U.S. patent application number 09/961433 was filed with the patent office on 2002-04-11 for systems and methods for delivering goods.
Invention is credited to Danby, Richard Clinton, Killingbeck, Bernard Richard.
Application Number | 20020040564 09/961433 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27255907 |
Filed Date | 2002-04-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020040564 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Killingbeck, Bernard Richard ;
et al. |
April 11, 2002 |
Systems and methods for delivering goods
Abstract
Systems and methods are provided for delivering containers
filled with goods (such as groceries and foodstuffs). According to
embodiments of the invention, a delivery order is taken from a
customer for a set of goods; the set of goods ordered by the
customer are packed in a container; the container with the stored
goods is transported to the residence of the customer; and the
container is locked to a docking station at the residence of the
customer. Thereafter, using a key, the customer may unlock the
container and remove the ordered goods from the container.
Additional embodiments for facilitating the delivery and ordering
of goods are also provided.
Inventors: |
Killingbeck, Bernard Richard;
(Norfolk, GB) ; Danby, Richard Clinton; (Norwich,
GB) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARBOW
GARRETT & DUNNER, L.L.P.
1300 I STREET, N.W.
WASHINGTON
DC
20005-3315
US
|
Family ID: |
27255907 |
Appl. No.: |
09/961433 |
Filed: |
September 25, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
53/416 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47G 2029/145 20130101;
F25D 3/06 20130101; A47G 2029/144 20130101; A47G 2029/146 20130101;
A47G 2029/147 20130101; F25D 2331/804 20130101; A47G 29/141
20130101; F25D 2400/38 20130101; F25D 2303/0831 20130101; F25D
2700/08 20130101; A47G 29/20 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
53/416 |
International
Class: |
B65B 051/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 25, 2000 |
GB |
0023563.0 |
Nov 27, 2000 |
GB |
0028850.6 |
May 17, 2001 |
GB |
0112015.3 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of delivering goods to customers, comprising: receiving
a delivery order from a customer for the delivery of a set of
goods, the delivery order including a delivery address for the
customer; packing the set of goods in a container; transporting the
container with the packed goods to the delivery address of the
customer; and locking the container to a docking station provided
at the delivery address of the customer.
2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: providing a
unique identification code to the customer when the customer
registers with a supplier of the goods.
3. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: permanently
attaching the docking station at the delivery address of the
customer to provide a docking and locking location for the
container.
4. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: securing the
container with a tamper-evident seal after packing the goods in the
container and before transporting the container to the delivery
address of the customer.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of locking
includes locking the container to the docking station with a master
key.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the container is locked
to the docking station such that it cannot be unlocked thereafter
by the master key.
7. A method according to claim 5, wherein the container is locked
to the docking station such that it cannot be unlocked thereafter
by a master key until it has been unlocked by a specific key for
the docking station.
8. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: providing a
specific key for the docking station to the customer.
9. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: delivering a
specific key for the docking station to the customer at the time of
transporting the container to the delivery address.
10. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: notifying
the customer of a unique code for unlocking a lock of the
container.
11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of receiving a
delivery order includes scheduling the delivery of the set of goods
to the delivery address of the customer at a predetermined time in
the future.
12. A method of providing receipt-acknowledged delivery of goods,
comprising: providing a docking station at a residence of a
customer; notifying the customer of a unique identification code;
packing a set of goods in an security box, the security box
including a lock; transporting the security box to the residence of
the customer; locking the security box to the docking station at
the residence of the customer; in response to receiving the unique
identification code from the customer, providing the customer with
a code to unlock the lock of the security box; and recording
receipt of the delivery of goods to the customer.
13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising: providing
the security box with a tamper-evident tag before the security box
is transported to the residence of the customer.
14. A method according to claim 12, wherein the unique
identification code comprises a telephone number of the
customer.
15. A method according to claim 12, wherein the step of providing a
docking station includes attaching the docking station to an
external door of a residence of the customer, the external door
being provided with a hole to allow access to a lock of the
security box.
16. A method according to claim 12, wherein the step of providing
includes attaching the docking station on an exterior wall of the
residence of the customer.
17. A system for delivering goods to the residences of customers,
the system comprising: at least one container, each container
comprising a plurality of trays for storing goods ordered by
customers; a docking station permanently attached to the residence
of each customer, wherein each container includes a locking device
to permit the container to be locked to the docking station by a
delivery person; at least one distribution hub where goods are
received and packed into containers according to delivery orders
placed by customers; and at least one zone depot where packed
containers are received and then delivered to the residences of
customers.
18. A hub and zone distribution method for delivering groceries to
customers, comprising: delivering food products to at least one
distribution hub; packing, at each distribution hub, a set of food
products into containers according to delivery orders for
customers; transporting the packed containers to a plurality of
zone depots; and receiving, at one of the zone depots, the
transported containers and, thereafter, delivering the containers
to the residence of customers in accordance with the delivery
orders.
19. A method according to claim 18, further comprising: providing a
docking station at the residence of each customer; and upon
delivery of a packed container at the residence of the customer,
locking the container at the docking station.
20. A method according to claim 18, wherein the step of packing
includes providing the container with a tamper-evident tag before
the container is delivered to the residence of the customer.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] I. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to systems and methods for
delivering goods to customers. More specifically, the present
invention relates to systems and methods for delivering goods to
the residences of customers and, additionally, to delivery systems
and methods in which goods are delivered in containers that
suitable for storing a wide range of goods.
[0003] II. Background and Material Information
[0004] Delivering goods to the residence of a customer is a
convenient service for customers. Home delivery represents an
opportunity for the supplier of the goods to provide an extra
service, promoting supplier recognition and goodwill, and
increasing overall turnover and profit.
[0005] As home computers and the use of the Internet have become
more commonplace, ordering goods and paying for them from home have
become more convenient for customers worldwide. Electronic ordering
of goods and payment before dispatch of the goods is also
convenient and can be profitable for the supplier.
[0006] However, the range of goods suitable for home delivery is
limited by a number of factors, including the perishability of the
goods, the intrinsic value of the goods, the security aspects of
leaving the goods unattended at the home and the cost of delivery.
For many goods, home delivery is only practicable at a specified
time when it is known that the customer or a household member of
the customer will be able to accept delivery. Thus, the customer or
a household member of the customer is obliged to be at home for an
extended period of time to await for the arrival of the
delivery.
[0007] Currently, unattended delivery of food products and other
goods with particular temperature requirements is not feasible,
unless the property of the customer is equipped with a refrigerator
or freezer which is accessible from outside.
[0008] In addition, home deliveries of goods requiring the
customer's signature (for example, for the delivery of valuable
and/or confidential goods) are currently practicable only with
attended deliveries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] Embodiments consistent with the present invention provide
systems and methods for delivering goods to customers.
[0010] In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method
is provided for delivering goods that comprises: taking a delivery
order from a customer for a set of goods, the delivery order
including a delivery address of the customer; packing the set of
goods ordered by the customer in a container; transporting the
container with the stored goods to the delivery address of the
customer; and locking the container to a docking station at the
delivery address of the customer.
[0011] Optionally, the delivery address may correspond to the
residence or home of the customer. Further, the delivery order may
be for a wide array of goods, including groceries or
foodstuffs.
[0012] According to another embodiment of the invention, a system
is provided for delivering goods to the residence of a customer.
The system may include a container that is adapted to store a wide
array of products, including food products, and a docking station
that is provided outside of the residence of the customer.
Optionally, the container may include a locking device to permit
the container to be locked to the docking station by a delivery
person, then unlocked by the customer to permit emptying of the
goods, and later removed from the docking station by the delivery
person to permit the return of the emptied container.
[0013] In accordance with other embodiments of the invention,
methods are provided for permitting customers to order goods that
are delivered to customers at a predetermined time in the
future.
[0014] According to yet additional embodiments of the invention,
methods are provided for administering, managing and processing
financial data related to the delivery of goods to customers.
[0015] Embodiments of the invention address issues related to the
delivery of perishable goods, such as groceries and other food
products. Embodiments of the invention also address the issues of
unattended delivery and receipt acknowledgement of valuable or
important goods, which are too bulky to pass through the letterbox
of most houses. Examples include legal documents, or other packages
which are normally delivered by recorded delivery, with the
recipient's signature being required as proof of delivery.
[0016] In addition, embodiments of the present invention enable the
provision of goods, including but not restricted to groceries,
delivered direct to the consumer, at prices comparable with, and
capable of being genuinely lower than, general supermarket prices.
Embodiments of the invention can significantly reduce the supply
chain and costs associated therewith by removing the "bricks and
mortar" supermarket with its associated storage and display
costs.
[0017] Moreover, consistent with embodiments of the invention,
customers can be invited to "buy forward", committing today to buy
(and paying today), for delivery up to a few weeks in the future.
The planning and logistical advantage this gives to the
manufacturer and retailer make deep price cuts possible without
reducing profit margin. It also removes from manufacturers the risk
of being penalized by supermarket customers for supplying
discounted goods to a smaller customer (the home delivery
retailer). The manufacturer's supply prices remain in line with the
buying power of the retailer customer, and the home delivery
retailer can genuinely afford to offer lower retail prices because
of efficiencies in the supply chain.
[0018] Embodiments of the invention also provide interactive
display and selling techniques for use with the Internet. Such
techniques include a conversion process ("Why did you not buy?")
that is designed principally to convert waverers into customers,
and a bargaining process ("How much would you be prepared to pay
for this item?") to gather information on how an offer could be
made more appealing to customers.
[0019] Further, systems and methods consistent with the invention
include interactive pricing methods. Such methods may be provided
to reintroduce the practice of bargaining into the otherwise fixed
price regime of the modern supermarket.
[0020] For example, consistent with embodiments of the invention, a
variable delivery charge method may be provided. According to such
methods, the charge for delivery may be shown on the screen as the
customer compiles a shopping list on-line. Goods which are
efficient to deliver by container (for example, by virtue of being
compact in relation to their price), or undemanding in their
temperature requirements, trigger a reduction in the delivery
charge as they are added to the shopping cart. Additionally, goods
which have the opposite characteristics may be neutral in their
effect on the delivery charge, or may even increase it.
[0021] Examples of other interactive pricing methods include
rollover cashback methods. For instance, consistent with
embodiments of the invention, rollover cashback methods may be
provided. According to such methods, as the shopping list is
complied on-line by a customer, the accumulated cashback is
displayed on the screen to the customer. The accumulated cashback
may represent money which can be set against the next order placed
by the customer.
[0022] Moreover, consistent with additional embodiments of the
invention, the above-described price reductions may be made visible
before the customer passes through the checkout, and can be varied
by the customer to achieve maximum advantage.
[0023] Systems consistent with embodiments of the invention may
also be adapted to permit the virtual trial of goods, such as
clothes, by the customer before deciding whether to buy. For
example, using existing computer-aided design technology, the
customer can enter his or her physical measurements, optionally
with a photograph. Selecting a garment from the choice displayed on
the supplier's Web site can give a visual demonstration of the fit
and appearance of the garment as actually worn by the customer.
[0024] Consistent with embodiments of the invention, systems may be
provided to facilitate the delivery of goods to the residence of a
customer. Such systems may include: a docking station permanently
attached to the property of a customer; and a set of lockable boxes
that can be locked to the docking station. The lockable boxes may
be adapted to store goods delivered to the customer and may have
different sizes.
[0025] Optionally, the lockable boxes may be made of a robust but
reasonably lightweight material, such as a thermo-plastic or
paper/thermo-plastic composite. The lockable boxes may include an
expanded or foam layer for cushioning the goods to be packed in the
box. Further, the combined weight of the box and contents may be
restricted to a predetermined weight limit (such as a weight not to
exceed 25 kilograms) to comply with manual lifting legislation in
most countries.
[0026] Each lockable box may also include a lock, such as a
combination lock that is mechanical and/or electronic in
construction. The lock may be operated by a code which is made
available only to a customer or person telephoning from the
delivery address. Additionally, each box may include a feature such
as the removable tamper-evident seal, the purpose of which is to
prevent anyone other than the intended recipient of the goods from
removing the packed and locked box from the docking station.
[0027] Consistent with embodiments of the invention,
receipt-acknowledged delivery systems and methods may also be
provided. According to such systems and methods, the customer
registers with the carrier or supplier of the goods for home
delivery. The registration may include a unique identification
code, such as the customer's telephone number. The carrier or
supplier arranges for a docking station, to be attached to the
customer's property. The docking station may be attached to an
external door, which may be provided with a hole to allow access to
the lock from inside the property, or it may be as a docking
station located on the exterior wall of the property. The goods are
packed in one of the secure boxes or containers of an appropriate
size. Each box is locked with a code, which is recorded in the
customer's details, but not on any of the documentation notifying
the customer of delivery. The documentation, or the parcel itself,
may be marked with a code, such as an order or delivery number.
[0028] Further, in such receipt-acknowledged delivery systems and
methods, the box is delivered to the customer's address, and locked
to the docking station. Notification of the delivery may be posted
through the letterbox (or the package could be handed to someone at
the customer's home, with no need to wait for a signature). The
customer releases the box or container from the docking station
(for example, from inside the property if the appropriate
docking/locking station is fitted). The customer then telephones
the registration number. The code to unlock the container is then
released on recognition of the customer's telephone number or other
unique recognition code, and by the customer quoting or keying in
the order or delivery number. Simultaneously, receipt of the goods
in the package is recorded. The customer opens the container,
removes the goods, and then closes the container. Having unlocked
the box, the feature that prevented the delivery person's key from
removing the box from the docking point is removed. This permits
the delivery person to remove the empty box during a subsequent
visit.
[0029] Alternatively, consistent with embodiments of the invention,
if the container is to be used for the return of goods (for
example, clothes supplied on a "sale or return" basis), then the
container can be re-sealed, with the tamper-evident tag (supplied
with the goods) and placed back on the docking station. The
customer telephones the supplier to say that goods are being
returned and the driver is issued with a duplicate of the
customer's key for only that shift in which the container with the
returned goods is to be collected.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0030] In order that the embodiments of the invention may more
readily be understood, a description is now given, by way of
example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which:
[0031] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary container for the storage
and delivery of goods, consistent with embodiments of the
invention;
[0032] FIG. 2a is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary tray of a
container for storing frozen food goods;
[0033] FIG. 2b is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary tray of a
container for storing chilled food goods;
[0034] FIG. 2c is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary tray of a
container for storing hot food goods;
[0035] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary tray of the
type of FIG. 2a;
[0036] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary container of the type of
FIG. 1 that is ready for transport;
[0037] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary empty docking station at a
residence, consistent with embodiments of the invention;
[0038] FIG. 6 is view of an exemplary container of the type of FIG.
1 that is secured to a docking station, consistent with embodiments
of the invention;
[0039] FIG. 7a illustrates an exemplary docking station of the type
of FIG. 5 and part of a container of the type of FIG. 1 in exploded
view;
[0040] FIG. 7b illustrates the exemplary docking station of FIG. 7a
in the closed mode;
[0041] FIG. 7cis a cross-sectional view of the exemplary docking
station of FIG. 7a and a part of a container of the type of FIG. 1
as seen from above;
[0042] FIG. 8a illustrates profiles of exemplary keys of a customer
and a delivery person, respectively;
[0043] FIGS. 8b and 8c illustrate different views of an exemplary
lock mechanism, consistent with embodiments of the invention;
[0044] FIG. 8d illustrates the interior of an exemplary docking
station, consistent with embodiments of the invention;
[0045] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary stack support for trays of
the type of FIG. 3;
[0046] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary stack support of the type
of FIG. 9 that is locked to a docking station;
[0047] FIG. 11a is a perspective view of part of an exemplary tray,
consistent with embodiments of the invention;
[0048] FIGS. 11b, 11c and 11d are cross-sectional views of
exemplary trays of the type of FIG. 11a in different modes of
use;
[0049] FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary security box, consistent
with embodiments of the invention;
[0050] FIG. 13 illustrates the exemplary security box of FIG. 12
secured to a docking station;
[0051] FIG. 14 is a sectional view of the exemplary box of FIG. 12
at the docking station shown in FIG. 13;
[0052] FIGS. 15a and 15b are exemplary flowcharts of supply chain
delivery methods, consistent with embodiments of the invention.
[0053] FIG. 16 is an exemplary graph illustrating the number of
packs needed to maintain the temperature inside a container for
different outside temperatures; and
[0054] FIG. 17 is an exemplary graph associated with a pricing
method, consistent with embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0055] Embodiments consistent with the present invention may
utilize a container for facilitating the delivery of goods to
customers. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary container 1 for storing
and delivering goods. The dimensions of container 1 may be set
according to a number of factors, including the type or size of
goods to be stored therein and delivery requirements or
restrictions. By way of a non-limiting example, container 1 may
have a height of approximately 1 meter, a width of approximately
0.6 meters (such that it can readily fit through a standard door
width) and a depth of approximately 0.5 meters. Container 1 may be
constructed from numerous materials, such as a low density
polyethylene or a high density polyethylene plastics material. As
will be apparent to those skilled in the art, other materials may
be used to construct the container.
[0056] In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, container 1 includes
a vertical closure panel 2, which slides downwardly along vertical
flanges 3 extending down both sides and along the top of container
1. Container 1 also supports a set of trays 4 (by way of example,
four trays are illustrated in FIG. 1), each tray having a runner 5
(see FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c and 3) to engage with a co-operating
horizontal static runner on the interior of container 1. The trays
4 may be used to store a wide range of goods, such as groceries and
foodstuffs.
[0057] Any one or more of the four trays 4 may have a thermally
insulating liner 6 formed of a base section 7 and lid 8. If the
tray 4 and liner 6 is to contain frozen foodstuff, then an eutectic
plate 9 may be provided on the bottom interior of base 7 and
another eutectic plate 9 may be provided on the top of the frozen
foodstuffs. FIG. 2a illustrates an exemplary tray 4 for storing
frozen food goods. Consistent with embodiments of the invention,
each eutectic plate 9 may contain a solution of sodium
chloride.
[0058] Trays 4 may also be adapted for storing chilled groceries.
FIG. 2b, for example, illustrates an exemplary tray 4 for storing
chilled food goods. When a tray (such as the exemplary tray 4 of
FIG. 2b ) is to contain chilled foodstuffs, then plates containing
ice (at or about -1.degree. C.) may be used instead of eutectic
plates 9.
[0059] Trays 4 may also be adapted for storing warm or hot
groceries. FIG. 2c, for example, illustrates an exemplary tray 4
for storing warm or hot food goods. When a tray (such as the
exemplary tray 4 of FIG. 2c) is to contain warm or hot foodstuffs,
then plates 11 of latent heat paraffin may be used instead of
eutectic plates 9.
[0060] Consistent with embodiments of the invention, container 1
may be adapted to contain a number of trays 4 of different
temperature conditions. In such cases, any tray 4 that contains
frozen foodstuffs may be positioned at or near the bottom of the
container, and any tray 4 that contains hot foodstuffs may be
positioned at or near the top of the container so that the
temperature distribution is such that increasing temperature
increases with height.
[0061] Thus, insulated liner 6 of container 1 may be used, together
with temperature control packs or plates 9, 10 and/or 11, to
maintain food products at particular or required temperatures. As
will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the required
temperature is determined based on the nature of the food. For
example, typically frozen food is kept at -21.degree. C. to
-18.degree. C., chilled food is kept at 0.degree. C. to +5.degree.
C., and hot food is kept above +63.degree. C.
[0062] For home delivery of groceries, it is convenient to pick and
pack the order, deliver it to the customer's home, and for the
goods then not to require unpacking and transfer to the customer's
fridge or freezer for a few hours. Using a container consistent
with embodiments of the present invention, a storage time may be
provided of at least 24 hours at the required temperature for
chilled or frozen food. Further, for hot food products, storage
times are generally less, because most food loses quality if kept
hot for long periods.
[0063] Consistent with embodiments of the invention, the container
1 may provide sufficient thermal insulation to hinder the flow of
heat into or out of the food, and include temperature control packs
or plates containing a suitable phase-change material (PCM) which
changes phase at or near the required temperature for the food.
[0064] Heat flowing into or out of container 1 is taken up or lost
by the phase-change material as latent heat, resulting in a change
of phase of some of the material, without significant change in
temperature. Only when all the phase-change material has changed
phase will further heat transfer result in a change in
temperature.
[0065] By way of non-limiting examples, suitable phase-change
materials for container 1 include: eutectic solution of sodium
chloride (23% w/w, changes phase at -21.degree. C.); water
(0.degree. C.); and latent heat paraffins (for instance, a
normal-paraffinic hydrocarbon with 30 carbon atoms in the molecule
melts at approx 65.degree. C.). The phase-change material may be
contained within a leak-proof container. The phase-change material
is not intended to come into contact with food, but must still be
non-toxic.
[0066] The rate of flow of heat (Q) is given by the equation:
Q=.lambda.A dT/dx, where .lambda. is the thermal conductivity, A is
the cross-sectional area, and dT/dx is the temperature/thickness
gradient. For an insulated tray 6 as described above, the product
.lambda.A has to be determined by measurement of the box itself,
rather than from literature or theoretical values. Once the
behavior of the box has been established, it is possible to
calculate the amount of phase-change material (or number of packs)
needed to maintain the temperature inside the box for 24 hours for
different ambient (external) temperatures. An exemplary graph
illustrating the number of packs needed to maintain the temperature
inside the box for 24 hours for different ambient temperatures is
provided in FIG. 16.
[0067] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the weather
forecast may be taken into account when packing the goods. For
instance, the forecast temperature for the next 24 hours may be
used to determine the number of phase-change material packs placed
in the insulated box with the food goods.
[0068] By way of a non-limiting example, for a tray 4 with a liner
made of expanded polystyrene, a wall thickness of approximately 5
centimeters is practical and suitable for frozen foods, and a wall
thickness of approximately 2.5 centimeters for chilled foods. The
weight of the phase-change material packs can be substantial, but
there need be no problem with lifting a container 1 as it may be
provided with two wheels 15 (see FIG. 1).
[0069] As illustrated in FIG. 3, an individual tray 4 may include a
cover 12 for covering the top opening of the tray. Cover 12 may be
provided with a tamper-evident seal 13 to detect tampering or
unwanted removal of cover 12. Seal 13 may be formed with a plastic
click tab and/or a lock along one of the edges including one of the
runners 5, as shown in FIG. 3.
[0070] Once the trays 4 are filled with goods and the closure panel
2 has been slid into place, a tamper-evident tab 14 is activated so
that the container 1 is now sealed ready for transport and
delivery, as illustrated in FIG. 4. As indicated above, container 1
has two wheels 15 along a lower edge to enable the container to be
readily moved by a delivery person.
[0071] FIG. 5 is a view of an exemplary empty docking station 16.
Docking station 16 may be provided at the delivery address or
residence of a customer. As illustrated in FIGS. 7a and 7c, docking
station 16 may comprise a base plate 17, secured by four large
masonry screws 18 to a wall 19 of the customer's residence. Docking
station 16 may also include two protruding latching members 20, 21
each with a hooked end 22, 23, respectively. Additionally, docking
station 16 may be provided with a hinged cover 24 with a lock 25, a
keyhole 26 and a viewing hole 27 (see FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c).
[0072] When container 1 is positioned at docking station 16 (see,
for example, FIG. 6), the top edge of the upper rim 28 of closure
panel 2 and the top edge of flange 3 is placed against base plate
17 such that latching members 20, 21 pass through apertures 29, 30
in the flange 3 of container 1 and apertures 31 and 32 of the rim
28. Thereafter, hinged cover 24 is closed over the flange 3
allowing the spring-loaded latches 71, 72 to engage behind the
latching members 20, 21. Flange 3 and rim 28 are sealed together by
tamper-evident seal 14, the body 33 of the seal protruding from
flange 3. Now that the cover is closed, the connecting rod 73
connecting the lock body 69 to latch 72 rests against the seal body
33. Clockwise rotation of the key in the lock is now impossible
because downward motion of the connecting rod is prevented (see
FIG. 7c). Connecting rod 74 extends between lock body 69 and latch
71.
[0073] By way of a non-limiting example, FIG. 7b shows the docking
station 16 with cover 24 closed over the upper rim of panel 2 and
the upper edge of container 1 and locked in position. Further, FIG.
7cis a cross-sectional view of the docking station 16 when seen
from above with container 1 attached.
[0074] As indicated above, docking station 16 may be provided with
a lock 25. Keys may be issued to a customer and a delivery person
to operate lock 25. For instance, FIG. 8a illustrates exemplary
profiles of keys 40, 41 for the customer and the delivery person,
respectively. In accordance with embodiments of the invention,
customer key 40 may be adapted to work in both the clockwise
direction (to lock) and counter-clockwise direction (to unlock) the
container provided at the docking station of the customer's
residence. In contrast, the delivery person's key 41 may be a
master key that can operate all locks of all docking stations in a
given area, but key 41 may only be able to provide clockwise action
to lock a container to a docking station.
[0075] Providing lock 25 with dual-lock action makes use of lock
technology to limit the possibility of theft of the contents of the
container 1 while the box is locked to the customer's property, and
before it is opened and emptied by the customer.
[0076] In past attemtps, the delivery person was issued with a
master key for all the containers locks in his or her area. Each
customer would be issued with a key unique to his or her lock. The
possibility existed, however, that the driver's key would in time
be lost or stolen, or an unauthorized copy made, and the security
of a large number of locks would be compromised.
[0077] Embodiments consistent with the present invention prevent
this drawback by introducing a feature which affects the action of
the lock in such a way as to distinguish between a container before
it has been opened by the customer and after it has been so opened
(i.e., between a full and an empty container).
[0078] In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the lock
may be opened by clockwise action of both the driver's master key
41, and by the customer's unique key 40. As illustrated in FIG. 8a,
the customer's key 40 may be provided with a longer shaft, with
further levers at the distal end, which are needed to open the lock
in the counterclockwise direction.
[0079] As indicated above, container 1 may be sealed with one or
more tamper-evident disposable tags 14. Tags 14 may be inserted
through holes in the container 1 and closure panel 2. One of the
tags 14 may be provided at the top flange of container 1, in an
area which engages with the docking station. This tag may include a
body 33 (made of, for example, plastic) which stands proud of
container 1, and projects into the locking area, just to the right
and slightly below, lock 25. The lock has a cam on its inner end,
and projecting to the right.
[0080] The delivery person can open an empty docking station with
the master key 41, by turning the key clockwise. When a sealed, and
therefore full, container 1 is locked to the docking station 16,
the cam is obstructed by the body 33 of the tag, and the lock is
prevented from working in the clockwise direction. The master key
41 is therefore ineffective, only the customer's key 40 can now
release the box. Once the tag 33 has been removed, there is no
obstruction to clockwise action of the lock, so the delivery person
is able to remove an empty container 1 by using the master key
41.
[0081] FIGS. 8b, 8c and 8d illustrates examples of how docking
station 16 and the above-described lock mechanism work, with the
hinged cover plate 24 closing to grip the rim of the container
between the cover and base plate 17. The cam 150 inside the docking
station 16 engages the removable tamper-evident tag 33, preventing
clockwise function of the lock. The delivery person's key 41 only
works in the clockwise direction. Removal of the tag 33 when the
box is opened allows the lock to work in either direction. In FIG.
8b, the position of cover 24 when open is indicated by 24.sup.1,
and when closed by 24.sup.11.
[0082] FIG. 8b illustrates the interior of docking station 16 in
relation to the position shown in FIG. 8b.
[0083] As indicated above, container 1 may include one or more
trays 4 for storing goods. Depending on the size of container 1, a
maximum number of trays 4 (such as six trays) may be supported in
the container. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention,
container 1 may include one or more trays which are deeper or
shallower than other trays 4. Also, container 1 may be used to hold
goods not held in trays, for example large objects or items on
hangers (e.g., clothes which are new or have been cleaned). As will
be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, container 1 may
include any possible combination of such alternatives.
[0084] In accordance with an embodiment of the invention,
receipt-acknowledged delivery systems and methods may be provided
for delivering goods to customers. Such systems and methods may be
adapted for delivering various types of goods, including food
products, valuable items or confidential documents.
[0085] With the receipt-acknowledged delivery systems and methods,
a customer may first register with a carrier or supplier for the
home delivery of a set of goods (i.e., one or more goods, including
valuable or confidential items). As part of this registration
process, a unique identification code may be assigned, such as the
customer's telephone number.
[0086] If the registered customer does not have a docking station,
then the carrier or supplier may arrange for a docking station to
be provided at the customer's property. For example, a docking
station may be attached to an external door of the customer's
property. The door may be provided with a hole to allow the
customer to access to the lock of the docking station from inside
the property. Alternatively, docking station may be located on the
exterior wall of the property.
[0087] The set of goods for the customer are packed in one or more
secure boxes of an appropriate size. Before delivery, each box is
locked with a code. The code for locking the box is recorded, but
not on any of the documentation notifying the customer of delivery.
The documentation, or the parcel itself, is marked with a code,
such as an order or delivery number.
[0088] The secure box containing the set of goods is then delivered
to the customer's address. At the customer's residence, the box may
be locked to the docking station. Notification of the delivery may
be posted through the letterbox. Alternatively, the package could
be handed to someone at the customer's home, with no need to wait
for a signature.
[0089] To access the set of goods, the customer may first release
the secure box from the docking station. This may be achieved from
inside the customer's property if the appropriate docking/locking
point is fitted. The customer then telephones the registration
number. The code to unlock the box is released on recognition of
the customer's telephone number or other unique recognition code,
and by the customer quoting or keying in the order or delivery
number. Simultaneously, receipt of the goods by the customer is
recorded.
[0090] Using the code, the customer may then open the box. The
secure box may include a lock (such as a mechanical and/or
electrical combination lock) that can be operated with the code.
After unlocking the secure box with the code, the customer may
remove the set of goods, and then close the box and lock it to the
docking station. Having unlocked the box, the feature that
prevented the delivery person's key from removing the box (e.g.,
tag 33 or another suitable tamper-evident device) from the docking
station is removed. Thereafter, the delivery person may remove the
empty box during a subsequent visit to the customer's
residence.
[0091] The receipt-acknowledged delivery systems and methods of the
present invention may be provided with a number of features. For
example, a docking station is permanently attached to the
customer's property to facilitate delivery of the security boxes or
containers. Further, a range of lockable boxes in different sizes
may be provided. The boxes can be made of a robust but reasonably
lightweight material, such as a thermo-plastic or
paper/thermo-plastic composite, and may include an expanded or foam
layer for cushioning the goods to be packed in the box. By way of a
non-limiting example, the combined weight of the box and its
contents may comply with manual lifting legislation in most
countries, and, for example, may not exceed approximately 25
kilograms.
[0092] Additionally, as disclosed herein, the lock of the security
box may be a combination lock type, such as a mechanical and/or
electronic lock. The lock may be operated by a code which is made
available only to a customer telephoning from the delivery address.
Moreover, the security box may include a removable tamper-evident
seal, the purpose of which is to prevent anyone other than the
intended recipient of the goods from removing the packed and locked
box from the docking station.
[0093] The receipt-acknowledged delivery systems and methods of the
present invention are similar to the above-described delivery
systems and methods that may be implemented with exemplary, wheeled
container 1. However, there are some distinctions for delivery
systems and methods implemented with container 1. For example,
container 1 is sealed with a tamper-evident seal, but not a lock.
Therefore, there is no need for the customer to phone the supplier
to obtain a code to unlock the container. Further, container 1 is
wheeled, so it is not weight restricted. Thus, whereas the maximum
weight for a container of groceries can between 30 to 60 kilograms,
a confidential box of the exemplary receipt-acknowledged delivery
systems and methods may be limited to a maximum weight of 25
kilograms.
[0094] Additional delivery systems and methods may be provided,
consistent with the invention. For example, if the secure box or
container is to be used for the return of goods (for instance, for
clothes supplied on a "sale or return" basis), then the box or
container can be re-sealed, with a tamper-evident tag (supplied
with the goods) and placed back on the docking station. The
customer then telephones the supplier to say that goods are being
returned. In response, a driver is issued with a duplicate of the
customer's key for only that shift in which the container with the
returned goods is to be collected.
[0095] In accordance with additional embodiments of the invention,
container 1 may be replaced by other tray support mechanisms or
arrangements at the customer's residence. For example, FIG. 9
illustrates an exemplary vertical stack support 50 which is adapted
to hold one or more trays 4. The trays may be stacked when full,
either by using cover 12 to support another tray, or by a support
molded into, or attached to, the tray 4 itself. This support may be
in the form of a handle or handles which when folded flat, serve to
support another tray.
[0096] For delivering goods to a customer, one or more trays 4 may
be packed with goods (such as ambient, chilled or frozen food
goods) as already described and marked with customer
identification. The packed trays may then be delivered to the
customer's residence and placed on vertical stack support 50, as
illustrated in FIG. 9.
[0097] Other tray support mechanisms are feasible. For example, as
illustrated in FIGS. 11a and 11b, runners 170 may be provided to
support a tray 4 in a hinged arrangement so that in one position
they lie outwardly of a side wall 171 of tray 4 and operate as
runners allowing sliding motion by cooperation with runners or
grooves in container 1. In another position, runners 170 may lie
inwardly of the sides 171 of tray 4 in order to enable stacking of
the trays 4. As illustrated in FIG. 11c, this may permit the trays
4 to be stacked with goods contained in the trays. Additionally,
the position of runners 170 shown in FIGS. 11a and 11b enables two
or more trays, when empty, to be stored or transported while taking
up minimal space (see FIG. 11d).
[0098] In the embodiment of FIG. 11a, each runner 170 may be
provided with two or more hinge bars 172. Further, each hinge bar
172 may include a pivot 173 connecting the hinge bar 172 to the
side wall 171 of tray 4. Bar 172 is connected by a second pivot
(not visible) to runner 170.
[0099] For home delivery, trays 4 may be taken on a wheeled trolley
to the customer's home. The trolley itself or the stack of trays
may be attached to a docking station 16, as illustrated in FIG. 10.
Such an arrangement may also be particularly suited for personal
pick-up from the shop or depot after the customer telephones in the
order, or after the customer submits the order over the
Internet.
[0100] For personal pick-up, the stack of trays may be secured to a
docking station or within a secure enclosure at the store or depot.
The location of the goods may be identified, and a key issued to
release them upon production of suitable identification by the
customer. Alternatively, the location can be identified on the
customer's confirmation of the order, and the goods released by
swiping a card, such as the customer's loyalty card. The store or
depot provides a means for return of the trays, lids and any
insulated inserts and temperature control packs.
[0101] FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary confidential documents or
security box 80, consistent with embodiments of the invention.
Security box 80 may include a lid 81, hinge or catch 82,
combination lock 83 and flange 84 with slot 85 to permit locking of
the box to a docking station.
[0102] By way of non-limiting example, FIG. 13 illustrates security
box 80 attached to a docking station 86, which is mounted on the
outside of the front door of a customer's property.
[0103] FIG. 14 illustrates a sectional view of an exemplary
security box of the type of FIG. 12. As illustrated in FIG. 14, a
bevelled latching extension 90 may be provided that has square or
hexagonal head 91, which engages with a mating socking 92 on the
end of a spring-loaded shaft 93. Shaft 93 may protrude through a
door 94 of the customer and be operated by a knob 95 inside the
customer's property.
[0104] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, security
box 80 may be attached to docking station 86 such that it cannot be
removed by the delivery person's master key. This may be achieved
through the interaction of a tamper-evident tag on the box 80 and a
clockwise-obstructing cam on the lock, similar to that described
above in connection with other embodiments of the invention.
[0105] The customer can release the security box 80 from the
docking station 86 from inside the property by rotating the knob 95
on the inside of the front door 94 in a clockwise direction (this
would be counter-clockwise if looking at the lock from outside the
customer's property). The release of the box 80 may also be
performed with a key. Alternatively, the docking station could be
operated from outside the customer's house with two keys, as
described above in connection with FIG. 8a.
[0106] After the security box 80 is released from the docking
station 86 into the customer's custody, the customer may be
required to register receipt of the box in order to get the code
for the combination lock. In such a case, the customer may
telephone a registration number and, upon authentication, receive
the code or combination to unlock the security box 80.
[0107] Consistent with embodiments of the invention, "smart"
technology (such as those incorporating radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags) may be used to allow tracking of the
container and/or its stored items. For example, the container or
its stored items may be "labeled" by attaching a tracking device or
chip that is connected to an antenna, and optionally a battery.
Such devices are commercially available in many different forms,
ranging from a passive barcode label replacement, such as the
GemWave Folio range, to temperature monitoring and active
transmitting devices.
[0108] Various tracking, identification and other methods may be
performed. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the
invention, asset tagging may be performed. To perform asset
tagging, each component of the container, namely the container 1
itself, each tray 4, each insulated liner 6 (being base 7 and cover
8), and/or each eutectic pack 9 is labeled with a passive RFID tag.
Once container 1 is packed with the customer's goods (such as
groceries) and sealed, the whole container 1 may be passed through
a detection "portal", which reads and records the identification of
each component. On return, the empty container 1 is again passed
through the detector, and any missing components are immediately
identified, and can be charged to the customer's credit card or
account.
[0109] In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a
picking method may be performed. To perform picking, a customer's
order may be picked at a store or depot directly into the trays.
For example, frozen or chilled food goods may be picked into the
insulated liner 6 or a box in the tray 4. A number of trays (such
as 6 trays representing part of 6 different orders) may be picked
at a time. The rewritable tag on the tray can carry not just the
customer's identification (such as name, order number, account
number etc., which is essential to the picker, and which replaces
the barcode label), but can be written with other information such
as the time of picking.
[0110] According to still another embodiment of the invention, tag
programming methods may be performed. For example, the customer and
delivery details may be programmed onto a tag for container 1. The
delivery driver or person may then scan each box to ensure correct
delivery. Also, the docking station can be tagged to identify the
customer and address. The use of re-writable tags replaces paper
barcode labels, thereby saving cost, labor and litter.
[0111] In accordance with other embodiments of the invention,
temperature recording methods may be performed. For instance, a
historical record of temperature can be stored on the chip or tag
of the container to monitor and guarantee food safety over the
period the food goods are stored in the container.
[0112] Various labeling methods may also be performed, consistent
with embodiments of the invention. For example, a container or
security box may be labeled with an active RFID tag that has its
own power source. The active RFID tag may transmit a signal,
allowing tracking of the box, and acting as an anti-theft
measure.
[0113] In accordance with another embodiment of the invention,
route monitoring methods may be performed. For example, when goods
are transported through a transport system (such as a hub and spoke
transport system), the re-writable tag on a container or security
box can be used to record progress and timings of the container or
box through the transport system. Additionally, an active tag on
the delivery vehicle itself can help to track the vehicle, and also
through global satellite positioning, to confirm correct delivery
locations and to plan routes efficiently.
[0114] Consistent with other embodiments of the invention,
ultra-chill or chilling methods may be performed for the delivery
of foodstuffs. For example, frozen food order by a customer can be
placed in a chilled food insulated insert, together with chill
packs with a phase change temperature at or about 0.degree. C.
During its transit from the supplier to the customer, the
temperature of the food can increase to about 0.degree. C., and
then be held at that temperature. Such an arrangement is
particularly suited to food goods which the customer wishes to
receive chilled, but which are more conveniently stored frozen by
the supplier. Examples of such food goods include fish, ready
meals, cakes, etc.
[0115] Systems and methods consistent with the embodiments of the
present invention enable the provision of goods, including but not
restricted to groceries, delivered direct to the consumer, at
prices comparable with, and capable of being genuinely lower than,
general supermarket prices. For example, embodiments of the
invention significantly reduce the overall supply chain by removing
the "bricks and mortar" supermarket with its associated storage and
display costs.
[0116] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, various
pricing methods may be performed. For example, customers can be
invited to "buy forward", committing today to buy goods (and paying
for such goods today), for delivery up to a few weeks in the
future. The planning and logistical advantage this gives to the
manufacturer and retailer can permit deep price cuts possible
without reducing profit margin. It also removes from manufacturers
the risk of being penalized by supermarket customers for supplying
discounted goods to a smaller customer (the home delivery
retailer). Further, the manufacturer's supply prices may remain in
line with the buying power of the retailer customer, and the home
delivery retailer can genuinely afford to offer lower retail prices
because of efficiencies in the supply chain.
[0117] As illustrated in the exemplary graph of FIG. 17 (for
example only), the lowest sustainable retail prices from a basic
price supermarket may be set at 100%. A cut-price warehouse
operation might be able to sustain 98%, but only by offering a mix
of economy own-label and special offers of short-life and special
purchase goods. An average quality mainstream supermarket would
probably run at about 105% and better quality supermarkets up to
about 115%. By permitting customers to order in advance, economies
of 15% and more are obtainable, and allow a typical home delivery
container to be delivered free without impacting on the normal
grocery margin.
[0118] Additionally, interactive display and selling techniques may
be provided in connection with, for example, customers on the
Internet. For example, consistent with an embodiment of the
invention, a conversion process ("Why did you not buy?") may be
performed that is designed to convert waverers into actual
customers. Additionally, a bargaining process ("How much would you
be prepared to pay for this item?") may be performed to gather
information on how an offer could be made more appealing to
customers.
[0119] In accordance with other embodiments of the invention,
interactive pricing methods may be performed. Such methods may be
implemented to reintroduce the practice of bargaining into the
otherwise fixed price regime of the modern supermarket. The
interactive pricing methods may be implemented with respect to
customers that place orders for goods on-line. For instance, a
merchant or deliverer may operate a Web site that is accessible
through the Internet by customers. Customers operating a browser on
their personal computer, laptop or handheld device (such as a
mobile phone or personal digital assistant (PDA)), may navigate the
Web site and place orders for goods on-line. A delivery order from
a customer may include various information, including the set of
goods to be delivered and a delivery address (such as a home or
business address of the customer). The interactive pricing methods
of the present invention may be implemented as part of the
customer's shopping experience on-line, such as during the
selection of goods or during checkout or submission of the final
order.
[0120] For example, a variable delivery charge method may be
provided in which the delivery charge for a customer's order is
adjusted according to a number of factors (such as the quantity of
goods, the size of the goods, the location of customer's residence,
etc.). The charge for a delivery may be displayed on a screen as
the customer compiles a shopping list on-line. Goods which are
efficient to deliver with a container by virtue of being compact in
relation to their price, or undemanding in their temperature
requirements, may trigger a reduction in the delivery charge as
they are added to the shopping cart. Goods which have the opposite
characteristics may be neutral in their effect on the delivery
charge, or may even increase it.
[0121] Additionally, a rollover cashback method may be provided in
accordance with embodiments of the invention. For instance, as a
customer's shopping list or cart is compiled on-line, the
accumulated cashback is displayed on the customer's screen,
representing money which can be set against the next order made by
the customer.
[0122] The above-described pricing methods may be implemented such
that any price reductions are visible before the customer passes
through the checkout, and can be varied by the customer to achieve
maximum advantage.
[0123] Systems and methods consistent with embodiments of the
invention may be adapted to provide additional features. For
example, system and methods may be provided to facilitate the
virtual trial of goods, such as clothes, by the customer before
deciding whether to buy. Using existing computer-aided design
technology, the customer can enter his or her physical
measurements, optionally with a photograph. Selecting a garment
from the choice displayed on the supplier's Web site can give a
visual demonstration of the fit and appearance of the garment as
actually worn by the customer.
[0124] Embodiments of the invention can address the issues of
unattended delivery and receipt acknowledgement of valuable or
important items, which are too bulky to pass through the letterbox
of most houses. Examples include legal documents, or other packages
which are normally be delivered by recorded delivery, with the
recipient's signature being required as proof of delivery.
[0125] As indicated above, systems and method consistent with
embodiments of the invention can be implemented to significantly
reduce the overall supply chain process and, therefore, the costs
associated with operating a traditional supply chain. For example,
conventional supply chains include costs associated with
maintaining "bricks and mortar" store location(s), as well as extra
delivery, storage and stockroom costs. Typically, a supply chain
for supermarket home deliveries includes the following steps:
arrival of goods to manufacture; stored goods picked for
manufacture; production; finished goods; storage of finished goods;
goods ready for dispatch; dispatched goods to depot; delivery of
goods from depot to retail; retail depot picked goods ready to
dispatch to store; store receives goods to stockroom; stockroom to
retail display; displayed goods picked for home shopping; picked
goods stored in chiller or freezer until delivery van available;
home shopping goods to van; and van delivery to home. Such supply
chains are inefficient and include extra costs.
[0126] Consistent with embodiments of the present invention,
systems and methods may be provided to implement efficient supply
chains for delivery goods to customers. FIGS. 15a and 15b
illustrate exemplary flowcharts of supply chain delivery methods
that may be implemented using a container, such as container 1 of
FIG. 1. Such methods may be performed to reduce the distribution
and overall supply chain.
[0127] To implement the exemplary methods of FIGS. 15a and 15b, a
hub and zone distribution system may used with a central "hub" or
depot where goods are picked and placed into containers, and a
number of "zones" or areas are defined to facilitate delivery to
customers. For example, a large wholesaler or a consortium of
manufacturers may deliver their products to a central depot, or
depots, where goods are picked into container(s) according to
individual customers' orders. The sealed containers may then be
transported to "zone" depots, from where they are finally delivered
to each customer's home. The ability to maintain food at a variety
of appropriate temperatures allows ample time for nationwide
distribution from a very limited number of depots.
[0128] Alternatively, consistent with embodiments of the invention,
a retailer or supermarket based in a country (other than the
country where this distribution is to be implemented) may use the
containers and distribution systems described to enter a new
market, gaining direct contact with the consumer and using existing
picking and distribution facilities, without the capital cost of
buying or building local retail stores.
[0129] Referring to FIG. 15a, an exemplary flowchart is provided of
a supply chain method in which goods are delivered to the homes of
customers using, for example, a container of the type of FIG. 1. As
illustrated in FIG. 15a, steps S1-S7 relate to steps performed by
the supplier(s) or manufacturer(s) of the goods, including the
dispatch of the goods to one or more distribution center hub(s).
From steps S8 to S10 the distribution chain, and costs associated
with it, are greatly reduced. In particular, based on orders from
customers, the goods are picked at a central depot, or depots, and
placed into container(s) (step S8). Then, the sealed containers are
dispatched and transported to the appropriate "zone" depot or store
(step S9), from where they are finally delivered to each customers'
home (step S10).
[0130] FIG. 15b illustrates another exemplary flowchart of a supply
chain method. The exemplary method of FIG. 15b may be used to
deliver goods to homes of customers where the goods have been
ordered in advance by customers. As illustrated in FIG. 15b, steps
S20-S24 are similar to the steps S1-S7 of FIG. 15b except, for
example, the finished goods do not need to be stored since orders
are placed in advance by customers. Therefore, the goods may be
dispatched directly to the distribution center hub or hubs based on
the advanced orders requested by customers. From steps S25 to S27
the distribution chain, and costs associated with it, are also
greatly reduced. In particular, based on orders from customers, the
goods are picked at a central depot, or depots, and placed into
container(s) (step S25). Then, the sealed containers are dispatched
and transported to the appropriate "zone" depot or store (step
S26), from where they are finally delivered to each customer's home
(step S27).
[0131] Each of the zone depots may be assigned to different
delivery regions or groups of customers. Further, any combination
of the above-described features may be incorporated in the
exemplary methods of FIGS. 15a and 15b. For example, a container of
the type of FIG. 1 may be used to deliver goods. Further, a
tamper-evident tag or seal may be provided with the container
before delivery is made to a customer. Alternatively, a security
box or container as disclosed herein may be utilized.
[0132] The invention is not limited to the particulars of the
embodiments disclosed herein. Other embodiments of the invention
will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of
the specification and practice of the systems and methods disclosed
herein. Further, individual features of each of the disclosed
embodiments may be combined or added to the features of other
embodiments of the present invention. In addition, the steps of the
disclosed methods herein may be combined or modified without
departing from the spirit of the invention claimed herein.
Accordingly, it is intended that the specification and examples be
considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the
invention being indicated by the following claims.
[0133] The present application claims priority to GB Patent
Application No. 0023563.0 (filed Sep. 25, 2000), GB Patent
Application No. 0028850.6 (filed Nov. 27, 2000) and GB Patent
Application No. 0112015.3 (filed May 17, 2001), the disclosures of
which are expressly incorporated herein by reference to their
entireties.
* * * * *