U.S. patent application number 10/029298 was filed with the patent office on 2002-07-04 for solar power charging system.
This patent application is currently assigned to NEC CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Arai, Satoshi.
Application Number | 20020084767 10/029298 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 18865552 |
Filed Date | 2002-07-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020084767 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Arai, Satoshi |
July 4, 2002 |
SOLAR POWER CHARGING SYSTEM
Abstract
A solar power charging system comprising: a voltage converter
for converting a voltage level of an original voltage generated by
a solar battery into generate a charging voltage and for charging a
capacitor by the charging voltage; and a duty ratio control circuit
electrically coupled to the voltage converter for supplying a
driving clock to the voltage converter for allowing the voltage
converter to operate based on the driving clock, wherein the duty
ratio control circuit adjusts a duty ratio of the driving clock
based on a maximum charge power which depends on the original
voltage generated by the solar battery.
Inventors: |
Arai, Satoshi; (Tokyo,
JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
YOUNG & THOMPSON
745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR
ARLINGTON
VA
22202
|
Assignee: |
NEC CORPORATION
TOKYO
JP
|
Family ID: |
18865552 |
Appl. No.: |
10/029298 |
Filed: |
December 28, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
320/101 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 10/56 20130101;
Y02E 10/566 20130101; H02M 3/005 20130101; H02J 7/35 20130101; H02M
3/1563 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
320/101 |
International
Class: |
H02J 007/00; H02J
007/32; H01M 010/44 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 28, 2000 |
JP |
2000-401064 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A solar power charging system comprising: a voltage converter
for converting a voltage level of an original voltage generated by
a solar battery into generate a charging voltage and for charging a
capacitor by said charging voltage; and a duty ratio control
circuit electrically coupled to said voltage converter for
supplying a driving clock to said voltage converter for allowing
said voltage converter to operate based on said driving clock,
wherein said duty ratio control circuit adjusts a duty ratio of
said driving clock based on a maximum charge power which depends on
said original voltage generated by said solar battery.
2. The solar power charging system as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said voltage converter circuit generates a detected voltage, and
said duty ratio control circuit receives a detected voltage, and
said ratio control circuit adjusts said duty ratio based on said
detected voltage in addition to said maximum charge power.
3. The solar power charging system as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said duty ratio control circuit adjusts said duty ratio in
accordance with a preset approximated line which is approximated
with reference to a voltage-current characteristic curve of a
maximum charging power of said solar battery.
4. The solar power charging system as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said voltage converter is capable of rising said voltage level of
said original voltage generated by said solar battery.
5. The solar power charging system as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said voltage converter is capable of both rising falling said
voltage level of said original voltage generated by said solar
battery.
6. The solar power charging system as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said capacitor comprises an electric double layer capacitor.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to a solar power charging
system, and more particularly to a solar power charging system for
charging a power generated from a solar battery into an electric
double layer capacitor at a high efficiency.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] Advanced power systems integrate the solar power charging
system which includes the solar battery and the electric double
layer capacitor, so that a power is generated during the daytime
and the generated power is consumed in the night in order to
respond to environmental and energy requirements. This solar system
is, for example, disclosed in Japanese laid-open patent publication
No. 10-66281. It is important for the solar power charging system
to increase the efficiency of supplying the generated power to the
capacitor.
[0005] FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrative of a power system
including a conventional solar power charging system. FIG. 1B is a
block diagram illustrative of the conventional solar power charging
system shown in FIG. 1A. This conventional power system is also
disclosed in Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 9-292851. A
conventional solar power charging system 70 includes a solar
battery 71, a rectifier 72 such as a diode, a first DC-DC converter
73, and an electric double layer capacitor 74. The conventional
solar power charging system 70 is connected to a second DC-DC
converter 75. The second DC-DC converter 75 is connected to an
indicator 76. The solar power charging system 70 stores a power.
The second DC-DC converter 75 receives the power from the solar
power charging system 70 and converts the voltage of the power. The
power with the converted voltage is supplied to the indicator 76
for indicating the converted voltage level of the power.
[0006] With reference to FIG. 1B, the power voltage is supplied
from the solar battery 71 through the rectifier 72 to the first
DC-DC converter 73. The power voltage generated by the solar
battery 71 varies depending on sunshine conditions. The first DC-DC
converter 73 converts the variable power voltage into a
predetermined constant voltage level. The power with the
predetermined constant voltage level is then supplied from the
first DC-DC converter 73 to the electric double layer capacitor 74,
so that the electric double layer capacitor 74 is charged at the
predetermined constant voltage level.
[0007] Charging the capacitor at the constant voltage level means
that about a half of the generated power from the solar battery can
theoretically be charged to the capacitor. This means that as long
as the capacitor is charged at the constant voltage level, the
efficiency of charging the capacitor is low.
[0008] The solar battery has a maximum power condition based on a
variable generated power voltage level. The maximum power condition
depends on a relationship between voltage and current from the
solar battery. The method of charging the capacitor at the
predetermined constant voltage level is incapable of satisfying the
maximum power condition.
[0009] In the above circumstances, the development of a novel solar
power charging system free from the above problems is
desirable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to
provide a novel solar power charging system free from the above
problems.
[0011] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a
novel solar power charging system capable of charging a capacitor
under the maximum power condition.
[0012] The present invention provides a solar power charging system
comprising: a voltage converter for converting a voltage level of
an original voltage generated by a solar battery into generate a
charging voltage and for charging a capacitor by the charging
voltage; and a duty ratio control circuit electrically coupled to
the voltage converter for supplying a driving clock to the voltage
converter for allowing the voltage converter to operate based on
the driving clock, wherein the duty ratio control circuit adjusts a
duty ratio of the driving clock based on a maximum charge power
which depends on the original voltage generated by the solar
battery.
[0013] The above and other objects, features and advantages of the
present invention will be apparent from the following
descriptions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Preferred embodiments according to the present invention
will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
[0015] FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrative of a power system
including a conventional soar power charging system.
[0016] FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrative of the conventional
solar power charging system shown in FIG. 1A.
[0017] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrative of a novel solar
power charging system in a first embodiment in accordance with the
present invention.
[0018] FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrative of an internal
circuit configuration of the voltage converter circuit included in
the solar power charging system shown in FIG. 2.
[0019] FIG. 4 is a timing chart illustrative of waveforms of
driving clock signal voltage at the node Na, currents I1 and 13,
and voltage Vc2 of the voltage converter circuit of FIG. 3.
[0020] FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrative of an internal
circuit configuration of the duty ratio control circuit included in
the solar power charging system shown in FIG. 2.
[0021] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrative of a voltage-current
characteristic curve of the solar battery.
[0022] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrative of variation in power under
maximum power conditions over the illuminance.
[0023] FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram illustrative of an internal
circuit configuration of other voltage converter circuit included
in the solar power charging system in a second embodiment in
accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0024] A first aspect of the present invention is a solar power
charging system comprising: a voltage converter for converting a
voltage level of an original voltage generated by a solar battery
into generate a charging voltage and for charging a capacitor by
the charging voltage; and a duty ratio control circuit electrically
coupled to the voltage converter for supplying a driving clock to
the voltage converter for allowing the voltage converter to operate
based on the driving clock, wherein the duty ratio control circuit
adjusts a duty ratio of the driving clock based on a maximum charge
power which depends on the original voltage generated by the solar
battery.
[0025] The duty ratio of the driving clock is controlled based on
the maximum charge power which is decided by the generated voltage,
whereby the capacitor can be charged at the maximum output of the
solar battery, wherein the maximum output may vary depending on the
sunshine conditions.
[0026] It is preferable that the voltage converter circuit
generates a detected voltage, and the duty ratio control circuit
receives a detected voltage, and the ratio control circuit adjusts
the duty ratio based on the detected voltage in addition to the
maximum charge power.
[0027] It is also preferable that the duty ratio control circuit
adjusts the duty ratio in accordance with a preset approximated
line which is approximated with reference to a voltage-current
characteristic curve of a maximum charging power of the solar
battery.
[0028] It is also preferable that the voltage converter is capable
of rising the voltage level of the original voltage generated by
the solar battery.
[0029] It is also preferable that the voltage converter is capable
of both rising falling the voltage level of the original voltage
generated by the solar battery.
[0030] It is also preferable that the capacitor comprises an
electric double layer capacitor.
FIRST EMBODIMENT
[0031] A first embodiment according to the present invention will
be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 2 is a
block diagram illustrative of a novel solar power charging system
in a first embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
[0032] A solar power charging system includes a solar battery 1, a
voltage converter circuit 2, an electric double layer capacitor 3
and a duty ratio control circuit 4. The solar battery 1 generates a
generated voltage 101 upon receipt of incident light or sunshine.
The solar battery 1 is electrically coupled to a power input
terminal 21 of the voltage converter circuit 2 for supplying the
generated voltage 101 to the voltage converter circuit 2. The solar
battery 1 is electrically coupled to a power input terminal 31 of
the duty ratio control circuit 4 for supplying the generated
voltage 101 to the duty ratio control circuit 4.
[0033] A current inputted into the voltage converter circuit 2 is
much larger than a current inputted into the duty ratio control
circuit 4. A majority of the generated power by the solar battery 1
is consumed by the voltage converter circuit 2, whilst a remaining
minority of the generated power by the solar battery 1 is consumed
by the duty ratio control circuit 4.
[0034] The voltage converter circuit 2 has a detected voltage
output terminal 24. The voltage converter circuit 2 receives the
current from the solar battery 1 and generates a detected voltage
103 based on the received current, so that the detected voltage 103
is outputted from the detecting voltage output terminal 24 of the
voltage converter circuit 2. The detected voltage output terminal
24 of the voltage converter circuit 2 is electrically coupled to a
detected voltage input terminal 33 of the duty ratio control
circuit 4, so that the detected voltage 103 is inputted through the
detected voltage input terminal 33 into the duty ratio control
circuit 4. The voltage converter circuit 2 has a driving clock
input terminal 23. The duty ratio control circuit 4 has a driving
clock output terminal 34 which is electrically coupled to the
driving clock input terminal 23. The duty ratio control circuit 4
controls a duty ratio of a driving clock and generates a driving
clock 104 with the controlled duty ratio based on the generated
voltage 101 and the detected voltage 103. The driving clock 104
with the controlled duty ratio is outputted from the driving clock
output terminal 34 and then inputted through the driving clock
input terminal 23 into the voltage converter circuit 2. The voltage
converter circuit 2 operates, in synchronizing with the driving
clock 104, to convert the generated voltage 101 into a charge
voltage 102. The voltage converter circuit 2 has a charge voltage
output terminal 22, so that the charge voltage 102 is outputted
from the charge voltage output terminal 22. This charge voltage 102
output terminal 22 of the voltage converter circuit 2 is
electrically coupled to the electric double layer capacitor 3, so
that the charge voltage 102 is supplied to the electric double
layer capacitor 3, whereby the electric double layer capacitor 3 is
charged by the charge voltage 102.
[0035] The electric double layer capacitor 3 stores a power
supplied through the voltage converter circuit 2 from the solar
battery 1. The electric double layer capacitor 3 is longer in
life-time of charge/discharge times than a chemical secondary
battery.
[0036] FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrative of an internal
circuit configuration of the voltage converter circuit included in
the solar power charging system shown in FIG. 2. The voltage
converter circuit 2 may comprise a DC chopper circuit of boosting
type as shown in FIG. 3. The voltage converter circuit 2 has
capacitors C1 and C2, an inductor L1, a diode D1, an n-channel
transistor Qn1, and a resistance R1. The voltage converter circuit
2 also has the power input terminal 21, the charge voltage output
terminal 22, the driving clock input terminal 23, and the detected
voltage output terminal 24.
[0037] The power input terminal 21 is connected through the
capacitor C1 to a ground. The power input terminal 21 is connected
through the inductor L1 to a node Na. The node Na is connected
through the n-channel transistor Qn1 to a node Nb. The node Nb is
also connected through the resistance R1 to the ground. The node Nb
is connected directly to the detected voltage output terminal 24,
from which the detected voltage 103 is outputted. A gate of the
n-channel transistor Qn1 is connected directly to the driving clock
input terminal 23 for applying the driving clock 104 to the gate of
the n-channel transistor Qn1.
[0038] The node Na is also connected through the diode D1 to the
charge voltage output terminal 22. The charge voltage output
terminal 22 is connected through the capacitor C2 to the
ground.
[0039] FIG. 4 is a timing chart illustrative of waveforms of
driving clock signal, voltage at the node Na, currents I1 and I3,
and voltage Vc2 of the voltage converter circuit of FIG. 3. The
inductor L1 has a current I1 which flows in a direction from the
power input terminal 21 toward the node Na. The n-channel
transistor Qn1 has a current I2 which flows in a direction from the
node Na to the node Nb. The diode D1 has a current I3 which flows a
direction from the node Na to the charge voltage output terminal
22. The capacitor C1 has a voltage Vc1. The capacitor C2 has a
voltage Vc2.
[0040] The driving clock 104 has a cycle T1 which comprises an
ON-time period T2 and an OFF-time period T3. In the ON-time period
T2, the driving clock 104 is in high level "H". In the OFF-time
period T3, the driving clock 104 is in low level "L". The n-channel
transistor Qn1 is placed in ON-state during the ON-time period T2,
because the driving clock 104 is in high level "H". The n-channel
transistor Qn1 is placed in OFF-state during the OFF-time period
T3, because the driving clock 104 is in low level "L".
[0041] In the ON-time period T2, the n-channel transistor Qn1 is
placed in ON-state, whereby the node Na has the ground potential,
and the diode D1 is biased in reverse direction, and the current I3
is zero. The capacitor C2 is discharged to supply a charge current
to the electric double layer capacitor, whereby the voltage Vc2 of
the capacitor C2 almost linearly decreases from a high voltage
level Ec to a low voltage level Eb.
[0042] Since the n-channel transistor Qn1 is placed in ON-state,
then a current flows through a closed circuit which comprises the
inductor L1, the n-channel transistor Qn1, and the resistance R1,
wherein the current I1 is equal to the current I2. The current I1
almost linearly increases from a low current value Aa to a high
current value Ab.
[0043] The node Nb has a potential Vb which is given by
Vb=I2.times.R1. The node Nb has the same potential as the node Na.
The detected voltage 103 is the potential of the node Nb, for which
reason the detected voltage 103 has the voltage level equal to the
potential of the node Na. The voltage level of the detected voltage
103 almost linearly increases from 0 to the high level Ea. The
inductor L1 increases in an internal magnetic flux.
[0044] In the OFF-time period T3, the n-channel transistor Qn1 is
placed in the OFF-state, whereby the node Na and the node Nb are
electrically separated. The inductor L1 decreases in the internal
magnetic flux, whereby an induced electromotive force is caused by
the inductor L1 to suppress the decrease in the internal magnetic
flux of the inductor L1. The generated induced electromotive force
and the voltage Vc1 of the capacitor C1 are applied to the node Na,
whereby the node Na has an increased potential Vc2 which is higher
than Vc1. The increased potential Vc2 of the node Na applies a
forward bias to the diode D1.
[0045] Since the n-channel transistor Qn1 is placed in OFF-state,
then another current flows through another closed circuit which
comprises the capacitor C1, the inductor L1, the diode D1 and the
capacitor C2, wherein the current I1 is equal to the current 13.
The capacitor C2 is charged, whereby the current I1 almost linearly
decreases from the high current value Ab to the low current value
Aa.
[0046] FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrative of an internal
circuit configuration of the duty ratio control circuit included in
the solar power charging system shown in FIG. 2. The duty ratio
control circuit 4 has resistances R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, an
operational amplifier Op1, and a reference voltage Vf1. The duty
ratio control circuit 4 also has the power input terminal 31, a
control output terminal 32, the detected voltage input terminal 33,
and the driving clock output terminal 34.
[0047] The power input terminal 31 is connected through the
resistance R2 to a node Nc. The node Nc is connected through the
resistance R3 to a ground. The node Nc is connected through the
resistance R4 to an inversion input terminal of the operational
amplifier Op1. A non-inversion input terminal of the operational
amplifier Op1 is connected through the reference voltage Vf1 to the
ground. An output terminal of the operational amplifier Op1 is
connected to a node Nd. The node Nd is connected through the
resistance R5 to the inversion input terminal of the operational
amplifier Op1. The node Nd is connected through the resistance R6
to a node Ne. The node Ne is connected directly to the control
output terminal 32. The node Ne is connected through the resistance
R7 to the detected voltage input terminal 33. The control output
terminal 32 is connected through the resistance R7 to the detected
voltage input terminal 33.
[0048] The duty ratio control circuit 4 has a driving clock
generator circuit which is not shown in FIG. 5, wherein the driving
clock generator circuit is connected to the control output terminal
32. A clock control voltage 105 is supplied through the control
output terminal 32 to the driving clock generator circuit.
[0049] The node Nc has a potential Vc given by:
Vc=R3/(R2+R3)Vi (1)
[0050] where Vi is the voltage of the generated voltage 101
generated by the solar battery 1.
[0051] The operational amplifier Op1 performs an inversion
amplification of the potential Vc by a potential difference from
the reference voltage Vf1.
[0052] The node Nd has a potential Vd given by:
Vd={(R4+R5)/R4}Vf1-(R5/R4)Vi (2).
[0053] In the voltage converter circuit 2, the potential Vb of the
node Nb is generated in proportion to the current 12 flowing
through the n-channel transistor Qn1. The potential Vb is supplied
as the detected voltage 103 from the detected voltage output
terminal 24 to the detected voltage input terminal 33 of the duty
ratio control circuit 4, whereby the potential Ve is generated at
the node Ne.
Ve=(Vb-Vd).times.R6/(R6+R7) (3).
[0054] The duty ratio control circuit 4 supplies the potential Ve
as the clock control voltage 105 to the driving clock generator
circuit, so that the driving clock generator circuit controls the
duty ratio based on the clock control voltage 105 to generate the
driving clock 104.
[0055] The driving clock generator recognizes the current I1 based
on the clock control voltage 105 with the potential Ve. The upper
limit Ab and the lower limit Aa have previously been set so that an
averaged value of the current I1 corresponds to an input current
such that the solar battery provides the maximum charge power to
obtain the maximum output. The driving clock generator circuit
controls the duty ratio of the driving clock 104 based on the
variation of he current I1.
[0056] The driving clock 104 is set high level, and the driving
clock generator circuit monitors the current I1. If the current I1
exceeds the upper limit Ab, then the driving clock generator
circuit sets the driver clock 104 at the low level, whereby the
driving clock generator circuit counts a time. If the time passes a
predetermined value, then the driving clock generator circuit sets
the driver clock 104 at the high level.
[0057] The duty ratio control circuit 4 recognizes, based on the
generated voltage 101 and the detected voltage 103, a power
consumed by the voltage converter circuit 2 to generate a clock
control voltage 105 with a controlled duty ratio.
[0058] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrative of a voltage-current
characteristic curve of the solar battery. The voltage-current
characteristic is measured based on four illuminances, S1, S2, S3
and S4. The solar battery shows respective maximum powers W1, W2,
W3 and W4, at the four illuminances S1, S2, S3 and S4. The
illuminance is largely variable depending on the sunshine
condition. The maximum power of the solar battery largely depends
on the illuminance.
[0059] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrative of variation in power under
maximum power conditions over the illuminance. A real line
represents the characteristic curve of the power under maximum
power conditions. A broken line represents a preset approximate
linear line in accordance with the characteristic curve at the
maximum power. The characteristic curve of the maximum output is
given by the four points of the maximum output powers W1, W2, W3
and W4. The approximate line is obtained by assuming that the
voltage and the current have a proportional relationship under the
maximum output conditions.
[0060] As described above, the duty ratio control circuit 4 has the
driving clock generator circuit which is not shown. The clock
control voltage is inputted through an input terminal into the
driving clock generator circuit of the duty ratio control circuit
4. The solar battery 1 supplies the maximum output power to a load
when the current of the maximum output flows through the load upon
application of the generated voltage 101. The current of the
maximum output represents a crossing point to the generated voltage
101 on the characteristic curve of the maximum output.
[0061] The driving clock generator circuit of the duty ratio
control circuit 4 controls the ON-time period T2 of the driving
clock 104 based on the potential Ve of the clock control voltage
105. The voltage converter circuit 2 consumes the current I1 which
comprises the current I2 and the current I3.
[0062] The majority of the power supplied from the solar battery 1
is consumed by the voltage converter circuit 2. The duty ratio
control circuit 4 controls the voltage converter circuit 2 so that
the consumed power moves on the approximate linear line.
[0063] In accordance with the embodiment, the duty ratio of the
driving clock is controlled based on the maximum charge power which
is decided by the generated voltage, whereby the capacitor can be
charged at the maximum output of the solar battery, wherein the
maximum output may vary depending on the sunshine conditions.
SECOND EMBODIMENT
[0064] A second embodiment according to the present invention will
be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 8 is a
circuit diagram illustrative of an internal circuit configuration
of other voltage converter circuit included in the solar power
charging system in a second embodiment in accordance with the
present invention The second embodiment is different from the first
embodiment only in the circuit configuration of the voltage
converter circuit.
[0065] The voltage converter circuit 2A may comprise a DC chopper
circuit of boosting-up-and-down type. The voltage converter circuit
2A has capacitors C1, C2 and C3, inductors L1 and L2, a diode D1,
an n-channel transistor Qn1, and a resistance R1. The voltage
converter circuit 2A also has the power input terminal 21, the
charge voltage output terminal 22, the driving clock input terminal
23, and the detected voltage output terminal 24.
[0066] The power input terminal 21 is connected through the
capacitor C1 to a ground. The power input terminal 21 is connected
through the inductor L1 to a node Na. The node Na is connected
through the n-channel transistor Q1 to a node Nb. The node Nb is
also connected through the resistance R1 to the ground. The node Nb
is connected directly to the detected voltage output terminal 24,
from which the detected voltage 103 is outputted. A gate of the
n-channel transistor Qn1 is connected directly to the driving clock
input terminal 23 for applying the driving clock 104 to the gate of
the n-channel transistor Qn1.
[0067] The node Na is also connected through the capacitor C3 to a
node Nc. The node Nc is connected through the inductor L2 to the
ground. The node Nc is also connected through the diode D1 to the
charge voltage output terminal 22. The charge voltage output
terminal 22 is connected through the capacitor C2 to the
ground.
[0068] The voltage converter circuit 2A adjusts the generated
voltage 101 with rising or falling the voltage level to generate
the charge voltage 102. Since the voltage converter circuit 2A is
capable of both rising and falling the voltage level of the
generated voltage 101, this increases acceptable ranges of the
generated voltage 101 and the charge voltage 102, whereby the
conditions for selecting the solar battery 1 and the electric
double layer capacitor 3.
[0069] In accordance with the embodiment, the duty ratio of the
driving clock is controlled based on the maximum charge power which
is decided by the generated voltage, whereby the capacitor can be
charged at the maximum output of the solar battery, wherein the
maximum output may vary depending on the sunshine conditions.
[0070] It is possible as a modification to the foregoing
embodiments that a microcomputer is integrated into the duty ratio
control circuit 4 for changing the circuit type of the voltage
converter circuit, whereby the input current at the maximum output
from the generated voltage 101 can be found under the control of
the microcomputer.
[0071] Although the invention has been described above in
connection with several preferred embodiments therefor, it will be
appreciated that those embodiments have been provided solely for
illustrating the invention, and not in a limiting sense. Numerous
modifications and substitutions of equivalent materials and
techniques will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art
after reading the present application, and all such modifications
and substitutions are expressly understood to fall within the true
scope and spirit of the appended claims.
* * * * *