U.S. patent application number 09/748526 was filed with the patent office on 2002-06-27 for implantation process using sub-stoichiometric, oxygen doses at different energies.
This patent application is currently assigned to Ibis Technology, Inc.. Invention is credited to Alles, Michael L., Anc, Maria J., Cordts, Bernhardt III, Dolan, Robert P..
Application Number | 20020081824 09/748526 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26897142 |
Filed Date | 2002-06-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020081824 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Dolan, Robert P. ; et
al. |
June 27, 2002 |
IMPLANTATION PROCESS USING SUB-STOICHIOMETRIC, OXYGEN DOSES AT
DIFFERENT ENERGIES
Abstract
The present invention provides a method for creation of high
quality semiconductor-on-insulator structures, e.g.,
silicon-on-insulator structures, using implantation of
sub-stoichiometric doses of oxygen at multiple energies. The method
employs sequential steps of ion implantation and high temperature
annealing to produce structures with a top silicon layer having a
thickness ranging from 10-250 nm and a buried oxide layer having a
thickness 30-300 nm. The buried oxide layer has a breakdown field
greater than 5 MV/cm. Further, the density of silicon inclusions in
the BOX region is less than 2.times.10.sup.7 cm.sup.-2. The process
of the invention can be used to create an entire SOI wafer, or be
used to create patterned SOI, regions where SOI regions are
integrated with non-SOI regions.
Inventors: |
Dolan, Robert P.; (Hudson,
NH) ; Cordts, Bernhardt III; (Ipswich, MA) ;
Anc, Maria J.; (Marlborough, MA) ; Alles, Michael
L.; (Beverly, MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
NUTTER MCCLENNEN & FISH LLP
ONE INTERNATIONAL PLACE
BOSTON
MA
02110
US
|
Assignee: |
Ibis Technology, Inc.
|
Family ID: |
26897142 |
Appl. No.: |
09/748526 |
Filed: |
December 21, 2000 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60201845 |
May 3, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
438/480 ;
257/E21.563 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 21/76243
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
438/480 |
International
Class: |
H01L 021/20; C30B
001/00; H01L 021/36; H01L 021/425 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of producing a buried insulating layer in a
semiconductor substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
implanting a first incremental sub-stoichiometric dose of oxygen
into said substrate while the substrate is maintained at an
elevated temperature, annealing said substrate in a first inert
ambient atmosphere to form a buried layer of SiO.sub.2 in said
substrate, implanting a second incremental sub-stoichiometric dose
of oxygen ions in said substrate while the substrate is maintained
at an elevated temperature, and annealing said substrate in a
second inert ambient atmosphere, wherein said second inert
atmosphere is different from said first inert atmosphere.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting
an implantation energy of oxygen ions in said first dose to be
greater than an implantation energy of oxygen ions in said second
dose.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of selecting
a maximum temperature during said annealing in said second inert
ambient atmosphere to be greater than a maximum temperature during
said annealing in said first inert ambient atmosphere .
4. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of selecting
said implantation energy in said first dose to be in a range of
about 40 to 210 keV.
5. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of selecting
said implantation energy in said second dose to be in a range of
about 40 to 210 keV.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein said implantation energy in the
step of implating a second incremental dose is greater than the
implantation energy in the step of implanting a first incremental
dose (a) by a value in a range of approximately 5 to 75 keV.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein said implantation energy in the
step implanting a second incremental dose is greater than the
implantation energy in the step of implanting a first incremental
dose by a value in a range of approximately 5 to 30 keV.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of said second
incremental dose to said first incremental dose is in a range of
approximately 0.2 to 0.9.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein a sum of said first and said
second incremental doses is in a range of about 5.times.10.sup.17
to about 1.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-2.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein a sum of said first and said
second incremental doses is in a range of approximately
3.times.10.sup.17 to 6.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-2.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said first incremental dose is
in a range of approximately 5.times.10.sup.15 to 1.times.10.sup.18
cm.sup.-2.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said second incremental dose is
in a range of approximately 1.times.10.sup.15 to 1.times.10.sup.18
cm.sup.-2.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising an oxidation step
performed during a portion of at least one of said annealing steps
by increasing the oxygen content of ambient atmosphere to a value
in a range of approximately 1 to 100 percent.
14. The method of claim 2, wherein said implantation energies of
said first and said second doses is in a range of approximately 165
to 190 keV.
15. The method of claim 2, wherein said implantation energies of
said first and said second doses is in a range of approximately 120
to 145 keV.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein said first inert ambient
atmosphere includes argon with a trace of oxygen and said second
inert ambient atmosphere includes nitrogen with a trace of
oxygen.
17. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of
preheating said substrate to a temperature in a range of
approximately 400 to 600 C. before each of said annealing
steps.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of
selecting the substrate temperature to be in a range of
approximately 450-700 C. during an implantation step.
19. A method for producing a buried insulating layer in a
semiconductor substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
exposing said substrate to a beam of oxygen ions having a first
energy sufficient for implanting a first incremental
sub-stoichiometric dose oxygen into said substrate, annealing said
substrate, and exposing said substrate to a beam of oxygen ions
having a second energy for implanting a second incremental
sub-stoichiometric dose of oxygen into said substrate, wherein said
second energy is higher than said first energy and said second dose
is lower than said first dose.
20. In a method of producing a buried insulating layer in a
semiconductor substrate by multiple steps of ion implantation and
annealing, the improvement comprising oxidizing a portion of said
substrate overlying the insulating layer, removing said oxidized
layer by chemical etching to produce a pre-defined thickness of the
substrate overlying the insulating layer.
21. In a method of producing a buried insulating layer in a
semiconductor substrate by multiple steps of ion implantation and
annealing, the improvement comprising oxidizing said substrate in
an atmosphere of oxygen having trace amounts of a halogen gas
during at least a portion of an annealing step.
22. A method of producing a buried insulating layer in a
semiconductor substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
implanting a first incremental sub-stoichiometric dose of oxygen
ions into said substrate while the substrate is maintained at an
elevated temperature, annealing said substrate to form a buried
layer of SiO.sub.2 in said substrate, implanting a second
incremental sub-stoichiometric dose of oxygen ions in said
substrate while the substrate is maintained at an elevated
temperature, depositing a capping layer of SiO.sub.2 on said
substrate, and annealing said substrate.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said annealing step to form a
buried layer of SiO.sub.2 and said annealing step after depositing
a capping layer are performed in the same atmosphere.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to a provisional
application filed on May 3, 2000 and having a Ser. No. 60/201,845.
This provisional application is herein incorporated by
reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention provides methods for implanting ions
in a target substrate. More particularly, the invention provides
methods for producing a buried insulating layer, which is
substantially free of defects, in a semiconductor substrate.
[0003] Ion implantation techniques are useful in forming a class of
structures, known as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures or
semiconductor-on-insulator structure, that have an insulating layer
beneath a thin surface silicon or other semiconductor film. SOI
structures are of value in construction of semiconductor devices,
micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and optical devices
provided that the density of defects in the material is
sufficiently low, and the cost of manufacturing the material is
acceptable for the intended application.
[0004] Implantation of oxygen ions into a silicon wafer to form a
buried insulation layer is one method for SOI construction, and is
known by the acronym SIMOX (separation by implanted oxygen). It is
desirable to decrease the required dose of oxygen ions in a SIMOX
process to satisfy certain requirements imposed by device physics,
and to decrease the fabrication cost of SOI wafers. However,
non-optimized implantation doses can result in creation of defects
in the buried oxide layer that lead to poor electrical quality of
SOI structures.
[0005] A number of approaches have been suggested in the art to
address this problem. Some of these approaches include, for
example, the use of a pre-amorphization implant or the use of an
internal thermal oxidation step in the process of producing an SOI
structure. These approaches typically suffer from a number of
limitations. Some of these approaches impose severe constraints on
the thickness of the insulating layer and/or the thickness of the
overlying silicon layer. Moreover, the manufacturing process
associated with these approaches can be cumbersome, difficult to
control, and costly.
[0006] Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved method for
production of SOI structures where the buried oxide layer is
substantially free of silicon inclusions.
[0007] There exists also a need for an improved method for
production of SOI structures which can be readily implemented and
is cost efficient.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides a method for producing a
buried insulating layer in a semiconductor substrate. The method
includes multiple steps of implantation of oxygen ions in a
substrate, where each implantation step is followed by an annealing
protocol. The substrate is pre-heated before each implantation step
to a temperature in a range of 400 to 600.degree. C. A incremental
sub-stoichiometric dose of oxygen ions is implanted in the
substrate during a first implantation step by exposing the
pre-heated substrate to a beam of oxygen ions having an energy in a
range of approximately 40 to 210 keV. More preferably, the energy
of the oxygen ions is selected to be in a range of about 120 to 145
keV, or alternatively in a range of about 165 to 190 keV. The
current of the oxygen beam is preferably selected to be
approximately 45 mA to maintain the temperature of the substrate at
about 450 to 700.degree. C. in combination with lamp heating.
[0009] Subsequent to the first implantation step, the substrate is
subjected to an annealing protocol in an inert ambient. An inert
ambient as used herein contains a non-oxidizing gas as its main
constituent. The inert ambient can have trace amounts of oxygen,
e.g., an atmosphere of argon or nitrogen having less than about 1
percent of oxygen. The annealing protocol is typically performed
over a period of a few hours and at a number of elevated
temperatures. For example, an annealing step can begin at a push
temperature of about 800.degree. C., followed by a temperature ramp
at a rate of approximately 5-10.degree. C./minute to increase the
temperature of the substrate to about 1000.degree. C. Subsequently,
the temperature can be increased at a rate of about 2.degree.
C./minute to approximately 1300.degree. C. The substrate is held at
this temperature for a few hours. Subsequently, the temperature is
ramped down to 1000.degree. C. at a rate of, for example,
1-2.degree. C./minute and is further ramped down at a rate of, for
example, 5-10.degree. C./minute to about 800.degree. C. The
substrate is then pulled and allowed to cool to room temperature
(e.g., 20.degree. C.).
[0010] A second sub-stoichiometric dose of oxygen, preferably less
than the dose in the first implantation step, is then implanted in
the substrate by exposing the substrate to oxygen ions having an
energy greater than the energy of the ions in the first
implantation step. A ratio of the second dose to the first dose is
preferably in a range between 0.2 to 0.9, and the energy of the
oxygen ions during the second implantation step is higher than
their energy during the first implantation step by a value in a
range of approximately 5 to 75 keV.
[0011] After the second implantation step, the substrate is
subjected to a second annealing protocol preferably in an inert
ambient atmosphere that is different from the atmosphere in which
the first annealing protocol is performed. For example, if the
first annealing protocol is performed in an argon atmosphere, the
second annealing protocol can be performed in a nitrogen
atmosphere. Further, the maximum temperature of the substrate
during the second annealing protocol is preferably selected to be
higher than the maximum temperature in the first annealing
protocol.
[0012] An oxidation step can be optionally performed during at
least a portion of one of the annealing steps. For example, during
the first annealing step when the temperature of the substrate is
about 1000.degree. C., the substrate can be subjected to an
oxidation step by increasing the oxygen content of the ambient
atmosphere to a value in a range of about 1 to 100 percent.
Subsequent to the oxidation step, the inert ambient atmosphere can
be restored and the annealing step can continue, as described
above.
[0013] In another aspect of the invention, a capping layer of
SiO.sub.2 can be deposited on the substrate after the second
implantation step and before the second annealing step by methods
known in the art, for example, by deposition from a TEOS source.
The capping layer advantageously allows employing the same or
different atmospheres during the different annealing steps.
[0014] Illustrative embodiments of the invention will be described
below with reference to the following drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a semiconductor substrate
exposed to oxygen beams during an implantation step according to
the teachings of the invention,
[0016] FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a buried insulating layer
formed in the substrate of the previous figure after a first
annealing step following an implantation step,
[0017] FIG. 2B illustrates schematically the buried insulating
layer after a second implantation step and a second annealing
protocol performed on the substrate in accord with the teachings of
the invention, and
[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates schematically an alternative embodiment
of the invention which utilizes a mask placed over the top surface
of the substrate to produce buried oxide layers in selected
portions of the substrate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] The present invention describes a method for providing a SOI
structure by employing multiple steps of ion implantation and
annealing. Each implantation step is performed at an ion energy
that is higher than the ion energy in a previous implantation step,
and with an incremental ion dose that is lower than that utilized
in a previous step. An annealing step separates two successive
implantation steps. Each annealing step is preferably performed in
an atmosphere of inert gas. The atmosphere of each annealing step
can be different from the atmosphere of a previous annealing step.
Further, the maximum temperature of the substrate during each
annealing step is selected to be greater than the maximum
temperature of the substrate in a previous annealing step.
[0020] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a semiconductor substrate
10, such as a single crystal silicon (Si) wafer, that is exposed to
an oxygen ion beam or beams 12 of sufficient energy such that the
ions are embedded in the wafer 10 in an initial implantation step.
The wafer 10 is preheated to a temperature in a range of
approximately 400 to 600.degree. C. before the implantation step.
The energy of the ion beam for the initial implantation step is
selected to be in a range of approximately 40 to 210 keV. Further,
the dose of oxygen ions implanted at the selected ion beam energy
is sub-stoichiometric. Currently preferred doses are in the range
of about 0.5.times.10.sup.16 to 1.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-2.
[0021] With reference to FIG. 2A, subsequent to the initial
implantation step, the wafer 10 is subjected to a high temperature
annealing protocol in an inert atmosphere, for example an
atmosphere of argon or nitrogen having trace amounts of oxygen
(oxygen concentrations between 0.5 to 1 percent). The annealing
step, for example, can begin at a push temperature of approximately
600-800.degree. C. Subsequently, the temperature can be ramped up
at a rate of about 5 C./min to approximately 1000.degree. C. The
wafer can be subjected to an oxidation step at this temperature by
increasing the oxygen content of the ambient atmosphere to about
100%. Subsequently, the inert atmosphere is restored and the
temperature is ramped to a value in a range of approximately 1300
to 1400.degree. C. at a rate of about 2.degree. C./minute. The
wafer is held at this temperature for a period between 1 and 8
hours, and subsequently the temperature is ramped down to a value
below 1000.degree. C. at a rate of 2.degree. C./minute, followed by
another ramp down to a temperature of about 600-800.degree. C. The
wafer is then pulled and allowed to cool to room temperature (e.g.,
20.degree. C.).
[0022] The annealing step redistributes the implanted oxygen ions
and chemically bonds them to silicon to form a continuous buried
layer of silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) 14, i.e., BOX region, thereby
separating an overlying silicon film 16, on the surface of which
semi-conductor devices are to be manufactured, from the remaining
bulk silicon region 18 below. The BOX region 16 has a thickness in
a range of approximately 30 to 300 nm.
[0023] At this stage, a number of silicon inclusions, such as
exemplary inclusions 20, may be present in the BOX region 16. Such
silicon inclusions, which are isolated pockets of silicon within
the buried dielectric layer, tend to form within the buried layer
and can adversely affect the performance of SIMOX devices by acting
as overlapping floating gates. Subsequent steps of the method of
the invention, as delineated below, result in substantially
eliminating such silicon inclusions, thereby enhancing the
performance of devices to be manufactured on the overlying silicon
film 14.
[0024] In a second implantation step according to the teachings of
the invention, the wafer 10 is again exposed to oxygen beams 12
having an energy higher than the ion energy in the initial
implantation step. For example, the energy of the oxygen beam can
be increased by approximately 5 to 30 keV. Similar to the initial
implantation step, the wafer is preheated to a temperature between
400 to 600.degree. C. before the start of the second implantation
step. The dose of oxygen ions in the second implantation step is
sub-stoichiometric and is lower than the dose in the initial step.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the ratio of the dose
of oxygen ions in the second implantation step to the dose in the
initial step is selected to be in a range of about 0.2 to 0.9. The
total dose of the implanted ions is selected to be in a range of
approximately 3.times.10.sup.17 to 1.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-2. A
particular value of the total dose within this range can be
selected, for example, based on the desired thickness of the buried
oxide layer.
[0025] Subsequent to the second implantation step, the wafer 10 is
subjected to a second annealing protocol performed preferably in an
inert atmosphere that is different from the inert atmosphere
employed in the first annealing protocol. For example, if the first
annealing protocol is performed in an argon atmosphere, the second
annealing protocol is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. Moreover,
the highest temperature employed in the second annealing protocol
is preferably selected to be greater than the highest temperature
employed in the first annealing protocol. The use of different
inert gases in different annealing steps advantageously results in
low defect densities in the overlying silicon film, i.e., low
densities of HF defects, and further results in low surface
roughness (for example, rms value of roughness over 0.56
.mu.m.sup.2 area of the upper silicon surface is less than 3
Angstrom and is less than 15 Angstrom over a similar area of the
interface).
[0026] FIG. 2B schematically illustrates that the BOX region 14 is
substantially free of silicon inclusions after the second annealing
protocol. Further, there exists a smooth interface between the BOX
region 14 and the overlying silicon film 16.
[0027] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) cross-sectional images of
SOI structures produced in accord with the teachings of the present
invention reveal that silicon inclusions in the buried oxide layer
are substantially eliminated. In addition, the interface between
the buried oxide layer, and the overlying silicon layer and the
interface between the buried oxide layer and the bulk silicon
layer, are smooth.
[0028] Although the above illustrative embodiment includes two
implantation steps and two annealing steps, the method of the
invention is not limited to any particular number of implantation
and annealing steps. Any number of such steps can be utilized, each
performed at a sub-stoichiometric dose, to obtain a desired SOI
structure. Further, one or more oxidation steps can be used to
provide a desired thickness of the top silicon layer. Further, a
trace amount of a halogen gas, e.g., chlorine, can be optionally
introduced into the ambient atmosphere during an oxidation step.
During each oxidation step, a portion of the upper surface of the
top silicon layer is oxidized. This oxide layer can be subsequently
removed, for example through chemical etching by hydrogen fluoride
in a manner known in the art, to obtain an overlying silicon film
with a pre-defined thickness.
[0029] As discussed above, one advantage of the present invention
is minimizing the number of silicon inclusions in the buried
insulating layer. Such inclusions not only cause a lowering of the
breakdown voltage of the buried insulating layer, but also cause
light scattering, referred to as haze, which interferes with
optical metrology. Optical metrology can be utilized for measuring
the thickness of the buried oxide layer. Further, optical metrology
can be utilized to measure particle densities on the upper surface
of the overlying silicon layer. The light scattering caused by
silicon inclusions can interfere with such measurements. Moreover,
such light scattering can diminish the ability to inspect patterns
formed on the top silicon layer for manufacturing of devices. It
can also adversely interfere with performing optical lithography on
the top silicon layer.
[0030] Accordingly, minimizing the number of silicon inclusions
through the method of the invention provides significant
advantages. In addition, the method of the invention can be readily
implemented, and further provides significant cost reductions.
[0031] FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the
invention in which a mask 22 is employed to expose selective
portions 10a and 10b of the substrate 10 to oxygen beams 12. This
allows implantation of oxygen ions, and consequently formation of a
buried oxide layer in selected portions of the substrate 10.
[0032] The following embodiments, described in Examples 1 and 2,
provide additional illustrations of the method of the invention. It
should be, however, clear that various changes, additions and
subtractions can be made by those skilled in the art without
departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example,
although the invention is described in the context of creating a
buried oxide layer in a silicon substrate, the teachings of the
invention also can be applied to other semiconductor substrates.
Likewise, other implanted ions can be used, such as, for example,
nitrogen ions to produce buried nitride layers.
EXAMPLE 1.
[0033] In this example, single crystal <100> silicon wafers
are preheated to above 450.degree. C. in a high temperature end
station. A dose of about 4.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-2 of oxygen ions
is implanted in the wafers by exposing them to beams of oxygen ions
having energies of approximately 165 keV. The beam currents are
typically about 45 mA so that the wafer temperature during
implantation remains above approximately 500.degree. C. to maintain
the crystalline quality of the top silicon layer. The wafers are
then annealed at a push temperature of approximately 800 C.,
followed by a temperature ramp at a rate of approximately
5-10.degree. C./minute to increase the temperature of the wafer
from about 800.degree. C. to about 1000.degree. C. in an argon
atmosphere with a trace of oxygen (oxygen concentration, for
example, of less than 1%).
[0034] Subsequently, an oxidation step is performed at this
temperature by increasing the oxygen content of the ambient
atmosphere to a range of approximately 100%. After the oxidation
step, the inert atmosphere in argon having a trace of oxygen is
restored, and a temperature ramp at a rate of approximately
1.degree. C./minute is applied to the wafer to increase its
temperature from 1000.degree. C. to about 1330.degree. C. The wafer
is held at this temperature for a period between approximately 4
and 6 hours. Subsequently, the temperature is ramped down at an
approximate rate of 1.degree. C./min from 1330.degree. C. to
1000.degree. C., and is further ramped down at a rate of
approximately 5-10.degree. C./minute from 1000.degree. C. to a
temperature of approximately 800.degree. C. The wafer is pulled at
temperature below 800.degree. C. and allowed to cool.
[0035] Before the start of a second implantation step, the wafer is
again preheated to a temperature of about 450.degree. C. A second
lower dose of approximately 3.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-2 of oxygen
ions is implanted in the wafer. The energy of oxygen beam is
increased to approximately 190 keV with a beam current above
approximately 45 mA so that the wafer temperature during
implantation remains above approximately 500.degree. C. The wafer
is then annealed in an ambient atmosphere of nitrogen with a trace
amount of oxygen at a push temperature of approximately 800.degree.
C., followed by a temperature ramp at a rate less than
approximately 5-10.degree. C./minute to increase the temperature of
the wafer from 800.degree. C. to about 1000.degree. C. The wafer
then is subjected to an oxidation step similar to the oxidation
step in the first annealing step. Subsequently, the ambient
atmosphere of nitrogen with a trace of oxygen is restored and a
temperature ramp at a rate of approximately 1.degree. C./minute is
applied to the wafer to increase its temperature from 1000.degree.
C. to 1350.degree. C. The wafer is held at this temperature for
approximately 4 to 6 hours, and then the temperature is ramped down
from 1350.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C. at a rate of approximately
1.degree. C./minute. Subsequently, the temperature is ramped down
at a rate of approximately 5-10.degree. C./minute from 1000.degree.
C. to approximately 800.degree. C., and the wafer is pulled at a
temperature lower than 800.degree. C.
[0036] The above process creates an SOI structure having a buried
oxide layer with a thickness of about 155 nm and an overlying
silicon layer having a thickness between about 50 to 255 nm. The
structure has a low density of silicon inclusions in the BOX region
(less than approximately 2.times.10.sup.7 cm.sup.-2), and a surface
roughness with an rms variation that is less than approximately 5
Angstrom. Further, the roughness of the interface between the
buried insulating layer and the silicon layer is low (rms variation
less than 25 Angstrom). Further, the intrinsic breakdown field of
the buried oxide layer is greater than approximately 6.5 MV/cm.
EXAMPLE 2.
[0037] A single crystal <100> silicon wafer is preheated to
above approximately 450.degree. C. in a high temperature end
station. An initial dose of approximately 3.3.times.10.sup.17
cm.sup.-2 of oxygen ions is implanted in the wafer. The oxygen ions
have an energy of about 120 keV with a beam current of
approximately 45 mA so that the wafer temperature during
implantation remains above 500.degree. C., thereby maintaining
crystalline quality of the top silicon layer. The wafer is then
annealed in an ambient atmosphere of argon having trace amounts of
oxygen at a push temperature of approximately 800.degree. C.,
followed by a temperature ramp at a rate of approximately
5-10.degree. C./minute to raise the temperature of the wafer from
800 to 1000.degree. C. Subsequently an oxidation step is performed
at this temperature with the concentration of oxygen typically
selected to be 100%.
[0038] Subsequent to the oxidation step, the argon atmosphere is
restored and a temperature ramp at a rate of approximately
1.degree. C./minute is applied to the wafer to raise its
temperature from 1000.degree. C. to 1330.degree. C. The wafer is
held at this temperature for a period between 4 and 6 hours.
Subsequently, the temperature is ramped down from 1330 to 1000 C.
at a rate of approximately 1.degree. C./minute. The temperature is
further ramped down from 1000.degree. C. to approximately
800.degree. C. at a rate of about 5-10.degree. C./minute. The wafer
is then pulled and allowed to cool.
[0039] The wafer is again pre-heated to about 450.degree. C. before
the start of a second implantation step during which a dose of
approximately 1.6.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-2 of oxygen ions is
implanted in the wafer. The energy of ions during the second
implantation step is approximately 25 keV higher than the energy
during the first implantation step, i.e., the second energy is
approximately 145 keV. The current of the oxygen beam is selected
to be approximately 45 mA so that the wafer temperature during
implantation remains approximately 500.degree. C. to maintain
crystalline quality of the top silicon layer.
[0040] Subsequently, the wafer is subjected to a second annealing
protocol in an ambient atmosphere of nitrogen with trace amounts of
oxygen. The annealing protocol starts at a push temperature of
approximately 800.degree. C., followed by a temperature ramp at a
rate of 5-10 .degree. C./minute to increase the wafer temperature
from 800.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C. An oxidation step is
performed at this temperature in an ambient atmosphere of
approximately 100% oxygen. Subsequently, the nitrogen atmosphere is
restored and the temperature is ramped from 1000 .degree. C. to
1350.degree. C. at a rate of about 1.degree. C./minute. The wafer
is held at this temperature for a period between 4 to 6 hours. The
oxygen concentration is increased to a range between about 5% to
100% for a period between 1 to 5 hours. Subsequently, the nitrogen
atmosphere is restored and the temperature is ramped down from 1350
to 1000.degree. C. at a rate of about 1.degree. C./minute followed
by a ramp down from 1000.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C. at a
rate of about 5-10 .degree. C./minute. The wafer is pulled at a
temperature of approximately 800.degree. C.
[0041] The above process produces an SOI structure having a buried
oxide layer with a thickness of about 115 nm and a silicon top
layer having a thickness of between about 50 to 200 nm. The SOI
structure has a low density of silicon inclusions in the buried
oxide layer in the BOX layer (less than approximately
2.times.10.sup.7 cm.sup.-2), a surface roughness having an rms
variation of less than 5 Angstrom, and an interface roughness of
less than 25 Angstrom. The intrinsic breakdown field of the buried
oxide layer is greater than 5 MV/cm.
[0042] One skilled in the art will appreciate further features and
advantages of the invention based on the above-described
embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited by
what has been particularly shown and described, except as indicated
by the appended claims. All publications and references cited
herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
* * * * *