U.S. patent application number 09/725133 was filed with the patent office on 2002-05-30 for multimedia analysis system and method of use therefor.
Invention is credited to Dickinson, Robert Campbell, Fishman, Lewis R..
Application Number | 20020064764 09/725133 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24913286 |
Filed Date | 2002-05-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020064764 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Fishman, Lewis R. ; et
al. |
May 30, 2002 |
Multimedia analysis system and method of use therefor
Abstract
A multimedia analysis system for capturing and comparing sports
performances of a player is provided. The system includes at least
one video camera for acquiring a plurality of sets of video data of
player performances, with the location of the at least one video
camera being substantially the same when acquiring each set of
video data. The system also includes at least one storage device
for storing the plurality of sets of video data, at least one
processor for mixing at least two of the sets of video data, and at
least one display device for displaying the at least two sets of
mixed data. The processor substantially synchronizes and
superimposes the at least two sets of video data to form an
aggregate set of video data. A launch monitor may also be included
for acquiring a plurality of sets of flight data of objects hit by
the player.
Inventors: |
Fishman, Lewis R.; (Rancho
Santa Fe, CA) ; Dickinson, Robert Campbell; (Vista,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PENNIE & EDMONDS LLP
1667 K STREET NW
SUITE 1000
WASHINGTON
DC
20006
|
Family ID: |
24913286 |
Appl. No.: |
09/725133 |
Filed: |
November 29, 2000 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
434/252 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 2220/807 20130101;
A63B 24/0003 20130101; A63B 2024/0012 20130101; A63B 69/3629
20200801; A63B 2220/806 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
434/252 |
International
Class: |
A63B 069/36 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of mixing data concerning sports performances of a
player, the method comprising: defining a first set of test
conditions applied to the player; acquiring a first set of video
data on the player's performance at a first time, the first set of
video data being acquired during the first set of test conditions;
storing the first sets of test conditions and video data; defining
a second set of test conditions applied to the player, the first
and second sets of test conditions having at least one test
condition in common; acquiring a second set of video data on the
player's performance at a second time, the second set of video data
being acquired during the second set of test conditions; storing
the second sets of test conditions and video data; mixing at least
a portion of the first and second sets of video data to form a
superimposed set; and displaying the superimposed set.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of
video data each comprise a single video frame.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of
video data each comprise at least two video frames.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the superimposed sets of video
data are substantially synchronized from a start time to a finish
time.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first and second sets of
video data are acquired using a video camera with a capture rate of
at least about 250 frames per second.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the mixing of sets of video data
occurs with a first percentage of the pixels of each frame selected
from one of the first and second video data sets and a second
percentage of the pixels of each frame selected from the other of
the first and second video data sets.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the sum of the first and second
percentages is one hundred.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first percentage is between
about 20 percent and about 40 percent and the second percentage is
between about 60 percent and about 80 percent.
9. The method of claim 4, further comprising: acquiring a first set
of non-video data on the player's performance at the first time,
the first set of non-video data being acquired during the first set
of test conditions; storing the first set of non-video data;
acquiring a second set of non-video data on the player's
performance at the second time, the second set of non-video data
being acquired during the second set of test conditions; storing
the second set of non-video data; mixing at least a portion of the
first and second sets of non-video data to form a non-video data
superimposed set; and displaying or playing at least a portion of
the non-video data superimposed set.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the superimposed sets of
non-video data are substantially synchronized from the start time
to the finish time, and the superimposed sets of non-video data are
substantially synchronized from the start time to the finish time
with the superimposed sets of video data.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second sets of
non-video data include at least one of audio data and launch
monitor data.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second sets of
video data are acquired using at least one analog or digital video
camera, and the first and second sets of non-video data are
acquired using at least one of a microphone and a launch
monitor.
13. The method of claim 4, wherein each set of test conditions
include at least one of the equipment of the player, the
environmental conditions, and the personal characteristics of the
player.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the mixing of video data
includes using at least one key effect.
15. The method of claim 4, wherein each of the first and second
sets of video data includes data from at least two video
cameras.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein at least two video cameras are
disposed about substantially the same axis.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein at least two video cameras are
disposed about substantially the same plane.
18. A method of overlaying data sets of sports performances of a
player, the method comprising: defining a plurality of test
conditions applied to the player; acquiring a plurality of sets of
video data on the player's performance, each set of video data
having at least one test condition in common; storing the plurality
of sets of test conditions and video data; mixing at least a
portion of at least two of the sets of video data to form a
superimposed set; and displaying the superimposed set.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: acquiring a
plurality of sets of non-video data on the player's performance,
each set of non-video data having at least one test condition in
common; storing the plurality of sets of non-video data; mixing at
least a portion of at least two of the sets of non-video data to
form a non-video data superimposed set; and displaying or playing
the non-video data superimposed set.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: synchronizing the
plurality of sets of test conditions, video data, and non-video
data.
21. A multimedia analysis system for capturing and comparing sports
performances of a player comprising: at least one video camera for
acquiring a plurality of sets of video data of player performances;
at least one storage device for storing the plurality of sets of
video data; at least one processor for mixing at least two of the
sets of video data; and at least one display device for displaying
the at least two sets of mixed data, wherein the processor
substantially synchronizes and superimposes the at least two sets
of video data to form an aggregate set of video data.
22. The multimedia analysis system of claim 21, wherein the
location of the at least one video camera is substantially the same
when acquiring each set of video data.
23. The multimedia analysis system of claim 22, further comprising:
a launch monitor for acquiring a plurality of sets of flight data
of objects hit by the player; and at least one processor for mixing
at least two of the sets of flight data, wherein the at least one
processor substantially synchronizes and superimposes the at least
two sets of flight data to form an aggregate set of flight data,
the aggregate set of flight data also being synchronized with the
aggregate set of video data.
24. The multimedia analysis system of claim 23, wherein the
plurality of sets of video data are acquired by at least two video
cameras that are disposed about substantially the same axis and
aimed at the player.
25. The multimedia analysis system of claim 23, wherein the
plurality of sets of video data are acquired by at least two video
cameras that are disposed about substantially the same plane and
aimed at the player.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for
evaluating sports performance, and more particularly relates to an
improved multimedia analysis system and method for analyzing
performance of a sportsman and the equipment used thereby. In
particular, the present invention relates to a multimedia analysis
system and method for evaluating the technique of a golf player.
The present invention also concerns the creation of a library of
data sets related to the performance of a subject in a known set of
conditions. More particularly, the present invention permits the
creation, archival, and comparison of data sets concerning an
athlete's performance during test sessions under a variety of test
conditions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Technology is known for capturing images of a motion
sequence for use in evaluating athletic performance. Such captured
images can serve as instructional tools to teach and demonstrate
play characteristics. Athletes and instructors alike may use the
captured images to evaluate and compare the technique of the
athlete with a preferred technique of an expert, and to indicate
points of departure therefrom in order to improve overall
performance. Sports that may derive benefit from motion sequence
analysis include, but are not limited to, golf, tennis, baseball,
football, skiing, and bowling.
[0003] An example of the use of visual recording in sport is
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,805. A partially prerecorded golf
lesson videotape includes gaps in predetermined locations, into
which are inserted the full motion video of a player's golf swing
and selected still frames. The still frames are selected to match
the player's position to a professional golfer's position in
corresponding still frames so that a split screen, side-by-side
view can be produced showing the player's and professional's
positions at various points along a golf swing.
[0004] Another sports technique video training device is disclosed
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,249,967. The device permits a student athlete to
closely pattern his dynamic technique after that of a recognized
master. A pair of video cameras transmit live images of the student
as seen from those directions that best represent the technique. A
video overlay generator receives the live images and combines them,
while still in their video signal format, with a corresponding set
of self-generated template images that represent, in static outline
form, the dynamic technique of the master in the desired sport
situation. With respect to golf, an outline may be used to
delineate the path of travel of a respective extremity of the
master during execution of the technique; for example, the path of
travel of the master's hands during the swing may be shown with a
continuous or dashed outline. A different outline may be used to
represent the path of travel of the golf club head during the
backswing, and a further outline may be used to represent positions
of the golf club head on the downswing.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,001 additionally discloses a
personalized instructional aid for enabling and assisting a person
to emulate a predetermined movement such as a golf swing. A video
camera is used to capture movement of the person undertaking a golf
swing, and bio-mechanical information is collected from mechanical
devices attached to the person or golf club moved by the person, or
from sensing devices such as weight or load sensitive pads,
monitors, electronic light beaming devices or the like. A computer
database includes selected prerecorded video signals in digital
form such as a selection of swings showing the movement of
different golf professionals to be emulated. The computer generates
an audio-visual presentation in the form of split-screening with
images of the preferred technique displayed alongside the present
technique, or superimposing of the preferred technique over the
present technique such as in the form of stick figures or detailed
drawings to show the viewer any variances between his stroke and
the preferred stroke.
[0006] Despite these developments, there exists a need for an
improved multimedia analysis system and method for use by
sportsmen. In particular, there is a need for a real-time
video-based system for acquiring and archiving an individual's golf
swings, along with associated impact data relative to the golf club
and golf ball. There further exists a need for a system that allows
the individual to compare personal performances from different
practice sessions, as well as allows equipment fitting and
equipment testing comparisons. Additionally, there is a need for a
system that also allows data to be collected regarding various
equipment and practice conditions, as well as other personal
characteristics that may vary over time.
[0007] The present invention provides an apparatus and method that
are capable of providing these improvements.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] Broadly, the present invention is directed to a motion
sequence analysis system for capturing a set of real-time images of
a motion sequence and correlating such images with a set of
archived images. Each set of captured, real-time images may be
correlated in real-time or time-delay with one or more archived
sets of images. Additionally, each set of captured, real-time
images may be added to an archive, to permit comparison with other
archived sets. Two or more archived data sets may be compared. In a
preferred embodiment, video techniques such as ghosting, overlays,
and telestrator outlines may be used. Player swing mechanics from
swing initiation to ball impact may be captured and analyzed. Data
also may be collected on ball launch conditions with regard to
specific swing sequences, including ball speed, launch angle,
backspin, sidespin rate, rifle spin rate, and carry distances.
Other flight conditions and shot patterns may be monitored as well.
The use of other non-video data also forms part of the present
development. Audio data may be collected for use in analyzing
club-ball impacts, and data concerning personal characteristics of
a golfer or characteristics of the golfer's equipment may be
compiled.
[0009] Golf swings of the same player may be compared at different
times during the course the player's career, allowing him to see
the similarities and differences in his technique as well as
equipment performance. Performances may be archived on storage
devices, including videotape, CD or DVD, and the captured or
recorded images may be used for evaluation purposes by third
parties such as instructors or PGA professionals.
[0010] Thus, the present invention is related to a method of mixing
data concerning sports performances of a player. The method
includes: defining a first set of test conditions applied to the
player; acquiring a first set of video data on the player's
performance at a first time, the first set of video data being
acquired during the first set of test conditions; storing the first
sets of test conditions and video data; defining a second set of
test conditions applied to the player, the first and second sets of
test conditions having at least one test condition in common;
acquiring a second set of video data on the player's performance at
a second time, the second set of video data being acquired during
the second set of test conditions; storing the second sets of test
conditions and video data; mixing at least a portion of the first
and second sets of video data to form a superimposed set; and
displaying the superimposed set.
[0011] The first and second sets of video data may each have a
single video frame, or instead may each have at least two video
frames. Preferably, the superimposed sets of video data are
substantially synchronized from a start time to a finish time. A
video camera with a capture rate of at least about 250 frames per
second may be used to acquire the first and second sets of video
data. The mixing of video data may occur with a first percentage of
the pixels of each frame selected from one of the first and second
video data sets and a second percentage of the pixels of each frame
selected from the other of the first and second video data sets.
Preferably, the sum of the first and second percentages is one
hundred, with the first percentage being between about 20 percent
and about 40 percent and the second percentage being between about
60 percent and about 80 percent.
[0012] The method may further include: acquiring a first set of
non-video data on the player's performance at the first time, the
first set of non-video data being acquired during the first set of
test conditions; storing the first set of non-video data; acquiring
a second set of non-video data on the player's performance at the
second time, the second set of non-video data being acquired during
the second set of test conditions; storing the second set of
non-video data; mixing at least a portion of the first and second
sets of non-video data to form a non-video data superimposed set;
and displaying or playing at least a portion of the non-video data
superimposed set. Preferably, the superimposed sets of non-video
data are substantially synchronized from the start time to the
finish time, and the superimposed sets of non-video data are
substantially synchronized from the start time to the finish time
with the superimposed sets of video data. The non-video data may
include at least one of audio data and launch monitor data.
[0013] In the preferred embodiment, the first and second sets of
video data are acquired using at least one analog or digital video
camera, and the first and second sets of non-video data are
acquired using at least one of a microphone and a launch monitor.
Each set of test conditions may include at least one of the
equipment of the player, the environmental conditions, and the
personal characteristics of the player. The mixing of video data
may include using at least one key effect, and preferably the video
data includes data from at least two video cameras that are
disposed about substantially the same axis and/or substantially the
same plane.
[0014] The present invention is further related to a method of
overlaying data sets of sports performances of a player. The method
includes: defining a plurality of test conditions applied to the
player; acquiring a plurality of sets of video data on the player's
performance, each set of video data having at least one test
condition in common; storing the plurality of sets of test
conditions and video data; mixing at least a portion of at least
two of the sets of video data to form a superimposed set; and
displaying the superimposed set. The method may further include:
acquiring a plurality of sets of non-video data on the player's
performance, each set of non-video data having at least one test
condition in common; storing the plurality of sets of non-video
data; mixing at least a portion of at least two of the sets of
non-video data to form a non-video data superimposed set; and
displaying or playing the non-video data superimposed set. Also,
the method may include synchronizing the plurality of sets of test
conditions, video data, and non-video data.
[0015] The present invention also is related to a multimedia
analysis system for capturing and comparing sports performances of
a player. The system includes at least one video camera for
acquiring a plurality of sets of video data of player performances,
at least one storage device for storing the plurality of sets of
video data, at least one processor for mixing at least two of the
sets of video data, and at least one display device for displaying
the at least two sets of mixed data. The processor substantially
synchronizes and superimposes the at least two sets of video data
to form an aggregate set of video data. Preferably, the location of
the at least one video camera is substantially the same when
acquiring each set of video data.
[0016] The system may further include a launch monitor for
acquiring a plurality of sets of flight data of objects hit by the
player, and at least one processor for mixing at least two of the
sets of flight data. The at least one processor substantially
synchronizes and superimposes the at least two sets of flight data
to form an aggregate set of flight data, with the aggregate set of
flight data also being synchronized with the aggregate set of video
data. The plurality of sets of video data may be acquired by at
least two video cameras that are disposed about substantially the
same axis and/or substantially the same plane and aimed at the
player.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] Preferred features of the present invention are disclosed in
the accompanying drawings, wherein similar reference characters
denote similar elements throughout the several views, and
wherein:
[0018] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the motion
sequence analysis system according to the present invention,
showing a golfer addressing a golf ball;
[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of the system of FIG. 1;
[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic front view of the system of FIG.
1;
[0021] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the overall system
operation of one embodiment of the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 5(a) shows an embodiment of the present invention
having two views of golfer 110 as captured by cameras at different
times, the views being displayed in split-screen format on a
display device;
[0023] FIG. 5(b) shows the two views displayed in FIG. 5(a)
superimposed upon each other;
[0024] FIGS. 5(c)-5(d) show the superimposed views of FIG. 5(b),
with the golfer in each view filled with a uniform color;
[0025] FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of the present invention
with three regions on a display device including two composite
views and a region for test conditions to be listed or otherwise
displayed;
[0026] FIG. 7 is a flow chart depicting the steps in a preferred
embodiment of the present invention; and
[0027] FIG. 8 is a flow chart depicting the steps in another
preferred embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0028] Referring to FIGS. 1-3, a multimedia analysis system 100
constructed according the present invention is shown in a preferred
configuration with respect to a golfer 110. While the preferred
embodiment described herein refers to the sport of golf, the
present invention is applicable to analysis of player and equipment
performances in other sports or activities for which the study of
deviations in technique mechanics and other performance indicators
may be useful. Preferably, motion analysis system 100 includes four
high speed video cameras 120, 122, 124, 126, optimally disposed at
various locations about golfer 110 in a space 105. The golfer 110
is positioned to perform a golf swing, preferably while holding a
club 112 and standing on a mat or other surface 108 facing a teed
golf ball 114, with the position of the tee being fixed with
respect to mat 108. Although club 112 is depicted in FIG. 1 as a
wood-type golf club, the present invention may also be used with
respect to other clubs such as irons or putters. Motion analysis
system 100 is adaptable for use by golfers 110 under various test
conditions such as golfers with different physical characteristics,
as will be discussed shortly. The location of mat 108 and the space
defined thereby, in general, defines the central focal area about
which the various components of motion analysis system 100 are
positioned. A computer system 130 and display device 163 are
included, as also will be described shortly.
[0029] Data collection for golf ball trajectory and flight
characteristics preferably is facilitated through the use of a golf
ball launch monitor 118, as shown in FIG. 1. Launch monitor 118 is
disposed in front of golfer 110 and adjacent to mat 108. The launch
monitor measures golf ball flight characteristics and club head
swing characteristics. Examples of launch monitors suitable for the
use with the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,501,463 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,719, both issued to Gobush et al.
and directed to a "Method and Apparatus to Determine Object
Striking Instrument Movement Conditions," and U.S. patent
application No. 09/537,295 directed to "Launch Monitor System with
a Calibration Fixture and a Method for Use Thereof" to Gobush et
al. All three above-mentioned references are assigned to the
Acushnet Company, and the disclosures of these references are
hereby incorporated by referenced in their entirety.
[0030] Data collection further includes audio data with respect to
golf ball impact. Such data may be useful, for example, in
synchronizing video data, and also may be an indicator of the
quality of ball strike. Audio and video data sets from a test
session may be first synchronized with each other, and then may be
synchronized with audio and video data sets from other test
sessions. The moment in time at which a golf club first impacts a
golf ball may be determined, for example, using a particular audio
frequency "signature," permitting multiple sets of data to be
synchronized in time. A microphone 116 is provided proximate teed
golf ball 114 for receiving audio. Various audio processing
techniques may be used for synchronization of audio data with video
data, including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,895 to
Fielder, assigned to Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation and
directed to "Frame-Based Audio Coding with Video/Audio Data
Synchronization by Dynamic Audio Frame Alignment."
[0031] Preferably, cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 are situated in
locations with respect to golfer 110 that facilitate the
acquisition of video of the golf swing, ball impact, and ball
flight. To this end, a preferred embodiment of motion analysis
system 100 is shown, for example, with respect to a right-handed
golfer 110, although the present invention is readily adaptable to
a left-handed golfer as well. When golfer 110 addresses teed ball
116, front camera 122 has a line of sight to the front of golfer
110, back camera 120 has a line of sight to the back of golfer 110,
rear camera 124 has a line of sight to the side of golfer 110, and
top camera 126 has a line of sight toward the top of the head of
golfer 110. In alternate embodiments, as few as one camera may be
provided for video data capture, and preferably, motion analysis
system 100 includes at least one camera positioned with a line of
sight to the front of golfer 110.
[0032] In the preferred embodiment, the positioning of cameras 120,
122, 124, 126 is selected to permit simultaneous image capture from
various body perspectives, thereby allowing more data collection
and a concomitantly more detailed analysis. Preferably, cameras
120, 122, 124, 126 are coupled to permanent or semi-permanent
mountings to ensure repeatability of data collection conditions
from one session to another. More preferably, cameras 120, 122,
124, 126 are coupled to permanent or semi-permanent fixtures
disposed toward the perimetral regions of a space that is at least
partially enclosed such as space 105. Most preferably, cameras 120,
122, 124, 126 are coupled to permanent or semi-permanent brackets
128 fixed to the walls and ceiling of a space. When golfer 110 hits
teed ball 114, the flight of ball 114 may be unrestricted or
alternatively constrained as by the use of nets. Advantageously,
the preferred configuration of the present development permits
golfer 110 to hits balls into a fairway, for example, so that
golfer 110 can watch ball flight. In another embodiment, a net is
used to permit the positioning of a camera opposite camera 124,
although a clean line of sight might not be feasible.
[0033] With particular reference to FIGS. 2-3, in the preferred
configuration, cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 are aligned with central
point 140. Preferably, cameras 120, 122, 124 are generally
coplanar. Moreover, cameras 120, 122 are located along parallel
vertical axes 132, 134 respectively, and are coaxial and aimed
toward each other along axis 144. In the embodiment shown
schematically in FIGS. 2 and 3, cameras 124, 126 are disposed along
a center plane that contains the axes 142, 143 and is perpendicular
to the plane of the page. Preferably, teed golf ball 114 is placed
along an axis 146 that is parallel to axis 142 and closer to camera
122 than camera 120 (for the exemplar right-handed player discussed
herein), and is also placed along an axis 148 that is parallel to
axis 144 and closer to mat front edge 150 than camera 124.
Furthermore, the placement of teed golf ball 114 is preferably
offset a distance d.sub.1 of between about 0 and about 6 inches
from axis 144 and a distance d.sub.2 of between about 24 and about
48 inches from axis 142. More preferably, teed golf ball 114 is
offset by a distance d.sub.1 of between about 2 to about 4 inches
from axis 144 and a distance d.sub.2 of between about 36 to about
48 inches from axis 142.
[0034] Cameras 120, 122, 124 are preferably set at a vertical
height d.sub.3 above mat 108 between about 2 feet and about 6 feet,
and more preferably above the waist of golfer 110 but not higher
than the sternum of golfer 110. Most preferably, cameras 120, 122,
124 are set at a height d.sub.3 of about 4 feet. In addition, with
cameras 120, 122 set at horizontal distances d.sub.5, d.sub.6
respectively away from coplanar axes 142, 143 and also from
parallel axes 132, 134, respectively, and with camera 124 set at a
horizontal distance d.sub.7 away from axis 144, distances d.sub.5,
d.sub.6, d.sub.7 preferably are each between about 8 feet and about
14 feet and more preferably between about 10 feet and about 12
feet.
[0035] Camera 126 is preferably set at a vertical height that is at
least about 8 feet above the head of golfer 110, and more
preferably more than about 10 feet above the head of golfer 110.
Most preferably, camera 126 is set at a vertical height d.sub.4
that is about 16 feet above mat 108.
[0036] Cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 are preferably high speed
cameras. In the preferred embodiment, the cameras may capture video
data in digital format and in black and white as well as color.
Suitable cameras include those commercially available from the
Eastman Kodak Company's Motion Analysis Systems Division, and
permit data capture meeting a variety of specifications including
image type, resolution, shutter time, capture rate, and
communications standards. Preferably, black and white image capture
is accomplished using a Kodak Model SR-1000 Motion Corder Analyzer
digital camera that has a recording rate of 1000 frames per second
and a 658 (H).times.496 (V) pixel sensor array. Such a CCD camera
provides progressive (noninterlaced) scanning, allows electronic
zoom, and provides digital data output of 8-bit monochrome TIFF
files exported via the SCSI-2 port to a personal computer.
[0037] Most preferably, color image capture is achieved with at
least one of the four cameras. Suitable equipment for color image
capture is a Kodak EKTAPRO Model HG-2000 color digital camera that
has a recording rate of 2000 frames per second and a resolution of
512 (H).times.384 (V) photo-sensitive pixels in 24-bit color (this
model alternatively provides 8-bit monochrome images). The HG-2000
camera permits digital images to be stored during download in a
compact (Bayer) or 24-bit color TIFF format onto a PCMCIA hard
drive or solid state memory card. In addition to serial
communication, the unit permits 100 Mbps ethernet communication
with a dedicated 100 Base-T physical link using UDP/IP
protocol.
[0038] Videotape recorders (not shown) preferably store output from
cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 as well. A suitable unit is the Sony
UVW-1800 editing recorder/player which accepts L-size metal Betacam
SP format cassettes, although other recorders/players and formats
may be used.
[0039] A lighting system (not shown) similar to that used in
feature film production may be used to further enhance the image
capture of multimedia analysis system 100. In particular, the
choice of lighting can have a pronounced effect on the quality of
mixing of data sets. Thus, in accordance with the principles of the
present invention, several strong quartz halogen bulbs may be
precisely located and aimed at a backdrop or wall so that the
background is flooded uniformly with light, while shadows are
avoided.
[0040] Preferably, multimedia analysis system 100 further includes
at least one computer system 130 for use particularly in data
collection, archival, and comparison tasks. Computer 130 typically
includes a processing unit such as a central processing unit, or
CPU. Parallel processing may be employed, such as with multiple or
distributed processors. Storage devices also are included, such as
a hard disk, CD ROM, magneto-optical (optical) drive, tape drive or
other suitable storage device, and are typically coupled to the
processing unit. In addition, a primary memory device is included,
and has random access memory (RAM) for storing programming
instructions and data for processes operating on the central
processing unit. The primary memory device further includes read
only memory (ROM) that stores basic operating instructions, data
and objects used by the computer to perform its functions. Computer
130 typically also includes one or more input/output sources, which
are often chosen as a keyboard, mouse, stylus, and/or other
suitable device. Furthermore, a network connection may be provided.
Those skilled in the art will also contemplate other configurations
of computer 130 and associated technology, which are readily usable
with the present development.
[0041] With reference to FIG. 4, in one embodiment of the present
invention, cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 send signals 152, 154, 156,
158 respectively to signal/data processing unit 160, which may
serve a variety of functions including data storage, data
distribution, and data filtering. Processing unit 160 is
operatively associated with computer system 130, which governs
and/or performs the primary functions of data collection, archival,
and comparison, and may additionally be operatively associated with
removable media storage devices 162. Preferably, computer system
130 includes one or more display devices 163, and removable media
storage devices 162 include one or more videocassette
recorder/players. Computer system 130 may further be operatively
associated with mass storage systems 164. Each of the
aforementioned components or systems may further be operatively
associated with a network 166. For example, network 166 can include
a server, router or the like, and additional computers that permit
data, instructions and/or messages to be passed among the networked
components or systems. Additional computer systems 130 may be
linked to network 166. Independent network connections also may be
provided for one or more of the components or systems. The design,
construction, and implementation of a computer network suitable for
the present invention may be achieved in a multitude of approaches,
as known in the art.
[0042] In the preferred embodiment, multimedia analysis system 100
is configured to permit the creation of a library of data sets
related to the performance of golfer 110 in a known set of
conditions, and in particular permits the creation, archival, and
comparison of data sets concerning the performance of golfer 110
during test sessions under a variety of test conditions. The test
conditions may provide the protocols for use in generating
comparable data from one session to another, and include the
equipment used by golfer 110, environmental conditions, and the
personal characteristics of golfer 110 at the time of the session.
The focus of each golf session, in part, involves data collection
with respect to these test conditions.
[0043] A wide variety of data on test conditions may be logged. For
example, the equipment used by golfer 110 is particularly relevant
to the analysis of the test session. The range of equipment chosen
by such a subject includes the type of club used (i.e., wood or
iron), the construction of the club (i.e., material, weighting,
grip construction, shaft type, overall dimensions, hosel design),
the type of golf ball used (i.e., wound, multilayer, liquid filled,
dimple pattern), and even the type of shoes (i.e., spikeless,
spikes) worn by golfer 110. Environmental conditions may include
temperature, humidity, time of day, season, and lighting. Personal
characteristics of golfer 110 may include age, height, weight,
posture, eyesight, health, confidence level, and stress level. As
some of the test conditions, such as the weight and eyesight of
golfer 110 can be expected to vary over time, recordation of these
variables permits an instructor or other performance professional
to evaluate the many factors that may contribute to a change in the
technique or equipment performance of golfer 110.
[0044] Advantageously, the archival of data sets representing a
golfer's performance during a series of discrete test sessions
permits a golfer to compare swing mechanics and resulting launch
conditions achieved during different times, and possibly different
phases in the golfer's career. This may be useful, for example, in
analyzing deviations in performance resulting from changes in swing
speed or body positioning. Furthermore, as a golfer's health varies
over the course of a career, deviations in technique resulting from
medical procedures can be tracked and corrective action prescribed.
For example, if golfer 110 has undergone shoulder or ankle surgery,
swing mechanics of golfer 110 may be affected. A before-and-after
comparison permits golfer 110 to adapt to the physiological
conditions, and potentially adjust swing mechanics to allow a
return to pre-surgical form. For the purposes of the present
invention, data sets include, but are not limited to, a series of
individual video frames or portions of individual video frames, as
well as audio data, test conditions data, and data from equipment
such as ball launch monitors.
[0045] Suitable video capture software and hardware is available
from Avid Technology, Inc. of Tewksbury, Massachusetts. In
particular, Avid Xpress hardware and software permits real-time
video editing. The Avid Xpress system includes Avid Xpress editing
software and hardware, Avid Meridien video, audio, effects, display
and drive controller hardware and Meridien input/output (I/O)
hardware for making connections, analog (component, S-video,
composite) and digital (SMPTE-259) video I/O, as well as analog,
S/PDIF digital and AES/EBU digital audio I/O. Output options
include web video servers, DVD, and CD formats.
[0046] Preferably, computer system 130 is either a Power Macintosh
G3 or G4 with an Avid PCI Extender, or an IBM IntelliStation M Pro
running Windows NT. Among the video features offered by the Avid
system are the following: ITU R-601 broadcast industry-standard
image output (720.times.486 NTSC or 720.times.576 PAL), image
compression, four video tracks, offline (draft mode) and online
image quality, Sony RS-422 serial and VLAN deck control, batch
digitizing, waveform monitor and vectorscope, SMPTE timecode
support, integrated EDL import/export, 16:9 editing for widescreen
and DTV, and a 1:1 uncompressed option. With respect to audio
features, Avid Xpress offers the following: eight-track, real-time
audio mixing, 48 kHz, 44.1 kHz sampling rate, audio punch-in,
real-time rubberband gain adjustments in timeline, real-time audio
input/output level adjustments, control volume and pan between
channels by clip or track, display of audio waveforms and scan of
audio, two or eight channels of audio I/O, downsampling of audio to
22 kHz and 11 kHz for export to CD-ROMs, and other audio mixer
features.
[0047] With respect to editing capabilities, Avid Xpress is
suitable for the present invention, in part, because it offers:
tight timeline editing, single-track transitions, snap-to
transitions, slip and slide editing, splice, overwrite, extract,
replace, extend, lift, and split edits, sync-lock/sync-break
detection, a dynamic storyboard, precise timecode editing, pop-up
source monitors, matchframe, sift, consolidate, and collapse,
built-in logging, a timeline views feature, VTR play emulation, and
remote/offline logging.
[0048] The present invention makes use of Avid Xpress, along with
modifications that permit enhanced superimposing of data sets and
communications with the Titleist Launch Monitor technology.
[0049] As will now be explained, the present invention allows a
data-rich archive of a golfer's past performances to be exploited
to provide a real-time comparison with a present performance. Such
mixing, in general, permits independent sources to be merged
together. Simultaneous or near simultaneous mixing of present and
past performances is achieved using the present invention. In
addition, two or more data sets of a golfer's past performances may
be mixed, thereby allowing comparison of archive-only test
sessions.
[0050] Preferably, data sets are archived in analog or digital
format, using storage media such as hard disk drives, CD-ROM's,
laser disks, DVD's, and videotapes as discussed previously.
[0051] Data collection particularly from video, audio, and other
ball launch equipment typically requires time spans of less than
two seconds per swing of a golf club. Average golfers may have
swings that require between about 0.9 to about 1.5 seconds to
complete, and most golfers take a full swing in about one second.
Thus, image capture of a selection of swings is preferably
accomplished using high speed video cameras, such as those filming
at speeds of 2000 frames per second. This rate of data collection
permits an aggregate data set to be compiled with a sufficient size
such that subsequent analysis may be performed on subsets of the
aggregate that each have a sufficient number of frames for
evaluating particular ranges in time or stages of the golfer's
swing. In accordance with the principles of the present invention,
a variety of high-speed or relatively high-speed capture rates may
be used, such as 500 frames per second. Some embodiments of
multimedia analysis system 100 may include cameras simultaneously
operating at different capture speeds, such as one camera operating
at 500 frames per second and another operating at 250 frames per
second. In some embodiments, a capture rate of at least about 250
frames per second is used.
[0052] A session of data capture may be considered one swing, or
alternatively a session may be defined as a portion of a swing or
multiple swings. Sessions times may occur close to each other
(i.e., on the same day), or may be separated by long durations
(i.e., in different years).
[0053] In accordance with the principles of the present invention,
multimedia analysis system 100 permits the mixing of multiple sets
of video, audio, and other data collected during a golfer's
performance sessions, preferably under at least partly repeated
test conditions. Mixing is typically achieved using one or more
special effects that are known in the art and are incorporated in
the present invention. For example, masking permits one or more
portions of an image to be isolated for editing. In effect, some
portions of the image are protected from changes. Another effect,
mattes in the form of videos or images, may be used to create
isolated regions through which additional videos or images
appear.
[0054] With regard to video data sets, several "key" effects (i.e.,
effects that allow one image to be placed over or within another
image) are known in the art, and facilitate mixing of data sets in
the present invention. Although the naming of key effects varies
from one equipment manufacturer to another, commonly used key
effects include chroma key, luminance key, external key, and
downstream key. In essence, each of the key effects permits at
least two video sources to be combined. A first object may be
defined in a first video source, for example, and may be used to
define a region within which, or about which, a second video source
is placed.
[0055] Most well-recognized is the chroma key effect, typically
used for television weather forecasts in which a reporter stands in
front of a uniformly blue or green wall that a computer replaces
with a weather map for the television viewers. In this method of
combining multiple video images, one video is superimposed over
another, and it is the particular color of hue that is isolated by
the computer.
[0056] Each of the key effects, in general, is characterized by an
ability to provide a superimposition of one video upon another. As
used herein the terms superimpose, superimposing, superimposition,
and the like refer to the range of effects including, but not
limited to, those techniques known as layering, overlaying,
ghosting, or compositing of sources, along with the range of key
effects that have been standardized by industry to permit the
combination of multiple image/video sources, preferably in
synchronized format. In addition, the terms superimpose,
superimposing, superimposition, and the like are applicable to the
correlation of non-video data, such as audio data or launch monitor
data from multiple data collection sessions. Furthermore, the terms
are applicable to frame-by frame analysis, or analysis of portions
of several frames. For example, a frame representing a single still
from a video stream may be superimposed over another frame in order
to discern differences between the frames.
[0057] The present invention may make use of the principle of A/B
roll editing, more generally referred to as two-source or
multiple-source editing. Through the use of a video mixer, video
images may be combined with sophisticated control of transitioning
and synchronization. A mixer is commonly used to synchronize
multiple sources, for example multiple video sources, so that each
video frame of a first source starts at the same instant as each
video frame from another source. Thus, when superimposing sets of
data in the present invention, synchronization may be used so that
the data sets are "in step," having the same start and finish
times.
[0058] Among the graphics, titling, and digital effects that may be
used with the present invention are the following, which may also
be real-time effects: transitions, dissolves and horizontal,
vertical, and box wipes, motion effects, fast-rendered
superimpositions, diagonal, matrix, sawtooth, and shape wipes,
matte, chroma, and luma key, flips, flops, and resizes, peels,
pushes, and spins, conceals, L-conceals, and squeezes, page curls,
masking, picture-in-picture (two-dimensional or three-dimensional),
compressed keyframed motion graphics and titles with limited or
unlimited keyframes per effect, nesting (the composition of
multiple video tracks to a single track), two stream keyframeable
color effects, fast-rendered masks, titles (three-dimensional), AVX
(Avid Visual extension) plug-ins, customizable two- and
three-dimensional DVEs, x, y, z position and rotation, and an
ability to locate flash frames and black holes.
[0059] Synchronization is particularly important, in order to
ensure that each video frame of a first source starts at the same
time as each video frame from a second source. For example, a video
is composed of many frames that can be rapidly and sequentially
shown. Each frame, in turn, includes hundreds of horizontal lines.
Two commons standards for a frame are the North American NTSC
(National Television System Committee) and the European PAL (Phase
Alternation Line). NTSC frames each have 525 lines, and a refresh
rate of 30 frames per second, while each frame in PAL is composed
of 625 scanned lines, with a refresh rate of 25 frames per second.
Furthermore, each frame has two fields, a first field representing
every other line beginning with line 1 (i.e., 1, 3, 5, 7 . . . ),
and a second field representing every other line beginning with
line 2 (i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8 . . . ).
[0060] The difficulty that may be encountered with independent
video sources that are to be combined is that a first source may
begin, for example, at line 82 while simultaneously, a second
source begins at line 5. Frame synchronizer electronics and/or
software permit one of the two sources to be delayed such that the
sources are synchronized accordingly, thus avoiding picture shift
or waver. Moreover, timebase correction may be undertaken.
[0061] Synchronization also is particularly important when multiple
sessions are to be viewed together, such that a common start point
is chosen. For example, the point of impact of a club with a golf
ball may be used as time "zero" for each of two sets of data, in
order to synchronize the data.
[0062] Multimedia analysis system 100 may make use of standard
video graphic output types such as BMP, TIF, GIF, PIC, JPG, SGI,
and TGA. In addition, multimedia analysis system 100 may use
standard motion video formats such as AVI, JPEG, MPEG, JMPEG, as
well as standard digital sound formats such as PCM.
[0063] With respect to superimposing two video data sets, the
superimposition may take a variety of forms. For example, golfer
110 may take swings on two separate occasions. Advantageously,
because the positions of video cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 of motion
analysis system 100 are fixed, data collection during the two
sessions may be taken in repeatable fashion. In one embodiment of
the present invention, a first set of data is collected during a
first session of golf swings and stored for later use. A second
session is next conducted, during which an exemplar golf swing is
chosen for replay from the first set of data. Preferably, computer
system 130 is used to store each data set, select a desired data
set and if necessary a subset thereof, process, and replay the
data. Video data from one or more views may be displayed on one or
more display devices 163, such as a computer monitor, television,
or projection system, and non-video data also may displayed. The
non-video data may include information from a golf ball launch
monitor 118, including information on golf ball trajectory as well
as estimates of where the golf ball will land (carry), how far the
golf ball will roll (total shot distance), and other flight
information such as whether the ball will hook or slice and how far
off-line the ball will travel. Preferably, one or more of the views
include superimposed data.
[0064] In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 5(a), two views of golfer
110 as captured by rear camera 124 during separate sessions are
shown in split-screen format with screen portions 170, 172 on a
display device 163. It should be noted that although display device
163 is shown as a computer monitor, other display devices such as
televisions or projection screen systems may be used. A first set
of video data 180 of golfer 110 as captured during a first session
is shown on the left portion 170 of display device 163, while a
second set of video data 190 of golfer 110 acquired during a second
session is shown on the right portion 172. Turning to FIG. 5(b),
when the first and second sets of video data 180, 190 respectively
are superimposed, composite video data 200 is shown on display
device 163. Composite video data 200 may represent video data 180,
190 in outline form, which may be accomplished by suitable
filtering of the data as with the mixing techniques described
herein. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 5(c) and 5(d), the first
and second sets of video data 180, 190 may each be assigned a fill
color, so that each set of data of golfer 110 can be easily
discerned from the other. In FIG. 5(c), the first set of video data
180 is shown in the foreground, while in FIG. 5(d) the second set
of video data 190 is shown in the foreground. In alternate
embodiments, one of the sets of data that is displayed may be a
data set showing golfer 110 as seen by a camera without any
outlining or other data filtering. Likewise, the display of data
sets may be partially or completely shown in color rather than
black and white. Furthermore, some or all of the background around
golfer 110 may be shown, rather than removing that portion of the
data from the data sets.
[0065] Superimposing of images from at least two data sets may
occur at various percentages. For example, in one embodiment thirty
percent of the pixels of each image in a first data set may be
superimposed with seventy percent of the pixels of each image in a
second data set. In another embodiment, fifty percent of the pixels
of each image in each of the first and second data sets may be
superimposed. In yet another embodiment, between about 20 percent
and about 40 percent of the pixels of each image in a first data
set may be superimposed with between about 60 percent and about 80
percent of the pixels of each image in a second data set.
[0066] The present invention may further involve the display of a
portion of golfer 110 from one or more data sets. For example, if
the upper body movement of golfer 110 is to be analyzed, the
remainder of golfer 110 may be selectively masked or otherwise
removed from the images that are captured, thereby permitting
analysis to focus on the area of interest. If only foot positioning
is to be analyzed, zoomed views of the lower leg and foot position
of golfer 110 during the various stages of swings may be
selectively displayed. In each example, as before, the
superimposing of data sets may occur at various percentages. Thus,
the present invention provides a tool for focusing analysis on
particular aspects of a golfer's mechanics.
[0067] As apparent from FIGS. 5(a)-(d), golfer 110 may change some
swing mechanics from one data collection session to another. For
example, as shown in the figures, although golfer 110 placed his
feet in the same position in both sets of video data 180, 190, the
golfer 110 changed his posture and grip position on the club.
[0068] Composite video data 200, 210, 220 may be viewed in a
variety of ways. In one embodiment, first and second sets of video
data 180, 190 are acquired during separate sessions, and analyzed
following completion of both sessions. In another embodiment, the
first and second sets of video data 180, 190 are shown
simultaneously with the actual acquisition of the second set of
video data. In some embodiments, golfer 110 may not be able to view
composite video data 200, 210, 220 until after data collection of
the first and second sets of video data 180, 190, while in other
embodiments, the first set of video data may be shown on a display
device 163 located within the view of golfer 110, such as with a
projection screen television located behind a net.
[0069] In another embodiment, images captured from multiple cameras
may be simultaneously displayed. As shown in FIG. 6, composite view
220 of golfer 110 as captured by rear camera 124 is shown on screen
portion 226 on a display device 163, while an additional composite
view 230 of golfer 110 as captured by front camera 122 is shown on
screen portion 227. Another screen portion 228 is provided for the
display of further data collected on golfer 110, such as the test
conditions previously described.
[0070] The present invention may also be used to obtain sets of
video data that only include two colors, and do not include fine
details such as clothing patterns, facial expressions, etc.
Software filtering and effects may be used for this purpose,
although particular attention to the setup of some equipment
included with multimedia analysis system 100 also may facilitate
such data collection. For example, by flooding the area around
golfer 110 with light, one or more cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 may
capture only a black and white, essentially non-grayscale image. In
other words, the individual may appear to be a uniform, solidly
filled black body on a white background. Computer 163 and
associated software may be used to invert the colors of the image,
as desired.
[0071] Preferably, data captured by the cameras is received and
processed by computer system 130. The following components may be
included with multimedia analysis system 100 to facilitate
collection and use of data: a digital capture and overlay board; a
video switcher to permit several video signals to be received and
selectively routed to display, storage, and processing components;
a video contrast enhancer for modifying video signals such as by
using shading compensation, brightness compensation, or preselected
grey scale levels to introduce picture contrast; a split-screen
generator for simultaneously displaying several images from various
video sources on the same monitor screen; a video time base
corrector for stabilizing the playback of videotape recordings and
synchronizing different video sources; a video subtractor for
displaying differences between two images; and video peak store
memory for generating time-exposure images of physical
movements.
[0072] In another aspect, non-video data sets may be mixed. For
example, flight data sets acquired by a launch monitor may be shown
on a display 163, such as by creating graphs or other charts of the
data sets.
[0073] Referring now to FIG. 7, in accordance with the present
invention, an operator turns the power on for the various
components of multimedia analysis system 100. Next, computer
processor 130 boots, resulting in clearing of the computer memory,
setting up of devices such as terminals, loading of software
information into the computer system's memory, and loading the
operating system into memory (STEP 300). After booting of the
computer system 130, video capture, audio capture, and other data
capture and mixing software is executed so that an operator may
subsequently perform data acquisition, manipulation, and analysis
(STEP 310). Cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 and lighting associated with
multimedia analysis system 100 are then prepared for image capture,
with appropriate equipment settings verified and/or established
(STEP 320). In addition, launch monitor 118 is calibrated, with
appropriate launch monitor settings verified and/or established
(STEP 330). Optionally, the settings of a video splitter box may be
verified and/or established, permitting one or more images or
motion sequences to be displayed in one or more quadrants on a
display device such as a monitor 163 (STEP 340).
[0074] With the various components of multimedia analysis system
100 in operational mode, the operator of multimedia analysis system
100 initiates data capture by instructing computer system 130 to
begin collecting data, such as by depressing a start key associated
with start operations of data capture and mixing software, and a
data collection session is initiated (STEP 350). Preferably, the
software is Avid Xpress real-time video editing software. The
operator instructs golfer 110 to begin a swing sequence (STEP 360),
and the golfer then performs a swing sequence (STEP 370). Images
captured by cameras 120, 122, 124, 126 are digitized, audio
captured by microphone 116 is digitized, and golf ball launch
conditions and flight characteristics observed by launch monitor
118 are solved (STEP 380). Data from the session such as video
data, audio data, and launch monitor data is next consolidated and
correlated by the data capture and mixing software, as necessary
(STEP 390).
[0075] Historical data such as images or sequences of images may be
retrieved from mass storage (STEP 400), and data capture and mixing
software routines may be activated to permit mixing (STEP 410).
Software routines are activated to correlate two or more data sets
such as a historical aggregated data set and a just-acquired
aggregated data set (STEP 420). The term aggregated data set
preferably refers to a set of data that includes video, audio, and
launch monitor data from one session. The correlated data sets may
be processed using mixing software routines so that appropriate
effects are achieved, such as superimposition of data sets in video
output. The correlated data is displayed in one or more formats,
such as multiple correlated video image streams, multiple
correlated audio streams, and/or comparisons of test condition data
from the data sets (STEP 430).
[0076] With reference to FIG. 8, in accordance with the present
invention, data sets may be superimposed using the mixing software.
The software operator first selects and marks an "in" point of a
first data set, which is typically selected to be one frame prior
to initiation of a swing sequence (STEP 500). The first data set,
or a portion thereof, is then stored as a timeline-based sequence,
such that playing of the first data set sequence occurs over a
period of time tracked by a timeline (STEP 510). The software
operator next selects and marks an "in" point of a second data set,
which also is typically selected to be one frame prior to
initiation of a swing sequence (STEP 520). The second data set, or
a portion thereof, is then stored as a timeline-based sequence
(STEP 530). One or more mixing software tools are next selected by
the operator to apply the desired effects to the first and second
data sets (STEP 540). The data sets are then displayed in one or
more formats, such as multiple correlated video image streams,
multiple correlated audio streams, and/or comparisons of test
condition data from the data sets (STEP 550).
[0077] Preferably, when analyzing a golf swing from start to
finish, the selection of "in" points begins at least about 0.75
second before golf ball impact, as this is a typical time span
between initiation of a golf swing and contact of a golf club with
a golf ball. Also, first and second data sets preferably end no
earlier than about 0.25 second after golf ball impact, as this is a
typical time span between impact of the golf club with the golf
ball and completion of the golf swing.
[0078] While various descriptions of the present invention are
described above, it should be understood that the various features
can be used singly or in any combination thereof. Therefore, this
invention is not to be limited to only the specifically preferred
embodiments described and depicted herein.
[0079] Many variations or modifications fall within the scope of
the present development. For example, three-dimensional data sets
may be compiled using the requisite number of cameras, and
visualization techniques, as known in the art, may be used to
permit mixing of three-dimensional video data sets so that golfer
110 may be viewed from any angle. In another embodiment, multimedia
analysis system 100 may be configured to be portable. Calibration
units may be provided to precisely position cameras, a mat, and a
teed golf ball for data collection, and may include devices
permitting laser distance measurement. Level sensors also may be
provided. With such equipment, along with a portable computer, a
multimedia analysis system 100 may be readily transported, so that
data capture of a golfer's swing may be commenced at locations such
as golf course fairways, pro shops, or trade shows.
[0080] While the present invention is particularly suited to sports
training, other uses are contemplated especially in areas where an
emulation or a precise motion sequence is desired. For example, the
present invention may be scaled to smaller dimensions and/or more
constrained areas for use in the training of doctors performing
particular surgical techniques. Doctors pioneering particular
medical procedures may use the apparatus and methodology of the
present invention to practice the various steps in a procedure
without requiring the presence of a live subject. Alternatively,
trade skills may be developed through practice of the present
invention, such as welding skills. Law enforcement also may find
use of the present invention in firearms training, for example in
the practice of sharp shooters. Thus, it should be understood that
variations and modifications within the spirit and scope of the
invention may occur to those skilled in the art to which the
invention pertains.
* * * * *