBX. The "Calls Table" comprises the following
information:
[0116] 1) Each active call has a unique "Call Identification
number".
[0117] 2) The origin of the call, which can be either "Internal" or
"External".
[0118] 3) The destination of the call, which can be either
"Internal" or "External".
[0119] 4) "Calling Number Identification (CNID)", the number of the
calling party, if available.
[0120] 5) Destination Number (DN), the number of the answering
party if available.
[0121] 6) "Originating Base Station Identification" for calls from
internal origin
[0122] 7) "Destination Base Station Identification" for calls with
internal destination,
[0123] 8) Status of call--initiated, connected, disconnected.
[0124] 9) Additional information for billing, performance analysis,
such as call starts time, number of handoffs, time since last
handoff, etc.
[0125] The "Originating Base Station Identification" and the
"Destination Base Station Identification" are updated when a
handset moves from one Base Station to another. The Switch updates
these fields when it determines that the handoff should occur.
During handoff, for a short time, there may be uncertainty about
the validity of these fields. The Base Stations compensate for the
uncertainty by "multicasting" the call setup messages to a group of
Base Stations, as described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 5 and
6 (see, e.g., steps 180, 181, 211, 212).
[0126] The procedures described above do not limit the WPBX from
handling all unique telephony features that the Gateway and the
handsets can support. For example, multiple connections can be
created between handsets, and between handsets and the Gateway,
when each connection is treated as a separate call. Another example
is "Caller ID", that the Gateway can send to a handset. Another
example is a "Hook-Flash" (momentary disconnect) that the handset
can pass to the Gateway. The WPBX acts as a transparent relay for
all these telephony features.
[0127] High-Level and Low-Level Protocols
[0128] In the descriptions set forth hereinabove, it has generally
been assumed that:
[0129] 1. Each Base Station knows which handsets are in its
coverage range.
[0130] 2. The Switch is aware of the connections of all the Base
Stations.
[0131] 3. Connections appear static to users and also to the
high-level call setup procedures described above.
[0132] A method to achieve mobility, which fulfills these three
assumptions is described in detail, hereinbelow.
[0133] According to the invention, the short-range communication
protocol stack is divided into two parts:
[0134] low-level protocols performing real time tasks, and
[0135] high-level protocols that do not have real time
requirements.
[0136] For example in the Bluetooth short-range communication
protocol stack, the low-level protocols are the radio frequency
(RF) transmitter and the base-band controller. The base-band
controller performs real time control over the RF, since the
Bluetooth protocol utilizes frequency-hopping transmission. The
base-band protocol also determines, for each time slot of
transmission (i.e. each frequency hop), what information will be
transmitted. The base-band protocol also deals with voice coding,
error correction, encryption and authentication. For example,
higher level protocols of the Bluetooth stack include the "Link
Manager" which determines what information will go through the
channels created by the "Base-Band", and determines the state of
operation (e.g. Active, Polling, Parked).
[0137] The low-level protocols that require real time capabilities
are performed in the Base Station. The higher-level protocols are
performed at the Switch. (However, as described hereinbelow,
certain high-level protocols can also be performed in the Base
Station, even though they do not require real time capabilities.)
The Switch handles the routing of data from the higher-level
protocols to the lower level protocols. (A call routing task (282)
is described in greater detail hereinbelow.) Therefore, the
higher-level protocols do not need to "know" in which Base Station
the lower level protocol that they are controlling is being
performed.
[0138] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate an example of a WPBX system 800
with two handsets 121 and 133, two Base Stations 123 and 124, and
one Switch 129. In this example, two calls are being handled.
Gateways (e.g., 135, 137) are omitted, for illustrative clarity. As
mentioned hereinabove (see, e.g., FIG. 22), the Switch can be
divided into several units.
[0139] As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the handset 121 is currently
communicating with (connected to) the Base Station 123, and the
handset 133 is currently communicating with the Base Station 124.
An instance 280 of the low-level protocol is running on the Base
Station 123, and another instance 281 of the low-level protocol is
running on the Base Station 124. Each instance of the low-level
protocol supports only one call. In a similar manner, the Switch
129 handles an instance 283 of the high-level protocol for the call
with the with the handset 121, and another instance 284 of the
high-level protocol for the call with the handset 133. A single
call routing task 282 handles the data that is transferred between
the instances of the low-level protocols and the high-level
protocols to the correct destination.
[0140] As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the call routing task 282 routes
data arriving from instance 280 of the low-level protocol to
instance 283 of the high-level protocol, and from the instance 281
of the low-level protocol to the instance 284 of the high-level
protocol. Since interaction between the high-level-protocol and
low-level protocol, is normally relatively rare (e.g. call setup),
there are no strict real time requirements from the call routing
task. The call routing task 282 is described in greater detail
hereinbelow, with respect to FIG. 12.
[0141] As illustrated in FIG. 8B, the handset 133 is shown as
having moved to the area covered by the Base Station 123. The Base
Station 123 will handle the communication with the handset 133, by
creating a copy 281' of the instance 281 of the low-level protocol,
that previously ran on Base Station 124. This allows the handset
133 to continue communication without "knowing" that a changeover
of Base Stations has occurred. The call routing task 282 will now
route the data arriving from the instance 281' of the low-level
protocol running on Base Station 123 to the instance 284 of the
high-level protocol 284 which is running on the Switch 129.
[0142] For each connection of a Base Station with a handset, there
is a separate instance of the low-level protocol running at a Base
Station connected to the handset, and a corresponding separate
instance of the high-level protocol running at the Switch. These
instances are created, on an as-needed basis, when a connection is
initiated. Preferably, a real time multi-tasking operating system
is used in order to allow handling of many instances of the
protocols simultaneously in the Base Stations and in the Switch.
The procedures that the Switch uses during initiation of a
connection and later, during handoff, are discussed in greater
detail hereinbelow.
[0143] Synchronization of Base Stations During a Handoff
[0144] There follows a description of procedures that are performed
during handoff of a call from one Base Station to another Base
Station. The Base Station with which a handset is currently
connected is termed the "current" Base Station. The Base Station to
which a handset is being handed off is termed the "next" Base
Station, and is typically a "neighboring" Base Station. Once the
handoff has occurred, this neighboring/next Base Station becomes
the "current" Base Station and the Base Station from which the
handset has moved becomes the "previous" Base Station.
[0145] According to an aspect of the invention, the handsets do not
need to be (and preferably are not) specially equipped or enabled
to support mobility (i.e. handoff). Therefore, when a handset moves
from one Base Station to another, the current and the next Base
Stations are responsible for continuing the communication with the
handset, preferably with no noticeable interruption in the
communication, and the next Base Station to which the handset has
moved should transmit substantially exactly as the previous Base
Station from which the handset has moved would have transmitted.
For purposes of the discussion of this example, it is assumed that
it is known from which Base Station the handset has moved and to
which Base Station the handset is moving, and that the exact timing
of handoff is also known. These issues are discussed in greater
detail hereinbelow.
[0146] FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C illustrate, in a general manner, a
handoff taking place between two Base Stations 123, 124 and a
single handset 121 of a WPBX.
[0147] FIG. 9A illustrates the handset 121 communicating with
(connected to) a Base Station (Base Station #1) 123 via a
short-range communication link 122 (e.g. Bluetooth wireless link).
The "current" Base Station 123 sends call parameters and rough
synchronization information over the LAN 140 to the neighboring
Base Stations, a one of which is shown as Base Station #2 124. In
this manner, the neighboring Base Stations "know" that they are
"candidate" Base Stations for receiving a handoff of the call from
the current Base Station. The information which is broadcast by the
current Base Station to the candidate next Base Stations includes
low-level communications protocol states and parameters, discussed
in greater detail hereinbelow. This communication from the Base
Station 123 to the Base Stations 124 is indicated by the arrow 141,
and the information contained therein is used to achieve rough
(coarse) synchronization between the Base Stations. Since this
information does not need to be accurate in time, it can be
transmitted over the data link (e.g., LAN 140) connecting all of
the Base Stations.
[0148] FIG. 9B illustrates a handoff as it is about to take place.
Here, the handset 121 is situated in an area covered by both Base
Stations 123 and 124. Base Station 124 uses this situation to
achieve exact (fine) synchronization with the current Base Station
123. This will enable the next Base Station 124 to transmit, after
the handoff, substantially exactly as previous Base Station 123
would have transmitted if the handoff had not occurred. A method
for effecting this fine synchronization between neighboring Base
Stations is discussed in greater detail hereinbelow.
[0149] An important parameter of synchronization is Time Of Day
(TOD), which can be determined with virtually any desired level of
precision (e.g., microseconds). As described in greater detail
hereinbelow, in order to achieve fine synchronization of TOD, the
Base Station 124 that is waiting for the handset 121 may passively
monitor the transmissions of either the handset 121, or of the Base
Station 123 that is currently connected with the handset. In FIG.
9B, the two possible fine synchronization signals that the
candidate next Base Station #2 124 can monitor are shown, a signal
142 originating from the Base Station #1 123, and another signal
143 originating from the handset 121.
[0150] FIG. 9C illustrates that synchronization of the Base
Stations 123 and 124 may alternatively be achieved by use of a
beacon signal from a beacon transmitter 299 which is within range
of current and next Base Stations, in which case precise (fine)
synchronization for the low-level protocols can also be achieved.
The beacon transmitter 299 transmits a beacon signal 144 to both of
the Base Stations 123 and 124 to achieve synchronization of the
Base Stations. This method allows for the synchronization of many
Base Stations, although only two are illustrated in this figure. In
this case, there is no need to transmit synchronization information
over the LAN 140. Only call parameters (e.g., low-level protocol)
need to be communicated between the current Base Station and the
neighboring candidate next Base Stations, as indicated by the arrow
141'.
[0151] Bluetooth Short-Range Wireless Communication Protocol
[0152] As discussed hereinabove, a short-range communication
protocol with the handset can be divided into lower-level protocols
which the Base Stations handle, since they have real time
requirements, and higher-level protocols which the Switch handles
since they do not require real time requirements. Bluetooth
wireless technology is an example of such a short-range
communication protocol. In Table 1, a division of the Bluetooth
short range wireless protocol into such low-level and high-level
protocols is presented.
2TABLE 1 Communication Protocols Element Description of Protocol
Real time Level/ (Protocol Name) (Bluetooth Protocol) requirements
Where Radio Frequency Defines the modulation scheme Control of
radio Low/ (RF) and the frequency range frequency in real Base
Station time required, modulates each symbol Base-band Frequency
control, channel Control frequency Low/ definition, transmission/
hopping in real time. Base Station reception control, encryption,
Determines what error correction, authentication. packet will be
sent at each hop. Encryption/Error correction for each hop.
Accurate time synchronization Link Manager Link setup and control
None Low or High Base station or Switch Host Controller
Communication between None Low or High Interface protocol stack and
lower level Base station implementation or Switch Logical link High
level protocol None High/ manager multiplexing, packet Switch
segmentation and Reassembly, quality of service management Service
Locating a service available by None High/ discovery a Bluetooth
device Switch RF COMM A subset of the ETSI TS 07.10 None High/
standard, emulation of serial Switch port over the Logical link
manager Ird Interoperability for applications None High/
Interoperability over Bluetooth and infra-red Switch protocols
Telephony Call control signaling and none High/ control protocol
establishment of speech and Switch data calls between Bluetooth
devices. Interoperability Bluetooth protocol with PPP as none High/
requirements for communication bearer for WAP Switch Bluetooth
technology as WAP bearer Host control Command interface to the none
High/ Interface base-band controller and link Switch manager, and
access to status information Generic Access Generic procedures for
none High/ Protocol Discovery of services and Switch connection of
Bluetooth devices Service Procedures for an application in none
High/ discovery a Bluetooth device to discover Switch application
the services in other Bluetooth profile devices Cordless Procedures
in an all in one none High/ Telephony handset Switch Profile
Intercom Profile Support for intercom feature in none High/ an all
in one handset Switch Serial Port Procedure for emulation of none
High/ Profile serial cable Switch Headset Profile Headset use over
Bluetooth none High/ wireless link Switch Dial up Support for dial
up networking none High/ Networking in a device with Bluetooth
Switch Profile wireless technology FAX Profile Support for fax
transmission or none High/ reception on a device with Switch
Bluetooth wireless technology LAN Access Defines how device with
none High/ Profile Bluetooth wireless technology Switch can access
a LAN with PPP Generic Object Defines the possibility of none High/
Exchange Profile Generic Object Exchange Switch Object Push Support
for object push model none High/ Profile Switch File Transfer
Support for file transfer none High/ Profile Switch Synchronization
Synchronization of Bluetooth none High/ Profile enabled device,
e.g. PDAs Switch Laptops
[0153] Table 1 shows the elements of the Bluetooth protocol,
generally, as currently implemented. Other profiles may be added in
the future (or may have already been added), and it is anticipated
that these profiles will be high-level protocols, which do not have
strict real time requirements.
[0154] As shown in Table 1, the Link Manager and the Host
Controller Interface can be implemented in either the Base Station
or in the Switch. Although the Link Manager and Host Controller
Interface, do not require real time performance, they may readily
be implemented in the base-band controller of the Base-Station. It
is within the scope of the invention that any of the high-level
protocols can also be implemented in the Base Station as part of
the low-level protocol, but then they will take part in the
handoff.
[0155] According to the inventive technique of dividing the
low-level and high-level protocols, the high-level protocols are
"buffered" from the occurrence of handoff by the Base Stations and
the routing task that runs on the Switch. Therefore, the present
invention allows mobility of any device with Bluetooth wireless
technology that supports any of the high-level protocols (e.g. LAN
access, WAP, FAX, FTP). The solution for mobility of cordless
phones, described hereinabove, is only an example of how the
methods can be utilized.
[0156] As described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B,
different instances of the low-level protocols that represent the
same connection (e.g., 281, 281') need to be synchronized. Table 2,
presents elements (parameters) of the low-level protocols that the
Base Stations will synchronize. For each element, it also shows
whether rough or fine synchronization is required. Again, the
protocols are described, by way of example, in the context of the
Bluetooth short-range communication protocol.
[0157] Rough synchronization may be achieved via the local area
network (see, e.g., LAN 140, FIGS. 9A and 9B) connecting the Base
Stations. Fine synchronization may be achieved by other methods
described in greater detail hereinbelow.
3TABLE 2 Low-Level Protocol Synchronization Element/
Synchronization Parameter Description method device address The
unique address of the Base Station, Via LAN determines the hopping
sequence, effects the encryption and authentication keys. TOD Time
Of Day, measured in micro-seconds, Rough it determines the exact
timing of the synchronization via hopping sequence LAN, fine
synchronization by other methods SCO Synchronous voice channels
allocation Via LAN FEC Forward error correction parameters Via LAN
Encryption key Use to encrypt data and voice Via LAN Authentication
key Used to initiate a connection Via LAN Voice coding Method of
voice coding: CVSD or PCM Via LAN AM_ADDR Address of member in a
picocell Via LAN PM_ADDR Address of a parked handset (energy saving
Via LAN mode, when the handset is inactive) ACL Definition of the
asynchronous data link Via LAN FIFO Data FIFOs Flush of data, and
using flow control to halt data during handoff
[0158] All the parameters listed in Table 2, except for the TOD,
can be sent prior to handoff, thorough the local area network
(e.g., LAN 140), or any other communication link connecting the
Base Stations. As described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 9A,
rough (coarse) TOD can also be sent through the LAN.
[0159] If one of the other parts of the Bluetooth protocol stack is
also implemented in the Base Station, then it will also take part
in the handoff. Synchronizing the instances of the same protocols
in different Base Stations is done as described above, by sending
internal state parameters via the local area network (LAN 140). For
example, by implementing the Link Manager and Host Controller
Interface in the Base Station, the internal state parameters of
these protocols will be broadcast to the neighboring Base Stations,
by the Base Station that is connected to the handset.
[0160] Fine Synchronization
[0161] As mentioned hereinabove, in order to achieve fine
synchronization of TOD, the Base Station that is waiting for the
handset, should passively monitor the transmission of the handset
and/or the Base Station that is currently connected with the
handset. In FIG. 9B, the two possible signals that the receiving
(next) Base Station 124 can monitor are shown, one originating from
Base Station 123, and the other originating from the handset 121
which is currently connected to the Base Station 123.
[0162] According to the invention, the next Base Station 124 can be
finely synchronized by receiving synchronization signals from the
current Base Station 123. Normally, the Base Station 124 does not
receive signals from the Base Station 123. Therefore, to facilitate
the Base Station 124 receiving synchronization signals from the
Base Station 123, Base Station 123 periodically transmits with
higher transmission power than during normal transmission. This
allows the Base Station 124 to receive transmissions from Base
Station 123, without a substantial increase in spectral
contamination. The inventive technique is described in the context
of frequency-hopping. Frequency-hopping techniques are well known,
including techniques that change frequency with each hop.
[0163] FIG. 10 illustrates a technique for controlling the
transmission power of a Base Station (e.g., 123) that is currently
connected with the handset, for a plurality (series) of successive
hops 290. The vertical axis of the graph is the Base Station's
transmission power (in arbitrary units), and the horizontal axis is
time. T.sub.h is the duration of a hop 290. In this example, the
hops 290 all have equal duration. Tp is the time interval between
successive hops (or "hop time slot") and, in this example, the
intervals between successive hops are constant (evenly spaced in
time). The normal transmission power for each hop 290 is P.sub.0.
For example, in a short-range communication system, the normal
transmission power P.sub.0 of a Base Station is suitably on the
order of a hundreds of milliwatts.
[0164] According to the invention, in order to effect
synchronization between a Base Station and its neighboring Base
Stations, every Kth hop 290' is a "synchronization" hop that is
transmitted with increased power P.sub.1. P.sub.1 is suitably
substantially (e.g., 2-10 times) greater than P.sub.0. In the case
that the transmitter changes the transmission frequency in each
hop, every Kth (synchronization) hop will also be transmitted at a
different frequency.
[0165] Alternatively, it is within the scope of the invention that
a variable time interval (Tp) is provided between the
synchronization hops 290' that are transmitted with high power
P.sub.1. For example a changing K (that shall be denoted by K(n),
i.e. K for hop number `n`), can be generated by a pseudo random
sequence such as a maximal length shift register sequence. Pseudo
random sequences are well known for use in communication
systems.
[0166] In the case that a beacon transmitter (e.g., 299) is used
(in addition to signals received from the Base Station and handset)
to synchronize the Base Stations (see, e.g., FIG. 9C), it can
suitably transmit the beacon signal once in K hops, and K can
either be constant or it can be changed over time (variable), as
described above.
[0167] Low-Level Synchronization at the Base Station
[0168] FIG. 11 illustrates major components of a Base Station 1100
waiting for handoff, and a method of accurately synchronizing the
TOD at the Base Station to the TOD of the Base Station which the
handset is about to leave, including:
[0169] Time Clock 310;
[0170] TOD counter 303;
[0171] Antenna 301;
[0172] Receiver 305;
[0173] Frequency Hopping Generator 304;
[0174] Emulator 307;
[0175] Correlation Detector 308; and
[0176] Adder (ADD) 309;
[0177] all connected as illustrated in the figure and as discussed
hereinbelow.
[0178] As described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 9A, a rough
TOD from the Base Station currently connected with the handset is
available to the (next) Base Station waiting for a handoff on a
communication link such as the LAN 140. This rough TOD is provided
to the TOD counter 303 (e.g., via an interface to the LAN 140). A
Time Clock 310 generates clock signals for incrementing the TOD
counter 303. The output of the TOD counter 303 is therefore a rough
estimate of the TOD ("TOD Estimate"). There is an uncertainty
(margin of error) "Tu" between the rough estimate of TOD and the
actual TOD, and which depends on the transmission latencies
thorough the LAN 140. "Tu" is readily calculated for a given WPBX
system, according to its physical configuration.
[0179] From the rough estimate of the TOD output by the TOD counter
and the device address ("Commonly denoted by Media Access Control
Address, or MAC address",), a frequency-hopping list is generated
by a frequency-hopping generator 304 and supplied to an emulator
307 which emulates the output of the receiver 305. In a window with
size of 2.multidot.T.sub.u, a single frequency from the hopping
sequence is chosen, and the receiver 305 will wait on this
frequency for duration of 2.multidot.T.sub.u. Once in a period of
2.multidot.T.sub.u, the receiver 305 will switch frequency, in
response to a signal generated by the frequency-hopping generator
304. Opening an acquisition window of 2.multidot.T.sub.u ensures
that during this time duration the receiver 305 will capture at
least one hop. A correlator/detector 308 receives the receiver's
output (e.g. a base-band or intermediate frequency signal) and an
emulation 307 of the signal that should appear at the receiver's
output. The output of the receiver 305 can be emulated, since a
rough estimate of the TOD is available, and also from the hopping
frequency list, and the receiver frequency list. The emulator 307
continuously checks for a match between receiver frequency and the
hopping frequency and, when it finds a match, it reports the
frequency and the time (rough TOD) to the correlator/detector 308.
By comparing the actual received signal with the emulation that is
based on the rough TOD, the correlator 308 computes (and outputs) a
fine estimate of the TOD offset (i.e., the error between the TOD
estimate and the actual TOD), and provides this to Adder 309, which
also receives the rough TOD estimate from the TOD counter 303 and
generates a signal ("Fine TOD") indicative of the actual TOD.
Correlator-based time offset measurement is a standard estimation
method that is described in many textbooks, and an example of its
implementation is described in greater detail hereinbelow.
[0180] Since the Base Station to which the call is to be handed
"knows" which call it is going to receive, and it has received the
call parameter (via the LAN), and is able to accurately estimate
the TOD, it will be able to perform a seamless handoff transmitting
substantially exactly as the Base Station that the handset is about
to leave. As mentioned above, an iteration of the low-level
protocol (e.g., 281') can be prepared at the receiving Base Station
in anticipation of the handoff.
[0181] Call Routing Task (282)
[0182] The higher-level protocols are run at the Switch, and are
therefore "ignorant" of the handoff processes. At the Switch the
"call routing task" 282 (FIGS. 8A, 8B) isolates the high-level
protocols from the changing environment. The "call routing task"
282 maintains the "Connections Table", which contains information
about all the connections between handsets and Base Stations.
Maintaining the Connections Table is described in greater detail
hereinbelow. The following sections describe an example of how the
Connections Table is used by the "call routing task" 282.
[0183] The following information is included in the Connections
Table:
[0184] 1) Handset ID
[0185] 2) Current Base Station ID
[0186] 3) Handle (of instance) of high-level protocols
[0187] 4) Handle (of instance) of low-level protocols
[0188] 5) Number of candidate Base Stations for handoff
[0189] 6) List of candidate Base Stations for handoff
[0190] 7) List of Handoff status for each candidate Base Station
(i.e., Idle/Started)
[0191] The messages that the high-level protocol (that runs on the
Switch) and the low-level protocol (that runs on the Base Station),
send each other have the following format:
[0192] 1) Message Header
[0193] Origin:
[0194] from low-level protocol
[0195] from high-level protocol
[0196] Handset ID
[0197] Base Station ID
[0198] Low-Level Protocol Handle in the Base Station (number of
instance of low-level protocol)
[0199] High-Level Protocol Handle in the Switch, (number of
instance of high-level protocol)
[0200] HEC (header error correction)
[0201] 2) Message Data
[0202] 3) CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
[0203] FIG. 12 illustrates a method of implementing the "call
routing task" 282 which was mentioned hereinabove with respect to
FIG. 9A. The "call routing task" 282 is performed in the Switch
129.
[0204] In a first step 351, the call routing task 282 waits for a
message from one of the high-level protocol instances running on
the Switch 129 or from one of the low-level protocol instances
running on the Base Stations (e.g., 123). Then, in a step 352, it
is determined where the call came from.
[0205] If the message arrived from one of the Base Stations (step
352, "Y"), the call parameters are compared with the Connections
Table (step 353) and the message is sent (step 354) to the instance
of the high-level protocol running on the Switch (129).
[0206] If the message arrived from the Switch (step 352, "N") the
ID of the sending low-level protocol instance is located (step 353)
in the "Connections Table", and the message is sent (step 354) to
an instance of a corresponding high-level protocol. If the message
arrived from one of the high-level protocols (step 352, "N"), it is
determined (step 360) whether a handoff has begun (is in progress).
If a handoff is not in progress (step 360, "N"), the call
parameters are compared with the Connections Table (step 358) and
the message is sent to the Base Station on which the destination
low-level protocol instance is running (step 359 ). If a handoff is
in progress (step 360, "Y") the call parameters are compared with
the Connections Table (step 355) and the message is sent to the
Base Station on which the destination low-level protocol instance
is running (step 356). The message is also sent (step 357) to all
the Base Stations that are candidates for handoff--e.g.,
neighboring Base Stations. The Base Stations receiving the message
can then check if they are running the destination low-level
protocol and, if not, the message is simply discarded. The
procedure shown in FIG. 12 handles a single message. By using a
multi-tasking operating system, it is possible to run several
instances of these procedures, and thus handle more than one
message simultaneously.
[0207] Detecting a Handset
[0208] The methods described thus far enable the communication
protocols to continue operation when a handoff occurs. They rely on
the ability to determine, which handset is in the coverage area of
which Base Station, where a handset is moving, and when is the best
time to perform handoff. By definition, handoff occurs between only
two Base Stations, but for a certain time prior to the actual
occurrence of the handoff there may be more than one Base Station
that are candidates for handoff. Determining the candidates for
handoff, which Base Station will actually participate in handoff
and when to perform handoff requires collaboration of the Base
Stations and the Switch.
[0209] As is evident from the discussions hereinabove, the handsets
do not actively participate in the handoff operations. Therefore,
the Base Stations will determine which handsets are in their
coverage range, by either passively capturing transmission
information, or by "tricking" the handset to transmit information
that can be used for that purpose.
[0210] As discussed hereinabove, each Base Station will transmit,
to all the neighboring Base Stations, information about the calls
that are taking place in its coverage area. This information will
include all the call parameters that can be sent through a low
bandwidth communication link, such as the shared local area network
(e.g., LAN 140). This information is sufficient for detecting which
handset is moving from one of the neighboring Base Stations into
the coverage area of a Base Station.
[0211] FIG. 13 illustrates major components of a Base Station 1300,
waiting for handoff, and a method of accurately synchronizing the
TOD at the Base Station to the TOD of the Base Station, which the
handset is about to leave, and a passive method for detecting the
arrival of a handset in a Base Station's coverage area during a
call, including:
[0212] Three TOD counters 371, 380 and 384 (compare 303)
[0213] Antenna 382 (compare 301);
[0214] Receiver 379 (compare 305);
[0215] A Receiver Frequency Controller 375;
[0216] Three Hopping Sequence Generators 372, 373 and 374;
[0217] Three Emulators 376, 377 and 378;
[0218] Three Correlators 381, 382 and 383 (compare 308),
[0219] all connected as illustrated in the figure and as discussed
hereinbelow.
[0220] FIG. 13 illustrates a passive method for determining which
handsets' (i.e. handset which is participating in a call with a
certain device address) transmissions is being received by a Base
Station.
[0221] A plurality ("K", three shown) of TOD counters 371, 380 and
384 are set when a rough TOD ("Rough TOD") estimate is received,
via the LAN (140), from other Base Stations. The counters 371, 380
and 384 are incremented by the TOD clock 310. Using the TOD and the
device addresses ("Bluetooth Device Address") that are connected to
calls in which handsets in the neighboring cells (connected to
neighboring Base Stations) participates, a corresponding plurality
("K", three shown) of hopping frequency (sequence) generators 372,
373, 374 generate the list of frequencies in which the handsets are
likely to transmit.
[0222] The receiver frequency controller 375 sets the frequency,
which the receiver 379 will monitor. A plurality ("K", three shown)
of correlators 381, 382 and 383 is used to compare the energy at
the receiver's output, to the emulation of the receiver's output.
The output of the receiver can be emulated, since a rough estimate
of the TOD is available, as well as the hopping frequency list, and
the receiver frequency list. The emulator continuously checks for a
match between receiver frequency and the hopping frequency, when it
finds the match it reports to the correlator the frequency and the
time. By comparing the actual received signal with the emulation
that is based on the rough TOD, the correlator detect the presence
of the transmitter and computes a fine estimate of the TOD offset
(i.e., the error between the rough TOD estimate and the actual
TOD). Correlator-based time offset measurement is a standard
estimation method that is described in many textbooks, example of
implementation shall be described later on. The number of handsets
that can be detected simultaneously is equal to the number of
hopping sequence generators, and the number of emulators of
receiver output, and the number of correlators.
[0223] In FIG. 13 up to `K` handsets can simultaneously be
detected. The main advantage of the method described above is that
since the detection is passive, there is no need to achieve fine
synchronization between Base Stations. Another advantage of this
passive method is that there is no need to decode the messages that
the handset transmits, and therefore it is relatively easy to
implement.
[0224] The receiver frequency controller 375 selects the frequency
on which the receiver 379 will wait to "capture" hops. To increase
the probability of detection, the receiver frequency controller 375
should be programmed to choose frequencies that are not blocked by
interferences (e.g., interferences from other than Bluetooth
transmitters). For each frequency that the receiver frequency
controller 375 chooses, a histogram of the number of hops that have
been detected in a certain duration of time, and their average
signal-to-noise ratios are maintained by the receiver frequency
controller 375. A measure of the spectral "cleanness" of a certain
frequency can be determined as a function of the signal-to-noise
ratios (SNRs) of the hops--for example, as the number of hops
multiplied by the average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the
hops.
[0225] The receiver frequency controller 375 preferably chooses a
group of `M` frequencies that have the best "cleanness" measure,
and the receiver 379 waits on them most of the time, when once in
T1 milliseconds the controller changes the frequency. Once in T2
milliseconds (T2 is selected to be much larger then T1) the
receiver frequency controller 375 selects a frequency which is not
in the group of `M` best, and the receiver 379 waits on it for T3
milliseconds (T3 is selected to be smaller then T1). This enables
the receiver frequency controller 375 to monitor the "cleanness" of
frequencies that are not in the `M` best frequencies. If the
receiver frequency controller 375 detects a frequency that is
cleaner then one of the `M` frequencies that is in its list, it
puts it in the list, instead of the frequency with the lowest
"cleanness" measure. Typical values for the parameters M, T1, T2,
T3 are 20, 250, 2500, 100, respectively.
[0226] Generally, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or
signal-to-interference ratio for each hop is measured by measuring
the bursts of energy which match the expected hop duration, to all
other signals that do not match the hop duration. The average noise
level is continuously monitored. When the energy increases for
duration ranging from Th-D to Th+D (Th is the nominal hop duration;
D is a measurement "window" interval), the hop energy will be
computed, and it will be added to the average hop energy. During
the duration of the hop the average noise level is not be updated.
Typical values for Th and D, are 0.65 milliseconds, and 1000
milliseconds respectively.
[0227] Another Method of Detecting a Handset
[0228] An alternative method for detecting a handset which enters
the coverage area of a Base Station, is now described. This method
is also passive, and also relies on a handset being engaged in a
call in order to detect the handset. This method requires fine
synchronization between the Base Stations and therefore is somewhat
more complicated than the passive method previously described, but
using this method has a few substantial advantages over the method
previously described, including:
[0229] improved detection performance,
[0230] improved timing of handoff, and
[0231] the ability to detect a moving handset that is not currently
participating in a call.
[0232] According to the invention, once in a while the Base Station
that is currently communicating with the handset will "give up"
(omit, yield to its neighbors) a short transmission duration,
during which one or more neighboring Base Stations may transmit to
the handset. In order for the handset to receive their
transmission, the neighboring Base Station(s) must therefore be
synchronized with the Base Station that is currently communicating
with the handset, and during the time that the neighboring Base
Station(s) transmits, it (they) acts as if it were the Base Station
that has yielded a transmission slot for handset detection by the
neighboring Base Stations.
[0233] This method can be illustrated in the context of the
Bluetooth short-range communication, wherein frequency hopping is
used. The Base Station that is currently communicating with the
handset, will give up a single hop. Any of the neighboring Base
Stations that are not close to each other may use the same hop to
transmit to the handset. The neighboring Base Stations that are
close to each other will use different hops to call (communicate
with) the handset. This is illustrated in FIGS. 14A, 14B, 14C and
14D.
[0234] FIG. 14A, which is similar to FIG. 1, illustrates a wireless
communication system 1400 (e.g., WPBX) having a Base Station 391
that is currently communicating with a mobile unit 390 that is a
wireless telephone handset, and a plurality (six shown) of
neighboring Base Stations 392, 393, 394, 395, 396 and 397 that are
waiting (available) for the handset 390 to enter their coverage
areas. Each Base Station 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396 and 397 has
an area of coverage 391a, 392a, 393a, 394a, 395a, 396a and 397a,
respectively. The interconnections between the Base Stations, and
between the Base Stations and a central Switch, such as shown in
FIGS. 2 and 4, are omitted, for illustrative clarity.
[0235] FIG. 14B, which is similar to FIG. 10, illustrates that the
Base Station 391 which is currently communicating with the handset
390, periodically (once in K hops) transmits with higher power
P.sub.1, in order to enable the neighboring Base Stations to
synchronize their TOD. According to the handset detection technique
being discussed, the Base Station 391 also periodically (once in M
hops) skips a transmission on a single hop 702, 703 (shown as
dashed lines) in order to allow the neighboring Base Stations 392,
393, 394, 395, 396 and 397 to transmit at these times. As shown in
FIG. 14C, three of the neighboring Base Stations 393, 395, 397
transmit on even-numbered skipped hops 705. As shown in FIG. 14D,
the other three of the neighboring Base Stations 392, 394, 396
transmit on odd-numbered skipped hops 707. At other times (other
than the hops 705, 707), the neighboring Base Stations 392, 393,
394, 395, 396 and 397 may transmit normally to other handsets (not
shown) to which they are connected.
[0236] As described hereinabove, the Base Station that is
communicating with the handset sends the call parameters to
neighboring Base Stations via the local area network (LAN 140) that
connects all of the Base Stations. It will also send information
regarding the timing of hops that they may use to call handsets
that it is communicating with. As described hereinabove with
respect to FIG. 11, the neighboring Base Stations can synchronize
the TOD. According to the timing of the hops received with high
energy (P.sub.1), the Base Stations that wait for the call, can
determine the times in which they are allowed to try to call the
handset. In these times the Base Stations transmit to all handsets
that are communicating with neighboring Base Stations.
[0237] Detecting Movement of a Handset
[0238] The two techniques for detecting a handset, described
immediately hereinabove, are "passive" in the sense that they do
not require any actions to be taken by the handset, other than the
initial action of being engaged in a call (connected to a Base
Station). The technique described immediately hereinbelow is
"active" in the sense that it requires some further participation
(albeit minimal) from the handset. However, such a mechanism is
standard in most wireless communication protocols, even in those
that were not originally meant to support mobility (handoff). In
either case ("passive" or "active"), it is important to recognize
that the present invention can work with standard handsets, without
modification thereto.
[0239] Although the handsets do not need to have a mechanism for
supporting (actively participating in) handoff, they preferably
have a mechanism that allows checking whether their communication
links are operating normally. For example, in the Bluetooth
short-range communication link, a "PING" command that is sent on
the asynchronous link is used to check whether the data
communication link is operative. When the handset receives a "PING"
command it will automatically respond with an "ECHO" message
(response). Since the "PING" command is sent on an asynchronous
link, and not the synchronous link that is used for voice
communication, in does not disrupt the voice quality, but only
slightly (and temporarily) reduces the available bandwidth for data
transfer.
[0240] The "PING" command includes the following data fields:
[0241] Device address
[0242] Identifier
[0243] Length
[0244] Data (optional)
[0245] The "ECHO" response includes the:
[0246] Identifier
[0247] Length
[0248] Data (optional)
[0249] In the Identifier, an identification of the originating Base
Station is sent. Hence, when the handset replies it is possible for
any Base Station receiving the "ECHO" reply to know which Base
Station originated the reply.
[0250] The "PING" command and "ECHO" response are used by a Base
Station in order to determine whether a certain handset has entered
its coverage area. Unlike the methods of passively detecting the
handset presence, discussed hereinabove, this method allows
detection of a Base Station that was not actively engaged in a call
at the time of handoff. It is enough for the handset to have only
created an initial communication with a Base Station.
[0251] FIGS. 15A and 15B, illustrate the use of "PING" command and
the "ECHO" response by the Base Station that is waiting for the
call.
[0252] As shown in FIG. 15A, the handset 121 is currently
communicating with the Base Station #1 123 via communications link
122. During this time, the Base Station #2 124 that is waiting for
the call will periodically send a "PING" command 145 to the handset
121. When the handset 121 enters the coverage area (is in range) of
the waiting Base Station 124, and when it receives a "PING" command
with its address, it will reply with an "ECHO" response 146. The
"ECHO" response 146 is also received by the Base Station #1
123.
[0253] The waiting Base Station #2 124 transmits the "PING" command
145 during the hops that the Base Station #1 123 has dedicated
(yielded) for this operation, as described hereinabove (see, e.g.,
FIG. 14B, 702, 703). The "ECHO" reply 146 will be received by both
Base Stations 123 and 124, whereupon the Base Stations 123 and 124
can each measure the quality of the received signal ("ECHO") and
report the measurements to the Switch (e.g., 129; FIG. 2). Based on
this measurement of the quality of the received signal, the Switch
129 can compare signal quality and decide when is the right time to
perform the handoff, and implement the handoff procedures described
hereinabove.
[0254] FIG. 15B illustrates an alternative, "active" method for
detecting the handset 121. In this example, The Base Station #1 123
that is currently connected to the handset 121 transmits a "PING"
command 147, once in M hops. The handset 121 replies with an "ECHO"
response 146' for each "PING" command 147 it receives. When the
handset 121 enters the coverage area of neighboring Base Station #2
124, the neighboring Base Station #2 124 will receive the "ECHO"
response 146' by monitoring each Mth hop, in order to receive the
"ECHO" response of the handset 121 that is approaching it. When the
neighboring Base Station #2 124 receives the "ECHO" response 146',
it measures the quality of the received signal, and reports to the
Switch 129. This method is different from the method previously
described with respect to FIG. 15A in two aspects:
[0255] 1) In the method of FIG. 15B, the Base Station 123 connected
to the handset, does not skip each Mth hop, but rather transmits a
"PING" to the handset
[0256] 2) In the method of FIG. 15B, the neighboring Base Stations
(e.g., 124) do not transmit "PING"s to the handset 121--rather,
they only passively monitor each Mth hop
[0257] The quality of each hop may be measured by many known
methods, such as energy level measurement, signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) measurement, packet loss ratio and bit error rate measurement
(BER) that can be performed on the header of each message.
[0258] Another Handset Detection Technique
[0259] Each Base Station maintains a "Neighbor Connections Table",
which includes information about the connections between handsets
and neighboring Base Stations. The "Neighbor Connections Table",
includes the following information:
[0260] Connection number
[0261] Handset ID
[0262] Base Station ID
[0263] Handoff status: Idle/Started
[0264] Handset detection status
[0265] Number of successful "PING"
[0266] Time of last successful "PING"
[0267] Quality measurements in successful "PING"
[0268] FIG. 16A illustrates a technique (procedure) for detecting a
handset that enters the coverage area of a Base Station when (as in
the example of FIG. 15B) the Base Station that the handset is
currently connected to generates the "PING" command that is sent to
the handsets. All of the Base Stations (e.g., 391-397; FIG. 14A)
preferably perform the same detection procedure, whether they the
handset is connected with them or not.
[0269] When a hop is due (steps 400, 401), the even-numbered hops
are used by the handset, and the Base Stations use the odd-numbered
hops. In a step 402, a hop counter is incremented by one, and if
(as determined in the step 403) it is the Kth hop, the Base Station
will to try to send a "PING" to one of the handsets that are
candidates for handoff. If it is not the Kth hop (step 403, "N"),
the Base Station waits for the next hop (step 400).
[0270] As used herein, "NMAC" represents the address of the handset
that will be called, and "NegTab" is an abbreviation of
"Neighboring Connection Table".
[0271] If handoff has not started yet with any handset (step 404,
"N"), all the handsets will be called in order. The pointer to the
NegTab is incremented (step 405), and the address of the handset is
retrieved from the NegTab (step 406). The Base Station then
transmits a "PING" command with the address of the handset (step
407). When handoff has already started with one or more than one
handsets, these handsets are "PING"ed more often than the others.
The next item in the NegTab is checked (step 411) and, if handoff
with it has already started, it will be "PINGED" (steps 412, 407).
The handsets that have not started handoff, will be "PING"ed only
once in K2 "PING"s (steps 410, 413, 414).
[0272] When an "ECHO" is received (step 420, "Y") and it is
determined to be from a handset that communicates with a
neighboring Base Station (step 419, "N"), it will be compared to
all the entries in the "Neighbor Connections Table" (NegTab)
421,422. If it is found in the NegTab (step 422, "Y"), the quality
of the hop is measured (step 423) and a record of the average
quality in the previous hops is maintained in the "Neighbor
Connections Table" (step 424). The following measurement parameters
are sent to the Switch (step 425):
[0273] Base Station communicating with handset
[0274] Base Station originating "PING"
[0275] Base Station receiving "PING"
[0276] Identification of handset
[0277] Quality of received signal
[0278] FIG. 16B illustrates a procedure that a Base Station
performs when it receives an "ECHO" response from one of the
handsets that are connected to it (from FIG. 16A, step 419, "Y").
The "ECHO" response can be received either when the connected Base
Station or one of its neighbors sends a "PING" message to the
handset. (See, e.g., FIGS. 15A and 15B.)
[0279] First, the Base Station checks to see if the "ECHO" reply
was caused by itself, or by one of the neighboring Base Stations
(steps 430, 431). This information is contained in the Identifier
of the "ECHO" reply, as described hereinabove.
[0280] If the "ECHO" was caused by a neighboring Base Station (step
431, "Y"), the quality of the received signal is measured and
averaged (step 432), and the measurement parameters are sent the
Switch (step 433) to be used by the Switch in determining when to
perform handoff. If the Base Station itself caused the "ECHO" reply
(step 431, "N"), the task simply exits ("B").
[0281] FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrated the procedure of transmitting
the "PING" from the Base Station that the handset is connected too,
and detecting the arrival of a handset from a neighboring Base
Station.
[0282] FIG. 23 illustrates a procedure for performed by the Base
Station when reception or transmission of a hop is required (steps
1200, 1201). Once in K hops (step 1202), if the next time slot is
for transmission (step 1203), the Base Stations sends a "PING" to
one of the handsets that are connected to it. Tcount is incremented
(step 1204), and the next handset that appears in the list of
handsets (Connection Table, or "ConTab") that are connected to the
Base Station is chosen (step 1205).
[0283] The "PING" is sent with the address taken from the ConTab
(step 1206). When it is time to receive a hop, the receiver looks
for an "ECHO" response (step 1207). If an "ECHO" is received, and
it originator was a neighboring Base Station (step 1208), the
parameters are compared to the NegTab (step 1209), and if it is
found in the table (step 1214), the quality of the signal is
measured (step 1210) and averaged (step 1211). If the "ECHO"
response was to a "PING" command that originated from the same Base
Station, the quality is measured (step 1213). In both cases the
connection parameters and the quality are sent to the Switch (step
1212).
[0284] When an "ECHO" response is received (FIG. 16A, step 425; or
FIG. 16B, step 433; or FIG. 23, step 1212), the following data is
sent to the Switch:
[0285] Received quality
[0286] If from handset from neighbor Base Station, the average
quality of the received "PINGS".
[0287] If from handset connected to same Base Station, the received
quality that is monitored continuously, and also the average
quality of the received "PINGS".
[0288] Base Station originating "PING"
[0289] Base Station receiving "ECHO"
[0290] Base Station currently connected to handset
[0291] Measurement TOD
[0292] Performing Handoff
[0293] Two methods for detecting that a handset moves from one Base
Station to another have been described hereinabove. The first
handset detection method (FIGS. 13, 14A, 14B, 14C, 14D) is based on
passive monitoring of the handset. In the second handset detection
method (FIGS. 15A, 15B, 16A, 16B) the handsets are actively
"PING"ed, and their "ECHO" responses are noted. Using either one of
these two methods, a Base Station that is connected to a handset
continuously sends received quality measurements to the Switch and,
when a neighboring Base Station detects a handset, a quality
measurement is also sent by the neighboring Base Station to the
Switch. A Base Station receiving an "ECHO" from one of the handsets
that are connected to it (e.g., FIG. 15B), also sends the quality
measurement to the Switch. The decision as to when to perform
handoff, between one Base Station and another, is made at the
Switch, which uses these signal quality measurements from the Base
Stations to determine the time for and destination of a handoff.
FIG. 17A illustrates a method for making the handoff decision, when
a passive detection method is used. FIG. 17B illustrates a method
for making the handoff decision, when an active detection method is
used.
[0294] FIG. 17A illustrates a procedure that is implemented at the
Switch (129) in order to decide to which Base Station the handset
should be handed. Energy measurements from two or more (three
shown) Base Stations 801, 802 and 803 receiving a signal (i.e., the
same signal) from a single handset (i.e., the same handset, not
shown) are provided to the Switch, as described hereinabove (e.g.,
over the LAN 140). At the Switch, these measurements are "smoothed"
by a plurality (three shown) of sliding window averaging filters
804, 805 and 806, respectively, and they are compared with one
another by decision (handoff control) logic 807, which issues a
signal ("Select Base Station") to effect handoff. The sliding widow
average filters 804, 805 and 806 compute the average quality
received from a given Base Station over the previous T.sub.r
milliseconds, typically hundreds of milliseconds, (over a time
interval encompassing at least two subsequent signals from the
receiving Base Station), taking into account only the times in
which the handset signal was received by more than one Base
Station.
[0295] The following pseudo-code describes a preferred operation of
the decision logic 807:
[0296] The inputs to the decision logic are marked by X.sub.l . . .
X.sub.k.
[0297] The current Base Station communicating with the handset is
Base Station `m`
[0298] (1) If maximum (X.sub.l, . . . ,X.sub.k)=X.sub.j
[0299] (2) If X.sub.j>X.sub.m+D.sub.1
[0300] (3) If time from previous handoff>T.sub.d
[0301] (4) Transfer call to Base Station j
[0302] (5) If X.sub.j>X.sub.m+D.sub.2
[0303] (6) Transfer call to Base Station j
[0304] If a Base Station receives the handset at a level which is
stronger by at least D.sub.1 decibels than the level which is
currently received by the Base Station with which the handset
currently communicates, and at least T.sub.d milliseconds have
passed from the last handoff, a handoff is required. This is
intended to address the situation of a moderate and slow movement
of a handset from one Base Station to another.
[0305] If a Base Station receives the handset at a level, which is
stronger by at least D.sub.2 decibels than the level, which is
currently received by the Base Station with which the handset
currently communicates a handoff will be performed immediately.
This is intended to address the situation of an abrupt move from
one Base Station to another.
[0306] When the Base Stations use one of the active methods to
detect handset presence, the decision algorithm is basically the
same as has just been described. The main difference comes from the
fact that in the active method the different Base Stations are able
to determine the quality that they measured for a single hop, which
all of them can identify. Therefore, the Switch is able to compute
the quality difference per hop, and thus improve the timing
accuracy of handoff.
[0307] FIG. 17B illustrates the handoff decision method when using
an active detection method. According to the TOD indication that is
received along with the quality measurements, the measurements of
the same hops are aligned in time (808). They are then averaged
over X hops (804, 805, 806), and the same decision logic (807) that
was described above may be used to determine which is the most
suitable Base Station to connect to the handset, and issue the
"select Base Station" signal.
[0308] The methods described hereinabove relate to performing
handoff between Base Stations when the handset is conducting a
call. When a handset is not conducting a call it may move from one
Base Station to the other. When it moves, one connection will be
ended, and another will be created. The mechanism for ending a
connection, and initiating a new one is part of the short-range
wireless communication protocol. For example in the Bluetooth
protocol, the handset searches for a Base Station, when it finds
one, it stays connected to it. If it leaves the coverage area of
the Base Station, the connection will end, and the handset will
search again for a Base Station. This mechanism is sufficient for a
handset that is not currently in a call, but it does not guarantee
smooth handoff while in a call. Although this method may be
suitable in some conditions, disconnecting from one Base Station
and re-establishing connection with the other may take several
seconds, and during this time it will not be possible to initiate a
call. One of the advantages of the method of actively "PING"ing a
handset is that its movement can be detected quickly, even when it
is not engaged in a call, and this "waiting" period can be
eliminated.
[0309] Operation Procedures
[0310] The following sections describe the operation procedures of
the Base Stations and the Switch, that are used on the following
events:
[0311] A new connection is created
[0312] A connection is closed
[0313] A handset presence is detected
[0314] Switch decides on handoff
[0315] Handoff performed by Base Stations
[0316] When receiving an update message from a Base Station
[0317] Base Station Procedures:
[0318] New connection created:
[0319] Create new low-level protocol instance.
[0320] Add connection to "Base Station Connections Table"
[0321] Set reserved hops for neighbors transmissions (if active
detection method is used)
[0322] Send new connection information (handset ID, Base Station
ID, handle to low-level protocol instance) to Switch
[0323] Send new connection information to all neighboring Base
Stations (handset, id, Base Station id, reserved hops, call's
parameters: TOD, device address, encryption key, authentication
key, links status, etc.)
[0324] 2) Connection closed:
[0325] Close low-level protocol instance.
[0326] Remove connection from "Base Station Connections Table"
[0327] Send closed connection information to Switch (handset ID,
Base Station ID, handle to low-level protocol instance)
[0328] Send closed connection information to neighboring Base
Stations (handset ID, Base Station ID)
[0329] 3) Receive new connection information from neighboring Base
Station
[0330] Add connection information to "Neighboring Connections
Table"
[0331] 4) Receive closed connection information from neighboring
Base Station
[0332] Remove connection from "Neighboring Connections Table"
[0333] 5) Detect presence of handset in coverage area
[0334] Create low-level protocol instance.
[0335] Synchronize TOD
[0336] Measure received quality
[0337] Update Switch (handset ID, neighbor Base Station ID, and
Base Station ID, TOD, handle of low-level protocol instance).
[0338] 6) Receive message from high-level protocol
[0339] Check if corresponding low-level protocol is running on Base
Station and, if it is:
[0340] Route message to the corresponding low-level protocol
instance.
[0341] 7) Receive handoff command with TOD of handoff
[0342] If the Base Station is the Base Station currently
communicating with the handset:
[0343] Wait until handoff TOD
[0344] Stop transmissions to the handset
[0345] Move connection parameters from "Base Station connection
table" to
[0346] "Neighboring Connection Table"
[0347] If the Base Station was a neighbor of the Base Station
communicating with the handset:
[0348] Wait until handoff TOD
[0349] Start transmitting to handset
[0350] Route call to destination Base Station or Switch
[0351] Send new connection information (handset id, Base Station
ID, handle to low-level protocol instance) to Switch
[0352] Send new connection information to all neighboring Base
Stations (handset, ID, Base Station ID, reserved hops, call's
parameters: TOD, device address, encryption key, authentication
key, links status, etc.)
[0353] Switch procedures:
[0354] 1) Receive new connection information
[0355] Create instance of high-level protocol
[0356] Update "Connections Table"
[0357] 1) Receive close connection message
[0358] Close high-level protocol instance
[0359] Remove from "Connections Table"
[0360] 1) Receive quality measurement from Base Station
[0361] If from Base Station connected to the handset,
[0362] Store measured quality and TOD of measurement
[0363] Check if a neighboring Base Stations should be removed from
the handoff candidate list (according to last TOD in which they
detected the handset), and remove if necessary
[0364] If from a neighbor of the Base Station connected to the
handset,
[0365] Add neighbor as candidate for handoff to "Connection Table"
with TOD of message.
[0366] Perform quality comparison and decision of handoff.
[0367] If a handoff is required:
[0368] Send handoff commands to the originating Base Station and
the Base Station receiving the handset.
[0369] Update "Connections Table"
[0370] When there is more than one Switch in the system (see, e.g.,
FIG. 22) the Switch procedures will be slightly different, as
follows:
[0371] 1) Receive new connection information
[0372] Create instance of high-level protocol
[0373] Update "Connections Table"
[0374] Send new connection information to all the Switches.
[0375] 1) Receive close connection message
[0376] Close high-level protocol instance
[0377] Remove from "Connections Table"
[0378] Send remove connection to all Switches
[0379] 1) Receive quality measurement from Base Station
[0380] If from Base Station connected to the handset
[0381] Store measured quality and TOD of measurement
[0382] Check if the neighboring Base Stations should be removed
from handoff candidate list (according to last TOD in which they
detected the handset), and remove if necessary
[0383] If one of the neighboring Base Stations is connected to a
different Switch, send updated information to the other Switch.
[0384] If from a neighbor of the Base Station connected to the
handset
[0385] Add neighbor as candidate for handoff to "Connection Table"
with TOD of message.
[0386] Perform quality comparison and decision of handoff.
[0387] If a handoff is required:
[0388] Send handoff commands to the originating Base Station and
the Base Station receiving the handset.
[0389] Update "Connections Table"
[0390] Update "Calls Table"
[0391] Send information to all Switches
[0392] 1) Receive update from another Switch
[0393] If new connection: add item to "Connections Table"
[0394] If closed connection: remove item from "Connections
Table"
[0395] If quality measurement: update "Connection Table"
[0396] If handoff
[0397] Update "Connections Table"
[0398] Update "Calls Table"
[0399] The Switch also keeps a LOG file of the events in the
system. The LOG file includes the quality measurements, call
parameters (time, caller ID, called ID, reason for termination,
etc.) and the handoff decisions. These may serve to analyze the
Base Station's topology and allow for topology improvements and
adjustments. For example the reason for a call termination may be
correlated to low receive quality, which could imply that there is
a "hole" in the coverage pattern.
[0400] Detection and Time Synchronization
[0401] FIG. 20 illustrates the implementation of detection and time
synchronization method that is based on a correlator. As described
hereinabove, the correlator/detector (308) was the basis for
synchronization of TOD in FIG. 11, and for the detection of
presence of a transmitter and synchronization in FIG. 13.
[0402] It is important for a neighboring Base Station to be able to
detect and synchronize with a mobile unit prior to receiving a
handoff. This process should be done as quickly as possible to
ensure seamless handoff of a session. Generally, the process begins
with a wide-range search for "target" signals having the correct
timing for a mobile unit, based on the rough synchronization
information provided by the Base Station which is connected with
the mobile unit. These "target" signals are estimated, based on the
rough synchronization data. When a match is found (an actual signal
from mobile unit is acquired) the search range can be narrowed
accordingly (and dramatically). Then, synchronization can proceed
as described hereinabove.
[0403] The detector/correlator 2000 comprises a signal detector
1001 and a correlator 1002. The task of the detector/correlator
2000 is to provide information whether a target signal is currently
received, and to estimate the parameters which serve the hand-off
process. The signal detector 1001 and correlator 1002 receive the
actual received signal 1008 and its corresponding time 1009 and
frequency 1004, as illustrated, and correlates them to the emulated
time and frequency instances 1006. The fine TOD, drift and quality
of the target signal are estimated by the correlator 1002 which
reports the estimated parameters 1007, along with a status which
indicates whether the target signal has been acquired, or not. The
task of the signal detector 1001 is to process the received signal
1008 and to estimate its time of arrival (TOA), i.e. the exact
timing of a hop, and quality values 1003. This may be done by
several techniques, which are well known from classical detection
theory. As an example of such techniques, an energy detector and a
matched filter can be used.
[0404] FIG. 21 shows an example of the implementation of the signal
detector 1001 of FIG. 20. In FIG. 21, the received signal 1008,
which is received from the RF receiver output, is fed to an energy
detector 1011. The energy detector 1011 produces a signal 1014,
which represents the temporal energy shape of the signal. The
temporal energy shape 1014 is fed into a matched filter 1012. The
matched filter 1012 has an impulse response, which matches the
energy shape the target signal. As is known, per classical
estimation and detection theory, the matched filter 1012 will
produce maximum value at the time instance which represents an
estimation of the time of arrival (TOA), i.e. exact timing of the
hops, of the target signal 1008. The maximum value of the filter
output represents an estimation of the received signal quality. The
time instance, which represents the estimation of the TOA, is
represented in terms of the time clock 1009. The matched filter
1012 reports TOA and quality values of which the quality is above a
threshold value T.sub.h, and the maximum is a global maximum within
a two-sided time window of T.sub.s1 microseconds. Other
implementations of the signal detector 1001 in FIG. 20 can be
utilized. Such implementations can correlate the received signal
1008 with the known portions of the target signal temporal pattern
instead of its energy temporal shape. Such implementations may
achieve improved estimation performance.
[0405] The time-frequency correlator 1002 in FIG. 20 receives the
TOA and quality values 1003 produced by the signal detector 1001
and corresponding frequency values 1004, which are the actual
tuning frequency of the RF receiver. These inputs are referred to
herein as the `actual` TOA-frequency-quality instances. These
include the estimated information of the signals, which are
received from the various sources. On the other inputs, the
time/frequency correlator 1002 receives emulated values of TOA and
frequency 1006 instances for a specific target source (i.e. a
specific handset). We will refer to these values hereafter as
`target` TOA-frequency instances. The time-frequency correlator
seeks matches in the instances from both sources--the `actual` and
the `target` and detects TOA-frequency patterns at the `actual`
instances which are `similar` to the `target` pattern. This process
is performed in two possible modes:
[0406] 1. `Acquisition` mode in which a match of the `target` to
`actual` patterns is searched over longer time shifts periods,
which cover the uncertainty of the possible fine TOD.
[0407] 2. `Tracking` mode in which the fine TOD and drift have been
already estimated, and the match between of the `target` to
`actual` is searched and verified on new TOA-frequency instances
over a shorter uncertainty period.
[0408] The `actual` data and 1004 is written into `actual`
instances history buffer (e.g., FIFO) and constitutes a list of
which records consists of `actual_TOA`, `actual_frequency` and
`actual_quality`. The `target` data 1006 is written into `target`
instances histories buffer (e.g., FIFO) and constitutes a list of
which records consist of `target_TOA` and `target_frequency`.
[0409] In the `acquisition` mode, at any given time, records from
both lists of which TOA values are `younger`than T.sub.y1
milliseconds (where T.sub.y1, is typically 10,000) in relation to
current time clock (to be referred hereafter as `young` records)
are processed as follows:
[0410] For each `target` record, look for `actual` records, which
satisfy:
[0411] Matching frequency value (i.e.
`actual_frequency`=`target_frequency- `).
[0412] Absolute value of `TOA_diff`
(`TOA_diff`=`known_diff`-(`actual_TOA`- -`target TOA`)) is smaller
than T.sub.y2 milliseconds (where T.sub.y2 is typically 500). Note:
`known_diff` is 0 in the acquisition mode.
[0413] The `target` and `actual` records, which satisfy the
conditions, are referred hereafter as `candidate_records`.
[0414] For each of the `candidate_records` write the corresponding
`TOA_diff`, `actual_quality` value and `actual_TOA` value into a
`candidates_list`.
[0415] When all the `young_target` records are processed against
all `young_actual` records, sort the `candidate_list` by the
`TOA_diff` values and produce a `diff_histogram` with resolution of
T.sub.y3 microseconds (where T.sub.y3 is typically 1000) as
follows:
[0416] Scan the sorted `candidate_list` records, identify the
`TOA_diff` values which are within the TOA diff range of each bin,
and accumulate the corresponding `quality_values` producing
`diff_quality_histogram` values per each bin.
[0417] Search the `diff_quality_histogram` for values, which are
bigger than Ky (where Ky is typically 50). If found, set the status
output 1007 value to `detected`, and identify the corresponding
`actual_TOA` and `TOA_diff` values. The corresponding `actual_TOA`
and `actual_diff` values are referred to hereinafter as a
`diff_cluster` of records. If no `diff_quality_histogram` values
exceed Ky, set the status output 1007 to `not_detected`.
[0418] If status has been set to `detected` perform a `least mean
square error` (LMSE) estimation of a linear line which mostly fits
the two-dimensional `diff cluster` instances (`actual_TOA` by
`actual_diff`). LMSE estimation is a well-known estimation
technique and is described in the classical literature.
[0419] The estimated linear line can be represented as:
[0420] diff=`est diff0`+`est drift`*(TOA-TOA0) where TOA0 is the
smallest `actual TOA` value out of the `diff cluster` records, `est
diff0` is the estimated output parameter of `fine TOD` 1007 and
`est drift is the estimation the output parameter `drift` 1007. The
`diff quality histogram` value normalized by the corresponding `bin
population` is the `quality` output 1007 value.
[0421] In the `tracking` mode, at any given time, process the data
in a similar way as in the `acquisition mode but with the following
differences:
[0422] The value of `known diff` is set to
`prev_est_diff0`+`prev_est_drif- t`*(`current_TOA0`-`prev_TOA0`).
The terms `prev_est_diff0` and `prev_TOA0` represented the
`est_diff0` and `TOA0` which has been evaluated in the previous
calculation (either in `acquisition` mode or in `tracking` mode).
The term `current_TOA0` is the `TOA0` of current calculation.
[0423] A smaller value of T.sub.y4 microseconds (when Ty4 is
typically 2000) for the `tracking` mode replaces T.sub.y2 of the
`acquisition` mode.
[0424] Base Station
[0425] FIG. 18 illustrates, in block diagram form, major components
of a Base Station 1800. A plurality (three shown) of front-end
processors 604, 605 and 606 are connected to a plurality (three
shown) of antennas 601, 602 and 603, respectively. The front-end
processors 604, 605 and 606 perform the low-level protocols of the
short-range communication protocol, described hereinabove.
[0426] When idle, a front-end processor 604, 605 and 606 waits for
a handset to establish a new connection. When a connection is
created it reports the call parameters (e.g., Bluetooth device
address, TOD, Encryption key, authentication key, etc.) and
transfers the call stream to the central processing unit 607. When
a front-end processor is idle, it can also be used to receive
(detect, monitor) a handset that is leaving a neighboring Base
Station. The central processing unit 607 then sends the front-end
processor, the call parameters, and the exact time of handoff. The
front-end processor, would at that time, continue the communicating
with the handset, as if it was still in the neighboring Base
Station.
[0427] A separate circuit module 612 (TOD Synchronization &
Handset Detection) is used to detect arrival of new handset, and
also to synchronize the TOD of all the calls, according to the
techniques described hereinabove. This unit 612 is shown having its
own antenna 611.
[0428] The central processing unit 607 controls the operation of
the front-end processors 604, 605 and 606, receives data about new
handoff and fine TOD estimation, receives data from neighboring
Base Station, maintains the "Neighbor Connection Table",
communicates with the Switch and the other Base Stations. The local
area network interface 609 is suitably a standard interface, for
example a connection to a 10Base-T or 100-Base-T Ethernet, for
connecting to the Local Area Network (LAN) 140. Memory 608 and
Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) 610 is shown connected to the central
processing unit (CPU) 607.
[0429] FIG. 19 illustrates, in greater detail, an implementation of
a representative one 604 of the front-end processors 604, 605 and
606 described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 18. A base-band
processor 631 determines the transmission and reception channels,
encodes and decodes speech, deals with error correction,
authentication and encryption. The radio frequency front end 630
modulates and demodulates the data, and connects to the antenna
601. The base-band processor 631 controls the frequency ("frequency
control" 633) of each hop, sends and receives data ("energy, time
of detection" 634) from the RF front end, and receives indication
of signal strength ("base band parameters" 635).
[0430] Applications for the WPBX
[0431] Most of the preceding sections discussed the use of the
methods disclosed in the current invention for a WPBX supporting
telephony applications. Except for the methods shown in FIGS. 5, 6
and 7, most of the methods disclosed hereinabove are application
independent, as follows:
[0432] The method for dividing the short-range communication
protocol in order to support mobility of devices. The high-level
protocols, including telephony-related protocols, and also
protocols for data transfer, such as PPP over the short-range
communication link.
[0433] The methods for synchronizing the Base Station.
[0434] The methods for detecting movement of transmitter from one
Base Station to another.
[0435] The methods for decide when to perform handoff and to what
Base Station to hand the call.
[0436] These methods can be implemented in order to connect mobile
devices that are equipped with a short-range communication
transmitter/receiver such as a Bluetooth chipset. Such devices may
move from the coverage area of one Base Station to the coverage
area of another, when the Switch and Base Stations handle the
handoff of the connection from one Base Station to another. Typical
application may be the connection of laptop computers equipped with
a Bluetooth short-range communication link to the organization's
e-mail server. Another possible application is connecting such
mobile devices that for example utilize the PPP (point-to-point
protocol) over Bluetooth wireless link, to the Internet, via a
central remote access server. A system may also support several
such applications.
[0437] For example in FIG. 24, a personal data (or digital)
assistant (PDA) 1301, a laptop computer 1302 and a cellular handset
1303, connect to the systems Base Stations 1304 and 1305, as
illustrated. The PDA 1301 and the laptop 1302 may connect, via the
local area network (LAN) 1306 to an e-mail server 1308 in order to
send or receive messages, and may also connect to a remote access
server (RAS) 1309 for Internet connection. The cellular handset
1303 may connect to another handset (not shown) or, via a Telephony
Gateway 1306 to the PSTN. The Base Stations 1304 and 1305 and the
Switch 1307 handle the various levels of the communication
protocol, utilizing the methods described hereinabove.
[0438] It is within the scope of the invention that the mobile unit
is a device which is any of the following devices: telephone
handset, standard cordless telephone handset, cellular telephone
handset, personal data device, personal digital assistant (PDA),
computer, laptop computer, e-mail server, and a device utilizing
point-to-point protocol (PPP) to the Internet via a central remote
access server, a headset (including a cordless headset), a personal
server, a wearable computer (or computing device), a wireless
(video or still) camera, or a mobile music players (i.e., MP-3
devices etc).
[0439] Although the invention has been described with respect to a
limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many
variations, modifications and other applications of the invention
may be made, and are intended to be within the scope of the
invention, as disclosed herein.
* * * * *