U.S. patent application number 10/020232 was filed with the patent office on 2002-09-05 for chemical composition and process.
This patent application is currently assigned to AKZO NOBEL N.V.. Invention is credited to Andersson, Arne, Hagglund, Kenneth, Tello, German.
Application Number | 20020121347 10/020232 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26693193 |
Filed Date | 2002-09-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020121347 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Tello, German ; et
al. |
September 5, 2002 |
Chemical composition and process
Abstract
The invention concerns a solid composition for de-inking of
recycling paper comprising at least one fatty acid that is
partially saponified with at least one alkaline substance. The
invention further concerns preparation and use thereof.
Inventors: |
Tello, German; (Stenungsund,
SE) ; Andersson, Arne; (Stenungsund, SE) ;
Hagglund, Kenneth; (Kristinehamn, SE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Low Offices of David J. Serbin
Unit 2 - First Floor
1423 Powhatan Street
Alexandria
VA
22314
US
|
Assignee: |
AKZO NOBEL N.V.
|
Family ID: |
26693193 |
Appl. No.: |
10/020232 |
Filed: |
December 18, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60256921 |
Dec 21, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
162/5 ;
162/8 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D21C 5/027 20130101;
Y02W 30/648 20150501; Y02W 30/64 20150501 |
Class at
Publication: |
162/5 ;
162/8 |
International
Class: |
D21C 005/02; D21C
001/06 |
Claims
1. Solid composition for de-inking of recycling paper comprising at
least one fatty acid that is partially saponified with at least one
alkaline substance.
2. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the degree of
saponification of said at least one fatty acid is from about 1 to
about 90%.
3. Composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein the degree of
saponification of said at least one fatty acid is from about 1 to
about 30%.
4. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one
alkaline substance is selected from organic amines.
5. Composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein said at least one
alkaline substance is selected from amino alcohols.
6. Composition as claimed in claim 5, wherein said at least one
alkaline substance is selected from the group consisting of
monoethanol amine, diethanol amine and triethanol amine, and
mixtures thereof.
7. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one
fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of fatty acids
having from 8 to 24 carbon atoms.
8. Composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least
one dispersant.
9. Composition as claimed in claim 8, wherein said at least one
dispersant is selected from the group consisting of non-ionic
surfactants.
10. Solid composition for de-inking of recycling paper comprising
at least one fatty acid that is partially saponified with at least
one alkaline substance, wherein the degree of saponification of
said at least one fatty acid is from about 1 to about 30%.
11. Composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein said at least one
alkaline substance is selected from the group consisting of
monoethanol amine, diethanol amine and triethanol amine, and
mixtures thereof.
12. Solid composition for de-inking of recycling paper comprising
at least one fatty acid that is partially saponified with at least
one alkaline substance, wherein said at least one alkaline
substance is selected from the group consisting of monoethanol
amine, diethanol amine and triethanol amine, and mixtures
thereof.
13. Composition as claimed in claim 12, wherein the degree of
saponification of said at least one fatty acid is from about 1 to
about 30%.
14. A process for preparing a solid composition for de-inking of
recycling paper, comprising mixing at least one solid fatty acid
and at least one solid alkaline substance in an amount sufficient
for partially saponify said at least one fatty acid.
15. A process as claimed in claim 14, wherein said at least one
alkaline substance is added in an amount sufficient for saponify
said at least one fatty acid to a degree of from about 1 to about
30%.
16. A process as claimed in claim 14, wherein said at least one
alkaline substance is selected from the group consisting of
monoethanol amine, diethanol amine and triethanol amine, and
mixtures thereof.
17. A process for de-inking of recycling paper, comprising the
steps of preparing an aqueous fatty acid emulsion or dispersion
from water and a solid composition comprising at least one fatty
acid that is partially saponified with at least one alkaline
substance, and adding the obtained emulsion or dispersion to the
recycling paper or to the water forming an aqueous fibre stock
suspension thereof.
18. A process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the degree of
saponification of said at least one fatty acid is from about 1 to
about 30%.
19. A process for de-inking of recycling paper, comprising a step
of adding a solid composition comprising at least one fatty acid
that is partially saponified with at least one alkaline substance,
directly to the recycling paper or to the water forming an aqueous
fibre stock suspension thereof.
20. A process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the degree of
saponification of said at least one fatty acid is from about 1 to
about 30%.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to a composition and a process
for de-inking of recycling paper, and a process for preparation of
the composition.
[0002] Recycling paper has become an increasingly important raw
material for production of paper, both for economic and
environmental reasons. When the recycling paper includes printed
waste paper, such as newspapers or journals, de-inking is normally
necessary. A conventional de-inking process includes adding a soap
solution or a melted fatty acid to an alkaline aqueous fibre stock
suspension from recycling paper, optionally together with other
chemicals, and followed by removal of ink particles, for example by
flotation. In order to achieve effective de-inking, it is important
that the soap or fatty acid is rapidly emulsified or dispersed into
the fibre stock suspension.
[0003] CA Patent Application 2147384 discusses certain draw-backs
of these methods and discloses a de-inking process comprising
treating a slurry of wastepaper with a composition comprising a
fatty acid and a non-ionic surfactant.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,742 discloses a liquid soap for use in
paper re-cycling comprising a fatty acid saponified to about
50%.
[0005] However, none of the above methods give a fully satisfactory
result in respect of brightness and/or fibre losses.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,586,982 discloses an improved de-inking
process comprising adding a fatty acid or a resinic acid to a
suspension of wastepaper fibres in the form of a previously
prepared aqueous emulsion or dispersion.
[0007] Use of pre-prepared emulsions or dispersions as described
above generally gives fully satisfactory de-inking, but requires
transport of the entire composition, including the water, from the
supplier to the pulp mill. Further, emulsions and dispersions are
complicated to prepare and may suffer from low storage stability
and sensitivity to both low and high temperatures.
[0008] It is an object of the invention to provide a solid fatty
acid composition for de-inking that either can be added directly to
a fibre suspension or in a simple manner be transformed to an
aqueous emulsion or dispersion on-site by mixing it with water.
[0009] It is another object of the invention to provide a solid
fatty acid composition for de-inking that is simple to prepare.
[0010] It is still another object of the invention to provide a
process for de-inking of recycling paper that results in both high
brightness and low fibre losses.
[0011] It has surprisingly been found that these object can be
achieved by a product and a process according to the appended
claims.
[0012] More specifically, the invention concerns a solid
composition for de-inking of recycling paper comprising at least
one fatty acid that is partially saponified with at least one
alkaline substance. Suitably the degree of saponification is from
about 1 to about 90%, preferably from about 1 to about 50%, most
preferably from about 1 to about 30% particularly most preferably
from about 2 to about 10%. The degree of saponification refers to
the saponified portion of the total number of saponifiable
carboxylic groups in the fatty acid or fatty acid mixture. It is
assumed that substantially all of the alkaline substance used
participates in the saponification. The total content of partially
saponified fatty acids is suitably from about 50 to 100 wt %,
preferably from about 70 to 100 wt %, most preferably from about 85
to 100 wt %.
[0013] The product is suitably in the form of a powder, granules,
flakes or the like, preferably with a particle size from about 0.1
mm to about 10 mm, most preferably from about 0.5 mm to about 5
mm.
[0014] It has been found that totally non-saponified fatty acids,
even in liquid form, are difficult to disperse uniformly into an
aqueous fibre stock suspension, which results in poor de-inking. It
is also difficult and time consuming to pre-prepare a dispersion
thereof before adding it to the fibre stock suspension. On the
other hand, totally saponified fatty acids tend to gel,
particularly at low temperatures (e.g. at room temperature), which
also results in poor de-inking.
[0015] According to the invention, it has been found that the novel
composition forms emulsions or dispersions more rapidly than
non-saponified fatty acids, but does not gel as easily as totally
saponified fatty acids do. It is thereby possible to add the
product of the invention directly to an aqueous fiber stock
suspension and still achieve satisfactory de-inking. If it is
desirable to add the product as an emulsion or dispersion, this can
be prepared much easier than from a non-saponified fatty acid.
[0016] Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that the
saponified part of the at least one fatty acid acts as a
dispersant, rendering the composition to be self-emulsifying or
self-dispersing.
[0017] The at least one fatty acid is selected from those that in
partially saponified state are solid at room temperature (about
20-25.degree. C.). Preferred fatty acids have from 8 to 24,
preferably 14 to 20 carbon atoms, and preferably have from 0 to 3
double bonds. Examples of such fatty acids are myristic acid,
palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid, and
mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred are palmitic, stearic, and
arachidic acid, and mixtures thereof. It is in most cases preferred
to use mixtures of different fatty acids, which mixtures normally
are commercially available.
[0018] The alkaline substance may be selected from inorganic or
organic compounds. Inorganic compounds include, for example,
ammonia or hydroxides and carbonates of alkali metals and alkaline
earth metals, such as sodium, potassium or calcium, alone or in
mixtures. Organic compounds are most preferred and may, for
example, include various organic amines, alone or in mixtures. One
suitable group of amines have the general formula
R.sub.1R.sub.2R.sub.3N, where R.sub.1-R.sub.3, independently of
each other, can be hydrogen, alkyl groups, aryl groups,
hydroxyalkyl groups or other organic substituents, wherein it is
preferred that at least one of R.sub.1-R.sub.3 is an organic
substituent. Particularly preferred amino compounds include amino
alcohols such as ethanol amines and propanol amines. Monoethanol
amine (MEA), diethanol amine (DEA) and triethanol amine (TEA), and
mixtures thereof, are most preferred.
[0019] Although the composition may comprise more than 96 wt % or
even substantially consist of at least one saponified fatty acid,
it can further include additives conventionally used in de-inking
like at least one dispersant (in addition to the saponified part of
the at least one fatty acid), alkali metal silicate, one or several
cellulosic derivatives, one or several complexing agents, one or
several oxidative bleaching agents, or inert substances such as one
or several fillers.
[0020] If one or more dispersants are present, which in some cases
can be advantageous, the total content thereof is suitably from 0
up to about 30 wt %, preferably from about 2 to about 15 wt % (not
including the saponified part of the at least one fatty acid).
Dispersants may be selected from non-ionic, an-ionic, cat-ionic and
amphoteric surfactants, among which non-ionic surfactants are
preferred. Suitable non-ionic surfactants include alkoxylated
compounds preferably having from 14 to 20 carbon atoms, such as
fatty alcohols, acids, alkylphenols, alkylamines, mono- di- and
triglycerides, and alkyl polyglycosides or polyhydroxy fatty acid
amides, alone or in mixtures. Particularly preferred surfactants
are ethoxylated and/or propoxylated compounds, preferably having
from 4 to 120 ethylene oxide units and/or from 4 to 40 propylene
oxide units.
[0021] Alkali metal silicate, preferably metasilicate, of sodium,
potassium or a mixture thereof, may, for example, be present in an
amount from 0 up to about 5 wt %, preferably from about 0.5 to
about 3 wt %. The alkali metal silicate serves the purpose of
chelating heavy metal ions such as copper, chromium, iron,
manganese and the like, that catalyses decomposition of peroxides
present during the de-inking but also in stabilising loosened
printing ink against redepositing on the fibres during the
de-inking. Further, alkali metal silicate may also contribute to
saponification of the fatty acid in the composition.
[0022] If one or more cellulose derivatives are present, the total
content thereof is suitably from 0 up to about 1 wt %, preferably
from about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt %. Cellulose derivatives may, for
example, be selected from carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl
cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl
cellulose or mixtures thereof. Cellulose derivatives serve the
purpose of preventing small ink particles from redepositing on the
fibres during the de-inking.
[0023] If one or more complexing agents are present, the total
content thereof is suitably from 0 up to about 2 wt %, preferably
from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt %. Complexing agents may, for
example, be selected from EDTA, DTPA, phosphonic acids and salts or
other derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof. Complexing agents
serve the purpose of chelating heavy metal ions such as copper,
chromium, iron, manganese and the like, that catalyses
decomposition of peroxides present during the de-inking.
[0024] If one or more oxidative bleaching agents are present, the
total content thereof is suitably from 0 up to about 3 wt %,
preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 wt %. Oxidative bleaching
agents may, for example, be selected from solid substances
generating peroxides, preferably hydrogen peroxide, in aqueous
solutions. Such solid substances include, for example, alkali metal
salts of percarbonate, perborate, peroxysulfate, peroxyphosphate or
peroxysilicate.
[0025] If one or more fillers are present, the total content
thereof is suitably from 0 up to about 10 wt %, preferably from
about 1,0 to about 4 wt %. Fillers may, for example, be selected
from talc, calcium carbonate, different kinds of clays etc.
[0026] In addition to the above mentioned components, the
composition of the invention may also include any substance that
otherwise would be possible to add separately in a de-inking
process or substances improving the physical properties of the
composition.
[0027] The invention also concerns a process for preparing a
composition as described above comprising a step of mixing at least
one fatty acid with at least one alkaline substance and any
optional components to be included, preferably at a temperature
from about 10 to about 40.degree. C., most preferably from about 15
to about 25.degree. C. The at least one alkaline substance is added
in an amount sufficient to obtain a desirable degree of
saponification. If the at least one alkaline substance is solid,
the components are preferably mixed in a solid state. If the at
least one alkaline substance is liquid, the fatty acid is
preferably added in melted form, whereupon the mixture is cooled to
obtain a solid product, to which any optional component can be
added. The solid mixture can then be ground and sieved or treated
in any other suitable way to obtain a powder, granules, flakes or
the like with a desired particle size. Compared to fatty acid
dispersions and emulsions that earlier have been used for
de-inking, the product of the invention can be prepared in a very
simple manner. However, it is also possible to prepare the
composition by first making an aqueous dispersion or emulsion of at
least one fatty acid and at least one dispersing agent, partially
saponifying said at least one fatty acid by adding at least one
alkaline substance, before or after the dispersion or emulsion is
prepared, and then drying, for example spray drying, the dispersion
or emulsion to yield a solid product.
[0028] The invention further concerns a process for de-inking of
recycling paper, using the composition of the invention as
described above, suitably in an amount from about 0.01 to about 5
wt %, preferably from about 0.05 to about 1 wt %, most preferably
from about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt % based on the recycling paper.
[0029] In one embodiment, the process comprises the steps of
preparing an aqueous fatty acid emulsion or dispersion from water
and a solid composition of the invention as described above, and
adding the obtained emulsion or dispersion to the recycling paper
or to the water forming an aqueous fibre stock suspension thereof.
The fatty acid emulsion or dispersion can be prepared with moderate
mixing energy and at a comparatively low temperature, preferably
from about 25 to about 90.degree. C., most preferably from about 30
to about 50.degree. C., but still result in an emulsion or
dispersion with excellent physical properties, e.g. small particle
size (preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 .mu.m, most preferably
from about 0.5 to about 2.0 .mu.m) and high liquidity and
stability. When using this dispersion or emulsion it is easy to
achieve rapid distribution of the fatty acid in the fibre stock
suspension and thereby also good de-inking.
[0030] In another embodiment, the process comprises a step of
adding the solid composition of the invention directly to the
recycling paper or to the water forming an aqueous fibre stock
suspension thereof. It has been found possible to disperse or
emulsify the solid composition directly into the fibre stock
suspension, and thereby getting away from the extra step of first
preparing an emulsion or dispersion of the fatty acid. If the
composition is packed in containers of paper, such as bags, sacks
or boxes of paper, the entire containers can be added to the
recycling paper or the fibre stock suspension, thereby avoiding
dusting problems. Furthermore, the paper in the container may
include components active in the de-inking process or a following
pulping process.
[0031] The aqueous fibre stock suspension may be prepared by any
conventional means from recycling paper such as newspapers,
magazines, office waste and the like to a preferred dry content
from about 2 to about 30 wt %, most preferably from about 4 to
about 20 wt %. Apart from the at least one fatty acid included in a
composition of the invention, in solid, emulsified or dispersed
form as described above, it is preferred to add to the recycling
paper or the fibre stock suspension one or more other conventional
de-inking chemicals, separately and/or included in a composition of
the invention. Such conventional de-inking chemicals include one or
several dispersants, alkali metal silicate, one or several
cellulose derivatives, one or several complexing agents, and one or
several oxidative bleaching agents. Examples of such de-inking
chemicals are given in the above description of the composition,
although they of course also may be added in liquid form, for
example as aqueous solutions. The oxidative bleaching agent is
preferably added as an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution.
Furthermore, it is preferred to add separately one or more alkaline
substances such as alkali metal hydroxide, preferably sodium
hydroxide, to obtain a suitable pH of the fibre stock suspension.
This pH is preferably from about 7 to about 12, most preferably
from about 8 to about 10, under which conditions the added fatty
acid or acids become substantially completely saponified and to
some extent, together with calcium, magnesium or other polyvalent
metal ions, precipitate and form flakes or other kinds of
aggregates. After a suitable time, preferably from about 2 min to
about 100 min, most preferably from about 10 to about 30 min, at a
suitable temperature, preferably from about 10 to about 90.degree.
C., most preferably from about 30 to about 75.degree. C., and
preferably under moderate agitation, most of the ink particles have
been detached from the fibres and deposited on the precipitated
saponified fatty acid. The ink particles may then be removed by any
conventional means, for example by flotation and/or washing, and
the remaining de-inked fibre stock suspension be used for making
paper.
[0032] The order of the addition of the chemicals is not critical,
and the composition of the invention may be added, as a solid
material or a dispersion or emulsion thereof, to the recycling
paper or to the water before or after the fibre stock suspension is
formed and before or after other chemicals are added. Further, it
is also possible not to add any oxidative bleaching agent until
after the removal of the ink particles.
[0033] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in
connection with the following Examples which, however, not should
be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention. If not
otherwise stated, all parts and percentages refer to parts and
percents by weight.
EXAMPLE 1
[0034] Fifteen solid compositions were prepared by various
combinations from the following ingredients:
[0035] FA=Mixture of C.sub.8-C.sub.24 fatty acids, mainly C.sub.16
and C.sub.18, Iodine number<3 mg I.sub.2 per 100 g fatty acid
mixture, Saponification number 205 mg/g; OA=Oleic acid;
TEA=triethanol amine; P 4000=polyethylene glycol 4000 g/mole;
HPMC=hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose; EHEC=ethyl hydroxyethyl
cellulose; FAc 25=C.sub.16-18 fatty acid alkoxylated with 25 moles
of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide 70/30; Fac 50=C.sub.16-18 fatty
acid alkoxylated with 50 moles of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide
70/30; FAI 120=C.sub.16-20 fatty alcohol alkoxylated with 120 moles
of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide 70/30; EPE=ethylene oxide
propylene oxide block polymer; FAI 4=C.sub.9-11 fatty alcohol
ethoxylated with 4 moles of ethylene oxide; PC=sodium percarbonate;
MS=sodium metasilicate; CC=calcium carbonate; KOH=potassium
hydroxide; Talc=talcum powder.
[0036] The compositions in wt % are specified in Table 1, which
also gives the degree of saponification (DS) in %.
[0037] Compositions No. 1-7 were prepared by grinding the
ingredients together in a laboratory mill followed by sieving
through a 1 mm screen. The material >1 mm was milled again to
pass the 1 mm screen. Compositions No. 8 and 9 were prepared by
mixing the liquid ingredients with the fatty acid in its molten
form. The products were then ground and sieved as compositions No.
1-7. Compositions No. 10 and 11 were prepared by mixing
compositions No. 8 and 9, respectively, with the other ingredients,
followed by grinding and sieving as described above. Compositions
No. 12-15 were prepared by mixing the liquid ingredients with
molten fatty acids. The solid materials obtained after cooling were
then flaked.
[0038] Solid compositions were also prepared by spray drying the
commercially available fatty acid dispersions Ecollect.TM. 5030 and
5230 (Eka Chemicals AB, Sweden), which both are 30% dispersions in
water of mostly saturated fatty acids and surfactants with a pH of
5-9 and a viscosity lower than 300 mPas.
1TABLE 1 Comp. No. FA OA TEA P4000 HPMC EHEC PC MS CC KOH Talc
FAc25 FAc50 FAl120 EPE FAl4 DS 1 88.18 5.01 0.30 5.01 0.50 1.00 3 2
84.13 4.81 4.81 0.96 0.48 4.81 3 3 75.00 10.00 5.00 2.00 4.00 1.00
3.00 7 4 80.00 10.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 6 5 80.00 5.00 8.00 2.00
2.00 1.00 2.00 6 6 80.00 15.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 6 7 81.83 9.98 0.20
4.99 2.00 1.00 6 8 80.00 5.00 1.00 10.00 4.00 2 9 80.00 5.00 1.00
10.00 4.00 2 10 75.12 4.70 0.94 0.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 9.39 3.76 2 11
75.12 4.70 0.94 0.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 9.39 3.76 2 12 99.00 1.00 2 13
95.00 5.00 10 14 90.00 10.00 20 15 89.10 2.10 6.20 2.60 4
EXAMPLE 2
[0039] The compositions prepared in Example 1 were used to prepare
aqueous dispersions. Compositions No. 1-7, partially saponified
with KOH, could be made into 15% dispersions in 75-80.degree. C.
water, using an Ultra Turrax mixer at 3000 rpm. Compositions No.
8-15, partially saponified with TEA, could be made into 15%
dispersions at lower temperature, 35-40.degree. C., with lower
stirring energy, using a laboratory mixer at 800 rpm. This yielded
dispersions with small particles and liquid dispersion at room
temperature.
EXAMPLE 3
[0040] In four sets of trials the compositions No. 1-15 and the
spray dried dispersions of Example 1 were tested for deinking waste
paper in a pulper. The compositions were added in dry (i.e. solid)
form and/or as dispersions prepared according to Example 2.
[0041] Water of 45.degree. C. and 6.degree.dH and the following
chemicals were added to a Hobart mixer: 0.5% of sodium hydroxide,
1.0% of water glass, 0.7% of hydrogen peroxide and 0.12% of one of
the deinking compositions of the invention or 0.12%, calculated as
solid, of the liquid commercial product Ecollect.TM. 5230 as a
reference. Waste paper, 70% newspapers and 30% magazines, was added
to the water and chemicals mixture to get a waste paper consistency
(concentration of suspended solids) in the pulper of 15%. All
additions of chemicals are in percent by weight calculated on the
waste paper.
[0042] The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and then transferred
to a Lamort type laboratory flotation cell and diluted with water
of 45.degree. C and 6.degree.dH to 1% consistency. The flotation
was then started and samples were taken out before flotation and
after 12 min of flotation. The amount of solid substance lost in
the flotation was determined. The pH was measured in the 15% pulp
suspension and in the 1% suspension before flotation and after the
flotation, and in all the experiments determined to be between
about 8.6 to 9.4. The pulp samples from 0 and 12 min of flotation
were made into sheets. The brightness, as % reflectance at 457 nm,
was determined on these sheets. The Effective Residual Ink
Concentration, ERIC, was also measured on the sheets from 0 and 12
min flotation time. The principle for the ERIC measurement is to us
an infrared radiation of 950 nm to measure the amount of fragmented
printing ink in a paper sample.
[0043] The results from each set of trials are summarised in Tables
2-5, showing that using a composition of the invention, either in
solid form or as a pre-dispersed fatty acid dispersion, give about
the same or even better effect in deinking than the commercial
fatty acid dispersion Ecollect 5230 used as a reference.
2TABLE 2 Product Ref 4 4 5 5 6 6 (Comp. No.) Ecollect 5230 disp.
dry disp. dry disp. dry Brightness (% ISO); 0 min 43.2 44.6 43.9
43.9 44.0 44.1 44.1 Brightness (% ISO); 12 min 52.4 54.1 52.1 53.2
51.2 53.2 52.7 Brightness increase 0-12 min 9.2 9.5 8.2 9.3 7.2 9.1
8.6 ERIC (ppm); 0 min 1095 1008 1055 1038 1033 10454 1067 ERIC
(ppm); 12 min 411 380 428 397 451 436 457 ERIC decrease 0-12 min
684 628 627 641 582 609 610 pH 15% 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.2 pH
1% before flotation 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.1 pH 1% after
flotation 9.1 9.0 9.0 8.8 9.1 9.0 9.0 Total losses 8.8 7.1 7.3 2.2
7.1 6.3 5.4 Solids losses 7.6 6.9 6.7 2.5 6.8 6.2 5.6 Product 7 7 8
9 10 10 11 11 (Comp. No.) disp. dry dry dry disp. dry disp. dry
Brightness (% ISO); 0 min 44.3 42.9 43.5 42.8 45.0 44.5 43.2 43.3
Brightness (% ISO); 12 min 53.4 53.9 53.2 55.3 52.8 52.6 53.4 545.0
Brightness increase 0-12 min 10.1 9.6 10.3 11.8 10.0 7.6 8.9 10.8
ERIC (ppm); 0 min 1091 1058 1099 1068 1131 1034 1054 1078 ERIC
(ppm); 12 min 390 404 409 304 409 431 384 376 ERIC decrease 0-12
min 701 654 690 764 722 603 670 702 pH 15% 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.2
9.3 9.2 pH 1% before flotation 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.0 pH
1% after flotation 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Total losses 6.8
7.6 7.3 8.2 9.2 6.7 8.6 6.5 Solids losses 6.9 6.7 7.3 8.2 8.2 6.3
7.5 7.5
[0044]
3TABLE 3 Product Ref. (Comp. No.) Ecollect 5230 12 13 14 15
Brightness (% ISO); 0 min 51.2 50.1 49.8 49.8 49.4 Brightness (%
ISO); 12 min 55.6 56.9 55.9 55.8 55.8 Brightness increase 4.4 6.8
6.1 6.0 6.4 0-12 min ERIC (ppm); 0 min 686 748 747 721 803 ERIC
(ppm); 12 min 326 311 343 341 349 ERIC decrease 0-12 min 360 437
404 380 454 pH 15% 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.3 pH 1% before flotation 8.9
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 pH 1% after flotation 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 Solids
losses 6.3 6.9 6.2 6.1 6.6
[0045]
4TABLE 4 Reference 1 Comp. No 1 Comp. No. 2 Comp. No. 3 Product
Ecollect 5230 dispersion dispersion dispersion Brightness (% ISO);
0 min 47.0 47.8 47.8 46.6 Brightness (% ISO); 12 min 52.7 52.6 52.0
52.4 Brightness increase 0-12 min 5.7 4.8 4.2 5.8 ERIC (ppm); 0 min
798 765 857 776 ERIC (ppm); 12 min 212 301 495 357 ERIC decrease
0-12 min 586 464 362 419 pH 15% 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.3 pH 1% before
flotation 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.0 pH 1% after flotation 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.8
Total losses 1.9 2.3 2.9 2.2 Solids losses 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.5
[0046]
5TABLE 5 30% Dried 30% Dried Product Ecollect 5030 Ecollect 5030
Ecollect 5230 Ecollect 5230 Brightness (% ISO); 0 min 37.6 37.3
36.3 36.5 Brightness (% ISO); 15 min 44.2 44.3 45.7 45.9 Brightness
increase 0-15 min 6.6 7.0 9.4 9.4 Water brightness (% ISO); 15 min
59.0 61 65.7 68.3 Solids losses 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.6
* * * * *