U.S. patent application number 09/829828 was filed with the patent office on 2002-08-22 for coatings and inks based on solvents having negligible photochemical reactivity.
This patent application is currently assigned to ARCO Chemical Technology, L.P.. Invention is credited to Guo, Shao-Hua, Pourreau, Daniel B..
Application Number | 20020115781 09/829828 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25186846 |
Filed Date | 2002-08-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020115781 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pourreau, Daniel B. ; et
al. |
August 22, 2002 |
Coatings and inks based on solvents having negligible photochemical
reactivity
Abstract
Coating and ink compositions based on organic solvents that have
negligible photochemical reactivity and methods for making them are
disclosed. The organic solvents have calculated oxidation rate
constants of less than about 1.times.10.sup.10
cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and evaporation rates of not more than
about 5 times that of n-butyl acetate. Coatings made by the method
of the invention are used for wood, furniture, automotive,
container, architectural, coil, aerosol, marine, transportation,
industrial, ink, overprint varnish, and road-coating
applications.
Inventors: |
Pourreau, Daniel B.;
(Downingtown, PA) ; Guo, Shao-Hua; (West Goshen,
PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BROOKS & KUSHMAN P.C.
1000 Town Center, 22nd Floor
Southfield
MI
48075
US
|
Assignee: |
ARCO Chemical Technology,
L.P.
Greenville
DE
|
Family ID: |
25186846 |
Appl. No.: |
09/829828 |
Filed: |
April 10, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
09829828 |
Apr 10, 2001 |
|
|
|
08803561 |
Feb 20, 1997 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
524/700 ;
523/160; 523/161 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08J 3/091 20130101;
C09D 11/033 20130101; C09D 7/20 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
524/700 ;
523/160; 523/161 |
International
Class: |
C03C 017/00; C08K
003/00 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of preparing a coating composition, said method
comprising using as a coating component an organic solvent having
negligible photochemical reactivity as measured by an oxidation
rate constant of less than about 1.times.10.sup.10
cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and also having an evaporation rate of not
more than about 5 times that of n-butyl acetate.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent has a total
Hansen solubility parameter of at least about 8.0
(cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent contains no
chlorine or bromine atoms.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is selected
from the group consisting of nitroalkanes, tert-butyl acetate,
methyl benzoate, methyl trifluoroacetate, dimethyl carbonate,
methyl pivalate, tert-butyl alcohol, propylene carbonate,
tert-butyl benzoate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, and methyl tert-butyl
carbonate.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is tert-butyl
acetate.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidation rate constant is
less than about 5.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidation rate constant is
less than about 3.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent comprises at
least about 5 wt. % of the total solvent component of the coating
composition.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent having
negligible photochemical reactivity comprises the major solvent
component of the coating composition.
10. A method of preparing a coating composition, said method
comprising using as a coating component an organic solvent having
negligible photochemical reactivity as measured by an oxidation
rate constant of less than about 1.times.10.sup.10
cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and also having an evaporation rate of not
more than about 5 times that of n-butyl acetate, a total Hansen
solubility parameter of at least about 8.0 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2,
and no chlorine or bromine atoms.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the organic solvent is selected
from the group consisting of nitroalkanes, tert-butyl acetate,
methyl benzoate, methyl trifluoroacetate, dimethyl carbonate,
methyl pivalate, tert-butyl alcohol, propylene carbonate,
tert-butyl benzoate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, and methyl tert-butyl
carbonate.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the oxidation rate constant is
less than about 5.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the organic solvent comprises at
least about 5 wt. % of the total solvent component of the coating
composition.
14. A method of preparing a coating resin, said method comprising
polymerizing one or more ethylenic monomers in the presence of an
organic solvent having negligible photochemical reactivity as
measured by an oxidation rate constant of less than about
1.times.10.sup.10 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and also having an
evaporation rate of not more than about 5 times that of n-butyl
acetate.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the polymerization is performed
in the presence of a free-radical initiator.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the oxidation rate constant is
less than about 5.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the solvent is selected from the
group consisting of nitroalkanes, tert-butyl acetate, methyl
benzoate, methyl trifluoroacetate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl
pivalate, tert-butyl alcohol, propylene carbonate, tert-butyl
benzoate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, and methyl tert-butyl
carbonate.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the solvent is tert-butyl
acetate.
19. A thermoplastic or thermoset coating composition which
comprises: (a) an organic solvent having negligible photochemical
reactivity as measured by an oxidation rate constant of less than
about 1.times.10.sup.10 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and also having an
evaporation rate of not more than about 5 times that of n-butyl
acetate; and (b) one or more components selected from the group
consisting of coating resins and crosslinkers.
20. The composition of claim 19 wherein the oxidation rate constant
is less than about 5.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec.
21. The composition of claim 19 wherein the organic solvent is
selected from the group consisting of nitroalkanes, tert-butyl
acetate, methyl benzoate, methyl trifluoroacetate, dimethyl
carbonate, methyl pivalate, tert-butyl alcohol, propylene
carbonate, tert-butyl benzoate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, and methyl
tert-butyl carbonate.
22. The composition of claim 19 wherein the organic solvent is
tert-butyl acetate.
23. The composition of claim 19 comprising a crosslinker selected
from the group consisting of polyisocyanates and
isocyanate-terminated prepolymers.
24. A wood, furniture, automotive OEM, automotive refinish,
container, architectural, coil, aerosol, marine, transportation,
industrial maintenance, general industrial, ink, overprint varnish,
or road coating made from the composition of claim 19.
25. A thermoplastic or thermoset coating composition which
comprises tert-butyl acetate and one or more components selected
from the group consisting of coating resins and crosslinkers.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to coating compositions and methods of
preparing them. In particular, the invention relates to coatings
and inks that contain solvents having negligible photochemical
reactivity and favorable evaporation rates.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Organic solvents, many of which are classified as VOCs, are
widely used in traditional coating formulations (including inks).
Generally, an organic compound is classified as a VOC unless it has
been proven to not participate in atmospheric photochemical
reactions. Ordinarily, these are compounds that undergo hydrogen
atom abstraction by atmospheric hydroxyl radicals much faster than
ethane. VOCS are hazardous to human health because they react with
free radicals in the air and generate tropospheric ozone.
[0003] Pursuant to the Clean Air Act of 1990, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently mandated significant
reductions in the amount of VOCS that may be used in coatings.
Because of the mandate, the industry has an acute need for good
coating solvents that have negligible photochemical reactivity and
can therefore be exempt from regulation. Unfortunately, most
organic solvents that have the desired low photochemical reactivity
are either poor coating solvents or are subject to other
regulations. For example, some solvents are classified as "ozone
depleters" under the Montreal Protocol; others are regulated by the
EPA as "hazardous air pollutants" (HAP solvents). Few organic
solvents are valuable for coatings and have low photochemical
reactivity, yet are not ozone depleters or HAP solvents.
[0004] The EPA has exempted some solvents from VOC status based on
their negligible photochemical reactivity. Examples include
acetone, methylene chloride, volatile methyl siloxanes,
perchloroethylene, and p-chlorobenzyltrifluoride (PCBTF).
Unfortunately, these solvents have drawbacks. Acetone and methylene
chloride evaporate too fast. In addition, acetone is
water-miscible, so coatings made with it absorb moisture too
rapidly from the air. Acetone also has appreciable atmospheric
photochemistry aside from its reaction with hydroxyl radicals
because it strongly absorbs visible and near-UV light. Methylene
chloride and perchloroethylene have toxicity concerns. The more
exotic solvents, such as methyl siloxanes and PCBTF, are too
expensive and are relatively poor coating solvents, as is evidenced
by their relatively low Hansen solubility parameters (less than 8.0
(cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2).
[0005] Traditional approaches to reducing the VOC content of
coatings and inks have focused in developing new resins,
crosslinkers, and reactive diluents that do not require as much
solvent to formulate. These approaches have succeeded only
marginally in spite of their considerable expense. For example,
water-borne coatings, which developed as an alternative to
solvent-borne systems, sometimes contain even more VOCs than
comparable high-solids formulations, and often give inferior
performance. As another example, powder coatings may use little or
no VOCs, but they require expensive equipment to apply and
cure.
[0006] In sum, the coating and ink industry needs solvents that
have low toxicity, are inexpensive, are not regulated as HAP
solvents or ozone depleters, do not evaporate too rapidly, are good
coating solvents, and most important, have negligible photochemical
reactivity and could be exempt from VOC regulations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The invention is a method of preparing a coating
composition. The method comprises using as a coating component an
organic solvent having negligible photochemical reactivity. Such
solvents have an oxidation rate constant of less than about
1.times.10.sup.10 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec. This is a calculated or
measured rate of hydrogen-atom abstraction from a compound by
atmospheric hydroxyl radicals. In addition, the organic solvent has
an evaporation rate of not more than about 5 times that of n-butyl
acetate.
[0008] We surprisingly found that, among thousands of possible
organic compounds potentially useful as coating and ink solvents,
very few meet the needs of the industry, particularly when current
VOC restrictions and relative evaporation rates are taken into
account. By including a solvent having an oxidation rate constant
of less than about 1.times.10.sup.10 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and
also having an evaporation rate of not more than about 5 times that
of n-butyl acetate, formulators can significantly reduce the
proportion of photochemically reactive solvent used and still make
good coatings.
[0009] The invention includes thermoplastic and thermoset coating
compositions which comprise an organic solvent having negligible
photochemical reactivity. These compositions include a resin or a
crosslinker or both. The invention benefits coatings used for wood,
furniture, automotive OEM, automotive refinish, container,
architectural, coil, aerosol, marine, transportation, industrial
maintenance, general industrial, inks, overprint varnishes, and
road-coating applications.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
[0010] The invention is a method of preparing coating compositions,
including inks. The method comprises using as a coating component
an organic solvent having negligible photochemical reactivity, and
also having an evaporation rate of not more than about 5 times that
of n-butyl acetate.
[0011] By solvents having "negligible photochemical reactivity," we
mean solvents that will undergo free-radical abstraction of a
hydrogen atom of the solvent by atmospheric hydroxyl radicals at a
measured or calculated rate less than or about equal to the
corresponding rate of abstraction of hydrogen atoms from ethane. On
a weight basis, this corresponds to an oxidation rate constant of
less than about 1.times.10.sup.10 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec. Solvents
having such low photochemical reactivities are potentially
excludable as VOCs under EPA regulations. Solvents preferably used
in the method of the invention have oxidation rate constants less
than about 5.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec; most preferred
are solvents having oxidation rate constants less than about
3.times.10.sup.9 cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec.
[0012] Oxidation rate constants of various coating solvents appear
in Table 1 (below). As shown in the table, many traditional coating
solvents such as toluene, xylenes, methyl isobutyl ketone, and
n-butyl acetate have relatively high oxidation rate constants and
are classified by the EPA as VOCS. In contrast, the method of the
invention uses solvents having negligible photochemical reactivity
such as those listed in the top half of the table (e.g., tert-butyl
acetate, dimethyl carbonate).
[0013] In addition to negligible photochemical reactivity, organic
solvents useful in the method of the invention are limited to those
having useful evaporation rates. Some otherwise useful (and
currently VOC-exempt) organic solvents have limited value in
coatings because they evaporate too rapidly. Examples are acetone
and methylene chloride, which evaporate (respectively) roughly 6
and 14 times faster than n-butyl acetate. Organic solvents useful
in the invention have evaporation rates of not more than about 5
times that of n-butyl acetate, which is the industry standard for
comparison. More preferred organic solvents have evaporation rates
of not more than about 3 times that of n-butyl acetate.
[0014] Traditional coating solvents classified as VOCs can be
included in the method of the invention. These solvents may be
critical for maintaining satisfactory coating processability or
performance. Preferably, however, at least about 5 wt. % of the
total solvent content of coatings made by the method of the
invention comprises one or more organic solvents that have
negligible photochemical reactivity and also have an evaporation
rate of not more than about 5 times that of n-butyl acetate. More
preferably, the organic solvent(s) having negligible photochemical
reactivity is the major solvent component, i.e., at least about 50
wt. % of the solvent used is one or more solvents that have
negligible photochemical reactivity. The solvent having negligible
photochemical reactivity may be the only solvent component.
[0015] Organic solvents useful in the method of the invention
should have good solvent properties for coatings. Preferably, the
solvent will have a total Hansen solubility parameter (.delta.) of
at least about 8.0 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2. If the solvent has a
.delta. value less than 8.0 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2, it may not
adequately solubilize coating components, may give poor
film-forming properties, or may contribute to incompletely cured
coatings. As noted above, some commercially available organic
solvents (e.g., volatile methyl siloxanes and PCBTF) are
VOC-exempt, but have 8 values less than 8.0 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2.
Hansen solubility parameters and methods for calculating them
appear, for example, in Polymer Handbook, 3.sup.rd ed., Brandrup
and Immergut, eds. (1989), VII 519-544.
[0016] Organic solvents useful in the method of the invention
preferably contain no reactive halogen atoms, i.e., they contain no
chlorine or bromine atoms, but may contain fluorine. In addition,
preferred organic solvents are not regulated by the Montreal
Protocol as strospheric ozone depleters (e.g., CFCs), and are not
classified by the EPA as hazardous air pollutants (HAP solvents;
e.g., methylene chloride, perchloroethylene). Preferred organic
solvents have relatively low toxicity.
[0017] Most or all of the hydrogen atoms in preferred solvents are
part of methyl or tert-butyl groups, i.e., they are "primary"
hydrogen atoms. For example, in tert-butyl acetate, all of the
hydrogen atoms are part of a methyl group or a tert-butyl group,
and are all primary hydrogens. Solvents useful in the invention can
have secondary or tertiary hydrogens, but preferably such compounds
will have an electron-withdrawing group attached to the carbon
having the secondary or tertiary hydrogen atom. For example,
2-nitropropane, a solvent useful in the invention, has a tertiary
hydrogen, but it is attached to a carbon having a strong
electron-withdrawing group (a nitro group) attached to it.
Electron-withdrawing groups are well-known to those skilled in the
art, and include, for example, nitro, halogen, carboxyl, carbonate,
trifluoromethyl, cyano, acetyl, and the like.
[0018] Suitable solvents for use in the invention include, for
example, nitroalkanes (e.g., 2-nitropropane, nitroethane,
nitro-tert-butane), tert-butyl acetate, methyl benzoate, methyl
trifluoroacetate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl pivalate, tert-butyl
alcohol, propylene carbonate, tert-butyl benzoate, di-tert-butyl
carbonate, methyl tert-butyl carbonate, and the like, and mixtures
thereof. Most preferred is tert-butyl acetate.
[0019] Coating compositions made by the method of the invention are
water-borne or solvent-borne, but are preferably solvent-borne.
They contain acrylic, vinyl, amino, urethane, epoxy, alkyd,
uralkyd, nitrocellulose, melamine, polyols, polyesters, or other
resins that are soluble in the organic solvents used. The resins
are thermoplastic or thermoset. The thermoset resins have carboxy,
hydroxy, epoxy, isocyanate, amino, silane, anhydride, olefin, or
allylic functionalities that are cured by reaction with a
crosslinker or by self-crosslinking between polymer chains.
Suitable crosslinkers include epoxy resins, isocyanates, melamines,
and the like. The coatings can be clear or may contain pigments,
fillers, or other additives. The coatings can be cured at ambient
temperature or at elevated temperature by baking. The coatings cure
by radiation, oxidation, or chemical crosslinking.
[0020] The invention includes a method of preparing a coating
resin. The method comprises polymerizing one or more ethylenic
monomers in the presence of an organic solvent having negligible
photochemical reactivity and also having an evaporation rate of not
more than about 5 times that of n-butyl acetate. Optionally, the
polymerization is performed in the presence of a free-radical
initiator. The mixture is heated under conditions effective to
polymerize the monomers according to well-known techniques.
Suitable ethylenic monomers and free-radical initiators are those
well known in the art. The ethylenic monomers include, for example,
vinyl aromatic monomers, acrylates, allylic alcohols, allylic
esters, allylic ethers, cyclic unsaturated anhydrides, vinyl
halides, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Peroxides are
preferably used as free-radical initiators. If desired, other types
of resins can be prepared in the presence of the organic solvent,
such as those made by condensation polymerization (e.g., polyethers
and polyesters).
[0021] The invention includes thermoplastic and thermoset coating
compositions. The compositions comprise a resin or a crosslinker or
both. In addition, the compositions comprise an organic solvent
having negligible photochemical reactivity as measured by an
oxidation rate constant of less than about 1.times.10.sup.-13
cm.sup.3/g.multidot.sec, and also having an evaporation rate of not
more than about 5 times that of n-butyl acetate.
[0022] Any desired technique can be used for applying coatings made
by the method of the invention. Suitable techniques include,
spraying, brushing, lay down, dipping, or other methods. The
coatings can be applied to coated or uncoated metal, plastic,
glass, concrete, asphalt, or other hard surfaces. Coatings made by
the method of the invention are used in wood, furniture, automotive
OEM, automotive refinish, container, architectural, coil, aerosol,
marine, transportation, industrial maintenance, general industrial,
inks, overprint varnishes, and road-coating applications. The
examples below show just a few possible formulations that contain
reduced levels of photochemically reactive solvents. The
performance characteristics of these coatings should rival those of
the comparative examples with larger proportions of photochemically
reactive solvents.
[0023] Example 23 and Comparative Example 24 show properties of a
two-component polyurethane coating made from a hydroxy-acrylic
resin. The examples show that excellent coating properties are
maintained when tert-butyl acetate is used in place of n-butyl
acetate to give a formulation with an 11 wt. % reduction in the
content of photochemically reactive organic solvent.
[0024] The following examples merely illustrate the invention.
Those skilled in the art will recognize many variations that are
within the spirit of the invention and scope of the claims.
EXAMPLE A
Preparation of a Zero-VOC Acrylic Resin Solution
[0025] Tert-butyl acetate (150 g) is charged to a glass
polymerization reactor equipped with reflux condensor, heating
mantle, and addition funnel. A mixture of styrene (42 g), methyl
methacrylate (42 g), butyl acrylate (35 g), butyl methacrylate (147
g), hydroxyethyl acrylate (84 g), and benzoyl peroxide (20 g) is
cooled to 5.degree. C. and is then charged to the addition funnel.
The tert-butyl acetate is heated to reflux (98.degree. C.), and the
monomer mixture is added gradually over 4 h. The mixture is
refluxed for an additional hour after monomer addition is complete.
The reactor contents are cooled to room temperature, and the
mixture is discharged. The resulting hydroxy-functional acrylic
resin solution is expected to have a solids content of about 70 wt.
%. The solid component of the resin solution has a hydroxyl number
within the range of about 110 to 120 mg KOH/g.
1TABLE 1 Oxidation Rate Constants.sup.1 of Coating Solvents
(cm.sup.3/g.sec) tert-butyl acetate 2.3 .times.10.sup.9 dimethyl
carbonate 2.9 .times.10.sup.9 methyl tert-butyl carbonate 3.3
.times.10.sup.9 di-tert-butyl carbonate 3.5 .times.10.sup.9 methyl
benzoate 3.7 .times.10.sup.9 propylene carbonate 4.1
.times.10.sup.9 ethane (for comparison) 5.4 .times.10.sup.9
tert-butyl benzoate 7.7 .times.10.sup.9 tert-butyl alcohol 8.8
.times.10.sup.9 n-butyl acetate 2.5 .times.10.sup.10 toluene 3.9
.times.10.sup.10 methyl isobutyl ketone 8.5 .times.10.sup.10
xylenes 1.3 .times.10.sup.11 .sup.1Weight-based rate of abstraction
of a hydrogen atom by atmospheric hydroxyl radicals. Measured or
calculated rates in cm.sup.3/molecule . sec are #reported by
Atkinson. See, for example, R. Atkinson, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19
(1987) 799, and R. Atkinson, Environ. Tox. Chem., 7 (1988) 435. The
rates here are #reported in cm.sup.3/g . sec to correct for
volatility and to normalize for differing numbers of hydrogen
atoms. To convert a rate in cm.sup.3/molecule. #sec to a rate in
cm.sup.3g . sec, multiply the former by 6.022 .times. 10.sup.23
molecules per mole, and divide by the molecular weight (g/mole) of
the solvent.
[0026]
2 Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 2K High-Solids
Acrylic-Urethane Gloss Clearcoat for Air-Dry Applications Example 1
C2 Part A: Acrylic Polyol G-CURE 105P70 acrylic polyol.sup.1 800
800 methyl amyl ketone 0 80 tert-butyl acetate 80 0 dibutyltin
dilaurate (2% in methyl 7.0 7.0 ethyl ketone) Part B: Isocyanate
LUXATE FIT-2000 isocyanate 200 200 adduct.sup.2 propylene glycol
methyl ether 16.6 33.3 acetate methyl ethyl ketone 0 33.3
tert-butyl acetate 49.9 0 Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive
solvent reactive #s per gallon 2.4 3.3 reactive #s per # of solids
applied 0.35 0.52 .sup.1product of Henkel; .sup.2of ARCO Chemical.
The amounts listed are in parts by weight.
[0027]
3 Example 3 and Comparative Example 4 White Polyester-Urethane 2K
Air-Dry Coating.sup.1 Example 3 C4 Part A 5760 polyester resin
solution.sup.2 28.9 28.9 TITANOX 2090 titanium dioxide.sup.3 37.3
37.3 n-butyl acetate 0 9.45 tert-butyl acetate 9.45 0 soya
lechithin 0.32 0.32 BYK 300 additive.sup.4 0.40 0.40 dibutyltin
dilaurate 0.040 0.040 Part B DESMODUR N-75 isocyanate adduct.sup.5
0 19.9 LUXATE HT2000 isocyanate adduct.sup.6 14.9 0 ethylene glycol
ethyl ether acetate 0 3.72 tert-butyl acetate 4.97 0 Pounds (#) of
photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per gallon 1.1 2.6
reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.087 0.27 .sup.1See E.W.
Flick, Contemporary Industrial Coatings, 1985, p. 101.
.sup.2product of Cargill; .sup.3product of Kronos; .sup.4product of
Byk Chemie; .sup.5 product of Bayer; .sup.6product of ARCO
Chemical. The amounts listed are in parts by weight.
[0028]
4 Example 5 and Comparative Example 6 White Alkyd Topcoat.sup.1
Example 5 C6 5720 alkyd resin solution.sup.2 48.7 48.7 TITANOX 2090
titanium dioxide.sup.3 29.2 29.2 BYK 300 additive.sup.4 0.20 0.20
n-butyl acetate 0 20.3 tert-butyl acetate 20.3 0 cobalt (18%) drier
0.13 0.13 zirconium (18%) drier 0.39 0.39 ACTIV-8 additive.sup.5
0.20 0.20 EXKIN #2 anti-skinning agent.sup.6 0.14 0.14 Pounds (#)
of photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per gallon 1.9 3.5
reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.20 0.50 .sup.1See E.W. Flick,
Contemporary Industrial Coatings, 1985, p. 113. .sup.2product of
Cargill; .sup.3of Kronos; .sup.4product of Byk Chemie;
.sup.5product of R.T. Vanderbilt; .sup.6product of Nuodex. The
amounts listed are in parts by weight.
[0029]
5 Example 7 and Comparative Example 8 Polyester Urethane Furniture
Coating.sup.1 Example 7 C8 MULTRON R-12A polyester 275 275
polyol.sup.2 MODAFLOW resin modifier.sup.3 1.0 1.0 DESMODUR HL
isocyanate adduct.sup.2 370 370 toluene 0 179 ethylene glycol ethyl
ether acetate 65 175 tert-butyl acetate 289 0 Pounds (#) of
photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per gallon 2.8 4.4
reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.43 1.0 .sup.1See M. Ash and
I. Ash, A Formularv of Paints and Other Coatings, 1978, p. 203.
.sup.2product of Bayer; .sup.3product of Monsanto. The amounts
listed are in parts by weight.
[0030]
6 Example 9 and Comparative Example 10 Acrylic-Nitrocellulose
Aircraft White Gloss Coating.sup.1 Example 9 C10 RBH White titanium
dioxide 23.8 23.8 dispersion #6610.sup.2 1/2 sec RS
nitrocellulose.sup.3 5.90 5.90 ACRYLOID B-82 acrylic resin.sup.4
28.6 28.6 dioctyl phthalate 5.40 5.40 toluene 0 7.16 methyl ethyl
ketone 0 13.1 tert-butyl acetate 36.3 0 methyl isobutyl ketone 0
16.0 Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per
gallon 3.8 5.2 reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.58 1.5
.sup.1See M. Ash and I. Ash, A Formulary of Paints and Other
Coatings, 1978, p. 140. .sup.2product of Inmont; .sup.3product of
Hercules; .sup.4product of Rohn and Haas. The amounts listed are in
parts by weight.
[0031]
7 Example 11 and Comparative Example 12 Epoxy-Amine Clear Can
Coating1 Example 11 C12 EPON 1001 B-80 epoxy resin.sup.2 246 246
UNJ-RLEZ 2100P75 curing agent.sup.3 250 250 n-butyl alcohol 84.0
84.0 n-propyl alcohol 0 62.0 toluene 0 45.6 methyl butyl ketone 0
21.5 tert-butyl acetate 158 0 ethylene glycol ethyl ether 50.0 78.5
Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per
gallon 3.2 4.0 reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.64 1.1
.sup.1See M. Ash and I. Ash, A Formulary of Paints and Other
Coatings, 1978, p. 144. .sup.2of Shell; .sup.3product of Union
Camp. The amounts listed are in parts by weight.
[0032]
8 Example 13 and Comparative Example 14 Black Acrylic Lacquer for
Wood Coatings.sup.1 Example 13 C14 ACRYLOID B-99 acrylic resin 7.67
7.67 solution.sup.2 ACRYLOID B-48N solid acrylic 117 117
resin.sup.2 carbon black 3.83 3.83 toluene 0 144 xylenes 38.0 368
ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate 62.8 123 tert-butyl acetate 534
0 Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per
gallon 3.7 6.3 reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.85 5.2
.sup.1See M. Ash and I. Ash, A Formulary of Paints and Other
Coatings, 1978, p. 293. .sup.2product of Rohm and Haas. The amounts
listed are in parts by weight.
[0033]
9 Example 15 and Comparative Example 16 Blue Flexographic Ink.sup.1
Example 15 C16 SUNFAST BLUE 249-2083 dye.sup.2 6.32 6.32 ACRYLOID
DM-55 acrylic 2.11 2.11 resin.sup.3 ACRYLOID B-72 acrylic
resin.sup.3 23.1 23.1 n-propyl acetate 0.72 21.2 ethyl alcohol
(denatured) 23.6 38.6 tert-butyl acetate 42.2 0 ethyl acetate 0
8.70 Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per
gallon 3.7 5.3 reactive #s per # of solids 0.83 2.2 applied
.sup.1See E.W. Flick, Printing Ink and Overprint Varnish
Formulations, 1991, p. 17. .sup.2product of Sun Chemicals;
.sup.3product of Rohm and Haas. The amounts listed are in parts by
weight.
[0034]
10 Example 17 and Comparative Example 18 Beige Polyester-Melamine
Baking Enamel for Coil Coatings.sup.1 Example 17 C18 5781 polyester
poiyoi resin.sup.2 27.9 27.9 CYMEL 350 melamine resin.sup.3 11.7
11.7 titanium dioxide pigment 28.1 28.1 carbon black pigment 0.070
0.070 yellow iron oxide pigment 0.84 0.84 silica flatting agent
2.96 2.96 acid catalyst 1.27 1.27 propylene glycol methyl ether
7.59 17.6 acetate n-butyl acetate 0 9.50 methyl pivalate 19.5 0
Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per
gallon 1.4 3.2 reactive #s per # of solids applied 0.12 0.39
.sup.1See E.W. Flick, Contemporary Industrial Coatings, 1985, p.
95. .sup.2product of Cargill; .sup.3product of Cytec. The amounts
listed are in parts by weight.
[0035]
11 Example 19 and Comparative Example 20 SAA Resinous
Polyol--Urethane Clearcoat for Wood.sup.1 Example 19 C20 Part A SAA
103 resinous polyol.sup.2 150 150 n-butyl acetate 0 200 tert-butyl
acetate 200 0 Part B LUXATE HT2000 isocyanate adduct.sup.2 70.0
70.0 n-butyl acetate 0 20.0 tert-butyl acetate 20.0 0 Pounds (#) of
photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per gallon 0 4.0
reactive #s per # of solids applied 0 1.0 .sup.1Note: Mix parts A
and B at 1:1 by weight. Reduce with solvent to the desired
application viscosity. .sup.2product of ARCO Chemical. The amounts
listed are in parts by weight.
[0036]
12 Example 21 and Comparative Example 22 One-Component
Thermoplastic Acrylic Clearcoat Example 21 C22 ACRYLOID B-82 solid
acrylic resin.sup.1 150 150 n-butyl acetate 0 225 tert-butyl
acetate 225 0 Pounds (#) of photochemically reactive solvent
reactive #s per gallon 0 4.9 reactive #s per # of solids applied 0
1.5 .sup.1product of Rohm and Haas. The amounts listed are in parts
by weight.
[0037]
13 Example 23 and Comparative Example 24 Two-Component
Hydroxy-Acrylic Polyurethane Coating Example 23 C24 G-CURE 105P70
acrylic polyol.sup.1 100 100 T-12 catalyst.sup.2 (1 wt. % in
toluene) 1.9 1.9 silicone flow additive (10%) 0.34 0.34 LUXATE
HT-2000 isocyanate adduct.sup.3 25.5 25.5 ethylene glycol ethyl
ether acetate 25.0 25.0 methyl amyl ketone 25.0 25.0 n-butyl
acetate 0 25.0 tert-butyl acetate 28.0 0 Coating Properties Pot
life (sec, Zahn #2 cup) T = 0; 21.1; 29.7 21.2; 29.9 T = 4 h Dry
time (h, 21.5.degree. C., 59% rel. hum). 0.25; 1.5; 2.0; 0.20; 1.4;
1.6; evap time; gel time; dry time; total 3.0 3.2 Film thickness
(mil) 2.8 2.7 Gloss (20.degree.); (60.degree.) 88; 95 88; 95 Pencil
hardness; Pendulum hardness 4 H; 89 4 H; 91 Forward, reverse impact
(in./lb.) 160+; 160+ 160+; 160+ Adhesion pass pass DOI 90 90
Photochemically reactive pounds 3.8 4.3 per gallon Chemical &
solvent resistance, 30 min.: no change no change 10% HCI, 10% HOAc,
10% NaOH, xylenes, MEK; MEK 100 double rubs .sup.1Product of
Henkel, 70 wt. % in propylene glycol methyl ether acetate;
.sup.2product of Air Products; .sup.3product of ARCO Chemical. The
amounts listed are in parts by weight. Samples tested on ACT cold
roll steel 4 .times. 12 .times. 0.032 B1000 P60 DIW; polish.
[0038]
14 Example 25 and Comparative Example 26 Thermoset Overprint
Varnish.sup.1 Example 25 C26 CAP 482-0.5 cellulose acetate
propionate.sup.2 10.8 10.8 BECKAMINE 21-511 urea resin.sup.3 18.0
18.0 acid catalyst 0.050 0.050 ethyl alcohol (denatured) 24.5 49.5
ethyl acetate 0 21.2 methyl pivalate 46.2 0 Pounds (#) of
photochemically reactive solvent reactive #s per gallon 4.4 5.7
reactive #s per # of solids applied 1.4 3.5 .sup.1See E. W. Flick,
Printing Ink and Overprint Varnish Formulations, 1991, p. 122.
.sup.2product of Eastman; .sup.3product of Reichhold. The amounts
listed are in parts by weight.
[0039] The preceding examples are meant as illustrations; the
following claims define the scope of the invention.
* * * * *