U.S. patent application number 09/931468 was filed with the patent office on 2002-02-28 for novel adsorbent.
Invention is credited to Aoyagi, Juuro, Endo, Ryuichi.
Application Number | 20020025911 09/931468 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 14153586 |
Filed Date | 2002-02-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020025911 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Aoyagi, Juuro ; et
al. |
February 28, 2002 |
Novel adsorbent
Abstract
An adsorbent is disclosed which is formed either by coating an
adsorption mass such as active carbon with a gel-like substance
such as the dibasic metallic salt of a macromolecular
polycarboxylic acid, soybean curd, jelly, konjak, agar, perilla,
gelidium jelly, or chitosanoxalic acid salt gel and subsequently
subjecting the coated basis to a freezing treatment or by effecting
the coating with the gel-like substance already made to contain a
frost damage preventing substance such as glycerin and subsequently
depriving the coated basis of the frost damage preventing
substance. This adsorbent, on being brought into direct contact
with foodstuffs or ingested directly into the digestive system,
effects highly efficient removal by adsorption of such food
additive, feed additive, agricultural pesticide, food poisoning
substance, allergen, heavy metal or highly poisonous organic
compound as are suffered to adhere to or exist in the foodstuffs,
such surplus nutrients as persist in the digestive system, such
oligomers and additives as are contained in liquors, such
metabolites of alcohol as are formed in the digestive system after
assimilation of alcohol, such harmful substances as hydroperoxides
of unsaturated fatty acids as are suffered to exist in oils and
fats, and such components of offensive odor as emanate from
fish.
Inventors: |
Aoyagi, Juuro; (Tokyo,
JP) ; Endo, Ryuichi; (Chiba, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MATHEWS, COLLINS, SHEPHERD & GOULD, P.A.
SUITE 306
100 THANET CIRCLE
PRINCETON
NJ
08540
US
|
Family ID: |
14153586 |
Appl. No.: |
09/931468 |
Filed: |
August 16, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09931468 |
Aug 16, 2001 |
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09230387 |
Jan 22, 1999 |
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6299867 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/366 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61L 9/01 20130101; B01J
20/3276 20130101; A23K 20/10 20160501; B01J 20/30 20130101; B01J
20/3236 20130101; B01J 20/3204 20130101; A61P 39/00 20180101; B01J
20/20 20130101; C12H 1/04 20130101; A23C 7/043 20130101; B01J
20/3274 20130101; B01J 20/327 20130101; A61K 31/047 20130101; A23K
20/184 20160501; A23L 5/273 20160801; A23D 9/06 20130101; A21D 2/02
20130101; A23L 33/29 20160801; B01J 20/28047 20130101; A23V 2002/00
20130101; A23K 20/20 20160501; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A23V
2250/5066 20130101; A23V 2250/1576 20130101; A23V 2002/00 20130101;
A23V 2250/5026 20130101; A23V 2250/1576 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/366 |
International
Class: |
A01N 025/04; A01N
025/16 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 22, 1996 |
JP |
PCT/JP96/02048 |
Claims
1. An adsorbent formed by coating an adsorption basis with a
gel-like substance and subsequently subjecting the coated basis to
a freezing treatment.
2. An adsorbent formed by coating an adsorption basis with a
gel-like substance already containing a frost damage preventing
substance and subsequently depriving the coated basis partly or
wholly of said frost damage preventing substance.
3. An adsorbent according to claim 2, wherein said frost damage
preventing substance is glycerin.
4. An adsorbent according to any of claims 1-3, wherein said
adsorption basis is a carbonaceous material possessing the ability
to effect adsorption.
5. An adsorbent according to claim 4, wherein said carbonaceous
material possessing the ability to effect adsorption is active
carbon or charcoal.
6. An adsorbent according to any of claims 1-5, wherein said
gel-like substance is the divalent metallic salt of a
macromolecular polycarboxylic acid.
7. An adsorbent according to claim 6, wherein said divalent
metallic salt of said macromolecular polycarboxylic acid is calcium
alginate.
8. An adsorbent according to any of claims 1-5, wherein said
gel-like substance is soybean curd, jelly, konjak, agar, perilla,
gelidium jelly, or chitosanoxalic acid salt gel.
9. An adsorbent formed by drying an adsorbent set forth in any of
claims 1-8.
10. An adsorbent comprising an adsorbent moiety formed by coating
an adsorption basis with a first gel-like substance and a second
gel-like substance moiety.
11. An adsorbent according to claim 10, which is formed by
seasoning either said adsorbent moiety or said second gel-like
substance moiety.
12. An adsorbent according to claim 10 or claim 11, wherein said
adsorbent moiety comprises an adsorbent set forth in any of claims
1-9.
13. An agent for removal by adsorption of a harmful substance,
which comprises an adsorbent set forth in any of claims 1-12.
14. An agent according to claim 13, wherein said harmful substance
is a food additive, a feed additive, an agricultural pesticide, a
food poisoning substance, allergen, a heavy metal, or a strongly
poisonous organic compound which is suffered to adhere to or mingle
in a foodstuff or an animal feed or assimilated into the digestive
system.
15. An agent according to claim 14, wherein said feed additive is
an antibiotic substance, a synthetic antibacterial agent, or a
hormone agent.
16. An agent according to claim 14, wherein said food poisoning
substance is exotoxins, autotoxins, or a harmful chemical
substance.
17. An agent according to claim 13, wherein said harmful substance
is formed of an antibiotic substance which has either undergone
oral ingestion or acted on the intestinal bacteria.
18. An agent for the removal by adsorption of a surplus nutrient
assimilated in the digestive system, which agent comprises an
adsorbent set forth in any of claims 1-12.
19. An agent for the removal by adsorption of the intermediate
metabolite of alcohol formed in the digestive system in consequence
of the assimilation of said alcohol, which agent comprises an
adsorbent set forth in any of claims 1-12.
20. An agent for the removal by adsorption of hydroperoxide of an
unsaturated fatty acid in oil or fat, which agent comprises an
adsorbent set forth in any of claims 1-23.
21. A deodorant comprising an adsorbent set forth in any of claims
1-12.
22. A process foodstuff or animal feed incorporating therein
0.01-60 wt. % of an adsorbent set forth in any of claims 1-12.
23. A processed foodstuff according to claim 22, which is a dairy
product, a product of fish paste, a processed fish or shellfish, a
processed meat, processed beans, processed vegetables, a processed
potato, a processed cereal, a sweetener, oil and fat, or a cake.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to a novel adsorbent to be used in
agents for the removal of harmful substances by adsorption. More
particularly, the invention relates to an adsorbent which is formed
by coating an adsorption basis with a gel-like substance.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] The active carbon possesses a large specific surface area
and exhibits a great ability to effect adsorption and finds utility
as a representative adsorbent in various applications. When the
active carbon is directly ingested into the digestive system as a
medicinal carbon for the purpose of removing by adsorption such
substances as induce autointoxication, medicinal poisoning, etc.
however, it is liable to do harm by causing constipation. When an
effort is made to mingle the active carbon with a foodstuff and
ingest the mixture into the digestive system, it is at a
disadvantage in imparting an unpleasant sensation to the palate and
smearing the foodstuff in a blackish tint. It is also known that in
the animal cell, the active carbon in a finely divided state is
adsorbed on the protein or sugar protein in the outer layer of the
cell membrane. When the active carbon in the finely divided state
is directly ingested into the digestive system as an agent for the
removal of a harmful substance by adsorption, it is suspected that
part thereof persists in a state adsorbed on the cells in the
digestive system with fastness such that thorough elimination
thereof from the digestive system may be extremely difficult.
[0003] With a view to solving this problem, adsorbents formed by
coating active carbon with water-insoluble mannan such as konjak or
with a cross-linked polymer such as calcium alginate have been
proposed (JP-A-55-95,611 and JP-A-04-210,239). Since these
adsorbents result from forming a surface coat on the particles of
active carbon, they suffer from such problems as inducing a
decrease in the surface area and impeding ample manifestation of
the ability of adsorption inherent in the active carbon.
[0004] This invention has been created in the light of the problem
encountered by the prior art as described above. It has for an
object thereof the provision of an adsorbent which keeps intact the
ability of adsorption inherent in the adsorption basis such as of
active carbon and, on being brought into direct contact with
foodstuffs or ingested directly into the digestive system, effects
highly efficiently the removal by adsorption of such harmful
substances as are suffered to adhere to or mingle into the
foodstuffs or suffered to occur in the digestive system.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The object mentioned above is accomplished by this invention
providing an adsorbent which is formed by coating an adsorption
basis with a gel-like substance and subsequently subjecting the
coated basis to a freezing treatment.
[0006] The object is further accomplished by this invention
providing an adsorbent which is formed by coating an adsorption
basis with a gel-like substance already containing a frost damage
preventing substance and subsequently depriving the coated basis
partly or wholly of the frost damage preventing substance.
[0007] This invention further concerns the adsorbent, wherein the
frost damage preventing substance mentioned above is glycerin.
[0008] This invention further concerns the adsorbent, wherein the
adsorption basis mentioned above is a carbonaceous material
possessing the ability to effect adsorption.
[0009] This invention further concerns the adsorbent, wherein the
carbonaceous material possessing the ability to effect adsorption
is active carbon or charcoal.
[0010] This invention further concerns the adsorbent, wherein the
gel-like substance mentioned above is the divalent metallic salt of
a macromolecular polycarboxylic acid.
[0011] This invention further concerns the adsorbent, wherein the
divalent metallic salt of the macromolecular polycarboxylic acid
mentioned above is calcium alginate.
[0012] This invention further concerns the adsorbent, wherein the
gel-like substance mentioned above is soybean curd, jelly, konjak,
agar, perilla, gelidium jelly, or chitosanoxalic acid salt gel.
[0013] This invention further concerns the adsorbent which is
formed by drying the adsorbent mentioned above.
[0014] This invention further concerns the adsorbent which
comprises an adsorbent moiety formed by coating an adsorption basis
with a first gel-like substance and a second gel-like substance
moiety.
[0015] This invention further concerns the adsorbent which is
formed by seasoning either the adsorbent moiety mentioned above or
the second gel-like substance moiety mentioned above.
[0016] This invention further concerns the adsorbent wherein the
adsorbent moiety mentioned above comprises any of the adsorbents
mentioned above.
[0017] This invention further concerns an agent for the removal by
adsorption of a harmful substance, which agent comprises any of the
adsorbents mentioned above.
[0018] This invention further concerns an agent for removal by
adsorption of a harmful substance, wherein the harmful substance
mentioned above is a food additive, a feed additive, an
agricultural pesticide, a food poisoning substance, allergen, a
heavy metal, or a strongly poisonous organic compound which is
suffered to adhere to or mingle in a foodstuff or an animal feed or
assimilated into the digestive system.
[0019] This invention further concerns the agent mentioned above
for removal by adsorption of a harmful substance, wherein the feed
additive mentioned above is an antibiotic substance, a synthetic
antibacterial agent, or a hormone.
[0020] This invention further concerns the agent mentioned above
for removal by adsorption of the harmful substance, wherein the
food poisoning substance mentioned above is exotoxins, autotoxins,
or a harmful chemical substance.
[0021] This invention further concerns the agent for removal by
adsorption of a harmful substance, wherein the agent mentioned
above is formed of the adsorbent mentioned above and the harmful
substance mentioned above is formed of an antibiotic substance
which has either undergone oral ingestion or acted on the
intestinal bacteria.
[0022] This invention further concerns the agent for removal by
adsorption of a surplus nutrient assimilated in the digestive
system, wherein the agent mentioned above is formed of the
adsorbent mentioned above.
[0023] This invention further concerns the agent for removal by
adsorption of the metabolite of alcohol formed in the digestive
system in consequence of the assimilation of the alcohol, wherein
the agent mentioned above is formed of the adsorbent mentioned
above.
[0024] This invention further concerns the agent for removal by
adsorption of the hydroperoxide of an unsaturated fatty acid,
wherein the agent mentioned above is the adsorbent mentioned
above.
[0025] This invention further concerns a deodorant formed of the
adsorbent mentioned above.
[0026] This invention further concerns a processed foodstuff or
animal feed incorporating therein the adsorbent mentioned above in
an amount in the range of 0.01-6 wt. %.
[0027] This invention further concerns the processed foodstuff
mentioned above which is a dairy product, a product of fish paste,
a processed fish or shellfish, a processed meat, processed beans,
processed vegetables, a processed potato, a processed cereal, a
sweetener, oil and fat, or a cake.
[0028] It is considered that when the adsorbent of this invention
is formed by coating an adsorption basis with a gel-like substance
and then subjecting the coated basis to a freezing treatment, this
adsorbent is enabled to keep intact the ability to effect
adsorption possessed inherently by the adsorption basis because the
moisture in the gel-like substance forming the coat is coagulated
and is consequently allowed to form in the coat such minute pores
as have a larger diameter than the pores which would be formed
solely by cross-linkage.
[0029] It is considered that when the adsorbent is formed by
coating the adsorption basis with the gel-like substance already
containing a frost preventing substance and then depriving the
coated basis of the frost preventing substance, this adsorbent is
enabled to manifest the same effect as mentioned above because the
procedure so employed produces similar minute pores in the gel-like
substance forming the coat.
[0030] When the adsorbent of this invention uses minute particles
of powdered active carbon, for example, as the adsorption basis, it
assumes the constitution of a dispersion system having the
adsorption basis uniformed dispersed in the gel-like substance. The
adsorbent, therefore, permits highly efficient removal by
adsorption of a harmful substance because the adsorbent in its
entirety enjoys an increase in the surface area available for
adsorption and a consequent increase in the ability to effect
adsorption as compared with the adsorbent produced by solely using
active carbon in a highly dispersed state.
[0031] Since the adsorbent of this invention has the adsorption
basis coated with the gel-like substance, it can be directly
ingested into the digestive system and utilized therein for
effecting ready removal by adsorption of a harmful substance which
has mingled in a foodstuff and consequently succumbed to
assimilation therein. The adsorbent, on being directly ingested
into the digestive system, does not induce such adverse effects as
constipation. The adsorbent which has effected the removal by
adsorption of the harmful substance in the digestive system can be
very quickly and easily discharged from the digestive system.
[0032] The adsorbent of this invention is only required to mingle
into or contact a foodstuff to implement the removal by adsorption
of the harmful substance contained in the foodstuff. In this case,
the adsorbent which has effected the removal of the harmful
substance by adsorption can be separated easily and quickly from
the foodstuff as compared with the adsorbent which is used all by
itself. Further, even when the adsorbent escapes the separation and
entrains the foodstuff and succumbs to assimilation in the
digestive system, it warrants safety because it can be quickly
discharged from the digestive system as mentioned above.
[0033] The adsorbent of this invention can be utilized by being
mixed with a processed foodstuff besides being directly ingested
into the digestive system as described above. When the adsorbent of
this invention is mixed with the processed foodstuff and the
resultant mixture is put to use for eating, it produces no
sensation of the presence of foreign particles, excels in
palatability, and avoids polluting the food material in a black
tint.
[0034] The adsorbent of this invention can be utilized for animals
being raised besides being utilized for human beings as an agent
for the removal by adsorption of substances harmful to human
beings. The adsorbent of this invention can be utilized for
treating animal feed or it can be utilized for directly feeding the
animals or by being mixed with the animal feed prepared for feeding
the animals.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0035] The adsorbent of this invention can be obtained by coating
an adsorption basis with a gel-like substance and subsequently
subjecting the coated basis to a freezing treatment.
[0036] As concrete examples of the adsorption basis to be used in
the production of the adsorbent of this invention, active carbon,
charcoal, alumina, silica gel, zeolite, bentonite, calcium
phosphate, ion-exchange resin, and chelating resin may be cited.
Among other adsorption bases mentioned above, such carbonaceous
materials as active carbon and charcoal which possess the ability
to effect adsorption prove favorable. The active carbon proves
particularly suitable.
[0037] When the active carbon is used as the adsorbent, it can be
used in various forms such as, for example, powder, granules, and
fibers. It is nevertheless particularly favorable to use the active
carbon in the powdery or granular form. In this case, the active
carbon is preferred to have a particle diameter in the range of 5
.mu.-10 mm. If the particle diameter of the active carbon is less
than 5 .mu.m. the active carbon will not be handled easily. If the
particle diameter exceeds 10 mm, the ability of the active carbon
to effect adsorption per unit weight will be unduly low. The amount
of the active carbon to be incorporated in the gel-like substance
is preferred to be in the range of 0.02-90 wt. %. If this amount of
the active carbon is less than 0.02 wt. %, the active carbon will
not be sufficiently effective in attaining necessary adsorption. If
the amount exceeds 90 wt. %, the active carbon will be dispersed in
the gel-like substance only with difficulty.
[0038] As the gel-like substance to be used in the adsorbent of
this invention, the gel-like substance such as, for example, the
divalent metal salt of a macromolecular polycarboxylic acid which,
when injected into the digestive system, does no harm may be cited.
As concrete examples of the divalent metal salt of a macromolecular
polycarboxylic acid, calcium, magnesium, iron, and copper salts of
such macromolecular compounds as alginic acid, pectic acid,
carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl chitin, styrene-maleic acid
copper, styrene-maleic acid semialkyl ester copolymer,
ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic
acid, acrylic acid-methacrylic acid copolymer, acrylic acid-maleic
acid copolymer, and acrylic acid-maleic acid semialkyl ester
copolymer which possess a carboxyl group in the side chain may be
cited.
[0039] The adsorbent which uses the divalent metal salt of a
macromolecular polycarboxylic acid is obtained by adding the
suspension of an alkali metal salt or an ammonium salt of a
macromolecular polycarboxylic acid and an adsorption basis such as,
for example, active carbon powder dropwise into an aqueous divalent
metal salt solution. The concentration of the alkali metal salt or
ammonium salt of the macromolecular polycarboxylic acid in the
suspension mentioned above is preferred to be in the range of
0.01-5 mols. If the concentration is less than the lower limit of
the range, the gel thoroughly coating or dispersing the adsorption
basis will not be obtained. If the concentration exceeds the upper
limit, the amount of the salt of the macromolecular carboxylic acid
which surrounds the adsorption basis will be so large as to impede
the infiltration of a substance for adsorption into the adsorption
basis and degrade conspicuously the ability of the adsorbent to
effect necessary adsorption. The concentration of the aqueous
divalent metal salt is preferred to be in the range of 0.05-5 mols.
If this concentration is less than the lower limit, the adsorption
basis will have no sufficient strength because the ratio of
cross-linkage is unduly small. If it exceeds the upper limit, the
infiltration of the substance for adsorption into the adsorption
basis will be attained with difficulty because the ratio of
cross-linkage is unduly large and the pores in the adsorption basis
have an extremely small diameter.
[0040] The gel-like substances which can be used in this invention
include such gel-like foodstuffs as soybean curd, jelly, konjak,
agar, perilla, and gelidium jelly and chitosanoxalic acid salt gel,
for example. The adsorbent which uses such a gel-like substance is
obtained by suitably adding and dispersing the adsorption basis
such as, for example, active carbon powder prior to the formation
of gel during the course of production of the relevant gel-like
foodstuff.
[0041] The adsorbent of this invention allows the gel-like
substances mentioned above to be used either singly or in the form
of a mixture of two or more members. This adsorbent, as occasion
demands, allows addition thereto of such viscosity enhancers as
almond gum, AEROMONASU gum, ASOTOBAKUTAA, BINERANJII gum, AMASHIIDO
gum, gum arabic, arabinogalactan, alginic acid, AROEBERA extract,
UERAN gum, ERUWINIA, MITSUENSHISU gum, EREMI resin,
ENTEROBAKUTAA.MITSUENSHISU gum, ENTEROBAKUTAA gum, ORAKU extract,
KAADORAN, seaweed cellulose, KASHIA gum, brown seaweed extract,
KARAGINAN, karaya gum, KAROBUBIIN gum, GACHII gum, xanthan gum,
KITACHIAROE extract, chitin, chitosan, guayule gum, glucosamine,
yeast cell membrane, SAIRYUMUSHIIDO gum, JURAN gum, SUKURERO gum,
YASURERO gum, SESUBANIA gum, TAMARINDOSHIIDO gum, TARA gum, DANMARU
resin, PUKISUTOSSO, tragacanth gum, TORIAKANSOSU gum, TOROROAOI,
Bacillus natto gum, fibrillous cellulose, NOASERERAN, ZORURAN,
pectin, MAKUROHOMOBUSHISU gum, RAMUZAN gum, and levan, such gum
bases as ERENU resin, OURIKYURIROU, OZOKERAITO, NABOBANAKKUSU
resin, KAURI gum, carnauba wax, KANDERIWOwax, whalewax, crown gum,
guttaKACHU, gutta HANKAN, gutta BERUKA, guaiac resin, guayule,
KOOPARU resin, KOPAIPAPARUSAMU, rice bran wax, rum, decomposed
rubber resin, sugarcane wax, SANDARAKKU resin, Shellac (refined
shellc and white shellac), shellc wax, JURUTON, SORUBA, SORUBINBA,
talc, DAMMARU resin, CHIKUBURU, chicle, TSUMEE, low molecular
rubber, NYUKOU, nigger gutta, NITSUBERO, balata, paraffin socks,
fur balsam, powdered pulp, powdered rice hull, Venezuela chicle,
benzoin gum, BERIIJO, HOHOBA wax, MASSARANDOBA chocolate,
MASSARANDO BABARATA, microcrystalline socks, mastic, honey wax,
myrrh, sumac wax, montan wax, oilcake seed wax, lanolin,
RETCHUBUBAKA, ROJIKINHA, and rosin, such brighteners as OURIKYURI
wax, carnauba wax, KANDERIRA wax, whale wax, coriander seed,
saffron, prickly ash, perilla, SYAROTTO, JUNIBAA berry, ginger,
cinnamon, star anise oil, spearmint, sage, SEBORII, celery seed,
thyme, water pepper, onion, tarragon, chicory, CHAIBU, CHAABIRU,
extracted powder spice, Chile pepper, dill, nutmeg, leek, garlic,
scallion, parsley, peppermint, paprika, pistachio, FENUGU leek,
FENNERU seed, horse raddish, MAAJORAN, umbrelliferous plant,
Japanese ginger, mace, MESU, citron, lime, red pepper, lemon,
rosemary, laurel, and horse raddish, such dairy products as cheese,
fresh cream, butter, powdered milk, whey, and condensed milk, such
liquors as curano, Kirschwasser, sherry, refined sake, beer, wine,
brandy, powdered sake, vermouth, rum, and liqueur, and alpha
starch, alpha rice, sweetened bean paste, UURON tea, EROUTEROKOKKU
extract, dried vegetable, agar, gluten, chlorella, powdered blood,
powdered blood plasma, koji mold, black tea, coffee, yeast,
ginseng, cocoa, powdered rice, corn flour, wheat malt, collagen,
powdered konjak, acetobacter, sake lees, jam, table salt, protein
from refined fish meat, protein from refined flour, protein from
refined soybean, gelatin, buckwheat flour, seed malt, chocolate,
dextrin, starch, corn flour, Bacillus subtilis, sparingly
digestible dextrin, lactobacillus, lactose, malt, malt extract,
ham, bifidobacterium bifidum, bran, partially alpha starch,
powdered potato, powdered yam, monascus, hemicellulose, ground tea,
citrous pulp, powdered egg yolk, egg yolk oil, albumen, and green
tea.
[0042] The adsorbent of this invention can be otherwise obtained by
coating an adsorption basis with a gel-like substance already
containing a frost harm preventing substance and subsequently
depriving the coated basis partly or wholly of the frost harm
preventing substance.
[0043] As concrete examples of the frost harm preventing substance
to be used in the adsorbent of this invention, acetamide,
L-alanine, albumin, ammonium acetate, chloroform, choline, dextran,
diethylene glycol, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl
sulfone, dimethyl sulfoxide, erythritol, ethanol, ethylene glycol,
formamide, glucose, glycerin, glycine, hydroxy ethyl starch,
inositol, lactose, magnesium chloride, magnesium phosphate,
maltose, mannitol, mannose, methanol, methyl acetamide, methyl
formamide, methyl urea, monoacetin, phenol, polyethylene glycol,
polyethylene oxide, polyoxyethylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,
L-proline, propionamide, propylene glycol, pyridine, N-oxide,
resorcinol, ribitol, ribose, L-serine, sodiumbromide, sodium
chloride, sodium iodide, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium
sulfate, sorbitol, sucrose, polyethylene glycol, urea, L-valene,
and xylose may be cited. Among other frost harm preventing
substances cited above, glycerin proves particularly
advantageous.
[0044] Incidentally, when the adsorbent of this invention is
utilized in a form proper for ingestion into the digestive system,
the adsorbent itself may be properly seasoned for the purpose of
facilitating the ingestion.
[0045] The adsorbent of this invention can be used for the purpose
of removing by adsorption such harmful substances as food
additives, feed additives, agricultural pesticides, food poisoning
substances, allergen, heavy metals, and strongly poisonous organic
compounds which have been attached to or contained in food or feed
or assimilated into the digestive system.
[0046] Specifically, the adsorbent of this invention is usable for
the removal by adsorption of food additives represented by such
sweeteners as saccharin and salts thereof, dipotassium
glycyrrhizate, tripotassium glycyrrhizate, and ethyl acetacetate,
such coloring agents as iron sesquioxide, food dye red Nos. 3, 40,
102, 104, 105, and 106, food dye yellow Nos. 4 and 5, food dye
green No. 3, food dye blue Nos. 1 and 2, and titanium dioxide, such
preserving agents as benzoic acid, orthophenyl phenol, sorbic acid,
dehydroacetic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, diphenyl,
thiapentazole, and paraoxybenzoic esters, such quality preserving
agents as propylene glycol, such viscosity enhancer-gelling
agent-pasting agent as propylene glycol alginate, potassium
carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium
starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose, and
polysodium acrylate, such antioxidants as dl-.alpha.-tocopherol,
sorbic acid and sodium salt thereof, guaiac resin, isopropyl
citrate, dibuyl hydroxy toluene, nordihydro-guaiaretic acid,
butylhydroxy anisole, propyl gallate, calcium disodium
ethylenediamine tetraacetate, and disodium ethylene-diamine
tetraacetate, such color formers as sodium nitride, potassium
nitrate, sodium nitrate, ferric sulfate, and phosphates, such
fungicidal agents as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and
sodium hypochlorite, such bleaching agents as sulfurous acid and
salts thereof, and such antifungous and antibacterial agents as
diphenyl and thiapentazole.
[0047] As respect agricultural pesticides, the adsorbent of this
invention can be applied to the removal by adsorption of
fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides using such organic
phosphorus compounds as MEP, Diazinone, PAP, IBP, EDDP, DDVP, DEP,
Marathione, and EPN, such organic chlorine compounds as
Chlorosalonyl, Chloropycrin, D-D, Pyrazolate, PCNB, Flacide, DCIP,
and Procimidone, such carbamates as BPMC, MTMC, XMC, MCC, and MIPC,
such organic bromine compounds as methyl bromide, such
benzoimidazoles as Thiophanate Methyl, such thiocarbamates as
Penthiocurb, such diphenyl ethers as CNP, such chlorine compounds
as chlorates, such phthalimides as Captan, such dithiocarbamates as
Maneb, such bipyridiums as Paracoat, such diphenyl ethers as
Chloromethoxynyl, such acid amides as DCPA, such copper compounds
as inorganic copper compounds, and such compounds as Sethoxydim,
Isoprothioran, Propenazol, Dimuron, and Naproanilide. The other
harmful substances that permit effective use of the adsorbent of
this invention for the removal by adsorption include such allergens
as histamine which causes allergy-like food poisoning and arises
from the putrefaction of meat, for example, such heavy metals as
mercury, lead, hexavalent chromium, cadmium, selenium, arsenic,
copper, iron, and zinc, and such strongly poisonous organic
compounds as phosphides, chlorides, and benzene.
[0048] The adsorbent of this invention can be also utilized for the
removal by adsorption of exotoxins, autotoxins, and harmful
chemical substances which are food poisoning substances. As
concrete examples of the exotoxins, toxins produced by intestine
infecting bacteria such as botulinum-producing toxins (types A-F),
clostridium difficile-producing enterotoxin and cytotoxin,
clostidium perfringens-producing enterotoxin, toxin protoza
escherichia coli-producing readily heatable enterotoxin and
thermoduric enterotoxin, dysentery-producing Shiga toxin,
staphylococcus-producing enterpotoxins (types A-E), Vibrio
cholera-producing cholera toxin, vibrio parahaemolyticus-producing
thermoduric hemolytic toxin and enterotoxin, and ersinia
entrochocolitica-producing enterotoxin, berotoxins produced by
intestine hemorrhagic E. coli such as berotoxin, and
celeus-producing toxin may be cited. As concrete examples of the
autotoxins, tetrodotoxin (toxin of tetraodontiformes), such
mushroom toxins as amatoxins, phallotoxins, muscarine, muscaridine,
ibotenic acid, bufotenine, muscimol, psilocybin, psilocin,
serotinin, gyromitrin (helvellic acid), and illudin, such paralytic
shell toxins as succitoxin, neosuccinitoxin, and goniotoxin, such
diarrheal shell toxins as dinophicis toxin-1,-3, and pectenotoxin,
such toxins of fish and shellfish as vitamin A (poisoning of
striped jewfish), penelpin (poisoning of little neck clam),
tetramine (poisoning of tetramine), neo-Suruga toxin and pro-Suruga
toxin (poisoning of ivory shell), and Pipheoholbyte a (sunlight
dermatitis), solanin (potato), atropine, scopolamine,
L-hyoscyamine, aconitine, hydrogen cyanide (which exists in the
form of a non-toxic hydrocyanic acid complex in the seeds of
Japanese apricot, peach, apricot, apple, and pear and gives rise to
hydrocyanic acid in the system), 4'-methoxy pyridoxin (poisoning of
ginko), and aflatoxin (poisoning of mildew) may be cited. As
concrete examples of the harmful chemical substance, methanol,
arsenic, cyan compounds, sodium glutamate, sodium saccharine, tin,
copper, zinc, cadmium, arsenic compounds, and sodium fluoride may
be cited.
[0049] Further, by the adsorbent of this invention, such harmful
substances as are formed by antibiotic substances which have been
orally injected or by antibiotic substances which have acted on the
enterobacteria can be removed.
[0050] In recent years, the practice of adding antibiotic
substances and synthetic antibacterial agents to the feed with a
view to promoting the growth of domestic animals, treating the
infectious diseases affecting the animals, or preventing the
animals from the diseases and the practice of giving hormones such
as estrigen to bulls with a view to improving the quality of meat
have been in vogue. The manifestation of allergic symptoms and
abnormal sexual growths and the development of carcinogenicity of
synthetic antibacterial agents due to the consumption of such diary
products and meats as contain the ingested additives as residues
have come to pose a problem. The adsorbent of this invention can be
further utilized for the removal by adsorption of such antibiotic
substances as penicillin which persist in diary products and meat,
such synthetic antibacterial agents as sulfa drugs, and such feed
additives as hormones like progestron and estradiol.
[0051] The adsorbent of this invention can be used further for the
removal by adsorption of such surplus nutrients as have escaped
assimilation in the digestive system. The adsorbent of this
invention, in a test for the culture of cells, functions to inhibit
the propagation of cells by adsorbing the sources of nutritions in
the culture medium. When it is ingested together with hood before
or after the meal, it represses the metabolism of the food, for
example. It, therefore, can be utilized as an agent for resisting
corpulence or for the purpose of dietary cure. Specifically, by
substituting the adsorbent of this invention for about 20% of the
standard diet, the amount of the nutriment to be adsorbed is
substantially lowered to 60-64% because the adsorbent of this
invention further removes by adsorption 20-25% of the nutriment of
the food. By repeating this substitution while paying attention to
the loss of body weight, it is made possible to accomplish the
gradual loss of body weight and the ultimate correction of body
weight to a proper level. Moreover, this dietary cure can be
continued for a long time because the person practicing the dietary
cure does not feel hungry or stressful because the amount of the
food to be consumed does not change from the standard level.
[0052] Further, the adsorbent of this invention can be used for
removing by adsorption oligomers and additive substances which are
contained in liquors and removing by adsorption acetaldehyde and
other metabolites of alcohol which are formed in the digestive
system in consequence of the consumption of liquors. Specifically,
the metabolism of alcohol (ethyl alcohol) in a mammal gradually
advances and forms acetaldehyde as an intermediate metabolite, with
the result that the acetaldehyde will be subsequently oxidized into
acetic acid and acetyl-CoA. In this metabolism of alcohol, the rise
of the concentration of acetaldehyde ultimately induces such
symptoms as retch, nausea, facial flush, rise of pulsation,
headache accompanied by sudden pulsation, rise of cutaneous
temperature, and fall of minimum blood pressure (acetaldehyde
symptoms, i.e. so-called hangover). The oligomers and additives
which are contained in liquors are also held responsible partly for
the symptoms. By taking the adsorbent of this invention during,
before, or after the course of drinking thereby removing by
adsorption the oligomers and additives contained in the liquors and
consequently removing by adsorption the acetaldehyde formed in the
digestive system, therefore, it is made possible to preclude or
cure such acetaldehyde symptoms. The symptom of poisoning due to
erroneous consumption of methanol is similarly caused by the
intermediate metabolite of alcohol. The adsorbent of this invention
can be utilized likewise for the cure of acidosis.
[0053] The adsorbent of this invention can be also used for the
removal by adsorption of functional oligomers having molecular
weights of 100-some tens of thousand such as, for example, such
pathogenic proteins as prion, fatty acids, saccharides, and
compounds combining them.
[0054] Further, the adsorbent of this invention can be used on
persons complaining of medicinal poisoning caused by barbituric
acid type drugs, agricultural pesticides, hypnotic drugs, sedative
drugs, antidepression drugs, analgesic drugs, drugs for affecting
cardiac blood vessels, antibiotic substances, anticancer drugs, and
stimulants with a view to effecting removal by adsorption of the
relevant medicines.
[0055] The adsorbent of this invention can be used for the removal
by adsorption of hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids which
are responsible for the acid putrefaction of oils and fats such as,
for example, edible oils. The acid putrefaction of oils and fats
such as, for example, edible oils is chiefly caused by the fact
that the unsaturated fatty acids in the oils and fats are
autoxidated by the oxygen in the air and consequently caused to
form hydroperoxides. The hydroperoxides are further decomposed to
produce aldehydes, ketones, and lower fatty acids which have
adverse effects on smell and taste. The adsorbent of this invention
can be utilized also as an agent for preventing oils and fats from
acid putrefaction because it is capable of adsorbing such
hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids formed in oils and fats
by the autoxidation.
[0056] Further, the adsorbent of this invention can be used for the
removal by adsorption of offensive odors from fish. To be specific,
the adsorbent of this invention can be utilized as a deodorant
because it removes by adsorption such volatile salts as ammonia and
trimethylamine which are odorous components of fish, such volatile
acids as dilute acids and acetic acid, such volatile carbonyl
compounds as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, such volatile
sulfur-containing compounds as hydrogen sulfide and methyl
mercaptan, such non-carboxyl neutral compounds as alcohols and
phenols, and other typical odorous components.
[0057] Another aspect of this invention resides in providing a
processed food or feed which incorporates the adsorbent therein in
an amount in the range of 0.01-60 wt. %. The amount of the
adsorbent of this invention incorporated in the processed food,
etc. is defined in the range of 0.01-60 wt. % because the processed
food will not acquire a sufficient ability to effect necessary
adsorption if the amount is less than 0.01 wt. % and the processed
food will fail to acquire necessary texture and palatability for
food and will suffer from serious sensation of the presence of
foreign matter if the amount exceeds 60 wt. %.
[0058] As concrete examples of the processed food which permits
incorporation of the adsorbent, such dairy products as yogurt and
cheese, such pastes of fish meat as kamaboko, chikuwa, hampen,
satsumaage, naruto, and tsumire, such processed meats of fish and
shellfish as dembu, such processed meats as sausages, frankfurters,
and lever pastes, such leguminous products soybean curd, burnt
soybean curd, fried soybean curd, deep-fried soybean curd, fried
soybean curd cake with stuffed ingredients, frozen soybean curd,
and yuba, such processed vegetables as puree, processed potatoes
such as mashed potato, arrowroot starch, rice flour dumplings,
boiled rice, rice vermicelli, macaroni, spaghetti, fine noodles,
buckwheat noodles, noodles, chinese noodles, bread, biscuits, and
sweetened bread cakes, such sweeteners as jam, such oils and fats
as butter, margarine, mayonnaise, and dressing, such
confectioneries as candy, rakugan, rice biscuits, sponge cake,
adzuki-bean paste, bean-jam wafers, buns filled with bean jam, soft
round rice cake stuffed with sweet bean jam, dumplings, uiro,
chocolate, biscuits, cookies, doughnuts, cakes, pies, ice cream,
budding, and Bavarian cream, such gel-like foodstuffs as soybean
curd, jelly, konjak, agar, perilla, and gelidium jelly, and such
seaweeds as kelp, wakame, layer, and agar weed may be cited.
[0059] The incorporation of the adsorbent in a processed food such
as, for example, jelly may be accomplished by a procedure which
comprises forming an unseasoned part (layer) and a seasoned part
(layer) and incorporating the adsorbent in the unseasoned part
(layer) or a procedure which comprises incorporating into the
unseasoned jelly the adsorbent which has been seasoned in advance
as described above with a view to preventing the adsorbent from
adsorbing the seasoned part of the processed food.
[0060] Now, this invention will be described more specifically
below with reference to working examples. It should be noted,
however, that this invention is not limited to these working
examples.
EXAMPLE 1
[0061] Production of adsorbent (frozen active carbon-containing
konjak)
[0062] In 750 ml of warm water kept at 30.degree. C., a thorough
mixture of 16 g of refined flour and 4 g of active carbon having an
average particle diameter of 15 .mu.m was gently added piecemeal to
the warm water lest it should form small wet lumps and then stirred
and heated with strong fire for about five minutes. After the
heated mixture began to boil, it was continuouly stirred over
medium fire for 7-8 minutes and thereafter cooled to about
40.degree. C. A solution of 0.64 g of CaO thoroughly ground in a
mortar in 50 ml of warm water kept at 40.degree. C. was added to
the cooled mixture. They were quickly kneaded together. The
resultant blend was placed in a pattern box and pressed thoroughly
therein with finger tips to extract the entrapped air and
homogenize the texture. The blend as held in the pattern box was
placed in a bath of hot water, heated therein for about five
minutes, removed from the pattern box, and further heated in hot
water for 25 minutes until thorough coagulation to obtain 640 g of
active carbon-containing konjak.
[0063] The portion, 500 g, of the active carbon-containing konjak
produced as described above was placed in 1 liter of cold water,
frozen therein at -30.degree. C., left standing therein for five
hours, then removed from the cold water, and thawed in hot water at
80.degree. C. for one minute. The konjak was deprived of harshness
by being left standing in a stream of water and cut into small
dice, about 1 mm.sup.3 in volume, to obtain the adsorbent of this
invention (frozen active carbon-containing konjak).
EXAMPLE 2
[0064] Production of adsorbent (frozen and dried active
carbon-containing konjak)
[0065] An adsorbent of this invention (frozen and dried active
carbon-containing konjak) was obtained by thoroughly drying 200 g
of the adsorbent produced in Example 1 in a drier.
EXAMPLE 3
[0066] Production of adsorbent (glycerin-added active
carbon-containing konjak)
[0067] In 750 ml of an aqueous 5 wt. % glycerin solution kept at
30.degree. C., a thorough mixture of 16 g of refined flour and 16 g
of active carbon having an average particle diameter of 30 m was
gently added piecemeal to the warm aqueous solution lest it should
form small wet lumps and then stirred and heated with strong fire
for about five minutes. After the heated mixture began to boil, it
was continuouly stirred over medium fire for 7-8 minutes and
thereafter cooled to about 40.degree. C. A solution of 0.64 g of
CaO thoroughly ground in a mortar in 50 ml of warm water kept at
40.degree. C. was added to the cooled mixture. They were quickly
kneaded together. The resultant blend was placed in a pattern box
and pressed thoroughly therein with finger tips to extract the
entrapped air and homogenize the texture. The blend as held in the
pattern box was placed in a bath of hot water, heated therein for
about five minutes, removed from the pattern box, and further
heated in 1000 ml of an aqueous 5 wt. % glycerin solution for 25
minutes until thorough coagulation to obtain 650 g of
glycerin-added active carbon-containing konjak. It was deprived of
glycerin and freed from harshness by being left standing in a
stream of water and cut into small dice, about 1 mm.sup.3 in
volume, to obtain the adsorbent of this invention (glycerin-added
active carbon-containing konjak).
EXAMPLE 4
[0068] Production of Adsorbent (glycerin-added frozen active
carbon-containing konjac)
[0069] The amount, 500 g, of the glycerin-added active
carbon-containing konjok produced by following the procedure of
Example 3 was frozen in liquefied nitrogen (-196.degree. C.) and
then thawed in warm water kept at 40.degree. C. The konjak was
deprived of glycerin and freed from harshness by being exposed to a
stream of water and cut into dice, about 1 mm.sup.3 in volume, to
obtain an adsorbent of this invention (glycerin-added, frozen,
active carbon-containing konjak).
EXAMPLE 5
[0070] Production of adsorbent (glycerin-added, dried, and active
carbon-containing konjak)
[0071] An adsorbent of this invention (glycerin-added, dried, and
active carbon-containing konjak) was obtained by further drying
thoroughly 200 g of the adsorbent produced in Example 3 in a
drier.
EXAMPLE 6
[0072] Production of adsorbent (glycerin-added, frozen, dried, and
active carbon-containing konjak)
[0073] An adsorbent of this invention (glycerin-added, frozen,
dried, and active carbon=-containing konjak) was obtained by
further drying thorough 200 g of the adsorbent produced in Example
4 in a drier.
[0074] [Control 1]
[0075] Production of adsorbent (active carbon-containing
konjak)
[0076] An adsorbent for comparison (active carbon-containing
konjak) was obtained by following the procedure of Example 1 while
omitting the freezing and thawing treatments.
[0077] [Control 2]
[0078] Production of adsorbent (dried active carbon-containing
konjak)
[0079] An adsorbent for comparison (dried active carbon-containing
konjak) was obtained by thoroughly drying 200 g of the adsorbent
obtained in Control 1 in a drier.
EXAMPLE 7
[0080] Production of adsorbent (frozen active carbon-containing
calcium alginate gel ball)
[0081] A thorough mixture of 2 g of sodium alginate and 3 g of
active carbon having an average particle diameter of 15 .mu.m was
added piecemeal as kept stirred into 800 ml of cold water. The
resultant mixture was diluted with added water to a total volume of
100 ml and stirred for 24 hours to prepare a solution of sodium
alginate containing 0.3 wt. % of active carbon. Separately, 11.1 g
of calcium chloride was dissolved in 800 ml of distilled water and
the resultant solution was diluted with added distilled water to a
total amount of 1000 ml to prepare an aqueous 1.11 wt. % calcium
chloride solution.
[0082] Then, the sodium alginate solution was introduced into a
buret, 500 ml in volume, and added drop by drop into 500 ml of the
calcium chloride solution mentioned above to obtain 10 g of crude
gel balls of active carbon-containing calcium alginate. These crude
gel balls were placed in a container, 5 liters in volume, and
treated with a stream of deionized water for 10 hours to remove the
unaltered reactants and the by-products and obtain gel balls of
active carbon-containing calcium alginate.
[0083] Ten (10) g of the gel balls of active carbon-containing
calcium alginate produced above were frozen at -85.degree. C. and
then thawed in hot water at 40.degree. C. The gel balls were
deprived of the unaltered reactants and the by-products by being
exposed to a stream of water to produce an adsorbent of this
invention (frozen gel balls of active carbon-containing calcium
alginate).
EXAMPLE 8
[0084] Production of adsorbent (gel balls of frozen, dried, and
active carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0085] An adsorbent of this invention (gel balls of frozen, dried,
and active carbon-containing calcium alginate) was obtained by
further drying thoroughly 10 g of the adsorbent produced in Example
7 in a drier.
EXAMPLE 9
[0086] Production of adsorbent (gel balls of glycerin-added active
carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0087] A thorough mixture of 2 g of sodium alginate and 3 g of
active carbon having an average particle diameter of 15 .mu.m was
added piecemeal as kept stirred into 800 ml of an aqueous 5 wt. %
glycerin solution. The resultant mixture was diluted with added
water to a total amount of 1000 ml and stirred for 24 hours to
prepare a glycerin solution of sodium alginate containing 0.3 wt. %
of active carbon. Separately, a solution of 11.1 g of calcium
chloride in 800 ml of distilled water was diluted with added
distilled water to a total amount of 1000 ml to obtain an aqueous
1.11 wt. % calcium chloride solution.
[0088] Then, the glycerin solution of sodium alginate mentioned
above was poured into a buret, 50 ml in volume, and added drop by
drop into 500 ml of the calcium chloride solution mentioned above
to obtain 10 g of crude gel balls of glycerin-added active
carbon-containing calcium alginate. The gel balls were placed in a
container, 5 liters in volume, and deprived of the unaltered
reactants and the by-products by being exposed to a stream of
deionized water to obtain an adsorbent of this invention (gel balls
of glycerin-added active carbon-containing calcium alginate).
EXAMPLE 10
[0089] Production of adsorbent (gal balls of glycerin-added,
frozen, and active carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0090] The amount, 10 g, of the adsorbent produced in Example 9 was
frozen at -85.degree. C. and then thawed in hot water kept at
40.degree. C. The adsorbent was deprived of the unaltered reactants
and the by-products by being exposed to a stream of water to obtain
an adsorbent of this invention (gel balls of glycerin-added,
frozen, and active carbon-containing calcium alginate).
EXAMPLE 11
[0091] Production of adsorbent (gel balls of glycerin-added, dried,
and active carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0092] An adsorbent of this invention (gel balls of glycerin-added,
dried, and active-carbon-containing calcium alginate) was obtained
by thoroughly drying 10 g of the adsorbent produced in Example 9 in
a drier.
EXAMPLE 12
[0093] Production of adsorbent (gel balls of glycerin-added,
frozen, and active carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0094] An adsorbent of this invention) gel balls of glycerin-added,
frozen, dried, and active carbon-containing calcium alginate) was
obtained by thoroughly drying 10 g of the adsorbent produced in
Example 10 in a drier.
[0095] [Control 3]
[0096] Production of adsorbent (gel balls of active
carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0097] An adsorbent for comparison (gel balls of active
carbon-containing calcium alginate) was obtained by following the
procedure of Example 7 while omitting the freezing and thawing
treatments.
[0098] [Control 4]
[0099] Production of adsorbent (gel balls of dried active
carbon-containing calcium alginate)
[0100] An adsorbent for comparison (gel balls of dried and active
carbon-containing calcium alginate) was obtained by thoroughly
drying 10 g of the adsorbent produced in Control 3 in a drier.
EXAMPLE 13
[0101] Test for evaluation of speed of adsorption
[0102] The adsorbents produced in Examples 1-12 and Controls 1-4
were tested for the ability to effect adsorption by measuring their
speeds of adsorption.
[0103] In a 300-ml beaker, a 1-g sample weighed out of the relevant
adsorbent was placed and made to add 50 ml of a dilute blue ink
solution (0.112 in absorbance). The dilute ink solution, as kept
stirred with the sample, was measured at intervals along the course
of time for the absorbance at a wavelength of 475 nm to find as the
speed of adsorption the duration between the time the ink solution
was added and the time the adsorbance fell below 0.01. The results
are shown in Table 1. The conditions under which the adsorbents
were treated are additionally shown in the table.
[0104] Table 1
[0105] Adsorbent: Gel-like substance: Freezing treatment
(Yes/No):
[0106] Drying treatment (Yes/No): Addition of glycerin
(Yes/No):
[0107] Speed of adsorption (in minute)
[0108] Example 1--Konjak
[0109] Example 7--Calcium alginate gel
EXAMPLE 14
[0110] Test for removal of coloring material [food dye red No. 104
(Floxin)] by adsorption
[0111] The coloring materials allowed for addition to food are used
for the purpose of beautifying the food or imitating the tint of
natural color of the food. In the synthetic tar type dyes, only
such water-soluble dyes as the food dye red No. 104 are allowed at
present for use in food. Their use is restricted.
[0112] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 1 were
tested for removal by adsorption of the food dye red No. 104 used
in sausage. Twenty (20) g of sausage was finely ground. The ground
sausage and 0.5 g of a given adsorbent and 100 ml of water added
thereto were kept stirred. Liquid layers collected meanwhile in a
fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a fixed length along the
course of time were each dissolved in five times its volume of hot
water and then centrifuged. The supernatants consequently obtained
were used as test solutions. The test solutions were treated by the
method described at pages 146-149 of the "Pictorial Guide to Method
for Testing Food Hygiene" compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and
published by Chuo Hoki Press, with necessary modifications, and
rated for efficiency of removal by the filter paper
chromatography.
[0113] The time which elapsed until the detection of the food dye
red No. 104 ceased to exist was one minute in the case of the
adsorbent of Example 3, whereas it was 10 minutes in the case of
the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 15
[0114] Test for removal of preservative [orthophenyl phenol (OPP)]
by adsorption
[0115] Orthophenyl phenol shows clear signs of carcinogenicity and
teratogenesis similarly to Thiambendazol (TBZ). This preservative
is effective in inhibiting the growth of fungi and various species
of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and used in a wide variety of
processed foodstuffs.
[0116] The adsorbents produced in Example 10 and Control 3 were
tested for removal by adsorption of orthophenyl phenol in orange.
In a beaker, 50 g of a sample obtained by finely cutting orange was
placed. The sample and about 100 ml of water and one g of a given
adsorbent added thereto were kept stirred.
[0117] Liquid layers collected meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml
at intervals of a fixed length along the course of time were used
as test solutions. The test solutions were treated by the method
described at pages 142-143 of the "Pictorial Guide to Method for
Testing Food Hygiene" compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and published
by Chuo Hoki Press, with necessary modifications, and tested for
orthophenyl phenol concentration.
[0118] The time which elapsed until the orthophenyl phenol
concentration fell below the limit of detection (0.01 ppm) was
three minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Example 10, whereas
it was 10 minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control 3.
EXAMPLE 16
[0119] Test for removal of antioxidant [dibutyl hydroxy toluene
(BHT)] by adsorption
[0120] The antioxidant is effective in preventing loss of texture,
keeping the nutritive value of food from being degraded by
oxidation, preventing the processed fishery product from being
sunburned, and preventing a dye from being browned besides
protecting oils and fats against putrefaction by acid. It is used
in a rich variety of foodstuffs.
[0121] The adsorbents produced in Example 10 and Control 3 were
tested for removal of dibutyl hydroxy toluene by adsorption in
chewing gum. In a 500-ml eggplant-shaped flask connected to a
continuous extractor fitted with a reflux condenser, 5 g of chewing
gum, 50 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of pyrogallol, 200 ml of water, boiling
tips, and 1 g of a given adsorbent were subjected to continuous
extraction. Meanwhile, 10-ml extracted solutions were collected at
intervals of a fixed length and used as test solutions. The test
solutions were treated by the method described at pages 158-159 of
the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene" compiled
by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press, with
necessary modifications, and tested by the gas chromatography for
dibutyl hydroxy toluene.
[0122] The time which elapsed until the dibutyl hydroxy toluene
concentration fell below the limit of detection (0.01 g/kg) was
four minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Example 10, whereas it
was 10 minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control 3.
EXAMPLE 17
[0123] Test for removal of fungicide (hydrogen peroxide) by
adsorption
[0124] Hydrogen peroxide possesses a powerful oxidizing action and
a fungicidal power. The use of this fungicide has been banned since
the oral ingestion thereof to mice was recognized to induce a
cancer growth, though feebly, in the duodenum. At present, it is
used only on herring roe.
[0125] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of hydrogen peroxide
in herring roe. About 5 g of finely cut herring roe was placed in
an attriting cup and then stirred vigorously for 3 minutes with 40
ml of an exuding solution added thereto, with the cup ice cooled
externally. The resultant mixture and 0.3 g of a given adsorbent
added thereto were kept stirred. Liquid layers were collected
meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a fixed length
along the course of time. They were deprived of bubbles formed
therein by the addition of 0.1 ml of silicone, diluted with added
water to a total amount of 50 ml, and then thoroughly stirred and
filtered. The filtrates, with the first 5-ml fractions thereof
discarded, were used without any modification as test solutions.
These test solutions were treated by the method described at pages
144-145 of the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene"
compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press,
with necessary modifications, and tested for hydrogen peroxide
concentration by the measurement of oxygen potential.
[0126] The time which elapsed until the hydrogen peroxide
concentration fell below the limit of detection (0.01 ppm) was one
minute in the case of the adsorbent of Example 3, whereas it was
five minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 18
[0127] Test for removal of bleaching agent (sulfurous acid) by
adsorption
[0128] Sulfurous acid and salts thereof are effective not only in
bleaching food but also in preserving food and preventing food from
oxidation and, therefore, are used as additives for numerous
foodstuffs. Depending on the sort of foodstuff, their use is
restricted with the amount of residual sulfur dioxide as a
criterion.
[0129] The adsorbents produced in Example 1 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of sulfuric acid in
dried gourd shavings. The amount, 0.2 g, of finely sliced dried
gourd shavings were kept stirred with 0.2 g of a given adsorbent
and 20 ml of distilled water added thereto. Liquid layers collected
meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a fixed length
along the course of time were used as test solutions. These test
solutions were treated by the method described at pages 150-151 of
the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene" compiled
by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press, with
necessary modifications, and tested for sulfurous acid
concentration by the modified Rankine method.
[0130] The time which elapsed until the sulfurous acid
concentration fell below the limit of detection (160 ppm) was five
minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Example 1, whereas it was
ten minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 19
[0131] Test for removal of female hormone (Estradiol) by
adsorption
[0132] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of Estradiol in beef.
A 25-g sample taken from the meat of a bull which had consumed a
feed incorporating Estradiol therein was increased to a total
weight of 50 g by adding water. The sample plus the water and 7 g
of a given adsorbent were kept stirred. Liquid layers were
collected meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a
fixed length along the course of time and centrifuged at 5000 rpm.
The supernatants consequently formed were adopted as test
solutions. These test solutions were tested for Estradiol
concentration in accordance with the method of radioimmunoassay
(RIA) [page 818 in the 30th revised edition of the "Glossary of
Clinical Test Methods" compiled by Masamitsu Kanai and published by
Kanahara Publishing K.K.] using an Estradiol testing kit
(Estradiol=antibody kit made by Nippon DPC K.K.).
[0133] The time which elapsed until the Estradiol concentration
fell below the limit of detection (5 pg/ml) was 1.5 minutes in the
case of the adsorbent of Example 3, whereas it was ten minutes in
the case of the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 20
[0134] Test for removal by adsorption of female hormone (Estradiol)
in milk
[0135] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of Estradiol in milk.
A stainless steel column measuring 3 mm in thickness, 6 cm in
inside diameter, and 100 cm in length was packed with lumps of a
given adsorbent (5 mm.times.3 mm.times.1.5 mm) to manufacture a
column for removal by adsorption. Into this column, 5 liters of raw
milk (fat ratio 3.0%) containing 300 pg/ml of Estradiol was
introduced at a flow speed of 2.8 liters/minute. The treated milk
eluted from the column was collected in a fixed fraction of 30 g at
intervals of a fixed length along the course of time. These
fractions and 150 g of H.sub.2O added thereto were stirred for 30
minutes and centrifuged at 10000 rpm. The supernatants obtained
consequently were used as samples. These samples were tested for
Estradiol concentration in the same manner as in Example 19. The
time which elapsed until the Estradiol concentration fell below the
limit of detection (5 pg/ml) was three minutes in the case of the
adsorbent of Example 3, whereas it was 30 minutes in the case of
the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 21
[0136] Test for removal by adsorption of organic phosphur agent
(Diazinone)
[0137] To date, 35 kinds of organic phosphorus agents have been
registered as insecticides, 3 kinds thereof as fungicides, and 8
kinds thereof as herbicides. On account of low residue and low
toxicity, they have found extensive utility.
[0138] The adsorbents produced in Example 9 and Control 3 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of Diazinone in
apples. A 20-g sample of slices of apple was placed in 100 ml of
acetone and intimately mixed by the use of a high-speed homogenizer
for five minutes. The resultant mixture and 1 g of a given
adsorbent added thereto were kept stirred. Liquid layers were
collected meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a
fixed length along the course of time, filtered with a funnel made
by Kiriyama K.K. (filter aid 5 mm), and further subjected to
extraction filtration with 100 ml of 30% hydrated acetone. The
filtrates consequently obtained were used as test solutions. These
test solutions were treated by the method described at pages 94-95
of the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene"
compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press,
with necessary modifications, and tested by the gas chromatography
for Diazinone concentration.
[0139] The time which elapsed until the Diazinone concentration
fell below the limit of detection (10 ppb) was three minutes in the
case of the adsorbent of Example 9, whereas it was five minutes in
the case of the adsorbent of Control 3.
EXAMPLE 22
[0140] Test for removal by adsorption of organic chlorine agent
[Chlorosalonyl (TPN)]
[0141] Since organic chlorine agents pose the problems of toxicity
and residue, their use has been banned to date nearly completely.
Only Chlorosalonyl (TPN), PCNB, phthalimidetype agents,
Chlorobenzylates, etc. are still used today as fungicides and
miticides.
[0142] The adsorbents produced in Example 10 and Control 3 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of Chlorosalonyl in
cucumbers. A 20-g sample of slices of cucumber was placed in 100 ml
of acetone and intimately mixed by the use of a high-speed
homogenizer for five minutes. The resultant mixture and 1 g of a
given adsorbent added thereto were kept stirred. Liquid layers were
collected meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a
fixed length along the course of time and subjected to extraction.
The extracts consequently obtained were used as test solutions.
These test solutions were treated by the method described at pages
94-95 of the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene"
compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press,
with necessary modifications, and tested by the gas chromatography
for Chlorosalonyl concentration.
[0143] The time which elapsed until the Chlorosalonyl concentration
fell below the limit of detection (0.001 ppm) was three minutes in
the case of the adsorbent of Example 10, whereas it was ten minutes
in the case of the adsorbent of Control 3.
EXAMPLE 23
[0144] Test for removal by adsorption of carbamate agent
[0145] To date, 11 kinds of carbamate agents have been registered
as insecticides and 8 kinds thereof as herbicides. On account of
low toxicity and low residue, they find extensive utility as
insecticides similarly to the organic phosphorus agents.
[0146] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of a carbamate agent
in tomatos. A 20-g sample of slices of tomato was placed in 100 ml
of acetone and intimately mixed by the use of a high-speed
homogenizer for five minutes. The resultant mixture and 1 g of a
given adsorbent added thereto were kept stirred. Liquid layers were
collected meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a
fixed length along the course of time and subjected to extraction.
The extracts consequently obtained were used as test solutions.
These test solutions were treated by the method described at pages
102-103 of the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene"
compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press,
with necessary modifications, and tested by the gas chromatography
for carbamate agent concentration.
[0147] The time which elapsed until the carbamate agent
concentration fell below the limit of detection (0.001 ppm) was one
minute in the case of the adsorbent of Example 3, whereas it was
ten minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 24
[0148] Test for removal by adsorption of autotoxin (Solanine)
[0149] Solanine is an alkaloid glycoside which is present in the
parts of new buds of potato. The LD.sub.50 of this compound, when
orally ingested to a rabbit, is 0.45 g/kg. In human beings, it
causes poisoning at a concentration of 0.2-0.4 g.
[0150] The adsorbents produced in Example 9 and Control 3 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of solanine in potato.
A 5-g sample of slices of potato was placed in 30 ml of methanol
and intimately mixed by the use of a homogenizer for five minutes.
The resultant mixture and 0.5 g of a given adsorbent added thereto
were kept stirred. Liquid layers were collected meanwhile in a
fixed volume of 10 ml at intervals of a fixed length along the
course of time and subjected to extraction. The extracts
consequently obtained were used as test solutions. These test
solutions were treated by the method described at pages 82-83 of
the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene" compiled
by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press, with
necessary modifications, and tested by the liquid chromatography
for solanine concentration.
[0151] The time which elapsed until the solanine concentration fell
below the limit of detection (0.001 ppm) was one minute in the case
of the adsorbent of Example 9, whereas it was five minutes in the
case of the adsorbent of Control 3.
EXAMPLE 25
[0152] Test for removal by adsorption of histamine
[0153] Such fishes of red flesh as mackerel, horse mackerel, and
saury which tend to cause such food poisoning as allergy have high
free histidine contents in their muscles. When these fishes are
contaminated with bacteria of strong histidine decarboxylase
activity and weak histaminase activity, they suffer accumulation of
histamine.
[0154] The adsorbents produced in Example 1 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of histamine in
mackerel. A 10-g sample of muscles of mackerel was placed in 15 ml
of water and homogenizer for five minutes. The resultant mixture
and one g of a given adsorbent added thereto were kept stirred.
Liquid layers were collected meanwhile in a fixed volume of 10 ml
at intervals of a fixed length along the course of time and adopted
as test solutions. These test solutions were treated by the method
described at pages 134-135 of the "Pictorial Guide to Method for
Testing Food Hygiene" compiled by Misao Haruta et al. and published
by Chuo Hoki Press, with necessary modifications, and tested by the
liquid chromatography for histamine concentration.
[0155] The time which elapsed until the histamine concentration
fell below the limit of detection (2.5 mg/100 g) was seven minutes
in the case of the adsorbent of Example 1, whereas it was ten
minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 26
[0156] Test for removal by adsorption of cadmium
[0157] Cadmium is widely distributed in the natural world and used
in large quantities on a commercial scale. The pollution of the
environment by the cadmium so used copiously in the industry and
the contamination of human organisms by the cadmium through the
medium of foodstuffs have become a subject of discussion. Cadmium,
when orally ingested in a large amount, induces an acute
gastrointestinal trouble and, when ingested in a minute amount,
induces a renal trouble. The daily intake of cadmium by the
Japanese roughly averages 30-60 .mu.g. It is estimated that 30-40%
of the average originates in rice.
[0158] The adsorbents produced in Example 4 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of cadmium in
unpolished rice. In a reaction vessel, 10 g of finely ground
unpolished rice, 3 g of a given adsorbent, 40 ml of distilled
water, and sulfuric acid were placed sequentially in the order
mentioned and were gradually heated together. When the liquid
product of decomposition assumed a light yellow clear texture, it
was cooled and diluted with distilled water to a total volume of
100 ml. The dilute liquid was adopted as a test solution. This test
solution was treated by the method described at pages 126-127 of
the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene" compiled
by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press, with
necessary modifications, and tested by the atomic adsorptiometric
method for cadmium concentration.
[0159] The time which elapsed until the cadmium concentration fell
below the limit of detection (0.02 ppm) was three minutes in the
case of the adsorbent of Example 4, whereas it was ten minutes in
the case of the adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 27
[0160] Test for removal by adsorption of diethylene glycol
(DEG)
[0161] Diethylene Glycol (DEG) is used as a solvent for the
automobile antifreezing solution, brake oil compound, cellophane
softener, and rubber oil and fat. The toxicity LD.sub.50 of this
compound, when orally ingested into human beings, is held to be
1000 mg/kg. The fact that the diethylene glycol the use of which as
a food additive was banned in 1985 has been incorporated in foreign
wines for the purpose of adding to the body and sweetness of fine
and these foreign wines have been imported to our country has been
divulged and has become a subject of discussion.
[0162] The adsorbents produced in Example 4 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for removal by adsorption of diethylene glycol.
Diethylene glycol was dissolved in methanol at a concentration of
100 .mu.g/ml to prepare the solution in an amount of 100 g. Forty
(40) g of this solution and 3 g of a given adsorbent were kept
stirred. Liquid layers were collected meanwhile in a fixed volume
of 10 ml at intervals of a fixed length along the course of time
and subjected to extraction. The extracts were concentrated at
45.degree. C. and then diluted with added water to 10 ml and the
produced dilute solutions were adopted as test solutions. These
solutions were treated by the method described at pages 114-115 of
the "Pictorial Guide to Method for Testing Food Hygiene" compiled
by Misao Haruta et al. and published by Chuo Hoki Press, with
necessary modifications, and tested by the gas chromatography
method for diethylene glycol concentration.
[0163] The time which elapsed until the diethylene glycol
concentration fell below the limit of detection (10 ppm) was three
minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Example 4, whereas it was
ten minutes in the case of the adsorbent of Control
EXAMPLE 28
[0164] Test for prevention of hangover (removal by adsorption of
acetaldehyde)
[0165] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for prevention of hangover. Of a panel of 20
adult male members, 10 members each ingested 10 g of the adsorbent
of Example 3 and 10 members each ingested 10 g of the adsorbent of
Control 1 immediately before they began drinking an average of 500
ml of alcohol beverage (Japanese sake having an alcohol content of
16%) per head over a period of two hours.
[0166] When the physical conditions of the panel members were
visually examined individually after 12 hours of drinking the
alcohol beverage, none of the ten members of the group which took
the adsorbent of Example 3 before the drinking either felt nausea
or felt sick, whereas six of the 10 members of the group which took
the adsorbent of Control 1 before the drinking felt sick and none
of them felt nausea or ill.
EXAMPLE 29
[0167] Test for prevention of degradation of oil (removal by
adsorption of hydroperoxide)
[0168] The adsorbents produced in Example 6 and Control 1 were
adopted and tested for prevention of degradation of oil. Five
hundred (500) ml of sesame oil was heated to 145-150.degree. C. and
deeply fried 50 g of carp for ten minutes. The oil was cooled to
28.+-.1.degree. C. and then heated again to 145-150.degree. C. The
deep frying of carp with the same oil was performed up to ten
repetitions. Ten (10) g of a given adsorbent was placed in a
covered stainless steel basket, placed in the used oil, and rated
for offensive odor, color, foaming property, viscosity, separation
of oil, and smoke (230-240.degree. C.) in comparison with the
adsorbent in an unused oil to determine the degree of degradation
of the oil.
[0169] The time which elapsed until the assumption of the
degradation by the used oil completely ceased to exist as compared
with the unused oil was ten minutes in the case of the adsorbent of
Example 6, whereas it was 30 minutes in the case of the adsorbent
of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 30
[0170] Test for deodorization of old rice (removal by adsorption of
carbonyl compound)
[0171] It is said that when old rice is boiled and stored at a high
temperature in high humidity, it induces decomposition of fatty
acids, forms such carbonyl compounds as n-valeoaldehyde and
n-caproaldehyde, and assumes the odor peculiar to old rice.
[0172] The adsorbents produced in Example 3 and Control 2 were each
molded in the form of spheres (about 2 cm in diameter) and tested
for deodorization of old rice. Boiled rice was obtained by washing
540 g of the old rice with water, placing the washed rice in an
automatic rice cooker, immersing a given adsorbent in the washed
rice, dipping the rice in water of an adjusted amount, and boiling
the rice.
[0173] The number of adsorbent spheres required for thorough
removal of the odor of old rice was one in the case of the
adsorbent of Example 3, whereas it was three in the case of the
adsorbent of Control 1.
EXAMPLE 31
[0174] Test for removal by adsorption of E. coli BEROTOKISHIN
[0175] The adsorbent produced in Example 4 was adopted and tested
for removal by adsorption of the toxin (BEROTOKISHIN types 1 and 2)
produced by the strain 0157 of the pathogenic E. coli. The reagent,
culture medium, and E. coli used in the test were as follows.
1 Reagent: E. coli BEROTOKISHIN detection kit (made by Denka Seiken
K.K.) CA-YE culture medium: Casamino acid 20 g Yeast extract 6 g
NaCl 2.5 g K.sub.2HPO.sub.4 8.71 g Salt solution* 1 ml Distilled
water 1000 ml pH 8.5 (1 N NaOH used) Composition of salt solution
MgSO.sub.4 5% MnCl.sub.2 0.5% FeCl.sub.3 0.5% The reagent was
dissolved in 0.001 N H.sub.2SO.sub.4. LB culture medium
Bactotrypton 10 g Yeast extract 5 g NaCl 5 g Distilled water 1000
ml pH 7.2 (1 N NaOH used) E. coli TT-11 (microbe offered by
National Infant Medical Center)
[0176] In sterilized test tubes, the CA-YE culture medium was
dispensed in a fixed volume of 10 ml and the microbe was inoculated
to the culture medium by the use of a platinum wire and the culture
medium was vigorously shaken (120 cycles/min.) for culture at
37.degree. C. for 18 hours. The culture broth was centrifuged at
4.degree. C. at 3500 rpm for 20 minutes and subjected to filtration
sterilization by the use of 0.45 .mu.m of Acrodisc. The filtrate
was dispensed in tubes in a fixed volume of 2 ml and then mixed for
ten minutes with a given adsorbent added thereto in a prescribed
amount and subsequently left standing at rest at 4.degree. C. for
24 hours. The mixed solutions were centrifuged at 4.degree. C. at
3000 rpm for 20 minutes and then filtered with 0.45 .mu.m of
Acrodics. The filtrates consequently obtained were adopted as test
solutions.
[0177] To each of the test solutions, a diluent was added dropwise
in a fixed volume of 25 .mu.l in a total of eight wells in three
rows of a microplate (U type) with the aid of a dropper. For the
control of BEROTOKISHIN, the diluent was added dropwise in a fixed
volume of 25 .mu.l in a total of eight wells two rows with the aid
of a dropper. The test solutions excepting those in the final well
(the final well using latex as control) were diluted to two
degrees. Similarly, the control BEROTOKISHIN Type 1 and type 2 were
respectively diluted in two degrees per row. A sensitized latex VT1
was added dropwise to the first row of the diluted series of test
solution, a sensitized latex VT12 to the second row thereof, and a
control latex to the third row thereof respectively in a fixed
volume of 25 .mu.l. The sensitized latex VT1 was added dropwise to
the diluted series of the control BEROTOKISHIN type 1 and
sensitized latex VT2 to the diluted series of the control
BEROTOKISHIN type 2 respectively in a fixed volume of 25 .mu.l. The
microplate was thoroughly shaken to ensure intimate mixture of the
test solutions and the latex reagents. The microplate was covered
to preclude vaporization of the reaction solutions, left standing
at rest at room temperature for not less than 20 hours, and then
mounted on a black sheet of paper spread on a bright flat place.
The images of latex sediments in the individual wells of the plate
were observed with an unaided eye by way of evaluation of
qualities. The results of the removal by adsorption of the
BEROTOKISHIN type 1 and type 2 are shown respectively in Table 2
and Table 3.
[0178] Table 2
[0179] Visual observation of images of latex precipitates in
wells
[0180] Table 3
EXAMPLE 32
[0181] Test for preventing diarrhea caused by oral ingestion of
antibiotic substance (Erythromycin)
[0182] To a group of six rabbits, 3.0-3.2 kg in body weight,
Erythromycin was orally ingested 12 times at intervals of 6 hours
in a fixed amount of 40 mg per head each time by the use of fixed
feed. The adsorbent produced in Example 6 was orally ingested to
the rabbits in a fixed amount of 3 g per head 30 minutes prior to
each round of the ingestion.
[0183] The symptom of diarrhea was manifested in 100% of the
rabbits of the group not using the adsorbent and 0% of the rabbits
of the group using the adsorbent. At this time, in the group of
rabbits taking the adsorbent and the group of rabbits not taking
the adsorbent alike, the concentration of Erythromycin in the blood
measured 1.5 hours after the oral ingestion was invariably in the
range of 0.12-0.13 .mu.g/ml.
EXAMPLE 33
[0184] Test for prevention of diarrhea caused by oral ingestion of
antibiotic substance (Erythromycin)
[0185] A male, 60 years in age and 78 kg in body weight, was made
to eat meals at intervals of six hours and take orally 300 mg of
Erythromycin 5 minutes after each meal. The symptom of diarrhea
manifested itself on the 18th oral ingestion. Then, the oral
ingestion was discontinued.
[0186] The same male was made to take ordinary meals for one month
after the recovery from the diarrhea and then take orally
Erythromycin in the same manner as above and also take orally 10 g
of the adsorbent produced in Example 2 30 minutes prior to each of
the meals. No symptom of diarrhea manifested itself even on the
20th oral ingestion.
EXAMPLE 34
[0187] Production of adsorbent-containing agar
[0188] In one liter of a boiling decoct of dried bonito, 100 g of
the adsorbent produced in Control 1 was boiled for three minutes. A
10-g sample of the produced soup was placed in an aluminum
container, 30 cm.sup.3 in inner volume, and was thoroughly mixed
with 15 g of an agar solution added thereto. The resultant mixture
was deaerated, then hot sealed with a lid of aluminum foil, and
sterilized in an autoclave at 121.degree. C. for 20 minutes to
obtain an adsorbent-containing agar.
EXAMPLE 35
[0189] Production of adsorbent-containing agar
[0190] An adsorbent-containing agar was obtained by following the
procedure of Example 31 while using the adsorbent produced in
Control 3 instead.
EXAMPLE 36
[0191] Production of adsorbent-containing agar
[0192] In an aluminum container, about 50 cm.sup.3 in inner volume,
10 g of the adsorbent-containing agar produced by following the
procedure of Example 31 was placed and 20 g of an agar solution was
added thereto. On the resultant mixture, a kelp seasoned with salad
oil of Chinese fashion was superposed and 10 g of the agar solution
was further added thereon. The resultant mixture was deaerated and,
with the container heat sealed with a lid of aluminum foil,
sterilized in an autoclave at 121.degree. C. for 20 minutes to
obtain an adsorbent-containing agar.
EXAMPLE 37
[0193] Production of adsorbent-containing calcium alginate gel
[0194] An adsorbent-containing calcium alginate gel was obtained by
following the procedure of Example 31 while using the adsorbent
produced in Example 3 instead and using calcium alginate gel in the
same amount instead of the agar solution.
EXAMPLE 38
[0195] Production of adsorbent-containing calcium alginate gel
[0196] An adsorbent-containing calcium alginate gel was obtained by
following the procedure of Example 34 while using the adsorbent
produced in Example 9 instead.
EXAMPLE 39
[0197] Production of adsorbent-containing calcium alginate gel
[0198] An adsorbent-containing calcium alginate gel was obtained by
following the procedure of Example 33 while using the adsorbent
produced in Example 4 instead and using calcium alginate gel in the
place of the agar solution.
[0199] Industrial Applicability
[0200] The adsorbent of this invention is obtained by coating an
adsorption basis with a gel-like substance and then subjecting the
coated absorption basis to a freezing treatment and is formed of a
dispersed system having the adsorption basis uniformly dispersed in
the gel-like substance and, therefore, is capable of effecting
removal by adsorption of a harmful substance with unusually high
efficiency without sacrificing the adsorbing ability which is
inherent in the adsorption basis.
[0201] The adsorbent of this invention can manifest the same effect
as mentioned above because it is obtained by coating an adsorption
basis with a gel-like substance already containing a frost harm
preventing substance and subsequently depriving the coated
adsorption basis of the front harm preventing substance.
[0202] Further, the adsorbent of this invention, when adopting
minute particles of powdered active carbon, for example, as the
adsorption basis, is allowed to form a dispersed system having the
adsorption basis uniformly dispersed in a gel-like substance. It
is, therefore, capable of effecting removal by adsorption of a
harmful substance with unusually high efficiency because the
adsorbent as a whole enjoys an increased area available for
adsorption and a consequent increase in the ability to effect
adsorption as compared with the active carbon which is used all by
itself owing to the addition to the efficiency of dispersion of
active carbon.
[0203] Since the adsorbent of this invention has an adsorption
basis coated with a gel-like substance, it can be directly ingested
into the digestive system and can easily effect removal by
adsorption of the harmful substance introduced as mixed with a
foodstuff into the digestive system. Moreover, this adsorbent
avoids inducing such a trouble as constipation even when it is
directly ingested into the digestive system. The adsorbent which
has effected the removal by adsorption of the harmful substance in
the digestive system can be very quickly and easily discharged from
the digestive system.
[0204] The adsorbent of this invention can be made to effect the
removal by adsorption of the harmful substance contained in a
foodstuff by being brought into direct contact with the foodstuff.
In this case, the adsorbent which has effected the removal by
adsorption of the harmful substance can be separated easily and
quickly from the foodstuff as compared with the adsorbent which is
used all by itself. Even when the adsorbent erroneously mingles
into a foodstuff and ultimately reaches the interior of the
digestive system without being separated, it is safe all the same
because it is quickly discharged from the digestive system as
described above.
[0205] The adsorbent of this invention, besides being utilized for
direct ingestion into the digestive system as described above, can
be utilized as mixed with a processed foodstuff, for example. When
the adsorbent of this invention is fixed with a processed foodstuff
and the resultant mixture is eaten, it avoids imparting a sensation
of the presence of foreign matter, excels in palatability, and
precludes the possibility of tainting the foodstuff in black
tint.
[0206] Since the adsorbent of this invention manifests the
outstanding effect mentioned above, it is particularly useful for
the removal by adsorption of such food additive, feed additive,
agricultural pesticide, food poisoning substance, allergen, heavy
metal or highly poisonous organic compound as are suffered to
adhere to or exist in the foodstuffs, such surplus nutrients as
persist in the digestive system, such oligomers and additives as
are contained in liquors, such metabolites of alcohol as are formed
in the digestive system after assimilation of alcohol, such harmful
substances as hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids as are
suffered to exist in oils and fats, and such components of
offensive odor as emanate from fish.
* * * * *