U.S. patent application number 09/850477 was filed with the patent office on 2002-04-25 for motor including embedded permanent-magnet and method for making the same.
Invention is credited to Pop, Stephen L. SR..
Application Number | 20020047426 09/850477 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27374802 |
Filed Date | 2002-04-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020047426 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pop, Stephen L. SR. |
April 25, 2002 |
MOTOR INCLUDING EMBEDDED PERMANENT-MAGNET AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE
SAME
Abstract
An electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having
embedded magnets held in place by several segments. The embedded
magnets are secured by segments including non-circular openings
near their centers. Several non-magnetic, non-conductive bars
extend through the non-circular openings of the segments to secure
the segments in relation to the shaft. The motor is capable of
producing high torque while only requiring a minimum amount of
space.
Inventors: |
Pop, Stephen L. SR.;
(Warren, OH) |
Correspondence
Address: |
LEYDIG VOIT & MAYER, LTD
TWO PRUDENTIAL PLAZA, SUITE 4900
180 NORTH STETSON AVENUE
CHICAGO
IL
60601-6780
US
|
Family ID: |
27374802 |
Appl. No.: |
09/850477 |
Filed: |
May 7, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09850477 |
May 7, 2001 |
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09342850 |
Jun 29, 1999 |
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09342850 |
Jun 29, 1999 |
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09084562 |
May 26, 1998 |
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09084562 |
May 26, 1998 |
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08675399 |
Jul 2, 1996 |
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08675399 |
Jul 2, 1996 |
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08191957 |
Feb 4, 1994 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
310/156.08 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02K 5/225 20130101;
H02K 1/2773 20130101; H02K 2201/06 20130101; H02K 15/03 20130101;
Y10T 29/49012 20150115; H02K 7/20 20130101; H02K 5/173 20130101;
H02K 21/14 20130101; Y10T 29/49009 20150115; Y10T 29/53143
20150115; Y10T 29/49078 20150115; H02K 7/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
310/156.08 |
International
Class: |
H02K 021/12 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A rotor of cylindrical configuration for use in a motor having a
high torque to size ratio, said rotor having an outer cylindrical
peripheral surface and comprising: a central rotor shaft; at least
first and second retainers securely mounted on said shaft in spaced
opposed relation to one another; a plurality of magnetically
conductive segments arrayed around said shaft between said first
and second retainers with each of said segments spanning a
circumferential sector of said cylindrical configuration; magnets
disposed between each adjacent pair of said segments of said array
for providing magnetic flux through each of the respective adjacent
segments for linking through a stator disposed around said
peripheral surface; each of said segments having an opening
extending therethrough in generally spaced parallel relation to
said shaft, each of said openings being of a cross-section which is
elongated radially of the respective segment relative to the width
of said opening normal to a radial plane through the center axis of
said shaft; and, non-magnetic securing bars extending through each
of said openings and being supported by said retainers whereby said
bars support said segments in predetermined positions in said
rotor.
2. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein said non-magnetic
securing bars are electrically non-conductive.
3. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein each of said retainers
includes bar supports located at intervals spaced angularly around
the axis of said shaft.
4. The rotor as set forth in claim 3 wherein said bars engage said
bar supports.
5. The rotor as set forth in claim 4 wherein said bar supports are
defined by openings in each of said retainers.
6. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein said magnets are
substantially thin plates extending radially of said shaft and
being magnetized through their thickness so that their poles are at
their major planar side surfaces which face said segments.
7. The rotor as set forth in claim 6 wherein said magnets extend
from closely adjacent the shaft to adjacent the outer periphery of
said rotor.
8. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein said openings are
disposed symmetrically to the radial centerlines of said
segments.
9. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein said openings are
formed generally in a diamond shape.
10. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein said shaft is
non-magnetic.
11. The rotor as set forth in claim 1 wherein three or more said
retainers mounted on said shaft in spaced relation to one another,
said rotor including corresponding sets of said segments and said
magnets so arrayed and disposed around said shaft between each
adjacent pair of said retainers and supported on said retainers by
such securing bars.
12. The rotor as set forth in claim 21 wherein each of said
retainers which is intermediate two other said retainers defines
openings therethrough in alignment with said openings through said
segments, and each of said bars is a unitary bar which extends
through said openings of each said intermediate retainer and is
radially supported on each of retainers mounted on said shaft.
13. The rotor as in claim 1 wherein each of said segments abuts
said central rotor shaft.
14. A rotor of cylindrical configuration for use in a motor having
a high torque to size ratio said rotor having an outer cylindrical
peripheral surface and comprising: a central rotor shaft; at least
first and second retainers securely mounted on said shaft in spaced
opposed relation to one another; a plurality of magnetically
conductive segments arrayed around said shaft between said first
and second retainers with each of said segments spanning a
circumferential sector of said cylindrical configuration; magnets
disposed between each adjacent pair of said segments of said array
and extending radially from closely adjacent said shaft to adjacent
the outer periphery of said rotor for providing magnetic flux
through each of the respective adjacent segments for linking
through a stator disposed around said peripheral surface, said
magnets being formed as substantially thin plates and being
magnetized through their thickness so that their poles are at their
major planar side surfaces facing said segments; each of said
segments having an opening extending therethrough in generally
spaced parallel relation to said shaft, each of said openings being
of a cross-section which is elongated radially of the respective
segment relative to the width of said opening normal to a radial
plane through the center axis of said shaft; and, non-magnetic and
electrically non-conductive securing bars extending through each of
said openings and being supported by said retainers whereby said
bars support said segments in predetermined positions in said
rotor.
15. The rotor as set forth in claim 14 wherein each of said
retainers includes bar supports located at intervals spaced
angularly around the axis of said shaft.
16. The rotor as set forth in claim 15 wherein said bars engage
said bar supports.
17. The rotor as set forth in claim 16 wherein said bar supports
are defined by openings in each of said retainers.
18. The rotor as set forth in claim 14 wherein said openings are
disposed symmetrically to the radial centerlines of said
segments.
19. The rotor as set forth in claim 16 wherein said openings are
formed generally in a diamond shape.
20. The rotor as set forth in claim 16 wherein said shaft is
non-magnetic.
21. The rotor as set forth in claim 14 wherein three or more said
retainers mounted on said shaft in spaced relation to one another,
said rotor including corresponding sets of said segments and said
magnets so arrayed and disposed around said shaft between each
adjacent pair of said retainers and supported on said retainers by
such securing bars.
22. The rotor as set forth in claim 21 wherein each of said
retainers which is intermediate two other said retainers defines
openings therethrough in alignment with said openings through said
segments, and each of said bars is a unitary bar which extends
through said openings of each said intermediate retainer and is
radially supported on each of retainers mounted on said shaft.
23. The rotor as in claim 14 wherein each of said segments abuts
said central rotor shaft.
24. A method of manufacturing a rotor for use in a motor having a
high torque to size ratio and including a central drive shaft and
magnetic field segments and permanent magnets disposed about said
shaft, said method comprising the steps of: providing said magnets
as substantially thin plates and said segments with openings
therethrough oriented to extend in generally spaced parallel
relation to said shaft when said segments are assembled thereabout,
and providing retainer rings of a configuration to engage said
shaft and having openings positioned to be aligned with the opening
in said segments when assembled therewith on said shaft; aligning
and supporting an assembly comprised of said retainers, magnets and
segments an said shaft so that the openings in said segments are
aligned with the openings in said retainers, said assembly forming
a central hole defined by the inside surfaces of said retainers,
magnets and segments; inserting non-magnetic securing rods into the
aligned openings formed by said segments and said retainers; and,
inserting a non-magnetic shaft into the central hole, wherein said
shaft abuts said segments and forces them radially outward until
said securing rods, being retained by said retainers, exert
radially inward forces on said segments to maintain said segments
in firm abutting relation with said shaft, thereby causing the
shaft, retainers, segments and rods to interact as a single
pre-stressed truss body.
26. The method as set forth in claim 20 further comprising the step
of drenching said rotor with adhesive.
27. The method as set forth in claim 20 further comprising the step
of machining said rotor along its outer periphery to provide a
smooth and circular surface.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to an electric motor including a
permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets held in place by
several segments. More specifically, the invention relates to a
motor capable of producing high torque while only requiring a
minimum amount of space.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Synchronous electric motors having permanent-magnet rotors
have existed for some time. Many of the rotors that have been used
in such electric motors have magnets that are mounted at the
periphery of the rotor surface. In these motors, the rotor
typically is made of a magnetically conductive material such as
iron or the like. The magnetic flux available to produce force in
connection with the magnetic fields in the stator is proportional
to the surface area of the magnets on the outer surface of the
rotor. In these motors, great care must be taken to mount the
magnets in precise relation to the axis of the rotor and so as to
maintain a smooth outer surface.
[0003] In operation, the flux lines from the magnets in these
motors link across an air gap to the stator. The magnets are
arranged so that adjoining rows of magnets have opposite magnetic
poles facing outward. Thus, around the outside circumference of the
rotor, the rows of magnets are arrayed north to south to north, and
so on. Typically, the rows are also slightly skewed relative to the
stator or the stator is slightly skewed relative to the rotor so as
to minimize cogging that occurs as the magnets line up with the
respective teeth of the stator. Since total magnetic flux for a
magnet is proportional to its surface area, the total available
torque for these types of motors is directly linked to the total
available surface area of the outside of the rotor. Thus, this
rotor arrangement is most useful where either the size of the motor
(size of the diameter of the rotor) does not need to be small or
the total available torque does not need to be large.
[0004] There are some motors where the permanent magnets are not
mounted at the outside periphery of the rotor. An example of such a
motor is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,114, issued Sep. 29, 1987, to
Amemiya et al. In these motors, the permanent magnets are secured
between magnetically conductive wedges which are secured in fixed
relation to the shaft of the rotor. The wedges in these motors
sometimes consist of sets-of laminated plates held in place by
fastening bolts that extend through them parallel to the axis of
rotation of the motor and attach to steel end plates which are
securely fitted to the shaft. In these motors, the inner surfaces
of the wedges and permanent magnets are radially spaced from the
shaft the entire length of the magnetized rotor.
[0005] In the aforementioned motors the diameter of the rotor must
be sufficiently large to accommodate the air gap between the shaft
and the magnets and wedges. This presents apparent problems in a
lower available torque for a given diameter rotor and a larger
overall size. In addition, the manner of mounting and the
positioning of the magnets and wedges would appear to adversely
affect the response time of the motor to rapid changes in the
signal input (stiffness) along with providing relatively high
inertia, eddy currents and diminished rotor efficiency.
[0006] In control systems, it is often desirable to use small high
torque devices to operate various mechanical systems. In the past,
where high torque was required but space was limited, system
designers often opted to use hydraulic systems because of the lack
of electric motors with sufficiently high torque-to size ratios. As
a result, there has been a need for an electric motor with high
torque that can be used in relatively small spaces.
[0007] In applications such as robotics and the like, where
response time is critical, there is additional need for electric
motors that have high stiffness while not requiring a significant
amount of space. In addition, such applications often require that
the control system maintain a high energy efficiency.
[0008] Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide a
small electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having
embedded magnets which has high torque to size ratio.
[0009] A related object of the invention is to provide an electric
motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets
which has high stiffness while requiring a minimum amount of
space.
[0010] Another related object of the invention is to provide an
electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded
magnets which achieves high torque and stiffness while maintaining
high efficiency.
[0011] Another related object of the invention is to provide an
electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded
magnets which achieves smoothness of operation at low speeds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] A feature of the invention is an electric motor including a
permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets secured by segments
including non-circular openings near their centers.
[0013] Another feature of the invention is an electric motor
including several non-magnetic, non-conductive bars which extend
through the non-circular openings of the segments to secure the
segments in relation to the shaft.
[0014] Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where
the opening near the center of the segments is generally shaped
like an elongated diamond.
[0015] Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where
the segments and magnets are in abutment with the shaft.
[0016] Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where
the shaft is constructed of non-magnetic material, such as
stainless steel.
[0017] Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where
the securing bars are formed of high tensile strength
fiberglass.
[0018] Still another feature of this invention is a method for
assembling an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor
having embedded magnets.
[0019] Another feature of this invention is a method for assembling
an electric motor wherein the rotor shaft is force fit into the
center of an assembly including the segments, magnets, bars and
retainer rings so that rotor acts as a single beam in
operation.
[0020] Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the
following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the
drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 is a side view, partially in section, of an electric
motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets
and employing teachings of the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the motor taken along line 2-2
of FIG. 1 and enlarged to show greater detail.
[0023] FIG. 2A is an enlarged plan view of a lamination used in
forming the segments of the rotor of the motor in FIG. 1.
[0024] FIG. 3 is a plan view of a retainer ring lamination used in
the rotor assembly of FIG. 1.
[0025] FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of the rotor of FIG. 1
taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2.
[0026] FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic perspective of the rotor
showing one axial set of the segments related embedded magnets, and
supporting bars.
[0027] FIG. 6 is an exploded view of a shaft used in the rotor
assembly of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0028] While the invention will be described in connection with a
preferred embodiment, it will be understood that the invention is
not limited to that embodiment. On the contrary, the invention
covers all alternatives, modifications and equivalents within the
spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended
claims. For example, the preferred embodiment is described in terms
of an electric motor; however, the invention herein may take the
form of a motor or a generator.
[0029] Turning first to FIG. 1, the motor assembly generally
indicated as 8 includes an electrical motor 10 within an outer
housing 20 and a terminal box 30 which are connected to one another
as by machine screws 40. The motor 10 further includes a stator
generally indicated at 15 and a rotor generally indicated at 17.
The terminal box 30 includes a cover 50, secured by screws 60,
which has an opening (not shown) through which a power supply (not
shown) extends to power the motor 10. As shown, wires pass through
aligned openings in the housing 20 and the base of the terminal box
30. The first set of wires, referred-to hereinafter to as stator
lead wires 65, connects with stator windings 70 within the stator
15. As shown, there are a total of six stator lead wires 65 which
provide for Y or .DELTA. three-phase operation of the motor 10.
Although the preferred embodiment provides for three-phase
operation, it is noted that other multi-phase or single phase
configurations could be implemented.
[0030] As shown in FIG. 1, the rotor 17 includes a drive shaft 80
which rotates about a central axis, being rotatably supported by a
forward bearing 90 and a spaced rear bearing 100. The bearings 90
and 100 are supported on a front end plate 110 and an interior
supporting plate 120, respectfully. The front end plate 110 secures
and locates the bearing 90 by clasping the bearings with a clamping
piece 130. The clamp piece 130 is secured by means of a set of
screws 135 which are accessible from the front of the plate
110.
[0031] Front end plate 110 attaches to an intermediate casing 140
by means of screws 150 near the outer edges of the front end plate
110 and the front edge of the casing 140. The housing 140 also is
secured to the interior supporting plate 120 by screws which extend
through the housing. Of course, in any circumstance where screws
are described to secure two component pieces together, any
appropriate connecting device may be used such as bolts, rivets, or
an integrated assembly weld. A rear end plate 160 is secured to the
interior supporting plate 120 so as to define an enclosed rear area
162 therebetween. Mounted within this rear area and in near
proximity to shaft 80 is a brushless tachometer and commutator 170
and/or other sensor which produces a signal indicative of the speed
of rotation and/or position of the shaft 80. As shown in FIG. 1,
the brushless tachometer and commutator 170 includes signal wires
180 which extends into the terminal box 30 and connects with the
appropriate circuitry which ultimately powers the stator windings
70. The brushless tachometer and commutator 170 is used to monitor
position and/or speed of the rotor 17 and is an integral part to
any application where the motor 10 is used as a servo. In the
preferred embodiment, the brushless tachometer and commutator 170
may be of the kind produced by SERV0-TEK as TACHSYN (model number
T6621) for a six pole motor.
[0032] FIG. 2 shows a cross section of the rotor 17, stator 15 and
intermediate housing 140. The stator 15 includes a stator core 190
which is comprised of a number of laminations each having
substantially the same dimensions. As shown, the stator core 190
has thirty-six teeth 200 (only one of the teeth shown in FIG. 2 is
numbered) which extend inwardly to form a circular cylindrical
contour at an inner diameter. The teeth 200 are substantially
equidistant from one to the next around the inner circumference
and, as such, there are six stator teeth per every 60 degrees with
respect to the center axis.
[0033] In an exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the inner
contour of the stator core 190 may be very small. The distance
between the teeth 200 of the stator core 190 along the inner
circumference may be correspondingly small. The dimensions of the
stator core 190 can be as small as manufacturing procedures permit.
Further, in the preferred embodiment, the teeth 200 are skewed by
one tooth over the length of the rotor 17. Skewing teeth 200 in
this way-minimizes torque ripple and provides for smooth operation
at low speeds and prevents cogging.
[0034] In order to facilitate the magnetic circuit with the rotor
17, each lamination of the stator core 190 is made of a material
that exhibits high magnetic conductivity and low hysterisis losses,
such as magnetic silicon steel. In addition, each lamination is
electrically insulated so that eddy currents are limited. In the
preferred embodiment, each lamination of the stator core 190 is
stamped from 2-3% silicon steel and laminated with a non-conductive
coating, such as M36 steel with C5 coating sold by Tempel Steel.
Although the laminations of the preferred embodiment are produced
using a stamping process, it will be recognized that other
processes may be used.
[0035] To further facilitate the magnetic circuit, the inner ends
of the teeth 200 of the stator core 190 are broadened
circumferentially. The intermediate housing 140 is formed
separately of a non-magnetic material such as aluminum, stainless
steel, etc.; however, magnetic materials may be used. In this
manner, the magnetic circuit is structured so as to obtain maximum
efficiency. The stator windings 70 (not shown in FIG. 2) fill the
spaces between the teeth 200 of the stator core 190, from the outer
most radial end to the inner area adjacent the broadened inner end
surfaces of the teeth 200.
[0036] Referring to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, the illustrated rotor 17
includes the central axial drive shaft 80 and a plurality of
segments 210 corresponding to a multiple of the number of poles in
the motor, e.g., at least six segments 210 for a six-pole motor.
Additional sets of the segments may be added in axial alignment
with the first set about the center shaft, depending upon the size
of the individual components and the space and power parameters for
the motor. The rotor 17 includes three axially aligned sets of six
segments, with only one segment and related magnets of each set
being shown in the schematic illustration of FIG. 5 for clarity.
This embodiment optimally produces 13 Nm of torque with the rotor
17 having an outside diameter of approximately 49.5 mm and three
sets of segments as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. The individual
segments 210 are supported on securing bars 230. The bars 230
extend parallel to the axis of the rotor 17 through central
openings 270 in the segments 210 and are supported by retainer
rings 280 which are affixed to and supported on the shaft 80. The
retainer rings 280 (see FIG. 3) include at least the end retainer
rings 280 as part of the end assemblies at each end of the rotor
17, with additional retainer rings 282 between each set of the
segments 210 when the rotor 17 includes multiple sets as in the
illustrated embodiment.
[0037] The magnets 220 are thin flat rectangular magnets each
magnetized through its thickness so that its opposite poles are at
its opposite major planar faces. One such magnet 220 is positioned
at each interface between adjacent segments 210 as best seen in
FIG. 2 and is held in position by engagement of the respective
abutting segments 210. Each of the magnets 220 thus is disposed to
extend along and parallel to the shaft 80 over the length of the
respective segments 210 and radially of the shaft, i.e., with its
central plane extending parallel to and. radially of the axis of
the shaft 80. The magnets 220 are oriented such that like poles
abut each side of each segment 210 whereby the segments 210 are
polarized alternately N-S progressively about the circumference of
the rotor 17. Thus, any single magnetic circuit made by the magnets
220 utilizes part of one segment and part of the adjacent segment
in connecting with the stator 15. The magnets 220 need be of only a
minimum thickness to provide the minimum physical strength
necessary for reasonable handling and mounting, i.e., to avoid
undue fragility of the magnet elements per se. Each magnet 220
extends from an inner edge 221 closely adjacent the surface of the
shaft 80 to an outer edge which is adjacent the outer edge of the
segments 210 and thus the surface of the rotor 17, being separated
therefrom only by narrow retainer protrusions 260 of the segments
210 which partially overlie the outer edges of the magnets 220 for
radial retention purposes. The air gap between the opposed
retaining ears 260 should be slightly greater than the air gap
between the rotor 17 and the stator 15 to insure directing of the
magnetic flux across the air gap to the stator instead of crossing
between the rotor segments. In an alternative embodiment, recesses
are provided along the sides of the segments 210 which face the
magnets 220. In this alternative embodiment, shims are inserted
into the recesses to position and grip the, magnets 220.
[0038] In the illustrated rotor, the bars 230 hold the segments 210
in place with their inner edges firmly seated against the surface
of the shaft 80. The shaft 80, segments 210, bars 230 and retainer
rings 230, 232 thus form an integrated structure which provides
substantial strength and stiffness even with a shaft 80 of
relatively small diameter. This, in turn, permits using radial
magnets 220 and segments 210 of large radial extent relative to the
outside diameter of the rotor, thereby providing greater available
flux with good flux control and attendant high power potential with
a small rotor in a small motor.
[0039] Each of the segments 210 is comprised of stacked laminations
212 having substantially the same configuration and dimensions. As
shown in FIG. 2A, each lamination 212 is generally pie-shaped in
configuration and includes an inner concave curved edge 240 to
conform to the outer circumferential surface of the shaft 80 and an
outer convex curved edge 250 to conform to the outside
circumferential surface selected for the rotor 17. That is, curved
edge 240 defines an-arc of a radius substantially corresponding to
the radius of the shaft 80, and the curved edge 250 defines an arc
corresponding to the design radius of the rotor 17.
[0040] Each lamination 212 further includes a non-circular opening
270 formed near the center of the lamination (as measured radially
between edges 240 and 250). The opening 270 is of a generally
elongated diamond shape. It is symmetrical about the center radius
of the lamination 212 and oriented with its major axis extending
radially of the lamination, being of a length and position to
substantially bifurcate the lamination 212 into
symmetrical,positions at each side of the opening 270. Of course,
opening 270 could be in the form of other shapes such as a
rectangle, triangle or other radially elongated geometrical shape.
The inner two adjacent sides 272a, 272b of the illustrated opening
270 are substantially at 30 degrees relative to each other as are
the two outer adjacent sides 274a, 274b. Where the two inner and
outer sides connect, they form an included angle of 120 degrees. As
shown, the inner and outer corners 276, 278 of opening 270 are
rounded. In the preferred embodiment, the inner corner 276 is of
substantially greater radius of curvature than the outer corner
278. By not rounding the outer corner 278 as much as the inner
corner 276, opening 270 is easily extended farther radially toward
the outer edge 250. Similarly, by rounding the inner corner 276
more than the outer corner 278, opening 270 does not extend as far
inward toward end 240. The particular benefits of shaping opening
270 as described will be discussed further below.
[0041] As with the stator core 190, each lamination 212 of the
segments 210 is stamped from magnetic material. To reduce eddy
currents, each lamination 212 is covered with an electrically
non-conductive material. In the preferred embodiment, the
laminations 212 are made of 2-3% silicon steel and coated with
non-conductive coating, such as M36 steel with C5 coating
manufactured by Temple Steel. Powered metal sintered segments with
silicon may replace the thin laminations.
[0042] The shape of the segments 210 directs the flux lines
emanating from the surfaces of the magnets 220 to the outer surface
250 of each of the segments 210. Magnets 220 are of a type having
sufficient magnetic strength to saturate or nearly saturate the
material of each lamination comprising the segments 210 at the
outer edge 250. In addition, magnets 220 are sufficiently heat
resistant so as to not lose a significant amount of magnetism as
the rotor 17 becomes hot (nearing 300 degrees Fahrenheit). In the
preferred embodiment, the magnets 220 are made of
Neodynium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) having an energy product (BHmax) of
30.times.10.sup.6 (Gauss Ohersteds (GOe). However, other magnets
could be used in place of such preferred magnets. For instance,
where greater temperature resistance is desired, Samarium-Cobalt
(SmCo) magnets may be used. In general, given certain operating
requirements such as maximum temperature and minimum flux, a
particular magnet can be chosen.
[0043] Besides securing the segments 210, the openings 270 and the
bars 230 assist in directing the magnetic flux emanating from the
magnets 220 through the segments 210. In accordance with the
invention, the bars 230 are constructed of a material having high
tensile strength which is both non-magnetic and electrically,
non-conductive. In the preferred embodiment, bars 230 are made of
pulltruded glass fiber with thermoset resin binder, commonly
referred to as fiberglass. The pulltrusion process orients the
continuous glass fibers substantially parallel to the length of the
bar. Although the preferred embodiment utilizes bars made of Class
H fiberglass (suitable for use at 180.degree. C.), bars 230 could
be made of any non-magnetic, non-conductive material having
sufficient strength and weight characteristics. Being that the bars
230 are electrically non-conductive, circulating currents are
prevented, thereby improving the efficiency of the motor 10. For
example, there is no loss in efficiency due to the production of
eddy currents. Further, the bars 230 do not permit the circulating
currents which might create an inductive rotor (squirrel cage).
[0044] With the structure of the rotor 17, including the openings
270 and using non-magnetic and non-conductive bars 230, it is
believed that the magnetic flux emanating from the surfaces of the
magnets 220 is directed to generate an even distribution of
magnetic flux across the outer surface 250 of the segments 210. As
noted above, such distribution is preferably strong enough to
saturate the material of the segments 210 at their outer surfaces
250, thereby providing the maximum flux to link with the stator 15.
As shown in FIG. 2, magnetic flux present at the outer surface 250
of the segments 210 crosses an air gap that is present between the
rotor 17 and the stator 15 to create a magnetic circuit. By
directing the magnetic flux as described, the flux crosses the air
gap on substantially radial lines (with respect to the axis of
rotation) and generates the maximum flux lines per area for maximum
available torque. Accordingly, the distance that must be traveled
by the flux is minimized as is the magnetic resistance as seen at
the air gap.
[0045] At the position depicted in FIG. 2, a magnetic circuit
begins at one of the magnets 220. It is believed that the magnetic
flux travels through one half of one of the segments 210, being
directed by the opening 270 and the bars 230, to form an even
distribution across one half of the outer surface 250 of one of the
segments 210. At that point, the magnetic flux crosses the air gap
present between the rotor 17 and the stator 15. To assist in
directing the magnetic flux, the shaft 80 is constructed of a
non-magnetic material so that the magnetic flux of the magnets 220
will not utilize the shaft 80 as a means for completing a magnetic
circuit, but will be directed outwardly toward the outer surface
250 of the segments 210. Once across the air gap, the magnetic flux
emanating from one-half of a segment 210 links instantaneously with
the equivalent of three teeth 200 of the stator 15 and is linked to
the next set of three teeth 200 of the stator 15. The magnetic flux
then links back across the air gap to one half of the outer surface
250 of the adjacent one of the segments 210. From the outer surface
250, the magnetic flux is directed through the adjacent one of the
segments 210 to connect with the other side of the same one of
magnets 220 that the original magnetic flux lines emanated from,
thereby completing the magnetic circuit. The retainer rings 282 are
of essentially the same construction as the rings 280.
[0046] FIGS. 2 and 2A shows that the bars 230 do not fill the
openings 270. As shown, small gaps are left near the inner corners
276 and outer corners 278 of openings 270. The primary mechanical
force contact between the bars 230 and the segments 210 is along
the inner angled surfaces 272a, 274b of openings 270, i.e., in
retaining the segments against centrifugal forces. For this reason,
the inner corner 276 of openings 270 has a greater radius of
curvature than does the outer corner 278 of openings 270. Under
normal conditions, the rounded inner edges 232 of bars 230 can come
in contact with the inner corner 276 of opening 270. In such
instances, the surface area available to transmit retaining force
is increased over that which would exist if the inner corner 276
were not rounded.
[0047] The outside corner 278 of opening 270 has a radius of
curvature that is smaller than the inner corner 276. Optimally, the
opening 270 would not include an outer corner but would extend all
the way to the outer surface 250 in order to direct the magnetic
flux lines as described above. However, in order to avoid
complications in manufacturing, the opening 270 is extended as far
as permissible in a radial direction while still permitting the
laminations of the segments 210 to be stamp formed. Additionally,
the outer corner 278 of the opening 270 does not have to be rounded
to the degree of the inner corner because the outer surfaces of
opening 270 do not encounter any forces.
[0048] Although the preferred embodiment includes bars 230
generally having an elongated diamond shape, other shapes of bars
230 could be utilized. For example, a circular, triangular, etc.
rod could be inserted in opening 270. Of course, in the case where
openings 270 are shaped other than as elongated diamonds, the bars
230 would be made in a shape that could fit through the openings
270 and must be of sufficient rigidity to support the segments.
[0049] FIG. 3 shows a retainer ring 280 including openings 290 and
a center hole 300. The retainer ring 280 fits over the shaft 80 and
secures the bars 230 in relation thereto. Retainer ring 280 is made
of non-magnetic material such as stainless steel, though other
similar materials would suffice. Since the retainer ring 280 also
can be a lamination, several essentially identical plates are
secured together to support and locate the rods 230. In the
preferred embodiment, as with the other laminations, each retainer
ring 280 is made of thin stainless steel plates which are covered
with an insulative coating after being stamp formed. As further
shown in FIG. 3, the retainer rings 280 include notches 310 along
their periphery. In one embodiment, the notches 310 are used to
fusion weld several retainer plates together. In other embodiments,
the retainer rings are cut from material of the total required
thickness and, as a result, notches 310 are eliminated and no
fusion welding is required. Of course, where retainer ring plates
are welded together, several other means of connecting them may be
used.
[0050] The openings 290 of the retainer rings 280 are shaped
slightly differently than the openings 270 of the segments 210.
Unlike the openings 270, the primary mechanical forces exerted by
the securing bars 230 against the retainer rings 280 are along the
outer surfaces of the openings 290, i.e., in retaining the bars 230
and the segments 210 and magnets 200 against centrifugal forces.
Accordingly, the outer corners of openings 290 have a larger radius
of curvature than the inner corners to increase the engagement
surface area of the bars 230 therealong.
[0051] FIG. 4 shows a partial cross sectional view of an assembled
rotor along line 3-3 as shown in FIG. 2 with three sets of segments
210 and two interior retaining rings 282. In a simpler preferred
embodiment as in FIG. 1 where the rotor 17 is shorter, there is no
need for the interior retainer rings 282 and, consequently, they
are not preset. The securing bar 230 extends the length of the
segments 210 to connect with the retainer rings 280 at either end
of the segments 210 regardless of the number of sets of
segments.
[0052] As described, the invention may be practiced utilizing
differing numbers of sets of magnets (modules). Each
magnetic-module is approximately 2 inches long when the outside
diameter of the rotor 17 being approximately 49.5 mm with retainer
rings on either side. Although the magnetic modules are described
in approximately two inch lengths, it is to be understood that
other lengths, both smaller and larger could be utilized. Utilizing
this modular approach provides motors (rotor of approximately 49.5
mm diameter) that optimally produce approximately 4 Nm of torque
with one modular segment, 7 Nm of torque with two modular segments,
10 Nm of torque with three modular segments, 13 Nm of torque with
four modular segments, etc. As is apparent, the available torque
increases proportionally to the number of magnetic modules that are
employed.
[0053] A balance drive plate 312 is provided at one end of the
retainer rings 280 to balance the rotor 17 by placing material 320,
such as epoxy putty, on its inside rim 314 (shown in FIG. 1). In
the preferred embodiment, the drive plate 312 is made of stainless
steel or an equivalent non-magnetic material.
[0054] Near the other end of the rotor 17 is a clamp and lock screw
assembly 330. As shown, the clamp 340 screws onto the shaft 80 in
an axial direction where an outer surface of the shaft 80 contacts
an inner surface of the clamp 340. The clamp provides threaded
bores 350 that align with the outside surface of the retainer rings
280. A lock screw (not shown) is screwed into each bore 350 to
contact the retainer rings 280 and compress the assembly of
laminations into tight alignment.
[0055] FIG. 6 shows the shaft 80 in its disassembled form. As
shown, the rear shaft 360 and the front shaft 370 connect together
to form shaft 80 by means of a threaded screw portion 380 and a
complementary threaded receiving portion 390. The rear shaft 360
includes a taper portion 400 and a knurled portion 410,. As shown,
the knurls of the portion 410 extend in an axial direction along
the outer surface of the rear shaft 360. The rear shaft 360
additionally includes a threaded portion 420 which accommodates the
clamp and lock screw assembly 330 as described above. In the
preferred embodiment, the rear shaft 360 is made of stainless steel
or the like while front shaft 370,is made of cold finish carbon
steel or the like.
[0056] To manufacture the rotor 17, an assembly of retainer rings
280 (and rings 282 as necessary), segments 210 and magnets 220 are
aligned on guide means (such as guide pins) that extends through
the openings 270 of the segments 210 and the openings 290 of the
retainer rings 280, 282. Next, a cylinder is inserted over the
outside diameter of the assembly which is roughly equivalent to the
diameter of the final rotor 17. The cylinder pushes each segment
210 towards the center axis until contact is made with magnets
220.
[0057] Next, the bars 230 are inserted into openings 290 of the
retainer rings 280, 282 and through the openings 270 of the
segments 210. As the bars 230 are inserted, the guide rods are
pressed out of the assembly. The bars 230 are tapered slightly at
their lead ends to facilitate insertion into the assembly. Once the
bars 230 are inserted into the assembly, the rear shaft 360 is
pressed into the center openings 300 in the retainer rings 280, 282
and through the center opening formed by the segments 210 and
magnets 220. Of course, the tapered end (see screw portion 380 and
tapered portion 400 in FIG. 6) of the rear shaft 360 is inserted
into the assembly first. The components are sized such that the
shaft sections 400, 410 force the segments 210 and retained magnets
radially outward to firmly press the segments outwardly against the
bars 230 and thereby to press the bars 230 outwardly into firm
seating at the outer ends of the openings 290, in the retainer
rings. This forms a prestressed rigid rotor structure. While being
inserted, the knurl portion 410 of the rear shaft 360 apparently
assists in maintaining proper alignment of the various component
parts and creates an interference fit with the laminations for
transfer of torque similar to a spline.
[0058] Once rear shaft 360 is inserted, the assembly is removed
from the cylinder and the receiving portion 390 of front shaft 370
is screwed onto the rear shaft 360 by means of the threaded portion
380. Before the front shaft 370 is screwed onto the rear shaft 360,
the balance drive plate 312 is welded to the front shaft 370 or
secured by some other adequate means (see FIG. 4). Then, after the
front and rear shafts are assembled, set screws (see FIG. 1.) are
added through balance drive plate 312. Next, after being thoroughly
cleaned, a metal bonding adhesive is applied to the assembly to
permeate and permanently bond the assembly. In the preferred
embodiment, a polymer cement marketed as Loctite grade 290 is used.
With all of the component parts in place, the assembly is placed in
a lathe or grinder, if necessary, and any extending portions along
the outside surface of the rotor 17 are machined off. If such
machining is required, then putty may be inserted into the air gap
between the ears 260 of the segments to prevent metal fragments
from accumulating. After the cement polymerizes, the rotor 17 is
machined for a final time.
[0059] In accordance with the invention, it is believed that the
rotor 17 acts as a solid body as a result of its construction,
thereby exhibiting exceptional stiffness. In addition, the rotor 17
can be constructed of a small size while producing great magnetic
flux at its outer surface and high torque.
* * * * *