U.S. patent application number 10/023460 was filed with the patent office on 2002-06-27 for electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner.
This patent application is currently assigned to Sharper Image Corporation. Invention is credited to Lau, Shek Fai, Taylor, Charles E..
Application Number | 20020079212 10/023460 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22685101 |
Filed Date | 2002-06-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020079212 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Taylor, Charles E. ; et
al. |
June 27, 2002 |
Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner
Abstract
An electro-kinetic electro-static air conditioner includes a
self-contained ion generator that provides electro-kinetically
moved air with ions and safe amounts of ozone. The ion generator
includes a high voltage pulse generator whose output pulses are
coupled between first and second electrode arrays. Preferably the
first array comprises one or more wire electrodes spaced
staggeringly apart from a second array comprising hollow "U"-shaped
electrodes. Preferably a ratio between effective area of an
electrode in the second array compared to effective area of an
electrode in the first array exceeds about 15:1 and preferably is
about 20:1. An electric field produced by the high voltage pulses
between the arrays produces an electrostatic flow of ionized air
containing safe amounts of ozone. A bias electrode, electrically
coupled to the second array electrodes, affects net polarity of
ions generated. The outflow of ionized air and ozone is thus
conditioned.
Inventors: |
Taylor, Charles E.;
(Sebastopol, CA) ; Lau, Shek Fai; (Foster City,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Sheldon R. Meyer
FLIESLER DUBB MEYER & LOVEJOY LLP
Fourth Floor
Four Embarcadero Center
San Francisco
CA
94111-4156
US
|
Assignee: |
Sharper Image Corporation
|
Family ID: |
22685101 |
Appl. No.: |
10/023460 |
Filed: |
December 13, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10023460 |
Dec 13, 2001 |
|
|
|
09730499 |
Dec 5, 2000 |
|
|
|
10023460 |
Dec 13, 2001 |
|
|
|
09186471 |
Nov 5, 1998 |
|
|
|
6176977 |
|
|
|
|
60306479 |
Jul 18, 2001 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
204/164 ;
204/176; 422/186.04; 422/186.07 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B03C 2201/08 20130101;
B01D 53/323 20130101; H01T 23/00 20130101; B01D 53/32 20130101;
C01B 2201/12 20130101; B03C 3/47 20130101; C01B 2201/22 20130101;
F24F 8/40 20210101; B03C 3/743 20130101; B03C 3/08 20130101; B03C
3/32 20130101; C01B 2201/62 20130101; B01D 2251/104 20130101; F24F
8/30 20210101; B03C 3/12 20130101; C01B 13/115 20130101; B03C 3/68
20130101; B03C 2201/14 20130101; C01B 13/11 20130101; C01B 2201/20
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
204/164 ;
204/176; 422/186.04; 422/186.07 |
International
Class: |
B01J 019/08 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner, comprising: a
housing defining at least one vent; and a self-contained ion
generator, disposed within said housing; said ion generator
producing ionized air that flows electrostatically from said
vent.
2. The transporter-conditioner of claim 1, wherein said ion
generator includes: a high voltage generator outputting a signal
whose duty cycle may be varied from about 10% to about 100%; an
electrode assembly comprising a first electrode array effectively
coupled to a first output port of said generator, and a second
electrode array effectively coupled to a second output port of said
generator, wherein one said output port may be at a same potential
as ambient air; wherein particulate matter in ambient air is
electrostatically attracted to said second electrode array, and
wherein said ion generator further creates ozone that flows
electrostatically from said vent.
3. The transporter-conditioner of claim 2, wherein said high
voltage generator has a characteristic selected from a group
consisting of (a) said high voltage generator provides a first
potential measurable relative to ground to said first electrode
array and provides a second potential measurable relative to ground
to said second electrode array, and (b) said high voltage generator
provides a first positive potential measurable relative to ground
to said first electrode array and provides a second negative
potential measurable relative to ground to said second electrode
array.
4. The transporter-conditioner of claim 2, wherein: said first
electrode array includes at least one electrode selected from a
group consisting of (i) an electrically conductive tapered
pin-shaped electrode, and (ii) a portion of conductive material
having a end defining a plurality of projecting conductive fibers;
and said second electrode array includes an electrically conductive
ring-shaped electrode defining a central through opening, said
second electrode disposed coaxial with and in a downstream
direction from an emitting end of an electrode in said first
electrode array.
5. The transporter-conditioner of claim 4, wherein said first
electrode array includes at least one said pin-shaped electrode,
and said second electrode array has at least one characteristic
selected from a group consisting of (i) said ring-shaped electrode
defines in cross-section a tapered region terminating towards said
central through opening, (ii) said ring-shaped electrode defines in
cross-section a rounded region terminating towards said central
through opening, (c) said ring-shaped electrode defines in
cross-section a rounded profile terminating in said through
opening, (d) a ratio of effective radius of said ring-shaped
electrode to effective radius of said pin-shaped electrode exceeds
about 15:1, (e) said pin-shaped electrode includes tungsten, (f)
said pin-shaped electrode includes stainless steel, (g) said
pin-shaped electrode includes projecting fibers of carbon, and (h)
said ring-shaped electrode includes stainless steel.
5. The transporter-conditioner of claim 2, wherein: said first
electrode array includes at least one metal wire electrode; and
said second electrode array includes at least two electrically
conductive electrodes that in cross-section define a "U"-shape
having a bulbous nose region and first and second trailing edge
regions; the "U"-shaped electrodes being disposed such that said
bulbous nose regions facing said metal wire electrode and are
equidistant therefrom.
6. The transporter-conditioner of claim 5, wherein an electrode in
said second electrode array has at least one characteristic
selected from a group consisting of (i) a portion of one trailing
edge region is longer than a remaining trailing edge region on said
electrode, (ii) said trailing edge region defines at least one
pointed projection facing downstream, and (iii) a ratio of
effective radius of an electrode in said second electrode array to
effective radius of said metal wire electrode exceeds about
15:1.
7. The transporter-conditioner of hair brush of claim 2, wherein:
said first electrode array includes at least one metal wire
electrode; and said second electrode array includes at least two
electrically conductive electrodes that in cross-section define an
"L"-shape having a curved nose region; the "L"-shaped electrodes
being disposed such that said curved nose regions face said metal
wire electrode and are equidistant therefrom.
8. The transporter-conditioner of claim 2, wherein: said first
electrode array includes at least one metal wire electrode; and
said second electrode array includes at least two rod-like
electrically conductive electrodes; the rod-like electrodes being
disposed such that said curved nose regions face said metal wire
electrode and are equidistant therefrom.
9. The transporter-conditioner of claim 8, wherein a ratio of
radius of one of said rod-like electrodes to radius of said wire
electrode exceeds about 15:1.
10. The transporter-conditioner of claim 2, further including a
bias electrode for determining net polarity of ions generated by
said transporter-conditioner.
11. An electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner, comprising: a
housing defining at least one vent; and a self-contained ozone
generator, disposed within said housing; said ozone generator
producing ozone that flows electrostatically from said vent to
condition ambient air.
12. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 11,
wherein said ozone generator includes an ion generator comprising:
a high voltage generator outputting a signal whose duty cycle may
be varied from about 10% to about 100%; an electrode assembly
comprising a first electrode array effectively coupled to a first
output port of said generator, and a second electrode array
effectively coupled to a second output port of said generator,
wherein one said port may be at a same potential as ambient air;
said ion generator further creating ozone that flows
electrostatically from said vent.
13. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 12,
wherein: said first electrode array includes at least one electrode
selected from a group consisting of (i) an electrically conductive
tapered pin-shaped electrode, and (ii) a portion of conductive
material having a end defining a plurality of projecting conductive
fibers; and said second electrode array includes an electrically
conductive ring-shaped electrode defining a central through
opening, said second electrode disposed coaxial with and in a
downstream direction from an emitting end of an electrode in said
first electrode array.
14. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 13,
wherein said first electrode array includes at least one said
pin-shaped electrode, and said second electrode array has at least
one characteristic selected from a group consisting of (i) said
ring-shaped electrode defines in cross-section a tapered region
terminating towards said central through opening, (ii) said
ring-shaped electrode defines in cross-section a rounded region
terminating towards said central through opening, (c) said
ring-shaped electrode defines in cross-section a rounded profile
terminating in said through opening, (d) a ratio of effective
radius of said ring-shaped electrode to effective radius of said
Pin-shaped electrode exceeds about 15:1, (e) said pin-shaped
electrode includes tungsten, (f) said pin-shaped electrode includes
stainless steel, (g) said pin-shaped electrode includes projecting
fibers of carbon, and (h) said ring-shaped electrode includes
stainless steel.
15. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 12,
wherein: said first electrode array includes at least one metal
wire electrode; and said second electrode array includes at least
two electrically conductive electrodes that in cross-section define
a "U"-shape having a bulbous nose region and first and second
trailing edge regions; the "U"-shaped electrodes being disposed
such that said bulbous nose regions facing said metal wire
electrode and are equidistant therefrom.
16. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 12,
wherein an electrode in said second electrode array has at least
one characteristic selected from a group consisting of (i) a
portion of one trailing edge region is longer than a remaining
trailing edge region on said electrode, (ii) said trailing edge
region defines at least one pointed projection facing downstream,
and (iii) a ratio of effective radius of an electrode in said
second electrode array to effective radius of said metal wire
electrode exceeds about 15:1.
17. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 12,
wherein: said first electrode array includes at least one metal
wire electrode; and said second electrode array includes at least
two electrically conductive electrodes that in cross-section define
an "L"-shape having a curved nose region; the "L"-shaped electrodes
being disposed such that said curved nose regions face said metal
wire electrode and are equidistant therefrom.
18. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 12,
wherein: said first electrode array includes at least one metal
wire electrode; and said second electrode array includes at least
two rod-like electrically conductive electrodes; the rod-like
electrodes being disposed such that said curved nose regions face
said metal wire electrode and are equidistant therefrom.
19. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner of claim 18,
wherein a ratio of radius of one of said rod-like electrodes to
radius of said wire electrode exceeds about 15:1.
20. A method of electro-kinetically providing a flow of cleaned air
containing ions and ozone, the method comprising: (a) providing a
housing that includes an ion generator having an electrode assembly
comprising a first electrode array and a second electrode array;
and (b) disposing within said housing a high voltage generator
having a first output port electrically coupled to said first
electrode array, and having a second output port electrically
coupled to said second electrode array, wherein one said port may
be at a potential of ambient air; wherein at least some ambient air
is ionized and electrostatically moved through said housing, said
ionized air including ozone.
21. The method of claim 21, wherein: said first electrode array
includes at least one metal wire electrode; and said second
electrode array includes at least two electrically conductive
electrodes that in cross-section define a "U"-shape having a
bulbous nose region and first and second trailing edge regions; the
"U"-shaped electrodes being disposed such that said bulbous nose
regions facing said metal wire electrode and are equidistant
therefrom.
22. The method of claim 21, further including a bias electrode,
coupled to said second electrode array so as to control charge of
ions output from said housing.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein: said first electrode array
includes an electrically conductive tapered pin-shaped electrode;
said second electrode array includes an electrically conductive
ring-shaped electrode defining a central through opening and being
electrically coupled to a second output port of said generator,
said second electrode being disposed coaxial with and in a
downstream direction from a tapered end of said tapered pin-shaped
electrode.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein: said first electrode array
includes at least one metal wire electrode; and said second
electrode array includes at least two electrically conductive
rod-like electrodes; said rod-like electrodes being equidistant
from said metal wire electrode.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to electro-kinetic conversion of
electrical energy into fluid flow of an ionizable dielectric
medium, and more specifically to methods and devices for
electro-kinetically producing a flow of air from which particulate
matter has been substantially removed. Preferably the air flow
should contain safe amounts of ozone (O.sub.3).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The use of an electric motor to rotate a fan blade to create
an air flow has long been known in the art. Unfortunately, such
fans produce substantial noise, and can present a hazard to
children who may be tempted to poke a finger or a pencil into the
moving fan blade. Although such fans can produce substantial air
flow, e.g., 1,000 ft.sup.3/minute or more, substantial electrical
power is required to operate the motor, and essentially no
conditioning of the flowing air occurs.
[0003] It is known to provide such fans with a HEPA-compliant
filter element to remove particulate matter larger than perhaps 0.3
.mu.m. Unfortunately, the resistance to air flow presented by the
filter element may require doubling the electric motor size to
maintain a desired level of airflow. Further, HEPA-compliant filter
elements are expensive, and can represent a substantial portion of
the sale price of a HEPA-compliant filter-fan unit. While such
filter-fan units can condition the air by removing large particles,
particulate matter small enough to pass through the filter element
is not removed, including bacteria, for example.
[0004] It is also known in the art to produce an air flow using
electro-kinetic techniques, by which electrical power is directly
converted into a flow of air without mechanically moving
components. One such system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,801
to Lee (1988), depicted herein in simplified form as FIGS. 1A and
1B. Lee's system 10 includes an array of small area
("minisectional") electrodes 20 that is spaced-apart symmetrically
from an array of larger area ("maxisectional") electrodes 30. The
positive terminal of a pulse generator 40 that outputs a train of
high voltage pulses (e.g., 0 to perhaps +5 KV) is coupled to the
minisectional array, and the negative pulse generator terminal is
coupled to the maxisectional array.
[0005] The high voltage pulses ionize the air between the arrays,
and an air flow 50 from the minisectional array toward the
maxisectional array results, without requiring any moving parts.
Particulate matter 60 in the air is entrained within the airflow 50
and also moves towards the maxisectional electrodes 30. Much of the
particulate matter is electrostatically attracted to the surface of
the maxisectional electrode array, where it remains, thus
conditioning the flow of air exiting system 10. Further, the high
voltage field present between the electrode arrays can release
ozone into the ambient environment, which appears to destroy or at
least alter whatever is entrained in the airflow, including for
example, bacteria.
[0006] In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, minisectional electrodes 20
are circular in cross-section, having a diameter of about 0.003"
(0.08 mm), whereas the maxisectional electrodes 30 are
substantially larger in area and define a "teardrop" shape in
cross-section. The ratio of cross-sectional areas between the
maxisectional and minisectional electrodes is not explicitly
stated, but from Lee's figures appears to exceed 10:1. As shown in
FIG. 1A herein, the bulbous front surfaces of the maxisectional
electrodes face the minisectional electrodes, and the somewhat
sharp trailing edges face the exit direction of the air flow. The
"sharpened" trailing edges on the maxisectional electrodes
apparently promote good electrostatic attachment of particular
matter entrained in the airflow. Lee does not disclose how the
teardrop shaped maxisectional electrodes are fabricated, but
presumably they are produced using a relatively expensive
mold-casting or an extrusion process.
[0007] In another embodiment shown herein as FIG. 1B, Lee's
maxisectional sectional electrodes 30 are symmetrical and elongated
in cross-section. The elongated trailing edges on the maxisectional
electrodes provide increased area upon which particulate matter
entrained in the airflow can attach. Lee states that precipitation
efficiency and desired reduction of anion release into the
environment can result from including a passive third array of
electrodes 70. Understandably, increasing efficiency by adding a
third array of electrodes will contribute to the cost of
manufacturing and maintaining the resultant system.
[0008] While the electrostatic techniques disclosed by Lee are
advantageous to conventional electric fan-filter units, Lee's
maxisectional electrodes are relatively expensive to fabricate.
Further, increased filter efficiency beyond what Lee's embodiments
can produce would be advantageous, especially without including a
third array of electrodes.
[0009] Thus, there is a need for an electro-kinetic air
transporter-conditioner that provides improved efficiency over
Lee-type systems, without requiring expensive production techniques
to fabricate the electrodes. Preferably such a conditioner should
function efficiently without requiring a third array of electrodes.
Further, such a conditioner should permit user-selection of safe
amounts of ozone to be generated, for example to remove odor from
the ambient environment.
[0010] The present invention provides a method and apparatus for
electro-kinetically transporting and conditioning air.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0011] The present invention provides an electro-kinetic system for
transporting and conditioning air without moving parts. The air is
conditioned in the sense that it is ionized and contains safe
amounts of ozone.
[0012] Applicants' electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner
includes a louvered or grilled body that houses an ionizer unit.
The ionizer unit includes a high voltage DC inverter that boosts
common 110 VAC to high voltage, and a generator that receives the
high voltage DC and outputs high voltage pulses of perhaps 10 KV
peak-to-peak, although an essentially 100% duty cycle (e.g., high
voltage DC) output could be used instead of pulses. The unit also
includes an electrode assembly unit comprising first and second
spaced-apart arrays of conducting electrodes, the first array and
second array being coupled, respectively, preferably to the
positive and negative output ports of the high voltage
generator.
[0013] The electrode assembly preferably is formed using first and
second arrays of readily manufacturable electrode types. In one
embodiment, the first array comprises wire-like electrodes and the
second array comprises "U"-shaped electrodes having one or two
trailing surfaces. In an even more efficient embodiment, the first
array includes at least one pin or cone-like electrode and the
second array is an annular washer-like electrode. The electrode
assembly may comprise various combinations of the described first
and second array electrodes. In the various embodiments, the ratio
between effective area of the second array electrodes to the first
array electrodes is at least about 20:1.
[0014] The high voltage pulses create an electric field between the
first and second electrode arrays. This field produces an
electro-kinetic airflow going from the first array toward the
second array, the airflow being rich in preferably a net surplus of
negative ions and in ozone. Ambient air including dust particles
and other undesired components (germs, perhaps) enter the housing
through the grill or louver openings, and ionized clean air (with
ozone) exits through openings on the downstream side of the
housing.
[0015] The dust and other particulate matter attaches
electrostatically to the second array (or collector) electrodes,
and the output air is substantially clean of such particulate
matter. Further, ozone generated by the present invention can kill
certain types of germs and the like, and also eliminates odors in
the output air. Preferably the transporter operates in periodic
bursts, and a control permits the user to temporarily increase the
high voltage pulse generator output, e.g., to more rapidly
eliminate odors in the environment.
[0016] Other features and advantages of the invention will appear
from the following description in which the preferred embodiments
have been set forth in detail, in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1A is a plan, cross-sectional view, of a first
embodiment of a prior art electro-kinetic air
transporter-conditioner system, according to the prior art;
[0018] FIG. 1B is a plan, cross-sectional view, of a second
embodiment of a prior art electro-kinetic air
transporter-conditioner system, according to the prior art;
[0019] FIG. 2A is an perspective view of a preferred embodiment of
the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 2A,
with the electrode assembly partially withdrawn, according to the
present invention;
[0021] FIG. 3 is an electrical block diagram of the present
invention;
[0022] FIG. 4A is a perspective block diagram showing a first
embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present
invention;
[0023] FIG. 4B is a plan block diagram of the embodiment of FIG.
4A;
[0024] FIG. 4C is a perspective block diagram showing a second
embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present
invention;
[0025] FIG. 4D is a plan block diagram of a modified version of the
embodiment of FIG. 4C;
[0026] FIG. 4E is a perspective block diagram showing a third
embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present
invention;
[0027] FIG. 4F is a plan block diagram of the embodiment of FIG.
4E;
[0028] FIG. 4G is a perspective block diagram showing a fourth
embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present
invention;
[0029] FIG. 4H is a plan block diagram of the embodiment of FIG.
4G;
[0030] FIG. 4I is a perspective block diagram showing a fifth
embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present
invention;
[0031] FIG. 4J is a detailed cross-sectional view of a portion of
the embodiment of FIG. 4I;
[0032] FIG. 4K is a detailed cross-sectional view of a portion of
an alternative to the embodiment of FIG. 4I.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0033] FIGS. 2A and 2B depict an electro-kinetic air
transporter-conditioner system 100 whose housing 102 includes
preferably rear-located intake vents or louvers 104 and preferably
front and side-located exhaust vents 106, and a base pedestal 108.
Internal to the transporter housing is an ion generating unit 160,
preferably powered by an AC:DC power supply that is energizable
using switch S1. Ion generating unit 160 is self-contained in that
other than ambient air, nothing is required from beyond the
transporter housing, save external operating potential, for
operation of the present invention.
[0034] The upper surface of housing 102 includes a user-liftable
handle 112 to which is affixed an electrode assembly 220 that
comprises a first array 230 of electrodes 232 and a second array
240 of electrodes 242. The first and second arrays of electrodes
are coupled in series between the output terminals of ion
generating unit 160, as best seen in FIG. 3. The ability to lift
handle 112 provides ready access to the electrodes comprising the
electrode assembly, for purposes of cleaning and, if necessary,
replacement.
[0035] The general shape of the invention shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B
is not critical. The top-to-bottom height of the preferred
embodiment is perhaps 1 m, with a left-to-right width of perhaps 15
cm, and a front-to-back depth of perhaps 10 cm, although other
dimensions and shapes may of course be used. A louvered
construction provides ample inlet and outlet venting in an
economical housing configuration. There need be no real distinction
between vents 104 and 106, except their location relative to the
second array electrodes, and indeed a common vent could be used.
These vents serve to ensure that an adequate flow of ambient air
may be drawn into or made available to the present invention, and
that an adequate flow of ionized air that includes safe amounts of
O.sub.3 flows out from unit 130.
[0036] As will be described, when unit 100 is energized with S1,
high voltage output by ion generator 160 produces ions at the first
electrode array, which ions are attracted to the second electrode
array. The movement of the ions in an "IN" to "OUT" direction
carries with them air molecules, thus electrokinetically producing
an outflow of ionized air. The "IN" notion in FIGS. 2A and 2B
denote the intake of ambient air with particulate matter 60. The
"OUT" notation in the figures denotes the outflow of cleaned air
substantially devoid of the particulate matter, which adheres
electrostatically to the surface of the second array electrodes. In
the process of generating the ionized air flow, safe amounts of
ozone (O.sub.3) are beneficially produced. It may be desired to
provide the inner surface of housing 102 with an electrostatic
shield to reduces detectable electromagnetic radiation. For
example, a metal shield could be disposed within the housing, or
portions of the interior of the housing could be coated with a
metallic paint to reduce such radiation.
[0037] As best seen in FIG. 3, ion generating unit 160 includes a
high voltage generator unit 170 and circuitry 180 for converting
raw alternating voltage (e.g., 117 VAC) into direct current ("DC")
voltage. Circuitry 180 preferably includes circuitry controlling
the shape and/or duty cycle of the generator unit output voltage
(which control is altered with user switch S2). Circuitry 180
preferably also includes a pulse mode component, coupled to switch
S3, to temporarily provide a burst of increased output ozone.
Circuitry 180 can also include a timer circuit and a visual
indicator such as a light emitting diode ("LED"). The LED or other
indicator (including, if desired, audible indicator) signals when
ion generation is occurring. The timer can automatically halt
generation of ions and/or ozone after some predetermined time,
e.g., 30 minutes. indicator(s), and/or audible indicator(s).
[0038] As shown in FIG. 3, high voltage generator unit 170
preferably comprises a low voltage oscillator circuit 190 of
perhaps 20 KHz frequency, that outputs low voltage pulses to an
electronic switch 200, e.g., a thyristor or the like. Switch 200
switchably couples the low voltage pulses to the input winding of a
step-up transformer T1. The secondary winding of T1 is coupled to a
high voltage multiplier circuit 210 that outputs high voltage
pulses. Preferably the circuitry and components comprising high
voltage pulse generator 170 and circuit 180 are fabricated on a
printed circuit board that is mounted within housing 102. If
desired, external audio input (e.g., from a stereo tuner) could be
suitably coupled to oscillator 190 to acoustically modulate the
kinetic airflow produced by unit 160. The result would be an
electrostatic loudspeaker, whose output air flow is audible to the
human ear in accordance with the audio input signal. Further, the
output air stream would still include ions and ozone.
[0039] Output pulses from high voltage generator 170 preferably are
at least 10 KV peak-to-peak with an effective DC offset of perhaps
half the peak-to-peak voltage, and have a frequency of perhaps 20
KHz. The pulse train output preferably has a duty cycle of perhaps
10%, which will promote battery lifetime. Of course, different
peak-peak amplitudes, DC offsets, pulse train waveshapes, duty
cycle, and/or repetition frequencies may instead be used. Indeed, a
100% pulse train (e.g., an essentially DC high voltage) may be
used, albeit with shorter battery lifetime. Thus, generator unit
170 may (but need not) be referred to as a high voltage pulse
generator.
[0040] Frequency of oscillation is not especially critical but
frequency of at least about 20 KHz is preferred as being inaudible
to humans. If pets will be in the same room as the present
invention, it may be desired to utilize an even higher operating
frequency, to prevent pet discomfort and/or howling by the pet.
[0041] The output from high voltage pulse generator unit 170 is
coupled to an electrode assembly 220 that comprises a first
electrode array 230 and a second electrode array 240. Unit 170
functions as a DC:DC high voltage generator, and could be
implemented using other circuitry and/or techniques to output high
voltage pulses that are input to electrode assembly 220.
[0042] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the positive output terminal of
unit 170 is coupled to first electrode array 230, and the negative
output terminal is coupled to second electrode array 240. This
coupling polarity has been found to work well, including minimizing
unwanted audible electrode vibration or hum. An electrostatic flow
of air is created, going from the first electrode array towards the
second electrode array. (This flow is denoted "OUT" in the
figures.) Accordingly electrode assembly 220 is mounted within
transporter system 100 such that second electrode array 240 is
closer to the OUT vents and first electrode array 230 is closer to
the IN vents.
[0043] When voltage or pulses from high voltage pulse generator 170
are coupled across first and second electrode arrays 230 and 240,
it is believed that a plasma-like field is created surrounding
electrodes 232 in first array 230. This electric field ionizes the
ambient air between the first and second electrode arrays and
establishes an "OUT" airflow that moves towards the second array.
It is understood that the IN flow enters via vent(s) 104, and that
the OUT flow exits via vent(s) 106.
[0044] It is believed that ozone and ions are generated
simultaneously by the first array electrode(s) 232, essentially as
a function of the potential from generator 170 coupled to the first
array. Ozone generation may be increased or decreased by increasing
or decreasing the potential at the first array. Coupling an
opposite polarity potential to the second array electrode(s) 242
essentially accelerates the motion of ions generated at the first
array, producing the air flow denoted as "OUT" in the figures. As
the ions move toward the second array, it is believed that they
push or move air molecules toward the second array. The relative
velocity of this motion may be increased by decreasing the
potential at the second array relative to the potential at the
first array.
[0045] For example, if +10 KV were applied to the first array
electrode(s), and no potential were applied to the second array
electrode(s), a cloud of ions (whose net charge is positive) would
form adjacent the first electrode array. Further, the relatively
high 10 KV potential would generate substantial ozone. By coupling
a relatively negative potential to the second array electrode(s),
the velocity of the air mass moved by the net emitted ions
increases, as momentum of the moving ions is conserved.
[0046] On the other hand, if it were desired to maintain the same
effective outflow (OUT) velocity but to generate less ozone, the
exemplary 10 KV potential could be divided between the electrode
arrays. For example, generator 170 could provide +4 KV (or some
other fraction) to the first array electrode(s) and -6 KV (or some
other fraction) to the second array electrode(s). In this example,
it is understood that the +4 KV and the -6 KV are measured relative
to ground. Understandably it is desired that the present invention
operate to output safe amounts of ozone. Accordingly, the high
voltage is preferably fractionalized with about +4 KV applied to
the first array electrode(s) and about -6 KV applied to the second
array electrodes.
[0047] As noted, outflow (OUT) preferably includes safe amounts of
O.sub.3 that can destroy or at least substantially alter bacteria,
germs, and other living (or quasi-living) matter subjected to the
outflow. Thus, when switch S1 is closed and B1 has sufficient
operating potential, pulses from high voltage pulse generator unit
170 create an outflow (OUT) of ionized air and O.sub.3. When S1 is
closed, LED will visually signal when ionization is occurring.
[0048] Preferably operating parameters of the present invention are
set during manufacture and are not user-adjustable. For example,
increasing the peak-to-peak output voltage and/or duty cycle in the
high voltage pulses generated by unit 170 can increase air
flowrate, ion content, and ozone content. In the preferred
embodiment, output flow-rate is about 200 feet/minute, ion content
is about 2,000,000/cc and ozone content is about 40 ppb (over
ambient) to perhaps 2,000 ppb (over ambient). Decreasing the R2/R1
ratio below about 20:1 will decrease flow rate, as will decreasing
the peak-to-peak voltage and/or duty cycle of the high voltage
pulses coupled between the first and second electrode arrays.
[0049] In practice, unit 100 is placed in a room and connected to
an appropriate source of operating potential, typically 117 VAC.
With S1 energized, ionization unit 160 emits ionized air and
preferably some ozone (O.sub.3) via outlet vents 150. The air flow,
coupled with the ions and ozone freshens the air in the room, and
the ozone can beneficially destroy or at least diminish the
undesired effects of certain odors, bacteria, germs, and the like.
The air flow is indeed electro-kinetically produced, in that there
are no intentionally moving parts within the present invention. (As
noted, some mechanical vibration may occur within the electrodes.)
As will be described with respect to FIG. 4A, it is desirable that
the present invention actually output a net surplus of negative
ions, as these ions are deemed more beneficial to health than are
positive ions.
[0050] Having described various aspects of the invention in
general, preferred embodiments of electrode assembly 220 will now
be described. In the various embodiments, electrode assembly 220
will comprise a first array 230 of at least one electrode 232, and
will further comprise a second array 240 of preferably at least one
electrode 242. Understandably material(s) for electrodes 232 and
242 should conduct electricity, be resilient to corrosive effects
from the application of high voltage, yet be strong enough to be
cleaned.
[0051] In the various electrode assemblies to be described herein,
electrode(s) 232 in the first electrode array 230 are preferably
fabricated from tungsten. Tungsten is sufficiently robust to
withstand cleaning, has a high melting point to retard breakdown
due to ionization, and has a rough exterior surface that seems to
promote efficient ionization. On the other hand, electrodes 242
preferably will have a highly polished exterior surface to minimize
unwanted point-to-point radiation. As such, electrodes 242
preferably are fabricated from stainless steel, brass, among other
materials. The polished surface of electrodes 232 also promotes
ease of electrode cleaning.
[0052] In contrast to the prior art electrodes disclosed by Lee,
electrodes 232 and 242 according to the present invention are light
weight, easy to fabricate, and lend themselves to mass production.
Further, electrodes 232 and 242 described herein promote more
efficient generation of ionized air, and production of safe amounts
of ozone, O.sub.3.
[0053] In the present invention, a high voltage pulse generator 170
is coupled between the first electrode array 230 and the second
electrode array 240. The high voltage pulses produce a flow of
ionized air that travels in the direction from the first array
towards the second array (indicated herein by hollow arrows denoted
"OUT"). As such, electrode(s) 232 may be referred to as an emitting
electrode, and electrodes 242 may be referred to as collector
electrodes. This outflow advantageously contains safe amounts of
O.sub.3, and exits the present invention from vent(s) 106.
[0054] According to the present invention, it is preferred that the
positive output terminal or port of the high voltage pulse
generator be coupled to electrodes 232, and that the negative
output terminal or port be coupled to electrodes 242. It is
believed that the net polarity of the emitted ions is positive,
e.g., more positive ions than negative ions are emitted. In any
event, the preferred electrode assembly electrical coupling
minimizes audible hum from electrodes 232 contrasted with reverse
polarity (e.g., interchanging the positive and negative output port
connections).
[0055] However, while generation of positive ions is conducive to a
relatively silent air flow, from a health standpoint, it is desired
that the output air flow be richer in negative ions, not positive
ions. It is noted that in some embodiments, however, one port
(preferably the negative port) of the high voltage pulse generator
may in fact be the ambient air. Thus, electrodes in the second
array need not be connected to the high voltage pulse generator
using wire. Nonetheless, there will be an "effective connection"
between the second array electrodes and one output port of the high
voltage pulse generator, in this instance, via ambient air.
[0056] Turning now to the embodiments of FIGS. 4A and 4B, electrode
assembly 220 comprises a first array 230 of wire electrodes 232,
and a second array 240 of generally "U"-shaped electrodes 242. In
preferred embodiments, the number N1 of electrodes comprising the
first array will preferably differ by one relative to the number N2
of electrodes comprising the second array. In many of the
embodiments shown, N2>N1. However, if desired, in FIG. 4A,
addition first electrodes 232 could be added at the out ends of
array 230 such that N1>N2, e.g., five electrodes 232 compared to
four electrodes 242.
[0057] Electrodes 232 are preferably lengths of tungsten wire,
whereas electrodes 242 are formed from sheet metal, preferably
stainless steel, although brass or other sheet metal could be used.
The sheet metal is readily formed to define side regions 244 and
bulbous nose region 246 for hollow elongated "U" shaped electrodes
242. While FIG. 4A depicts four electrodes 242 in second array 240
and three electrodes 232 in first array 230, as noted, other
numbers of electrodes in each array could be used, preferably
retaining a symmetrically staggered configuration as shown. It is
seen in FIG. 4A that while particulate matter 60 is present in the
incoming (IN) air, the outflow (OUT) air is substantially devoid of
particulate matter, which adheres to the preferably large surface
area provided by the second array electrodes (see FIG. 4B).
[0058] As best seen in FIG. 4B, the spaced-apart configuration
between the arrays is staggered such that each first array
electrode 232 is substantially equidistant from two second array
electrodes 242. This symmetrical staggering has been found to be an
especially efficient electrode placement. Preferably the staggering
geometry is symmetrical in that adjacent electrodes 232 or adjacent
electrodes 242 are spaced-apart a constant distance, Y1 and Y2
respectively. However, a non-symmetrical configuration could also
be used, although ion emission and air flow would likely be
diminished. Also, it is understood that the number of electrodes
232 and 242 may differ from what is shown.
[0059] In FIG. 4A, typically dimensions are as follows: diameter of
electrodes 232 is about 0.08 mm, distances Y1 and Y2 are each about
16 mm, distance X1 is about 16 mm, distance L is about 20 mm, and
electrode heights Z1 and Z2 are each about 1 m. The width W of
electrodes 242 is preferably about 4 mm, and the thickness of the
material from which electrodes 242 are formed is about 0.5 mm. Of
course other dimensions and shapes could be used. It is preferred
that electrodes 232 be small in diameter to help establish a
desired high voltage field. On the other hand, it is desired that
electrodes 232 (as well as electrodes 242) be sufficiently robust
to withstand occasional cleaning.
[0060] Electrodes 232 in first array 230 are coupled by a conductor
234 to a first (preferably positive) output port of high voltage
pulse generator 170, and electrodes 242 in second array 240 are
coupled by a conductor 244 to a second (preferably negative) output
port of generator 170. It is relatively unimportant where on the
various electrodes electrical connection is made to conductors 234
or 244. Thus, by way of example FIG. 4B depicts conductor 244
making connection with some electrodes 242 internal to bulbous end
246, while other electrodes 242 make electrical connection to
conductor 244 elsewhere on the electrode. Electrical connection to
the various electrodes 242 could also be made on the electrode
external surface providing no substantial impairment of the outflow
airstream results.
[0061] To facilitate removing the electrode assembly from unit 100
(as shown in FIG. 2B), it is preferred that the lower end of the
various electrodes fit against mating portions of wire or other
conductors 234 or 244. For example, "cup-like" members can be
affixed to wires 234 and 244 into which the free ends of the
various electrodes fit when electrode array 220 is inserted
completely into housing 102 of unit 100.
[0062] The ratio of the effective electric field emanating area of
electrode 232 to the nearest effective area of electrodes 242 is at
least about 15:1, and preferably is at least 20:1. Thus, in the
embodiment of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, the ratio R2/R1.apprxeq.2
mm/0.04 mm.apprxeq.50:1.
[0063] In this and the other embodiments to be described herein,
ionization appears to occur at the smaller electrode(s) 232 in the
first electrode array 230, with ozone production occurring as a
function of high voltage arcing. For example, increasing the
peak-to-peak voltage amplitude and/or duty cycle of the pulses from
the high voltage pulse generator 170 can increase ozone content in
the output flow of ionized air. If desired, user-control S2 can be
used to somewhat vary ozone content by varying (in a safe manner)
amplitude and/or duty cycle. Specific circuitry for achieving such
control is known in the art and need not be described in detail
herein.
[0064] Note the inclusion in FIGS. 4A and 4B of at least one output
controlling electrode 243, preferably electrically coupled to the
same potential as the second array electrodes. Electrode 243
preferably defines a pointed shape in side profile, e.g., a
triangle. The sharp point on electrode(s) 243 causes generation of
substantial negative ions (since the electrode is coupled to
relatively negative high potential). These negative ions neutralize
excess positive ions otherwise present in the output air flow, such
that the OUT flow has a net negative charge. Electrode(s) 243
preferably are stainless steel, copper, or other conductor, and are
perhaps 20 mm high and about 12 mm wide at the base.
[0065] Another advantage of including pointed electrodes 243 is
that they may be stationarily mounted within the housing of unit
100, and thus are not readily reached by human hands when cleaning
the unit. Were it otherwise, the sharp point on electrode(s) 243
could easily cause cuts. The inclusion of one electrode 243 has
been found sufficient to provide a sufficient number of output
negative ions, but more such electrodes may be included.
[0066] In the embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4C, each "U"-shaped
electrode 242 has two trailing edges that promote efficient kinetic
transport of the outflow of ionized air and O.sub.3. Note the
inclusion on at least one portion of a trailing edge of a pointed
electrode region 243'. Electrode region 243' helps promote output
of negative ions, in the same fashion as was described with respect
to FIGS. 4A and 4B. Note, however, the higher likelihood of a user
cutting himself or herself when wiping electrodes 242 with a cloth
or the like to remove particulate matter deposited thereon. In FIG.
4C and the figures to follow, the particulate matter is omitted for
ease of illustration. However, from what was shown in FIGS. 2A-4B,
particulate matter will be present in the incoming air, and will be
substantially absent from the outgoing air. As has been described,
particulate matter 60 typically will be electrostatically
precipitated upon the surface area of electrodes 242.
[0067] Note that the embodiments of FIGS. 4C and 4D depict somewhat
truncated versions of electrodes 242. Whereas dimension L in the
embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4B was about 20 mm, in FIGS. 4C and 4D,
L has been shortened to about 8 mm. Other dimensions in FIG. 4C
preferably are similar to those stated for FIGS. 4A and 4B. In
FIGS. 4C and 4D, the inclusion of point-like regions 246 on the
trailing edge of electrodes 242 seems to promote more efficient
generation of ionized air flow. It will be appreciated that the
configuration of second electrode array 240 in FIG. 4C can be more
robust than the configuration of FIGS. 4A and 4B, by virtue of the
shorter trailing edge geometry. As noted earlier, a symmetrical
staggered geometry for the first and second electrode arrays is
preferred for the configuration of FIG. 4C.
[0068] In the embodiment of FIG. 4D, the outermost second
electrodes, denoted 242-1 and 242-2, have substantially no
outermost trailing edges. Dimension L in FIG. 4D is preferably
about 3 mm, and other dimensions may be as stated for the
configuration of FIGS. 4A and 4B. Again, the R2/R1 ratio for the
embodiment of FIG. 4D preferably exceeds about 20:1.
[0069] FIGS. 4E and 4F depict another embodiment of electrode
assembly 220, in which the first electrode array comprises a single
wire electrode 232, and the second electrode array comprises a
single pair of curved "L"-shaped electrodes 242, in cross-section.
Typical dimensions, where different than what has been stated for
earlier-described embodiments, are X1.apprxeq.12 mm, Y1.apprxeq.6
mm, Y2.apprxeq.5 mm, and L1.apprxeq.3 mm. The effective R2/R1 ratio
is again greater than about 20:1. The fewer electrodes comprising
assembly 220 in FIGS. 4E and 4F promote economy of construction,
and ease of cleaning, although more than one electrode 232, and
more than two electrodes 242 could of course be employed. This
embodiment again incorporates the staggered symmetry described
earlier, in which electrode 232 is equidistant from two electrodes
242.
[0070] FIGS. 4G and 4H shown yet another embodiment for electrode
assembly 220. In this embodiment, first electrode array 230 is a
length of wire 232, while the second electrode array 240 comprises
a pair of rod or columnar electrodes 242. As in embodiments
described earlier herein, it is preferred that electrode 232 be
symmetrically equidistant from electrodes 242. Wire electrode 232
is preferably perhaps 0.08 mm tungsten, whereas columnar electrodes
242 are perhaps 2 mm diameter stainless steel. Thus, in this
embodiment the R2/R1 ratio is about 25:1. Other dimensions may be
similar to other configurations, e.g., FIGS. 4E, 4F. Of course
electrode assembly 220 may comprise more than one electrode 232,
and more than two electrodes 242.
[0071] An especially preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 4I and
FIG. 4J. In these figures, the first electrode assembly comprises a
single pin-like element 232 disposed coaxially with a second
electrode array that comprises a single ring-like electrode 242
having a rounded inner opening 246. However, as indicated by
phantom elements 232', 242', electrode assembly 220 may comprise a
plurality of such pin-like and ring-like elements. Preferably
electrode 232 is tungsten, and electrode 242 is stainless
steel.
[0072] Typical dimensions for the embodiment of FIG. 4I and FIG. 4J
are L1.apprxeq.10 mm, X1.apprxeq.9.5 mm, T.apprxeq.0.5 mm, and the
diameter of opening 246 is about 12 mm. Dimension L1 preferably is
sufficiently long that upstream portions of electrode 232 (e.g.,
portions to the left in FIG. 4I) do not interfere with the
electrical field between electrode 232 and the collector electrode
242. However, as shown in FIG. 4J, the effect R2/R1 ratio is
governed by the tip geometry of electrode 232. Again, in the
preferred embodiment, this ratio exceeds about 20:1. Lines drawn in
phantom in FIG. 4J depict theoretical electric force field lines,
emanating from emitter electrode 232, and terminating on the curved
surface of collector electrode 246. Preferably the bulk of the
field emanates within about .+-.45.degree. of coaxial axis between
electrode 232 and electrode 242. On the other hand, if the opening
in electrode 242 and/or electrode 232 and 242 geometry is such that
too narrow an angle about the coaxial axis exists, air flow will be
unduly restricted.
[0073] One advantage of the ring-pin electrode assembly
configuration shown in FIG. 4I is that the flat regions of
ring-like electrode 242 provide sufficient surface area to which
particulate matter 60 entrained in the moving air stream can
attach, yet be readily cleaned.
[0074] Further, the ring-pin configuration advantageously generates
more ozone than prior art configurations, or the configurations of
FIGS. 4A-4H. For example, whereas the configurations of FIGS. 4A-4H
may generate perhaps 50 ppb ozone, the configuration of FIG. 4I can
generate about 2,000 ppb ozone.
[0075] Nonetheless it will be appreciated that applicants' first
array pin electrodes may be utilized with the second array
electrodes of FIGS. 4A-4H. Further, applicants' second array ring
electrodes may be utilized with the first array electrodes of FIGS.
4A-4H. For example, in modifications of the embodiments of FIGS.
4A-4H, each wire or columnar electrode 232 is replaced by a column
of electrically series-connected pin electrodes (e.g., as shown in
FIGS. 4I-4K), while retaining the second electrode arrays as
depicted in these figures. By the same token, in other
modifications of the embodiments of FIGS. 4A-4H, the first array
electrodes can remain as depicted, but each of the second array
electrodes 242 is replaced by a column of electrically
series-connected ring electrodes (e.g., as shown in FIGS.
4I-4K).
[0076] In FIG. 4J, a detailed cross-sectional view of the central
portion of electrode 242 in FIG. 4I is shown. As best seen in FIG.
4J, curved region 246 adjacent the central opening in electrode 242
appears to provide an acceptably large surface area to which many
ionization paths from the distal tip of electrode 232 have
substantially equal path length. Thus, while the distal tip (or
emitting tip) of electrode 232 is advantageously small to
concentrate the electric field between the electrode arrays, the
adjacent regions of electrode 242 preferably provide many
equidistant inter-electrode array paths. A high exit flowrate of
perhaps 90 feet/minute and 2,000 ppb range ozone emission
attainable with this configuration confirm a high operating
efficiency.
[0077] In FIG. 4K, one or more electrodes 232 is replaced by a
conductive block 232" of carbon fibers, the block having a distal
surface in which projecting fibers 233-1, . . . 233-N take on the
appearance of a "bed of nails". The projecting fibers can each act
as an emitting electrode and provide a plurality of emitting
surfaces. Over a period of time, some or all of the electrodes will
literally be consumed, whereupon graphite block 232" will be
replaced. Materials other than graphite may be used for block 232"
providing the material has a surface with projecting conductive
fibers such as 233-N.
[0078] As described, the net output of ions is influenced by
placing a bias element (e.g., element 243) near the output stream
and preferably near the downstream side of the second array
electrodes. If no ion output were desired, such an element could
achieve substantial neutralization. It will also be appreciated
that the present invention could be adjusted to produce ions
without producing ozone, if desired.
[0079] Modifications and variations may be made to the disclosed
embodiments without departing from the subject and spirit of the
invention as defined by the following claims.
* * * * *