U.S. patent application number 09/825651 was filed with the patent office on 2002-02-28 for wan-based gateway.
Invention is credited to Civanlar, Seyhan, Coffield, Don Richard, Leighton III, William J., Mansell, James J., Saksena, Vikram R..
Application Number | 20020024945 09/825651 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24990163 |
Filed Date | 2002-02-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020024945 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Civanlar, Seyhan ; et
al. |
February 28, 2002 |
Wan-based gateway
Abstract
In one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus is provided for
establishing a communication session between first and second
terminals in communication over a plurality of networks that employ
differing transmission standards. The plurality of networks are
selected from among a circuit switched network (e.g., a telephony
network), a connectionless packet switched network (e.g., the
Internet) and a connection-oriented packet switched network (e.g.,
an ATM or frame relay network). The apparatus includes a call
set-up translator for translating among call set-up protocols
associated with the circuit switched network, the connectionless
packet switched network and the connection-oriented packet switched
network. An encoding format translator is provided for translating
among encoding protocols associated with the circuit switched
network, the connectionless packet switched network and the
connection-oriented packet switched network. Also provided is an
address database for storing a plurality of addresses in different
formats for each registered terminal, which includes the first and
second terminals. The apparatus also includes a session manager for
storing control information relating to the first and second
terminals. The control information includes an identification of
the first and second terminals that participate in the
communication session.
Inventors: |
Civanlar, Seyhan;
(Middletown Township, NJ) ; Coffield, Don Richard;
(Locust, NJ) ; Leighton III, William J.; (Scotch
Plains, NJ) ; Mansell, James J.; (Fair Haven, NJ)
; Saksena, Vikram R.; (Freehold, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Henry T. Brendzel
P.O. Box 574
Springfield
NJ
07081
US
|
Family ID: |
24990163 |
Appl. No.: |
09/825651 |
Filed: |
April 4, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
09825651 |
Apr 4, 2001 |
|
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09187351 |
Nov 6, 1998 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/352 ;
370/395.2; 370/401; 370/466 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 2012/5667 20130101;
H04L 2012/567 20130101; H04L 61/10 20130101; H04L 61/2503 20130101;
H04L 2012/563 20130101; H04L 69/169 20130101; H04L 2012/5619
20130101; H04M 7/125 20130101; H04L 65/1069 20130101; H04L
2012/5652 20130101; H04L 65/1036 20130101; H04L 9/40 20220501; H04L
2012/6481 20130101; H04L 12/2854 20130101; H04L 12/66 20130101;
H04Q 11/0478 20130101; H04L 2012/5618 20130101; H04L 2012/5645
20130101; H04L 69/08 20130101; H04Q 3/0025 20130101; H04Q 3/0045
20130101; H04L 12/6418 20130101; H04M 7/126 20130101; H04L 69/16
20130101; H04L 61/4535 20220501; H04L 2012/6472 20130101; H04L
65/1026 20130101; H04L 61/00 20130101; H04L 65/1101 20220501 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/352 ;
370/466; 370/401; 370/395.2 |
International
Class: |
H04L 012/56 |
Claims
1. An apparatus for establishing a communication session between a
first terminal in a first network and a second terminal in a second
network, where said first network and said second network are
members of a set of networks that employ differing transmission
standards, said set of networks including a circuit switched
network, a connectionless packet switched network and a
connection-oriented packet switched network, comprising: a call
set-up translator for translating a call set-up signal from any one
of said networks in said set, based on information derived from
said call set-up signal, into a call set-up signal in accordance
with a call set-up protocol of any other one of said networks in
said set; an encoding format translator for translating a signal in
an encoding format of any one of said networks in said set to a
signal in an encoding format of any other one or more of said
networks in said set; an address database for storing a plurality
of addresses in different formats for each registered terminal
including at least said first and second terminals; a session
manager for storing control information relating to the first and
second terminals, said control information including an
identification of the first and second terminals participating in
the communication session.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said circuit-switched network
is a telephony network.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said connectionless packet
switched network is the Internet.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said connection-oriented packet
switched network is an ATM network.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said connection-oriented packet
switched network is a Frame-Relay network.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said communication session is
established among at least two terminals in one of said networks
and one terminal in another one of said networks, and further
comprising means for bridging signals received from said at least
two terminals in said one of said networks to form a combined
signal that is sent to said one terminal in said another one of
said networks.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said communication session is
an audio session.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said communication session
includes video information.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said communication session is a
multimedia session including audio and video information.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said encoding format
translator is an audio format translator.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said encoding format
translator is a video format translator.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said encoding format
translator is a multimedia format translator.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said control information
further includes Quality-of-Service requirements.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said control information
further includes information that defines a format in which data is
to be received by at least one of the first and second
terminals.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said data format is alterable
during the communication session.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said call set-up translator
translates among a plurality of standards, including standards for
telephony networks, for connectionless packet switching networks,
and for connection-oriented packet switching networks.
17. A wide area communications network, comprising: a circuit
switched network, a connectionless packet switched network and a
connection-oriented packet switched network, said networks
operatively cooperating with one another to transmit information
therebetween; at least one gateway for establishing a communication
session between a first terminal in a first network and a second
terminal in a second network, where said first network and said
second network are members of a set of networks that employ
differing transmission standards, said set of networks including a
circuit switched network, a connectionless packet switched network
and a connection-oriented packet switched network, said gateway
including: a call set-up translator for translating a call set-up
signal from any one of said networks in said set, based on
information derived from said call set-up signal, into a call
set-up signal in accordance with a call set-up protocol of any
other one of said networks in said set; an encoding format
translator for translating a signal in an encoding format of any
one of said networks in said set to a signal in an encoding format
of any other one or more of said networks in said set; an address
database for storing a plurality of addresses in different formats
for each registered terminal including at least said first and
second terminals; a session manager for storing control information
relating to the first and second terminals, said control
information including an identification of the first and second
terminals participating in the communication session.
18. The wide area network of claim 17 further comprising a second
gateway for establishing communication between a third terminal and
said first and second terminals, said second gateway being in
direct communication with said at least one gateway.
19. The wide area network of claim 18 wherein said at least one
gateway and said second gateway are arranged in a peer
configuration.
20. The wide area network of claim 18 wherein said at least one
gateway and said second gateway are arranged in a master-slave
configuration.
21. The wide area network of claim 17 further comprising a local
gateway for establishing communication between two terminals
located in a local area network in communication with said networks
and for establishing communication among said two terminals and
said first terminal.
22. A method for establishing a communication session between at
least a first terminal in a first network and a second terminal in
a second network, where said first network and said second network
are members of a set of networks that employ differing transmission
standards, said set of networks including a circuit switched
network, a connectionless packet switched network and a
connection-oriented packet switched network, said method comprising
the steps of: receiving a call set-up request from said first
terminal in accordance with a call set-up protocol associated with
said first network, said call set-up request specifying said second
terminal; ascertaining said second network and identifying type of
said second network, the type being one of the types of networks
that belong to said set of networks; translating said call set-up
request into a call set-up signal in conformance with a protocol
associated with said second network; translating information
received from said first terminal from a first encoding format to a
second encoding format; transmitting said information in the second
encoding format to the second terminal; storing control information
relating to the first and second terminals, said control
information including an identification of the first and second
terminals participating in the communication session.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the step of translating said
call set-up request includes the step of retrieving at least one
address from an address database of said second terminal in a
format different from a format in which it is received from the
first terminal.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein said control information
includes dynamically alterable control information.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein said dynamically alterable
control information includes data formats.
26. The method of claim 24 wherein said dynamically alterable
control information includes encoding formats.
27. The method of claim 22 wherein said circuit-switched network is
a telephony network.
28. The method of claim 22 wherein said connectionless packet
switched network is the Internet.
29. The method of claim 22 wherein said connection-oriented packet
switched network is an ATM network.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part application of
Ser. No. 08/743,784 filed Nov. 7, 1996, which is hereby
incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This invention relates generally to an apparatus for
establishing communication paths over a circuit switched network, a
connectionless packet switched network, and a connection-oriented
packet switched network, and more particularly to an apparatus for
establishing point-to-point or point-to-multipoint audio or video
communication over a telephony network, the Internet, and an
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or a Frame Relay (FR) network.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Voice traffic transmitted between two or more users over a
telephony network is carried over circuit-switched paths that are
established between the users. Circuit-switched technology is
well-suited for delay-sensitive, real-time applications such as
voice transmission since a dedicated path is established. In a
circuit-switched network, all of the bandwidth of the established
path is allocated to the voice traffic for the duration of the
call.
[0004] In contrast to the telephony network, the Internet is an
example of a connectionless packet-switched network that is based
on the Internet Protocol (IP). While the majority of the traffic
carried over the telephony network is voice traffic, the Internet
is more suitable to delay-insensitive applications such as the
transmission of data. The Internet community has been exploring
improvements in IP so that voice can be carried over IP packets
without significant performance degradation. For example, the
resource reservation protocol known as RSVP (see RSVP Version 2
Functional Specifications, R. Braden, L. Zhang, D. Estrin, Internet
Draft 06, 1996) provides a technique for reserving resources (i.e.
bandwidth) for the transmission of unicast and multicast data with
good scaling and robustness properties. The reserved bandwidth is
used to effectively simulate the dedicated bandwidth scheme of
circuit-switched networks to transmit delay-sensitive traffic. If
RSVP is implemented only for those communications having special
Quality of Service (QoS) needs such as minimal delay, the
transmission of other communications such as non-real time data
packets may be provided to other users of the Internet in the usual
best-effort, packet-switched manner.
[0005] The majority of Internet users currently access the Internet
via slow-speed dial/modem lines using protocols such as SLIP
(serial line IP) and PPP (Point to Point Protocol), which run over
serial telephone lines (modem and N-ISDN) and carry IP packets.
Voice signals are packetized by an audio codec on the user's
multimedia PC. The voice packets carry substantial packetization
overhead including the headers of PPP, IP, UDP, and RTP, which can
be as big as 40 octets. Transmitting voice packets over low speed
access lines is almost impossible because of the size of the header
relative to the size of a typical voice packet (20-160 octets,
based on the average acceptable voice delay and amount of voice
compression). However, several proposals have emerged to compress
the voice packet headers so that greater transmission efficiency
and latency can be achieved for voice-packets transmitted over
low-speed, dial access lines.
[0006] A substantial number of users is expected to begin sending
voice traffic over the Internet with acceptable voice quality and
latency because of the availability of RSVP and packet-header
compression technologies. The transmission terminals for sending
packetized voice over the Internet are likely to be multimedia
personal computers.
[0007] In addition to the telephony network and the Internet, other
transmission standards such as Frame-Relay and ATM have been
emerging as alternative transport technologies for integrated voice
and data. ATM/FR networks are similar to the telephony network in
that they both employ connection-oriented technology. However,
unlike the telephony network, ATM/FR networks employ packet
switching. In contrast to the Internet Protocol, which is a network
layer protocol (layer three), FR and ATM pertain to the data link
layer (layer two) of the seven-layer OSI model.
[0008] Frame Relay and ATM can transport voice in two different
formats within the FR (or ATM) packets (cells). In the first
format, the FR (ATM) packets (cells) carry an IP packet (or some
other layer-3 packet), which in turn encapsulates the voice
packets. Alternatively, the FR (ATM) packets (cells) directly
encapsulate the voice packet, i.e., without using IP encapsulation.
The first alternative employs protocols such as LAN Emulation
(LANE), Classical IP Over ATM, and Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA),
all of which are well known in the prior art. The second
alternative is referred to as "Voice over FR" and "Voice over ATM",
respectively. Note that the first alternative, which includes IP
encapsulation, allows voice packets to be routed between IP
routers. That is, layer-3 processing is performed by the routers
along the voice path to determine the next hop router. The second
alternative is a purely FR/ATM switched solution. In other words,
switching can be performed only at the data link layer. FIG. 1
depicts the protocol stacks for transport of voice over IP and the
two alternatives for voice over FR/ATM.
[0009] The audio codec depicted in FIG. 1 enables voice
encoding/decoding, including voice digitization, compression,
silence elimination and formatting. The audio codec is defined by
ITU-T standards such as G.711 (PCM of Voice Frequencies), G.722 (7
Khz Audio-Coding within 64 Kbps), G.723 (Dual Rate Speech Code for
Multimedia Telecommunications Transmitting at 6.4 and 5.3 Kbps),
and G.728 (Speech Encoding at 16 Kbps).
[0010] The "Voice over ATM/FR layer" depicted in FIG. 1 is referred
to as the multimedia multiplex and synchronization layer, an
example of which is defined in ITU-T standard H.222. ITU-T is
currently defining the H.323 standard, which specifies
point-to-point and multipoint audio-visual communications between
terminals (such as PCs) attached to LANs. This standard defines the
components of an H.323 system including H.323 terminals,
gate-keepers, and multi-point control units (MCUs). PCs that
communicate through the Internet can use the H.323 standards for
communication with each other on the same LAN or across routed data
networks. In addition to H.323, the ITU-T is in the process of
defining similar audio-visual component standards for B-ISDN (ATM)
in the H.310 standard, and for N-ISDN in the H.320 standard. The
previously mentioned standards also define call signaling formats.
For example, IP networks use Q.931 call controls over a new ITU-T
standard known as H.225 (for H.323 terminals). Telephony networks
use Q.931 signaling and ATM networks use Q.2931 signaling.
[0011] Many standards bodies are in the process of defining how
voice (and video) can be transported within a given homogenous
network such as the telephony, IP, FR and ATM networks. However,
there is currently no arrangement for transmitting voice over a
heterogeneous network that consists of two or more such networks
employing different transmission standards.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] In accordance with the principles of the invention, the
foregoing problem is addressed by employing a gateway which
connects to the telephony network, the Internet and the ATM/FR
network. Such gating facilities are needed if communication getween
users on different networks are to be allowed. The telephony
network, Internet and FR/ATM Networks all use different schemes for
establishing a voice session (i.e., call set-up protocols), and
different formats for controlling a session and transporting voice.
The gateway of the present invention provides conversion of the
transmission format, control, call signaling and audio stream (and
potentially video and data streams) between different transmission
standards.
[0013] Embodiments of the disclosed gateway provide some or all of
the following functions: call-signaling protocol conversion, audio
mixing/bridging or generation of composite audio and switching,
address registration, address translation, audio format conversion,
audio coding translation, session management/control, address
translation between different address types, interfacing with other
gateways, interfacing with the SS7 signaling network, and
interfacing with an Internet signaling network.
[0014] The apparatus establishes a communication session between
first and second terminals that may be resident in networks that
employ differing transmission standards. The different networks
may, illustratively, be a circuit switched network (e.g., a
telephony network), a connectionless packet switched network (e.g.,
the Internet) or a connection-oriented packet switched network
(e.g., an ATM or frame relay network). The communication session
may be an audio session, a video session or a multimedia
session.
[0015] The apparatus includes a call set-up translator for
translating among call set-up protocols associated with the circuit
switched network, the connectionless packet switched network and
the connection-oriented packet switched network. An encoding format
translator is provided for translating among encoding protocols
associated with the circuit switched network, the connectionless
packet switched network and the connection-oriented packet switched
network. Also provided is an address database for storing a
plurality of addresses in different formats for each registered
terminal, which includes the first and second terminals. The
apparatus also includes a session manager for storing control
information relating to the first and second terminals. The control
information includes an identification of the first and second
terminals that participate in the communication session.
Participation in a conversation by more than a pair of terminals is
easily accommodated by the disclosed gateway.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0016] FIG. 1 shows a simplified protocol stack for transporting
voice over an IP network, a telephony network (e.g., an ISDN
network) and an ATM/FR network;
[0017] FIG. 2 shows a gateway in accordance with the present
invention situated among a telephony network, an IP network and a
AM/FR network;
[0018] FIG. 3 shows a plurality of gateways interfacing with one
another and with user terminals;
[0019] FIG. 4 shows a simplified diagram of a gateway
interconnected with various networks;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the functionality of
various interfaces of which the gateway is comprised;
[0021] FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of an exemplary method for
processing calls through the gateway in accordance with the present
invention; and
[0022] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the gateway
shown in FIGS. 2-4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] FIG. 2 shows a gateway 100 in accordance with the present
invention. As shown, gateway 100 communicates with networks
employing differing transmission standards such as telephony
network 52, ATM/FR network 57 and Internet 53. Illustratively,
gateway 100 is connected to a switch, router or server, and an
ATM/FR switch, which are within telephony network 52, Internet
network 53, and ATM/FR network 57, respectively. Gateway 100
facilitates voice communication between a variety of endpoint
stations connected to the individual networks. Such stations may
include telephone 61, fax machine/telephone 62, and PC 63 (which
are connected to the telephony network 52), PCs 71 and 72 (which
are connected to the Internet 53) and workstations 81 and 82 (which
are connected to the ATM/FR network 57).
[0024] An illustrative functional embodiment of gateway 100 in
conformance with FIG. 2 is presented in FIG. 4. Networks 52, 53,
and 57, are three different networks that are connected to gateway
100. Network 52 is the conventional, well known, telephone network,
network 53 is an internet network, and network 57 is an ATM/Frame
Relay network. This, of course, is merely illustrative, and it
should be appreciated that any number of networks can be coupled to
gateway 100, that not all of the networks must be different from
each other, and that the illustrated set of types of networks is
not exhaustive.
[0025] Each network that connects to gateway 100 has an interface
block. Thus, gateway 100 in FIG. 4 has an interface bus 301 for
connecting Internet network 53 to interface block 311, an interface
bus 302 for connecting telephony network 52 to interface block 312,
and an interface bus 303 for connecting ATM/FR network 57 to
interface block 313. Within network interface 311 there is an IP
call setup module 101 and an IP mixer 201. Within network interface
312 there is a telephony call signaling module 102 and a telephony
bridge 202. Within network interface 313 there is an ATM/FR call
signaling module 103 and an ATM mixer 203. Each one of the
interfaces (311, 312, and 313) is connected to a signaling format
adaptation module 104, to a voice format adaptation module 204, and
to session manager 304. Thus, module 104 handles the signaling
hanled among the network interfaces (311, 312, and 313); module 204
handles communication (e.g. conversation) signals flowing among the
network interfaces; and session manager handles session managing
needs of conversations passing through gateway 100. In the context
of this disclosure, a session corresponds to the activities that
set-up a call, that carry on communication, and that tear-down a
call.
[0026] A number of different approaches can be taken for handling
the signal formats between interfaces 311, 312, and 313 on the one
hand, and processing elements 104, 204, and 304, on the other. One
approach is to allow interfaces 311, 312, and 313 to operate in
formats that are native to the networks with which they interface.
For example, signals between the core elements (elements 104, 204,
and 304) and interface 311 may be in a format acceptable to IP
network 53, signals between the core elements and interface 312 may
be in a format acceptable to telephony network 52, and signals
between the core elements and interface 313 may be in a format
acceptable to ATM/FR network 57. Another approach is to employ a
chosen, generic, format and have all interfaces (elements 311, 312,
and 313) interact with the core elements in that generic format. Of
course, all functions and other conversions that need to be
performed by the gateway are carried out by the core elements or
the interface elements. The division of labor between the core
elements and the interfaces is a matter of designer choice.
[0027] Interface 311 includes an IP call setup unit 101 and an IP
mixer 201, interface 312 includes telephony signaling unit 102 and
telephone bridge 202, and interface 313 includes ATM/RF call
signaling unit 103 and ATM Mixer 203. Units 101, 102, and 103 are
involved in establishing calls, and units 201, 202, and 203 are
involved in combining voice signals.
[0028] When an IP station in network 53 wishes to establish a call,
for example with a conventional POTS telephone in network 52, it
sends an appropriate signaling packet to its Internet Service
Provider (ISP). That signaling packet eventually arrives at unit
101, and unit 101 determines that the packet wishes to establish
service with a particular POTS telephone. Element 104 determines
the POTS phone number of the called party, and forwards a call set
up request to unit 102. The POTS number is determined either from
the signaling packet, or packets, of the IP station, or with the
aid of database 105 which is coupled to element 104. For example,
the IP station may specify the called party in terms of an IP
address. Database 105 would then translate the IP address to the
format desired by network 52. Most simply, unit 102 is coupled to a
central office and simply dials out the called party's number using
DTMF signals. In such a case, the called phone number has the
familiar 1, area code, exchange, number format. Alternatively, unit
102 can be constructed to possess some of the capabilities that are
found in a central office, such as the ability to consult with the
SS7 signaling network and to proceed with the call establishment if
a line is available. In such an embodiment, unit 102 interfaces
with network 52 in the format that is acceptable to network 52, for
example Q.931, and it includes circuitry to interact with the SS7
network. Such circuitry generates SS7 signaling messages to a
Network Control Point (NCP) to obtain, for example, a telephone
number translation prior to generating an outgoing Q.931 signaling
message to the telephony network 52
[0029] In the course of sending information from unit 101 to unit
104, and then to unit 102, some signal conversion must necessarily
occur. As indicated above, this can occur by unit 101 converting
the information in the signaling pocket(s) to information formatted
in a selected generic format. In such a case, unit 104 accepts the
information in the generic format, performs its analysis, forwards
the necessary information to unit 102 in the same generic format,
and unit 102 converts the information to a format that is suitable
for telephony network 52. Alternatively, unit 101 sends information
in IP format to unit 104, unit 104 ascertains what that information
is, formats the necessary information into a format acceptable to
unit 102 (e.g. DTMF, or Q.931), and forwards the formatted
information to unit 102. Element 101 also monitors the status of
each call establishment session and transmits error messages as
appropriate (in the form of audio messages or digital data) to the
IP station, as necessary.
[0030] A similar interaction occurs when an IP station wishes to
establish a connection with a station in network 57, except that
unit 103 is involved rather than unit 102 (and the format might be
Q.2931). Also, a similar interaction occurs when a station in some
other network wishes to establish communication with a station in
IP network 53. For example, if a POTS telephone wishes to call a
station in network 53, it dials out the called number. The SS7
network identifies the called number as one that must be accessed
through gateway 100 and if a path is available, the calling party
is connected to interface 312 and the called party number is
provided to unit 102. Unit 102 sends the necessary information to
signaling format adaptation unit 104 which, with the aid of
database 105, converts the dialed phone number into an IP address
of the called party (IP station). The necessary information is then
forwarded to unit 101, which sends a call establishment packet, or
packets, to the called IP station.
[0031] For sake of simplicity, the following descriptions relate to
an embodiment where signals between interface 311 and the core
elements are in IP format, signals between interface 312 and the
core elements are in telephony format, and signals between
interface 313 and the core elements are in ATM/FR format.
[0032] As can be surmised from the above, signaling format
adaptation block 104 is a signaling format translator. It
translates the call-setup requests from the form with which such
requests arrive into a form that the destination interface can
properly understand. For example, it generates the information that
Q.931 signals need if network 52 is the destination, the
information that IP packets need if network 53 is the destination,
and/or the information that Q.2931 signals need if network 57 is
the destination. It also effects number translations with the aid
of database 105.
[0033] Mixer 201 is needed for the occasions when more than one IP
terminal participates in the communication. When one IP terminal
communicates with, for example, a POTS telephone, the IP terminal
encodes the speech in accordance with a particular algorithm and
transmits the resulting digital data in IP packet format. The
stream of IP packets of that terminal is applied to voice format
adaptation block 204, wherein the encoded speech contained in the
packet is decoded and converted to the format needed for the POTS
telephone. Conversely, information destined to that IP terminal
comes from block 204 already formatted in IP format and in the
speech encoding that is suitable for the IP terminal. However, when
two or more IP terminals are involved, the situation is more
complicated. This is particularly so when the IP terminals that
participate in the connection employ different speech encoding
algorithms. On the side going to other networks, it is the function
of mixer 201 to process incoming packet streams and to create a
single packet stream that represents the combined speech signal of
the IP terminals that participate in the communication. That IP
packet stream is applied to element 204, and element 204 converts
it to the speech signal format of either interface 312 or interface
313, as appropriate. In the other direction, signals that reach
mixer 201 from element 204 and are destined to more than one IP
terminal have to be converted to a number of individual IP streams,
addressed to the appropriate individual IP terminals. Mixer 201
performs this "demultiplexing" and also insures that each of the IP
terminals receives a signal that is encoded in the proper speech
encoding algorithm, for example, 16 Kpbs speech encoding (standard
G.728) for one IP terminal, and 64 Kbps speech encoding (standard
G.722) for another IP terminal. The speech encoding translations
are performed in mixer 201 pursuant to information provided to IP
mixer 201 by session manager 304.
[0034] In some embodiments of the invention, the IP packet mixer
201 also provides control functionality that would otherwise be
performed by IP call set-up interface 101. In particular, IP packet
mixer 201 performs such control functions when in-band signaling is
employed. If out-of-band signaling is employed, the control
functions may conveniently reside in IP call set-up interface 101.
In the former situation the IP packet mixer receives control
packets over an IP connection such as a dedicated UDP or TCP socket
interface, for example. The control packets identify the control
information pertaining to the station from which it receives the
packet, such as the type of voice encoding that is employed by the
station, bandwidth utilization, and Quality-of-Service (QoS)
requirements. A QoS requirement relates to a measure of goodness of
a service connection. In packet-routing networks, it may relate to
the probability of lost packets. Of course, if no control
information is provided, previously defined default control
parameters may be used. IP packet mixer 201 is also used by an IP
station to terminate its participation in a session. The session
control information received by the IP packet mixer 201 is
forwarded to the session manager 304 to maintain a current database
of station requirements.
[0035] Voice bridge 202 serves a function that parallels the
function of mixer 201, except that it concerns itself with multiple
session participants from network 52. For example, when more than
one voice instrument from network 52 participates in a
communication, voice bridge 202 combines the two signals to form a
single signal that represents the combination. Likewise, ATM mixer
203 concerns itself with multiple participants from network 57. As
an aside, bridge 202 can be an analog bridge when the incoming
signals are analog. It can also be digital, if incoming signals are
digital or conversion to digital precedes the bridge.
[0036] Voice format adaptation block 204 is a speech format
translator. It translates incoming speech that arrives in one
particular format and speech encoding standard into a format and
speech encoding standard that the destination terminal is adapted
to accept. Voice format interface 204 also performs appropriate
de-encapsulation (if the incoming signal is from interface 313),
protocol conversion, echo cancellation, encryption, packetization,
etc., before the digitized voice is sent to the IP mixer 201 and/or
the ATM/FR mixer 203 for subsequent forwarding.
[0037] Address translator 105 is provided to various stations to
register using various address formats, such as email address, IP
address, E.164 address, MAC address and/or ATM NSAP address
formats, etc. This allows element 104 to translate addresses from
one address format to another.
[0038] Session manager interface 304 is employed to receive control
information from the mixers, bridges and call set-up interfaces
which pertains to the capabilities and status of those stations
participating in the communication session. Session manager
interface 304 assists the IP mixer 201, telephony bridge 202 and
FR/ATM mixer 203 in forwarding voice traffic to all participating
stations.
[0039] In an initial, commercial, introduction of the gateway
disclosed herein, it is possible that a telecommunications services
provider may find that a single gateway will suffice. However, most
telecommunications services providers own networks that span a
large geographic area, and the different types of networks that
they own have roughly the same geographic footprint. Since most
subscribers make most of their calls to subscribers that are
geographically close, it is quite possible that even in an initial
introduction of the gateway disclosed herein, the
telecommunications services provider will find it advantageous to
employ more than one gateway. In accordance with the principles of
this invention, when more than one gateway is used it may be found
advantageous to interconnect these gateways in a wide area network
(WAN). In this manner, calls from a terminal in one type of network
to a terminal in another type of network would pass through one
gateway, or perhaps through more than one gateway, based on the
geographic distance between the calling and called parties. More
specifically, under normal circumstances it is expected that when
the distance is short, only one gateway would be employed. When the
distance is large, two or more gateways would be employed. It may
be noted in passing that use of the term WAN does not intend to
suggest any particular network arrangement, because any network
that interconnects geographically disperse gateways will do. This
includes hierarchical and not hierarchical networks, fault tolerant
and non-fault tolerant networks, etc.
[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates one arrangement of a WAN which, in a
sense, is a hierarchical network. It includes gateways 150, 110,
and 120 which are connected to each other and which make up the
highest level in the hierarchical structure. A lower level is also
shown, and it comprises gateways 130 and 140. The arrangement
illustrated in FIG. 3 does not show a direct connection between
gateways 130 and 140 but such a connection may be permitted. As
depicted, the FIG. 3 network can be also thought to comprise
"master" gateways 100, 110, and 120, and "slave" gateways 130 and
140.
[0041] Each of the gateways, whether a master gateway or a slave
gateway, can support subscribers from one or more diverse networks.
The gateways for the FIG. 3 arrangement can be replicas of the FIG.
4 gateway, except that those gateways that support subscribers from
less that all of the different networks can be constructed with
fewer components. Illustratively, if the three networks that are
shown in FIG. 2 constitute all of the different network to be
served, and one of the gateways supports only customers from one,
or perhaps two of the networks then, of course, that gateway may be
constructed with fewer than all of the elements shown in FIG.
4.
[0042] Bus 109 in FIG. 4, which carries signals from elements 104,
204 and 304, is the bus that is used to couple gateways to each
other. The format of the signals that bus 109 carries is a matter
for designer's choice. Certainly, it should permit any possibly of
connections. Perhaps the most challenging connection occurs when a
conference call is conducted with six participant (in the context
of the three diverse networks of FIG. 2), where two gateways are
involved, and each gateway services one subscriber in each of the
three diverse networks. Given some thought, it becomes apparent
that in such a connection, bus 109 cannot simply employ the signal
format of the network from which a subscriber calls (i.e. choose to
not make any conversion). Some conversions must be made. This,
however, does not dictate that some format be fixedly selected. The
format employed on bus 109 may be the format of one of the
networks, may be some generic format that is a super-set of the
other three formats, may be the format of the first subscriber that
initiates the conference call, etc.
[0043] As illustrated in FIG. 5 gateway 100 also connects to
various common Operations Administration Management and
Provisioning (OAM&P) functions, databases/directories (e.g.,
authentication databases such as for credit card authorization),
and signaling network intelligence that reside within the SS7
signaling network such as a network control point (NCP) and an
Internet NCP residing within the Internet. For example, an NCP may
be used by the telephony call set-up interface 102 to translate an
800 number into a telephone number. Similarly, an Internet NCP may
be used by the IP call set-up interface 101 to request a
translation of a station's email address, host name, or URL to an
IP. The Internet NCPs provide intelligent services, such as
discussed in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/618,483.
[0044] FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of an exemplary method for
establishing a voice session between user stations 300 and 600 of
FIG. 3. Station 300 is an IP station and is provided with direct
connectivity to the gateway 150. Station 600 is an ISDN station,
and it communicates with the gateway 120. The method begins at step
501 when station 300 sends a call signaling request over the
Internet to gateway 150 in the form of an IP packet. The IP packet
carries signaling information (e.g., in the form of a Q.931
message), including the IP address of the called station 600.
Within gateway 150, station 600 is connected to interface 301.
[0045] In step 503, IP call set-up interface 101 parses the IP
packet, retrieves the IP address of station 600 and communicates
that information to element 104. In step 505, element 104 sends an
address query to the address translator 105 to retrieve another
address for station 600. In step 511 element 105 retrieves an
address for station 600, normally in the format of the network in
which station 600 resides. Of course, knowing the network address
of station 600 is insufficient to inform the arrangement of which
gateway is best to use in order to reach station 600. Element 105
may have a single designated gateway for station 600, or it may
have a list of gateways arranged in order of priority. Element 105
may also include an associated means (e.g. a processor) for
dynamically choosing a gateway for station 600; for example, based
on traffic conditions in the various telecommunication networks. In
other words, the Wide Area Network can employ almost any of the
routing techniques that are currently known.
[0046] It is also possible that station 600 is known to others by
an 800 number. In such a case, it may be advantageous to design the
gateway so that element 105 informs element 104 of the fact that
the number sought to be translated is an 800 number, and provides
to element 104 the 800 number in an appropriate format. This
information is sent to element 102, which interacts with an
appropriate database outside the gateway to obtain a proper
translation. Of course, one can have a plurality of 800
number-translation databases outside the gateway, and in different
formats; in which case, the outputs of database 105 might be
different. To account for the above, following step 511,
conditional branch point 513 determines whether address translator
105 returned an 800 number for station 600.
[0047] If the result in step 513 is NO, then the information
provided by database 105 reveals the gateway through which it is
best to reach station 600; which in the illustrative example is
gateway 120. Control then passes to step 601 (FIG. 6B). Otherwise,
control passes to step 515.
[0048] If the result in step 513 is YES, indicating that station
600 was requested by dialing an 800 number, address translator
interface 105 sends the 800 number to the IP call set-up interface
101 of gateway 150 in step 515. In step 517, IP set-up interface
101 of gateway 150 sends the 800 number to the signaling format
interface 104, which in turn constructs an SS7 message and forwards
it to the telephony call set-up interface 102. In step 519, the
interface 102 sends the SS7 message to the NCP in the signaling
network to translate the 800 number into a telephone number. The
NCP provides the requested telephone number to the telephony call
set-up interface 102.
[0049] Once the proper telephone number is determined, in step 521
interface 102 provides that information to element 104. Once
element 104 obtains the translated number, control returns to step
511 where database 104 is asked to translate the number and to
identify the gateway to be employed. Control then passes to step
513, from which control passes this time to step 601.
[0050] Connection to station 600 is then effected and, once the
station 600 is connected across the Telephony Bridge 202 and IP
Mixer 201, a "connection negotiation" is established between the
users 300 and 600 in steps 601 and 603 to indicate their respective
audio encoding preferences, say G.711 for station 300 and G.723 for
station 600. Note that gateway 150 needs to know the encoding
preferences of station 300 while gateway 120 needs to know the
encoding preferences of station 600. Once the station capabilities
and preferences are known to each gateway, in step 605 the session
managers 304 in both gateways 150 and 120 store a conference table
that includes the preferences of both users. Communication proceeds
between stations 300 and 600 in step 611 when station 300 sends a
voice packet to the IP mixer 201 in gateway 150, which in turn
sends the packet to the IP mixer 201 in gateway 120.
[0051] The method described above in connection with FIG. 6 may be
implemented in a similar manner if station 600 is an ISDN terminal
that employs voice over ISDN without implementing the Internet
protocol.
[0052] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of
WAN-based gateway 1001 which includes a) central processing unit
(CPU) 1002, b) interface port 1003 c) data bus 1004 and d) memory
1005. Central processing unit (CPU) 1002 provides the computational
capability necessary to control the processes of gateway 1001.
[0053] Data bus 1004 provides for the exchange of data between the
components of gateway 1001.
[0054] Interface port 1003 provides for the exchange of data
between gateway 1001 and devices external to Gateway 1001 via link
high speed backbone 425.
[0055] To this end, interface port 1003 contains, for example,
well-known data transceivers.
[0056] Memory 1005 includes 1) code portion 1006, which contains
the instructions (program) used by CPU 1002 to control the
processes of Gateway 1001, such as those described herein above,
and data storage portion 1007, which contains the information
necessary to the gateway to perform its specific function, such as,
address registration and translation.
[0057] The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the
invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the
art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not
explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the
invention and are thus within its spirit and scope.
* * * * *