U.S. patent application number 09/285349 was filed with the patent office on 2002-07-11 for retroreflective article.
Invention is credited to ETHEN, JOHN L., HAENGGI, ROBERT A., HAUNSCHILD, DALE H., STUMP, LARRY K., ZENDER, MARK D..
Application Number | 20020090492 09/285349 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23093852 |
Filed Date | 2002-07-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020090492 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
HAUNSCHILD, DALE H. ; et
al. |
July 11, 2002 |
RETROREFLECTIVE ARTICLE
Abstract
A retroreflective article that exhibits suitable retroreflective
luminance under dry and dynamic wet conditions. The article
includes an enclosed-lens retroreflective sheeting that, under dry
conditions, exhibits a coefficient of retroreflective luminance of
about 40 (millicandela/m.sup.2)/lux as measured by ASTM D 4061-94
and, under dynamic wet conditions the sheeting increases in
coefficient of retroreflective luminance. The article further
includes a plurality of retroreflective elements partially embedded
in a light transmissible bonding layer on the front, reflective
surface of the retroreflective sheeting.
Inventors: |
HAUNSCHILD, DALE H.;
(HUDSON, WI) ; ETHEN, JOHN L.; (OAKDALE, MN)
; ZENDER, MARK D.; (MAHDMEDI, MN) ; HAENGGI,
ROBERT A.; (WOODBURY, MN) ; STUMP, LARRY K.;
(HUDSON, WI) |
Correspondence
Address: |
H SANDERS GWIN JR
OFFICE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COUNSEL
3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY
P O BOX 33427
ST PAUL
MN
551333427
|
Family ID: |
23093852 |
Appl. No.: |
09/285349 |
Filed: |
April 2, 1999 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09285349 |
Apr 2, 1999 |
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08672143 |
Jun 27, 1996 |
|
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60000708 |
Jun 29, 1995 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/141 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/24521 20150115;
Y10T 428/24355 20150115; E01F 9/619 20160201; Y10T 428/24537
20150115; Y10T 428/24372 20150115; E01F 9/524 20160201; Y10T
428/24529 20150115; E01F 9/669 20160201; Y10T 428/24562 20150115;
E01F 9/512 20160201; G02B 5/128 20130101; Y10T 428/252 20150115;
Y10T 428/24421 20150115; Y10T 428/28 20150115; Y10T 428/24479
20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/141 |
International
Class: |
B32B 001/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A retroreflective article comprising: an enclosed-lens
retroreflective sheeting having a first surface and a second
surface, wherein under dry conditions the sheeting exhibits a
coefficient of retroreflective luminance at a simulated 30 meter
viewing geometry as measured by ASTM D 4061-94 of about 40
(millicandela/m.sup.2)/lux and under dynamic wet conditions, the
sheeting exhibits an increase in coefficient of retroreflective
luminance; a light transmissible bonding layer disposed on the
first surface of the retroreflective sheeting; and a plurality of
retroreflective elements partially embedded in the bonding
layer.
2. The article of claim 1 wherein the enclosed-lens retroreflective
sheeting is selected from the group consisting embedded-lens beaded
sheeting, encapsulated-lens beaded sheeting, embedded-lens
cube-corner sheeting, encapsulated-lens cube-comer sheeting, and
combinations thereof.
3. The article of claim 2 further comprising a light transmissible
colorant in at least one component selected from the group
consisting of optical elements of the retroreflective elements,
bonding layer, binder layer of the beaded embedded-lens
retroreflective sheet, and space layer of the beaded embedded-lens
retroreflective sheet.
4. The article of claim 2 wherein the embedded-lens beaded sheeting
comprises a layer of microspheres embedded therein, the
microspheres having an average diameter of about 30 micrometers to
about 850 micrometers.
5. The article of claim 4 wherein the microspheres have a
refractive index of about 1.50 to about 2.60.
6. The article of claim 1 wherein the retroreflective elements are
substantially spherical in shape.
7. The article of claim 6 wherein the retroreflective elements have
an average diameter from about 0.5 mm to about 1.2 mm.
8. The article of claim 7 wherein the retroreflective elements
cover from about 0.1 percent to about 7 percent of a surface area
of the retroreflective sheeting.
9. The article of claim 1 wherein the retroreflective elements
comprise ceramic optical elements partially embedded in an
opacified glass core.
10. The article of claim 9 wherein the ceramic optical elements
comprise an amorphous phase, a crystalline phase, and a combination
thereof.
11. The article of claim 9 wherein the core comprises at least two
phases, one phase in a size range from about 0.05 micrometers to
about 1.0 micrometers.
12. The article of claim 9 wherein the core comprises at least two
phases, wherein one phase has a refractive index value of at least
0.4 greater than the second phase.
13. The article of claim 9 wherein the opacified glass comprises an
opacifier having a refractive index of about 1.9 to about 2.7.
14. The article of claim 13 wherein the opacifier is selected from
the group consisting of TiO.sub.2 (anatase), TiO.sub.2 (rutile),
and ZrSiO.sub.4.
15. The article of claim 1 further comprising at least one of a
conformance layer, a scrim layer, and an adhesive layer on the
second surface of the retroreflective sheeting.
16. The article of claim 1 wherein the light transmissible bonding
layer is formed from a solvent-based polyurethane composition.
17. The article of claim 1 further comprising a light transmissible
top film disposed on a surface of the bonding layer.
18. The article of claim 1 exhibiting skid resistance of about 45
to about 90 BPN as measured by ASTM E303.
19. The retroreflective article of claim 1 wherein the sheeting
increases in coefficient of retroreflective luminance to about 100
(mcd/m.sup.2)/lux under dynamic wet condition.
20. A roadway surface marked with an article of claim 1.
21. A method for making a retroreflective article comprising:
providing a retroreflective sheeting comprising a first surface and
a second surface; applying a bonding composition to the first
surface of the retroreflective sheeting, wherein the bonding
composition is capable of forming a light transmissible bonding
layer; and applying a plurality of retroreflective elements to the
bonding composition so that the retroreflective elements are
partially embedded in the bonding layer.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 08/672,143, filed Jun. 27, 1996, which
claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.
60/000,708, filed Jun. 29, 1995.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to retroreflective articles
that exhibit good retroreflective brightness under wet and dry
conditions and good retroreflective brightness at high entrance
angles.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Pavement markings, such as those on the centerline and
edgeline of a roadway, are important in order to provide visual
guidance for motor vehicle drivers. Pavement marking materials are
used as traffic control markings for a variety of uses, such as
short distance lane striping, stop bars, and pedestrian pavement
markings at intersections and long line lane markings, etc. on
roadways. A common form of pavement marking material is
adhesive-backed tape that is applied to the roadway surface in
desired location and length; the top surface of the tape having
selected color and typically retroreflective characteristics.
[0004] Currently, many flat pavement markings typically rely on an
exposed-lens optical system comprising transparent microspheres
partially embedded in a binder layer containing reflective pigment
particles such as titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) or lead chromate
(PbCrO.sub.4) as the retroreflector mechanism. In use, light from
the headlamp of a vehicle enters the microsphere and is refracted
to fall on the reflective pigment. Some portion of the light is
returned generally along the original entrance path in the
direction of the vehicle so as to be visible to the driver. The
amount of refraction and the amount of light gathering of these
microspheres is dependent in part upon maintaining a low index of
refraction air interface on the exposed portion of the microsphere.
During rainy periods, the microspheres become wetted with water
which reduces their light refracting ability resulting in much
reduced retroreflective performance.
[0005] It is also known to use enclosed-lens retroreflective
structures on pavement markings. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,875,798
(May) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,231 (Steere et al.). Enclosed-lens
retroreflective sheetings with flat cover films (also sometimes
referred to as top films, top sheets, cover sheets, etc.) have been
constructed as a means for providing effective retroreflection
under wet conditions. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,159 (McGrath)
which discloses encapsulated-lens retroreflective articles and U.S.
Pat. No. 4,505,967 (Bailey) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,966 (Bailey et
al.) which disclose embedded-lens retroreflective articles.
[0006] Currently available low profile pavement markings provide
effective retroreflective response for only a narrower range of
entrance angles than is sometimes desired. For example, flat
pavement markings, relying on microspheres partially embedded in
layers containing diffuse pigments as described above, are most
easily seen at distances of approximately 80 meters and less. At
distances greater than this, retroreflective brightness declines
due in part to the relatively larger entrance angles of the
incident light and in part to inherently limited retroreflective
brightness. In addition to generally low retroreflectivity at high
incidence angles, flat pavement markings are particularly difficult
to see under rainy conditions for the reasons discussed above.
Raised pavement markers typically have better wet reflectivity
because the rain will run off the raised portions and they
sometimes use reflective systems that are inherently
retroreflective when wet. However, snow removal is frequently a
problem on roads bearing raised pavement markers, as the snowplows
have a tendency to catch on the raised protrusions and dislodge the
markers from the road surface. Also, raised pavement markers
mounted as spot delineators provide relatively poor daytime road
delineation and thus commonly need to be augmented with continuous
painted or tape line markings.
[0007] To expand the effective entrance angle range of a pavement
marking material, combination of a light directing means with an
enclosed-lens retroreflector has been proposed. For example, U.S.
Pat. No. 4,145,112 (Crone) discloses an article comprising an
underlying base retroreflective layer and a light directing layer
comprised of a longitudinally-extending series of short transparent
projections. U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,788 (Wyckoff) discloses a related
type of pavement marker strip wherein the two sides of the
transverse prisms are adjusted to provide for downward internal
reflection into the base sheet from one side and refraction to the
space between successive prisms into the base sheet from the other
side. U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,346 (Wyckoff) discloses a saw-tooth-like
marker strip comprising protrusions with curved edges and having
upwardly disposed retroreflective members embedded therein.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,403 (Eigenmann) discloses a
retroreflective assembly that is particularly useful for situations
in which retroreflection is required in rainy conditions. The
assembly disclosed therein comprises a transparent globule with a
layer of transparent microspheres on certain portions of the
globule and a reflective layer disposed behind the microspheres.
The retroreflective assemblies, sometimes referred to as
"globule/microsphere retroreflective assemblies", are positioned on
the top surface of a pavement marking where they provide effective
retroreflection of light at high incidence angles. U.S. Pat. No.
5,268,789 (Bradshaw) discloses an improved retroreflective assembly
of this type and an improved method for making such an
assembly.
[0009] EP Patent publication 385746 B1 (Kobayashi et al.) discloses
a high-brightness all-weather pavement marking. The marking
includes glass microspheres of relatively large diameter partially
embedded in a first transparent resin layer that serves to hold the
microspheres. The pavement marking further includes glass
microspheres of relatively small diameter that are buried in a
second transparent resin layer. In the lower portion of the second
transparent resin, behind the rear of the small glass microspheres,
lies a reflecting layer. In use, incident light strikes the large
glass microspheres, travels through the second transparent resin
layer, strikes the small glass microspheres, is reflected by the
reflecting layer, and returns in the direction from which it came,
i.e., through the small glass microspheres, through the second
transparent resin layer, and finally through the large glass
microspheres. The small glass microspheres and large glass
microspheres work together to retroreflect incident light. It is
also described that the large glass microspheres, being partially
exposed in air, can receive a large amount of incident light, even
if such light is at a large incidence angle. It is further
described that the pavement marking is useful in rainy
conditions.
[0010] There still exists a need for a low profile retroreflective
article that exhibits good retroreflective characteristics under
dry and wet conditions, preferably at high incidence angles in both
daytime and nighttime, possesses suitable skid resistance, and is
suitably durable.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0011] Applicants have found that an article having a combination
of exposed-lens retroreflective elements and enclosed-lens
retroreflective sheeting provides retroreflectivity under dry and
dynamic wet conditions at very high entrance angles (e.g.,
80.degree. or more, preferably 85.degree. or more). The inventive
articles are well suited for use on vertical and horizontal
surfaces, but are particularly beneficial for use on horizontal
surfaces, such as roadway pavement. The invention also provides a
method for making such materials. Much of the following description
is made with specific reference to embodiments of the invention to
be used as pavement marking articles.
[0012] One aspect of the present invention provides a
retroreflective article including an enclosed-lens retroreflective
sheeting having a first surface and a second surface, wherein,
under dry conditions, the sheeting exhibits a coefficient of
retroreflective luminance at a simulated 30 meter viewing geometry
as measured by ASTM D 4061-94 of about 40
(millicandela/m.sup.2)/lux, and under dynamic wet conditions, the
sheeting exhibits an increase in coefficient of retroreflective
luminance; a light transmissible bonding layer disposed on the
first surface of the retroreflective sheeting; and a plurality of
retroreflective elements partially embedded in the bonding
layer.
[0013] In accordance with the present invention, the enclosed-lens
retroreflective sheeting is preferably selected from the group
consisting of microsphere type sheeting and cube-comer type
sheeting. The retroreflective sheeting can be selected from the
group consisting of an embedded-lens retroreflective sheeting and
an encapsulated-lens retroreflective sheeting.
[0014] Preferably, the retroreflective elements are substantially
spherical in shape, ranging in a size from about 0.5 mm to about
1.2 mm. In one embodiment, the retroreflective elements cover from
about 0.4% to about 6.6% of a surface area of the retroreflective
article. Preferably, the microspheres used in the retroreflective
elements have a refractive index of about 1.50 to about 2.60. The
retroreflective elements preferably comprise ceramic optical
elements partially embedded in an opacified glass core. The ceramic
optical elements can comprise an amorphous phase, a crystalline
phase, and a combination thereof. Preferably, the core comprises at
least two phases, one phase in a size range from about 0.05
micrometers to about 1.0 micrometers. The core can include at least
two phases, wherein one phase has a refractive index value of at
least 0.4 greater than the second phase. Preferably, the opacified
glass comprises an opacifier having a refractive index of about 1.9
to about 2.7.
[0015] The retroreflective article in accordance with the present
invention may further include a layer of adhesive on the second
surface of the retroreflective article. The article may also
include at least one of a conformance layer and a scrim layer on
the second surface of the retroreflective article.
[0016] Preferably, the light transmissible bonding layer is formed
from a polyurethane composition. The retroreflective article may
also include a top film disposed on a surface of the bonding layer
opposite the retroreflective sheeting or disposed directly on the
retroreflective sheeting's first surface. Preferably, the
enclosed-lens retroreflective sheeting includes a layer of
microspheres embedded in a light transmissible bonding composition
and a specular layer in optical association with the microspheres,
wherein a spacing layer separates the microspheres from the
specular layer.
[0017] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method
for making a retroreflective article including providing a
retroreflective sheeting comprising a first surface and a second
surface; applying a bonding composition to the first surface of the
retroreflective sheeting, wherein the bonding composition is
capable of forming a light transmissible bonding layer; and
applying a plurality of retroreflective elements to the bonding
composition so that the retroreflective elements are partially
embedded in the bonding layer.
[0018] Definitions
[0019] As used herein,
[0020] "dry" means that no additional moisture is added to any
surface of a retroreflective article such that the only moisture in
contact with the article is ambient moisture.
[0021] "dynamic," when referring to wet conditions, means physical
detectable movement of water is present on at least a portion of a
surface of the retroreflective article. The physical movement of
the water can be one of rain drops falling on the retroreflective
article, wind blowing across the water surface on the
retroreflective article, water draining off the surface of the
retroreflective article, and the like, as well as a combination
thereof. This dynamic condition is to be distinguished from a
"static-flooded" water condition that is typified by a glass- or
mirror-like surface of the water, i.e., no physical movement of the
water can be detected where the retroreflective article is
substantially submerged in the water.
[0022] "coefficient of retroreflective luminance (herein
"R.sub.L")" means the ratio of the luminance, "L," of a projected
surface to the normal illuminance at the surface on a plane normal
to the incident light, expressed as millicandelas per square meter
per lux ((mcd/m.sup.2)/lux), as described in ASTM E 808-94.
[0023] "enclosed-lens retroreflective sheeting" comprises a layer
of optical elements, whether microspheres (commonly referred to as
"beads") or cube-comer elements, having at least one polymer in
contact with the optical elements such that they are not exposed to
ambient conditions. Such sheeting includes embedded-lens and
encapsulated-lens retroreflective sheeting.
[0024] "high entrance angle," when referring to incident light,
means light rays of approximately greater than 80.degree. from
vertical, preferably greater than 85.degree., and most prefereably
between 86.degree. and 90.degree., such as may be generated by
headlights on vehicles illuminating a pavement surface.
[0025] "light transmissible" means that a particular layer or
medium transmits light from about 400 to about 700 nanometers
wavelength (i.e., in the visible spectrum) of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
[0026] The invention will be further explained with reference to
the drawing, wherein:
[0027] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a portion of an illustrative
pavement marking article 200 of the invention.
[0028] The FIGURE is idealized, not to scale and, intended to be
merely illustrative and non-limiting.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0029] Articles of the invention typically comprise a
retroreflective sheeting, a bonding layer, a plurality of
retroreflective elements, optional backing materials, and optional
adhesive layer. In general, the inventive article preferably
includes a plurality of retroreflective elements at least partially
embedded in a bonding layer disposed on the front surface of an
enclosed-lens sheeting.
[0030] As shown in FIG. 1, a retroreflective article 200 in
accordance with the present invention includes a plurality of
retroreflective elements 212 partially embedded in a light
transmissible bonding layer 226 on a front surface 210a of an
enclosed-lens retroreflective sheeting. The sheeting's front
surface is the side that is capable of retroreflecting incident
light. Preferably, the sheeting is a microsphere-based
embedded-lens retroreflective sheeting 210 that includes a layer of
microspheres 222, preferably as a monolayer, embedded within a
transparent binder layer 216 over a reflective layer 218 in optical
association with the microspheres 222. By "optical association," it
is meant that the specular coating layer lies at a distance where
incident light entering the microspheres will be focused on the
specular coating. This distance can be referred to as a spacing
layer 220. Preferably, the transparent binder 216 is of the same
material as the spacing layer 220, although different materials may
be used. The sheeting 210 further includes an adhesive layer 224
and an optical conformance layer 230. The microspheres 222 act as
optical elements by directing incident light to the reflective
layer and then redirect the light. The microspheres 222 are part of
an enclosed-lens system, whose primary function is to provide
retroreflectivity under dynamic wet conditions.
[0031] The retroreflective elements 212 comprise optical elements
232 and a core 234. The optical elements 232 are part of an
exposed-lens optical system, whose primary function is to provide
retroreflectivity under dry conditions.
[0032] A binder used in the present invention (depicted as binder
216 in FIG. 1) is preferably a light transmissible polymeric
matrix. It may be single layer or multilayer, e.g., further
comprising a top film lying on the front surface 210a. Many useful
polymeric materials can be used and are well known. Illustrative
examples of useful polymer binder layers include thermoset
materials and thermoplastic materials. Suitable polymeric materials
include, but are not limited to, urethanes, epoxies, alkyds,
acrylics, and acid olefin copolymers (e.g., ethylene methacrylic
acid, polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate copolymers, and the
like). Representative examples of other suitable binder materials
include polyvinyl butyral, polyester resins, alkyd resins, acrylic
resins, and the like, and a combination thereof. Such materials can
be heat-activated or chemically-activated adhesives. One preferred
binder material is polyvinyl butyral. Aliphatic polyurethanes are
preferred materials for top films because they are clear, resistant
to dirt build-up, flexible enough to conform to the road surface,
bond to retroreflective elements and inorganic anti-skid particles,
and typically do not discolor with exposure to ultraviolet
radiation. The binder layer and/or the top film may include light
transmissible colorants to impart a desired color to the inventive
article. For example, a yellow colorant may be added to the binder
layer 216 to yield a yellow colored retroreflective sheet.
[0033] The inventive article may further comprise an optional
adhesive layer (not shown) adhered to the bottom side of the
conformance layer that provides a mechanism for attaching the
retroreflective article to a surface, e.g., a roadway. If, however,
no conformance layer is used, then the adhesive layer 224 would
provide for direct attachment to a roadway surface. If desired, a
layer of adhesive or primer may be applied to the roadway surface
prior to laminating the retroreflective article. The criteria for
suitable adhesive materials and primers will be dependent in part
upon the nature of the sheeting and the intended application;
suitable materials can be readily selected by those skilled in the
art.
[0034] Advantageously, the retroreflective elements also function
as skid control particles, sometimes referred to as anti-skid
particles, on the upper surface of the retroreflective sheet. Thus,
in accordance with the present invention, it is not necessary to
use conventional skid-control particles to improve the traction of
vehicles passing thereover.
[0035] Also, a thin, high abrasion resistance and/or dirt
resistance coating (also referred to herein as a "protective
coating") may be applied to the top surface of the retroreflective
article to protect it from traffic wear and dirt accumulation.
Preferably, the protective coating will be light transmissible and
will not reduce the skid resistance of the article.
[0036] Typically, retroreflective articles of the invention can be
wound into roll form. In such instances, it may be desirable to use
a release liner or apply a release treatment, e.g., silicone, to
the top surface of the marking.
[0037] Retroreflective sheetings used in the invention preferably
possess good angularity; that is, the sheets' retroreflectivity is
still substantial at relatively high entrance angles of about
80.degree. or more, preferably 85.degree. or more. In accordance
with the present invention, the retroreflective sheet preferably
adhere together in all types of weather conditions, even under
repeated impact and shear stress resulting from road traffic
passing over the sheeting in the case of pavement marking
applications.
[0038] Optionally, the backing materials of the article may include
conformance layers that can be in the form of a scrim layer, a
foil, or polymeric premix layers. Conformance layers are commonly
used to impart a variety of features to the article including, but
not limited to, flexibility, integrity, removability, and increased
tear resistance. Suitable embodiments can be readily selected by
those skilled in the art. As shown in FIG. 1, a retroreflective
article 200 includes a conformance layer 230 attached to the
retroreflective article by the adhesive layer 224.
[0039] As mentioned above, the inventive article includes a
retroreflective sheeting. There are essentially two types of
retroreflective sheeting: microsphere-based sheeting (also referred
to as "beaded sheeting") and cube-corner based sheeting. The
retroreflective sheeting has a first surface and a second surface,
the first surface being the one that is capable of retroreflecting
incident light. In general, a beaded sheeting typically includes a
multitude of independent beads (i.e., microspheres), either glass
or ceramic, that are at least partially embedded in a binder layer
and are associated with specular or diffuse reflecting materials
(e.g., pigment particles, metal flakes, or metal vapor coats) to
retroreflect incident light. In general, a cube-comer
retroreflective sheeting typically includes an array of cube-comer
elements acting as optical elements. In summary, the basic
cube-corner element is a tetrahedral structure with a base triangle
(commonly referred to as the "base plane") and three mutually
substantially perpendicular optical faces that cooperate to
retroreflect incident light. Typically, these optical faces
intersect at an apex, and the base plane lies opposite the apex. In
operation, light incident on a base plane is transmitted into the
cube-comer element, is reflected from each of the three optical
faces, and is redirected back in the direction it came. Any
retroreflective sheeting possessing good retroreflective
performance at high entrance angles (typically about 80.degree. or
more, preferably 85.degree. or more) are suitable for use in
accordance with the present invention.
[0040] Both beaded and cube-comer sheetings can be assembled in a
variety of ways. In general, there are two different class of
sheeting assembly: exposed-lens sheeting and enclosed-lens
sheeting, the latter useful in the practice of this invention. The
term "lens" covers beads and cube-comer as optical elements. In
general, there are two types of enclosed-lens sheeting:
embedded-lens sheeting and encapsulated-lens sheeting. Thus, there
are at least four combinations of sheeting useful in the practice
of this invention: (1) embedded-lens beaded sheeting, (2)
encapsulated-lens beaded sheeting, (3) embedded-lens cube-comer
sheeting, and (4) encapsulated-lens cube-comer sheeting. These four
types of sheetings are discussed in detail below.
[0041] An embedded-lens beaded sheeting typically includes a layer
of transparent microspheres (usually glass beads) where the front
and the rear surfaces of the microspheres are embedded in a
transparent binder and a reflective layer disposed from the rear
surface of each of the microspheres by a selected distance. U.S.
Pat. No. 4,505,967 (Bailey) discloses an embedded-lens beaded
sheeting construction that is particularly well suited for the
practice of this invention. Commercially available sheeting include
those under the trade designation SCOTCHLITE Reflective License
Plate Sheeting, Series 3570, 3750, and 3770 (all from Minnesota
Mining and Manufacturing (3M) Company, St. Paul, Minn.).
[0042] An encapsulated-lens beaded sheeting typically includes a
layer of transparent microspheres (usually glass beads) partially
embedded in a binder layer with a reflective layer on the rear
(i.e., embedded) portions thereof. The front portions of the
microspheres are not embedded. A top film disposed in front of the
microspheres provides an air interface. A portion of the top film
is bonded to a portion of the binder layer in selected areas to
form individual cells. Each cell has an internal air gap creating
an internal void. As used herein, the term "top film" refers to any
layer that is in front of the microspheres. Preferably, a
reflective layer is disposed from the rear surfaces of the
microspheres by a selected distance.
[0043] An embedded-lens cube-comer sheeting typically includes a
layer of cube-comer elements whose optical faces contain a
reflective layer and embedded in a polymeric matrix, typically an
adhesive layer. Commonly used reflective layers include aluminum
and silver.
[0044] An encapsulated-lens cube-comer sheeting typically includes
a layer of cube-corner elements and a sealing layer, a portion of
which is bonded to the optical faces of the cube-comer elements or
to the overlay, thereby forming individual cells. U.S. Pat. No.
5,450,235 (Smith et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,846 (Benson Jr.,
et al.) disclose useful cube-comer sheeting for the practice of
this invention. Each cell has an internal air gap between the
cube-comer optical faces and the sealing film. A preferred
cube-comer encapsulated-lens sheeting is commercially available
under the trade designation SCOTCHLITE DIAMOND GRADE Conspicuity
Sheeting Series 983, from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn. This
particular sheeting includes alternating zones of cube-corner
element arrays disposed at approximately ninety degrees orientation
to provide two principle planes of improved retroreflective
performance in response to light incident on the sheeting at
relatively high entrance angles, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,706,132 (Nestegard et al.).
[0045] Embedded-lens retroreflective sheetings are typically more
preferred than encapsulated-lens retroreflective sheetings when
used as pavement markings. It is believed that the solid
construction of the embedded-lens sheeting would be more durable
when subjected to traffic conditions because it has no internal
voids like encapsulated-lens sheeting. Embedded-lens sheetings are
available in commercial forms that are quite durable and
flexible.
[0046] Enclosed-lens beaded optical systems use the light bending
and focusing effect of the microspheres to refract light onto a
reflector member, which is reflected and then refracted back toward
its origin. The degree of refraction and thus the optimal placement
of the specular reflector depends on the relative refractive
indices of the top film and binder layers above the microspheres,
the microspheres, and the spacing layer between the microspheres
and the reflector member, if any. For example, when used with top
films and spacing layer materials having refractive index of
approximately 1.5, a 2.25 refractive index microsphere will focus
the light behind it at a distance of about 0.44 times its radius.
The thickness of the spacing layer preferably approximates this so
that light is focused onto the specular reflector. Any deviation
away from these precise optical relationships will tend to result
in losses of retroreflectivity of the base sheeting. Thus, the top
film preferably remains firmly attached to the microsphere layer,
the microspheres preferably are positioned in a stable fashion in
the polymer matrix, and all layers through which light must pass to
be retroreflected are preferably clear and distortion-free. In
addition, the reflective layer, typically vapor deposited aluminum
or silver, preferably remains as a substantially continuous,
distortion-free layer without cracking or corroding. The spacing
layer-specular layer interface preferably remains smooth and
wrinkle-free. Very small changes in these optical relationships
will tend to result in degradation of the retroreflective
performance of the sheeting and thus of any article made using such
sheeting. Although extremely small changes may not cause
objectionable brightness loss, slight changes can severely affect
these precise relationships. It is surprising that any
retroreflective sheeting made using these precise optical
relationships can withstand repeated traffic impact and shear
stresses in combination with other effects of sunlight, rain, road
oil, road sand, road salt, and vehicle emissions.
[0047] When light enters embedded-lens beaded sheeting at high
entrance angles and passes through a microsphere, it tends to be
focused at the side of the microsphere rather than at the back as
happens when light is incident in a more perpendicular fashion at
low incidence angles. Therefore, it is important to maintain the
right spacing between the microspheres and reflective layer. As
will be understood by those skilled in the art, the thickness of
the space coat layer can be controlled partly by fabrication
methods. When the spacing layer tends to conform hemispherically,
that is, concentricly to the back side of the microspheres, optimum
spacing for a variety of entrance angles can be achieved.
[0048] Table 1 below shows the brightness measurements of various
types of retroreflective sheetings under both dry and dynamic wet
conditions. The measurements were performed according to ASTM
4061-94 and as described in the "Dry/Wet Retroreflectivity
Measurements" section of the Examples. The measurements were taken
at a simulated 30 meter viewing geometry, meaning that the
observation angle was at 1.050, the .beta..sub.1 entrance angle was
at 88.76.degree., the .beta..sub.2 entrance angle was at 0.degree.,
and the rotation angle was at 0.degree.. None of the sheetings
evaluated had retroreflective elements at least partially embedded
in a bonding layer.
1TABLE 1 Retroreflective Performance of Various Sheetings at a
Simulated 30 Meter Viewing Geometry under Dry and Dynamic Wet
Conditions Reflective Sheeting Dry R.sub.L, Wet R.sub.L, Sheeting
Designation Type (mcd/m.sup.2)/Ix (med/m.sup.2)/Ix Sample 1
Encapsulated- 11 40 SCOTCHLITE lens, cube- DIAMOND GRADE corner
CONSPICUITY SHEETING SERTES 980* Sample 2 Encapsulated- 59 507
SCOTCHLITE lens, cube- DIAMOND GRADE corner CONSPICUITY SHEETING
SERIES 983* Sample 3 Embedded- 105 804 Tiled Cube-corner sheeting
lens, cube- with optical faces having a corner reflective layer
thereon Sample 4 Encapsulated- 11 309 SCOTCHLITE HIGH lens, beaded
INTENSITY GRADE REFLECTIVE SHEETING SERIES 3870* Sample 5 Embedded-
13 53 SCOTCHLITE lens, beaded ENGINEER GRADE REFLECTIVE SHEETING
SERIES 3290-I* Sample 6 Embedded- 51 1547 SCOTCHLITE lens, beaded
PRECLEAR REFLECTIVE LICENSE PLATE SHEETING SERIES 4770* Sample 7
Embedded- 62 1980 SCOTCHLITE lens, beaded REFLECTIVE LICENSE PLATE
SHEETING SERIES 3750*, plus a 2 mil polyurethane bonding layer on
the front surface of the sheeting *Commercially available from
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, MN.
[0049] Table 1 indicates that all sheetings showed an increase in
retroreflective performance under dynamic wet conditions. The
sheetings, however, have rather low retroreflective performance
under dry conditions. To be useful in the present invention, the
sheeting preferably has (i) a minimum R.sub.L value of about 40
(mcd/m.sup.2)/lux under dry conditions and (ii) increases in RL
when exposed to dynamic wet conditions, increasing to about 100
(mcd/m.sup.2)/lux, preferably increasing to about 300
(mcd/m.sup.2)/lux. Samples 2, 3, 6, and 7 meet these two conditions
and are preferred sheetings for the practice of this invention. The
retroreflective elements, as described in further detail below,
provide retroreflective performance under dry conditions. Thus, a
combination of the preferred sheeting and retroreflective elements
yields an article exhibiting good retroreflective performance under
dry and dynamic wet conditions.
[0050] While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it
is believed that the water forms a refracting layer, either as
hemispherical droplets or prismatic wave structures, that bend the
incident light to the retroreflective sheeting lying beneath. This
bending effect occurs regardless of the retroreflective sheeting
type. The bent light rays are capable of being directed back to the
light source. Thus, under dynamic wet conditions, an increase of
retroreflectivity was observed for all sheetings tested above.
Further, it is believed that due to the low refracting power of the
water layer, design of the retroreflective sheeting must be of an
extreme wide-angle performance type (i.e., high angularity
sheeting) to achieve useful visibility levels as a horizontal
pavement marking.
[0051] In accordance with present invention, a retroreflective
article includes a plurality of retroreflective elements at least
partially embedded in a bonding layer disposed on a surface of a
retroreflective sheeting, on the front surface that is capable of
retroreflecting incident light. Preferably, each retroreflective
element includes a core having optical elements (such as
microspheres) at least partially embedded therein. The
retroreflective elements are an exposed-lens beaded system, meaning
that a portion of the optical elements are exposed to ambient
conditions. Optionally, the core, the optical elements, or both,
may contain a conventional pigment to impart a color to the
elements, such as yellow, white, blue, and the like. Suitable
retroreflective elements are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3, 043,196
(Palmquist et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 3,274,888 (Vanstrum et al.); U.S.
Pat. No. 3,418,896 (Rideout); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,750,191 and
5,571,362 (both to Hachey et al.). Suitable retroreflective
elements can have a variety of shapes, including regular shapes
such as substantially spherical, substantially cubical, as well as
irregular shapes, and a combination thereof.
[0052] U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,265 (Mathers et al.) describes a
preferred retroreflective element useful for the practice of the
present invention. Preferably, the retroreflective elements are
all-ceramic having an opacified ceramic core and ceramic optical
elements partially embedded into the core. The core material
preferably has a relatively high degree of light scattering. More
preferably, the core material contains a glass phase and a
crystalline phase, collectively known as opacified glasses.
Preferably, the core includes at least two phases, one phase in a
size range from about 0.5 micrometers to about 1.0 micrometers,
wherein one phase has a refractive index value of at least 0.4
greater than the second. More preferably, the opacified glass core
includes an opacifier having a refractive index of about 1.9 to
about 2.7. Opacifiers are materials used as a scattering phase.
They have a high refractive index (N.sub.D) and are used with
opacified glass. Suitable opacifiers include, for example, tin
oxide (SnO.sub.2) having a N.sub.D of about 2.04; calcium titanate
(CaTiO.sub.3) having a ND of about 2.35; titania anatase and
rutile, having a N.sub.D of about 2.5 to about 2.7; and zircon
(ZrSiO.sub.4) having a N.sub.D of about 1.9 to about 2.05.
Particularly preferred retroreflective elements are preferably
light transmissible (that may be pigmented) and light transmissible
optical elements (that may be pigmented) embedded in the core.
Preferably, these retroreflective elements are substantially
spherical.
[0053] Preferably, a retroreflective article in accordance with the
present invention includes a plurality of substantially spherical
retroreflective elements having an average diameter of about 0.5 mm
to about 1.2 mm, although other sizes can be used in the present
invention. The retroreflective elements preferably have an average
density of about 3.5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc), although
elements having densities less than or greater than 3.5 g/cc can be
used in a retroreflective article in accordance with the present
invention. The retroreflective elements are present in
retroreflective article in an amount sufficient to impart the
desired dry and wet retroreflective performance and
skid-resistance. Preferably, the amount of retroreflective elements
in an article according to the present invention covers less than
120% of a surface area of the article, preferably about 0.4% to
about 6.6%, more preferably, about 0.8% to about 3.3%.
[0054] As mentioned above, the retroreflective elements are bonded
to the retroreflective sheeting by a bonding layer. The bonding
layer lies on or in close proximity to the front or retroreflective
surface of retroreflective sheeting and is preferably light
transmissible. Preferably, the bonding layer is formed from a
bonding composition, such as a polymer composition, suitable
examples of which are ceramer compositions and polyurethane
compositions.
[0055] Suitable polyurethane compositions can be solvent-based or
water based (i.e., substantially solvent-free). Polyurethane
compositions are preferred because they generally possess suitable
adhesion to the retroreflective elements that are at least
partially embedded therein. Aliphatic polyurethanes are preferred
because they adhere strongly to the retroreflective sheeting and
are suitably resistant to environmental weathering, including dirt
build-up and discoloration due to ultraviolet radiation
exposure.
[0056] Although any of a number of water based polyurethane
compositions can be used in the present invention, one illustrative
example includes a water-based urethane resin and a crosslinker
commercially available under the trade designations NEOREZ R-960
and NEOCRYL CX 100, respectively, both from Zeneca Resins Company,
Wilmington, Mass.
[0057] One illustrative example of a solvent-based polyurethane
composition suitable for use in the present invention includes (i)
a polyol mixture, (ii) a polyisocyanate, and (iii) a catalyst.
[0058] The polyol mixture typically includes reactive hydroxyl
groups dispersed in a solvent. Suitable solvents include acetone,
xylene, methylisobutyl-ketone, glycol ether acetates,
methylethylketone, and combinations thereof. The solvent preferably
makes up about 20 weight percent of the polyol mixture. A suitable
polyol can be selected from the group of polycaprolactone triols
and unsaturated polyester diols, for example. The polyol mixture
can include a blend of polycaprolactone triols, many of which are
commercially available. Preferably, the polycaprolactone triol
blend has an average molecular weight from about 300 to about 600,
an average hydroxyl equivalent weight from about 100 to about 220,
and an average of about 3 hydroxyl groups per polyol. For example,
a blend may include a polycaprolactone triol having a molecular
weight of about 300 (available under the trade designation TONE
301, from Union Carbide Company, Danbury, CT) and a
polycaprolactone triol having a molecular weight of about 960
(available under the trade designation TONE 310, from Union Carbide
Company, Danbury, CT). It is believed that the lower molecular
weight triol imparts rigidity to the polyurethane while the higher
molecular weight triol is included to lower the elastic modulus. A
blend may also include a triol and a diol, such as that described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,973 (Sengupta et al.).
[0059] As mentioned above, the polyurethane composition also
includes an isocyanante that provides reactive NCO groups. Useful
isocyanates include isophorone diisocyanate;
4,4'-methylene-bis-cyclohexyl diisocyanate; tetramethylene
diisocyanate; 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate; 1,6
hexamethylene diisocyanate; and isomers of tetramethylxylene
diisocyanate. One useful isocyanate is polyisocyanate that is an
adduct of 1,6 hexamethylene diisocyanate, such as that commercially
available under the trade designation DESMODUR N-100, from Bayer
Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.
[0060] A preferred polyurethane composition includes an equivalent
ratio of NCO groups of the isocyanate to the hydroxyl groups of the
polyol mixture greater than about 1.05:1. As mentioned above, a
catalyst is typically included in the polyurethane composition to
initiate reaction of the polyol with the isocyanate components.
Such catalysts are known by those skilled in the art. One preferred
catalyst is dibutyl tin dilaurate.
[0061] A bonding layer may also include at least one optional
additive. For example, because a retroreflective article in
accordance with the present invention is typically exposed to
sunlight during use, the bonding layer may also include ultraviolet
light absorbers. The bonding layer may also include fungicides,
light transmissible colorants, to name a few. Illustrative examples
of desirable colorants include, among others, white, yellow, red,
and blue colors, and any others so long as it is light
transmissible. While not wishing to be bound by any particular
theory, it is believed that light transmissible colorants may
enhance both daytime and nighttime color of the inventive article.
In pavement marking applications, as well as others, it is
important that a motorist distinguish between colored markers, for
example between yellow and white markings. One way to obtain night
time color involves placing a light transmissible colored material
in the optical path.
[0062] Preferably, the bonding layer has a dry coating thickness of
about 0.025 mm to about 0.13 mm (about 0.001 inch to about 0.005
inch). More preferably, the bonding layer has a dry coating
thickness of about 0.075 mm (about 0.003 inch) to provide
sufficient resistance to abrasion and dirt as well as to adequately
bond the retroreflective elements to the retroreflective
sheeting.
[0063] One method of the invention comprises: (a) providing a
retroreflective sheeting having a first surface and a second
surface; (b) applying a bonding composition to the first surface of
the retroreflective sheeting, wherein the bonding composition is
capable of forming a light transmissible bonding layer; and (c)
applying a plurality of retroreflective elements to the bonding
composition so that the retroreflective elements are partially
embedded in the bonding layer. The bonding layer applied to the
retroreflective sheeting is typically accomplished by coating a
bonding composition on the first surface, i.e., the surface capable
of reflecting incident light, of the retroreflective sheeting using
a conventional technique such as notch bar coating, spray coating,
gravure coating, knife coating, and the like.
[0064] A retroreflective article of the invention may also include
a protective coating (not shown in FIG. 1). Such a layer has the
advantages of providing abrasion and/or dirt resistance.
Illustrative examples of a protective coating include, but are not
limited to, ceramer compositions (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,677,050 (Bilkadi et al.)) or crosslinked polyurethane
compositions, including those discussed above with respect to the
bonding layer. Additionally, an inventive article can be made with
a light transmissible yellow, red, or blue colored top film (not
shown in FIG. 1). Typically, the top film is positioned on the
retroreflective sheeting's first surface either next to such a
surface and or next to the bonding layer. Alternatively, a light
transmissible colored layer can be applied onto the retroreflective
sheet using conventional methods. Subsequently, a colorless top
film could be applied to the colored retroreflective sheet.
[0065] Typically, retroreflective elements can be randomly
sprinkled on to the bonding layer (or protective coating, or top
film, if present) of the retroreflective sheet while it is in a
softened state. For example, a web of retroreflective sheeting
could be coated with a bonding composition. While the bonding
composition remains softened or "wet," a suitable amount of
retroreflective elements can be sprinkled on to the web.
Subsequently, the web is sent through a series of ovens to dry,
cure, or solidify the wet binder composition. As a result, the
retroreflective elements are secured to the front surface of the
retroreflective article thereby providing retroreflective and
anti-skid performance.
[0066] Retroreflective articles of the present invention may be
used advantageously in a number of different applications,
particularly in wet conditions and where light is incident at high
entrance angles. The articles are well suited for use as pavement
markings. Because of their high retroreflectivity at both high and
low entrance angles, the articles are also well-suited for vertical
applications, such as use on jersey barricades or guard rails; for
curved surfaces applications such as traffic barrels, tubes, and
cones; for vehicle surfaces; and for other applications where the
exceptional effective entrance angularity of the article will be
advantageous. For example, many embodiments of sheeting of the
invention can provide effective retroreflection over all entrance
angles from 0.degree. to nearly 90.degree.. As a result, when the
sheeting is wrapped around an object such as a telephone pole or
barrel, the entire surface of the sheeting that is within the line
of sight can provide effective retroreflection including portions
on the surface of the article that are curving away from the
observer. This increases the effective retroreflective area,
providing a more visible marking and thereby enhancing safety. In
addition, a single marking such as a stripe on a guard rail, iersey
barrier, or wall that is parallel a first road and perpendicular to
a second road that intersects the first road on the opposite side
of the first road from the second road can provide very bright and
effective retroreflective response visible to drivers of vehicles
on both the first and second roads.
[0067] Another advantage of the present invention is that the
retroreflective article is visible from any direction, as the
reflectivity is high regardless of the direction of approach of the
viewer to the article. This omni-directional feature makes the
invention particularly well suited for horizontal applications,
such as intersection markings, where vehicles may approach from a
number of angles.
[0068] A retroreflective article of the invention may be wound upon
itself into a roll form. The projections made by the
retroreflective elements are not substantial enough to interfere
with wind-up of the article.
EXAMPLES
[0069] The invention will be further explained by the following
illustrative examples that are intended to be non-limiting.
[0070] Retroreflectivity Measurements Under Dry and Dynamic Wet
Conditions
[0071] Dry and wet coefficients of Retroreflected Luminance
(R.sub.L) were measured for Examples 1-9 and Comparative Example A
in accordance with ASTM E809 entitled Standard Practice for
measuring Photometric Characteristics of Retroreflectors and ASTM D
4061-94 entitled Test Method for Retroreflectance of Horizontal
Coatings.
[0072] In each case, the reflective articles to be evaluated were
applied to flat aluminum panels and placed on a horizontal surface,
to simulate a pavement marking applied to a road surface. RL was
measured under dry and wet conditions at a simulated viewing
distance of 30 meters. A Gamma Scientific Photometer Model 2009
(formerly Gamma Scientific now Advanced Retro Technology, Inc.
Spring Valley, Calif.) with a Gamma Scientific Model RS-50 lamp was
used to make the measurements. The observation angle was
1.05.degree., the .beta..sub.1 entrance angle was 88.76.degree.,
the .beta..sub.2 entrance angle was 0.degree., and unless specified
the rotation angle was 0.degree.. R.sub.L of the samples were first
measured in a dry condition.
[0073] Then the panels were subjected to simulated rainfall at the
rate of 15 cm/hour (6 inches/hour). During the simulated rainfall,
R.sub.L was continuously measured and a value recorded when a
steady state was achieved. In general, steady state occurred when
the readings on the photometer deviated only slightly and uniformly
around a mean value for each measurement taken. Typically, the time
to reach steady state was from 1 to 2 minutes after measurement
with the photometer was begun.
[0074] Skid-resistance
[0075] A required property for a pavement marking material is skid
resistance. Each of the retroreflective articles prepared as
described below was tested using a British Portable Skid Tester in
accordance with ASTM E303 (which measures skid resistance in units
of British Portable Number or BPN).
Examples 1-9
[0076] Retroreflective article was made in accordance with the
present invention as follows. Unless stated otherwise all
percentages and parts are by weight.
[0077] The solvent-based aliphatic polyurethane bonding composition
was formulated as follows. About 1.6 parts DESMODUR N100 isocyanate
resin (available from Bayer Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa.) was mixed
with about 1.0 part polyol. The polyol was made by mixing (i) about
79% polycaprolactone triol (commercially available as Tone.RTM. 301
from Union Carbide Company, Danbury, Conn.), (ii) about 7%
polyester polyol (commercially available as Lexorez.RTM. 1405-65
from Inolex Chemical Co., Philadelphia, Pa. or Adhesion Resin LTH
from HULS America, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.), (iii) about 13%
acetone, (iv) about 1% xylene, and (v) about less than 1%
polysiloxane.
[0078] The bonding composition was notch bar coated on the front
surface, i.e., the surface capable of retroreflecting incident
light, of an embedded-lens beaded retroreflective sheeting
commercially available as Scotchlite.TM. Reflective License Plate
Sheeting Series 3750 to yield a dry thickness of about 0.05
millimeter (0.002 inch).
[0079] Retroreflective elements, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,774,265 (Mathers et al.), were sprinkled on to the bonding
composition while it was still wet, tacky, or in a softened state.
The retroreflective elements had a titania opacified glass core and
the optical element portion was comprised of 1.9 refractive index
ceramic beads as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,556 (Lange) and
having a diameter of about 165 micrometers. Prior to application to
the bonding composition, the retroreflective elements were sized
with standard sieves collecting those passing through a 16 US Mesh
(1.2 mm opening) and retained by 35 US Mesh (about 0.5 mm
opening).
[0080] Examples 1-9 were prepared sprinkling various amounts of
retroreflective elements to the bonding composition. Once the
retroreflective elements were applied to the bonding composition,
each sample was cured and dried in an oven at a temperature of
about 260.degree. F. (127.degree. C.) for about 20 minutes.
[0081] TABLE 2 illustrates the amount of retroreflective element
used in the various samples, along with the approximately surface
area coverage of those elements. Skid resistance values, as
measured by ASTM E303, are also reported. It should be noted that
Comparative Example A represented the retroreflective sheeting with
no retroreflective elements on the top surface of it, and
corresponds to Sample 7 of TABLE 1.
2TABLE 2 Amount of Retroreflective Elements Used and Corresponding
Skid Resistance Performance Retroreflective Percent Surface Skid
elements Area covered by resistance Example (g/m.sup.2) elements
(BPN) Comparative Example A 0 0 17 Scotchlite .TM. Reflective
License Plate Sheeting Series 3750, plus a 2 mil bonding layer on
the front surface Example 1 8 0.4 50 Example 2 17 0.8 64 Example 3
34 1.7 72 Example 4 67 3.3 87 Example 5 134 6.6 87 Example 6 268
13.3 84 Example 7 402 19.9 80 Example 8 536 26.6 80 Example 9 1026
50.9 74
[0082] Preferably, a minimum value of about 45 BPN to about 55 BPN
is suitable for pavement marking applications. The data above
illustrates an increase in BPN as the percent surface area of the
article covered by the retroreflective elements is increased until
an optimum is reached. A maximum value of about 64 BPN to about 90
BPN is typically suitable for pavement markings because it is known
to provide sufficient skid resistance. It was observed that skid
resistance actually decreased slightly with higher amounts of
retroreflective elements, for example, when more than about 6.6% of
the surface area was coated with retroreflective elements.
3TABLE 3 Retroreflectivity of Samples Under Dry and Dynamic Wet
Conditions Measured According to ASTM E-809 and ASTM D 4061-94 Dry
R.sub.L Wet R.sub.L Example (med/m.sup.2)/Ix (mcd/m.sup.2)/Ix
Comparative 58 1361 Example A Example 1 656 1609 Example 2 1176
1547 Example 3 1621 1361 Example 4 1794 1207 Example 5 2098 928
Example 6 1980 340 Example 7 1906 278 Example 8 1852 268 Example 9
1577 33
[0083] The data demonstrated that a useful pavement marking can be
made by combining dry and wet retroreflective systems so long as
the surface area used by each system allows adequate visibility. An
apparent decrease in wet retroreflectivity as the amount of
retroreflective elements covered more than about 3.3% of the
surface area was observed. While not wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, it is believed that as the amount of
retroreflective elements increase above an optimum amount, they
block out a substantial amount of the retroreflective sheeting
underneath. As TABLE 1 shows, the sheeting contributes strongly to
retroreflectivity under dynamic wet conditions. Thus, there is an
optimum amount of retroreflective elements when used in combination
with retroreflective sheeting to provide optimum retroreflective
performance under dry and dynamic wet conditions.
[0084] Patents, patent applications and documents disclosed herein
are hereby incorporated by reference as if individually
incorporated. It is to be understood that the above description is
intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Various
modifications and alterations of this invention will become
apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description
without departing from the scope and the spirit of this invention,
and it should be understood that this invention is not to be unduly
limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.
* * * * *