U.S. patent application number 09/802696 was filed with the patent office on 2002-01-31 for dispersion compensating optical fiber.
Invention is credited to Jiang, Lei, Qi, Gang, Srikant, V., Stone, Jeffery S., Ten, Sergey Y..
Application Number | 20020012510 09/802696 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26887682 |
Filed Date | 2002-01-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020012510 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jiang, Lei ; et al. |
January 31, 2002 |
Dispersion compensating optical fiber
Abstract
Disclosed is a dispersion compensating optical fiber that
includes a core surrounded by a cladding layer of refractive index
.DELTA..sub.c. The core includes at least three radially adjacent
regions, a central core region having .DELTA.1, a moat region
having a refractive index .DELTA.2 and an annular ring region
having a refractive index .DELTA.3, such that .DELTA.1
>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2. The fiber exhibits a
dispersion slope which is less than -1.0 ps/nm.sup.2/km over the
wavelength range 1525 to 1565, a dispersion at 1550 which is less
than -30 ps/mn/km, and a .kappa. value obtained by dividing the
dispersion value by the dispersion slope which is greater than 35
and preferably between 40 and 100.
Inventors: |
Jiang, Lei; (Plano, TX)
; Qi, Gang; (Painted Post, NY) ; Srikant, V.;
(Ithaca, NY) ; Stone, Jeffery S.; (Addison,
NY) ; Ten, Sergey Y.; (Horseheads, NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CORNING INCORPORATED
SP-TI-3-1
CORNING
NY
14831
|
Family ID: |
26887682 |
Appl. No.: |
09/802696 |
Filed: |
March 9, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60192056 |
Mar 24, 2000 |
|
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60196437 |
Apr 12, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
385/123 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B 6/03611 20130101;
G02B 6/0228 20130101; G02B 6/02261 20130101; G02B 6/03677 20130101;
G02B 6/03644 20130101; G02B 6/0286 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
385/123 |
International
Class: |
G02B 006/16 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A dispersion slope compensating optical fiber comprising: a core
refractive index profile which is selected to result in a
dispersion slope in said fiber which is less than -1.0
ps/nm.sup.2/km over the wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm; a
dispersion at 1550 nm which is less than -30 ps/nm/km; a kappa
value obtained by dividing the dispersion by the dispersion slope
is>35; and the refractive index profile of said fiber comprises
a central segment having a .DELTA.1, a second annular segment which
surrounds said central segment having .DELTA.2, a third annular
segment which surrounds said second segment having .DELTA.3 and a
cladding layer comprising .DELTA.c, wherein
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELT- A.c>.DELTA.2.
2. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1,
wherein said dispersion slope is less than -1.5 ps/nm.sup.2/km.
3. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1,
wherein said dispersion slope is less than -1.5 ps/nm.sup.2/km and
the dispersion at 1550 nm is less than -70 ps/nm/km.
4. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 3,
wherein said kappa value is between 40 and 100.
5. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1,
wherein said kappa value is greater than about 50.
6. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1,
wherein said kappa value is between 40 and 60.
7. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1,
wherein said dispersion slope is less than -2.0 ps/nm.sup.2/km.
8. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 4,
wherein the refractive index profile of said fiber comprises a
central segment having a .DELTA.1, a second annular segment which
surrounds said central segment having .DELTA.2, a third annular
segment which surrounds said second segment having .DELTA.3 and a
cladding layer comprising .DELTA.c, wherein
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2.
9. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 8,
wherein .DELTA.2/.DELTA.1 is greater than -0.4.
10. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 8,
wherein .DELTA.2/.DELTA.1 is greater than -0.37.
11. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 9,
wherein .DELTA.1 is between 1.0 and 2.5 percent and comprises an
outer radius r.sub.1 between about 1 to 3 microns, .DELTA.2 is less
than about -0.4 percent, and comprises an outer radius r.sub.2
between about 3.5 and 8 microns, and .DELTA.3 is between about 0.2
to 1.0 percent and comprises a center radius r.sub.3 between about
5 to 12 microns.
12. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 9,
wherein .DELTA.1 is between 1.2 and 2.2 percent and comprises an
outer radius r.sub.1 between about 1 to 2 microns, .DELTA.2 is
between than about -0.5 and -1.0 percent, and having outer radius
r.sub.2 between about 4 and 7 microns.
13. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 11,
wherein the third annular segment is selected from the group
consisting of a) a .DELTA.3 between about 0.5 to 1.0, a center
radius of 5 to 12 microns, and a half-height width between about
0.5 to 2.5 microns, and b) a .DELTA.3 between about 0.1 to 0.5, a
center radius of 6 to 12 microns, and a half-height width between
about 1.5 to 3 microns.
14. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 12,
wherein the third annular segment is selected from the group
consisting of a) a .DELTA.3 between about 0.5 to 1.0, a center
radius of 5 to 12 microns, and a half-height width between about
0.5 to 2.5 microns, and b) a .DELTA.3 between about 0.1 to 0.5, a
center radius of 6 to 12 microns, and a half-height width between
about 1.5 to 3 microns.
15. The dispersion slope compensating fiber of claim 1, wherein
said fiber exhibits a fiber cutoff wavelength greater than about
1600 nm.
16. The dispersion slope compensating fiber of claim 15, wherein
said fiber exhibits a fiber cutoff wavelength greater than about
1650 nm.
17. A dispersion compensating module comprising at least one fiber
made in accordance with claim 1.
18. A dispersion compensating module comprising at least two
optical fibers made in accordance with claim 1, a first of such
fibers having a kappa between about 40 and 60 at 1590 nm and a
second of such fibers having a kappa between about 80 and 100 at
1590 nm.
19. The dispersion compensating module of claim 18, wherein said
first fiber comprises a dispersion at 1550 nm which is less than
-75, and said second fiber comprises a dispersion at 1590 nm which
is less than -75.
20. The dispersion compensating module of claim 19, wherein each of
said two fibers comprises a refractive index profile having a
central segment having a .DELTA.1, a second annular segment which
surrounds said central segment having .DELTA.2, a third annular
segment which surrounds said second segment having .DELTA.3 and a
cladding layer comprising .DELTA.c, wherein
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2.
21. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1
further comprising: (a) a dispersion at 1550 nm which is greater
than -200; (b) a kappa value between 40 and 100; and (c) the
central segment has an outer radius r1 and the second annular
segment has an outer radius r2 and the core to moat ratio taken as
r1 divided by r2 is less than 0.4.
22. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1
further comprising: (a) a dispersion at 1550 nm which is between
-90 and -150; (b) a dispersion slope less than -1.5 ps/nm.sup.2/km;
and (c) a kappa value between 40 and 100.
23. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1
wherein the central segment has an outer radius r1 and the second
annular segment has an outer radius r2 wherein r1 is less than 2.0
and r2 is between 4.0 and 7.0 microns and the core to moat ratio
taken as r1 divided by r2 is less than 0.4.
24. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 23
wherein the core moat ratio is less than 0.36.
25. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 23
wherein the core moat ratio is less than 0.34.
26. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1
wherein the central segment has an outer radius r1 and the second
annular segment has an outer radius r2 and the core to moat ratio
taken as r1 divided by r2 is less than 0.36.
27. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1
further comprising a .DELTA.1 between about 1.6 percent to 2.0
percent and a .DELTA.2 less than -0.6.
28. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1,
wherein .DELTA.1 is between 1.6 and 2.0 percent and comprises an
outer radius r.sub.1 between about 1.5 to 2.0 microns, .DELTA.2 is
less than about -0.6 percent, and comprises an outer radius r.sub.2
between about 4.5 and 6 microns, and .DELTA.3 is between about 0.4
to 0.8 percent and comprises a center radius r.sub.3 between about
6 to 10 microns.
29. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 28
wherein r.sub.3 is spaced from r2 by greater than 1.0 microns.
30. A dispersion compensating optical fiber, comprising: a
refractive index profile which is selected to result in a
dispersion slope in the fiber which is less than -1.5
ps/nm.sup.2/km over a wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm; a
dispersion at 1550 nm which is less than -75 ps/nm/km; a kappa
value obtained by dividing the dispersion by the dispersion slope
that is in the range between 40 and 100; and the refractive index
profile of said fiber comprises a central segment having a
.DELTA.1, a second annular segment which surrounds said central
segment having .DELTA.2, a third annular segment which surrounds
said second segment having a .DELTA.3 and a cladding layer
comprising .DELTA.c, wherein
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2.
31. A dispersion compensating optical fiber comprising: a
refractive index profile selected to result in a dispersion slope
in said fiber which is less than -0.8 ps/nm.sup.2/km over the
wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm; a dispersion at 1550 nm which is
less than -100 ps/nm/km; a kappa value obtained by dividing the
dispersion by the dispersion slope is between 40 and 100; a central
segment within the refractive index profile having a .DELTA.1 and
an outer radius r1, a second annular segment within the profile
which surrounds the central segment having a .DELTA.2 and an outer
radius r2, a third annular segment in the profile which surrounds
the second segment having a .DELTA.3, and a cladding layer
comprising .DELTA.c, wherein
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2; and a core moat ratio
r1/r2 is less than 0.36.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to, and the benefit of,
U.S. applications Ser. No. 60/192,056 filed Mar. 24, 2000 and Ser.
No. 60/196,437 filed Apr. 12, 2000, the disclosures of which are
hereby incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to dispersion compensating
optical fibers that are suitable for use in wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM) systems, more particularly to dispersion
compensating fibers that are particularly well suited for use in
the C-band and L-band operating windows.
[0004] 2. Technical Background
[0005] To meet the ongoing drive for more bandwidth at lower costs,
telecommunications system designers are turning to high channel
count dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) architectures,
longer reach systems and higher transmission bit rates. This
evolution makes chromatic dispersion management critical to system
performance, as system designers now desire the ability to
accurately compensate dispersion across entire channel plans.
Typically, the only viable broadband commercial technology to
battle dispersion has been dispersion compensating fibers (DCF)
modules. As DWDM deployments increase to 16, 32, 40 and more
channels, broadband dispersion compensating products are desired.
Telecommunications systems presently in place include single-mode
optical fibers which are designed to enable transmission of signals
at wavelengths around 1550 nm in order to utilize the effective and
reliable erbium fiber amplifiers.
[0006] One such fiber, LEAF optical fiber, manufactured by Corning
Inc., is a positive nonzero dispersion shifted fiber (+NZDSF), and
has become the optical fiber of choice for many new system
deployments due to its inherently low dispersion and economic
advantage over conventional single mode fibers.
[0007] With continuing interest in going to even higher bit rates
(>40 Gbs), Ultra-long reach systems (>1000 km) and optical
networking, it will become imperative to use DCFs in networks that
carry data on Non-Zero Dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) as well.
The early versions of DCF's, those developed for single mode
fibers, when used in combination with NZ-DSF fibers effectively
compensated dispersion at only one wavelength. However, high bit
rates, longer reaches and wider bandwidths require dispersion slope
to be compensated more exactly. Consequently, it is desirable for
the DCF to have dispersion characteristics such that its dispersion
and dispersion slope is matched to that of the transmission fiber
it is required to compensate. The ratio of dispersion to dispersion
slope at a given wavelength is referred to as "kappa (.kappa.)".
Kappa changes as a function of wavelength for a given transmission
fiber. Hence, it is equally important that as we migrate to Ultra
broadband networks that the kappa value of the DCF is matched to
that of the transmission fiber at more than one wavelength.
[0008] It would be desirable to develop alternative dispersion
compensating fibers, particularly ones having the ability to
compensate for dispersion of non-zero dispersion shifted fibers and
other positive dispersion optical fibers over a wide wavelength
band around 1550 nm.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] One aspect of the present invention relates to a dispersion
slope compensating optical fiber which comprises a core refractive
index profile which is selected to result in a fiber which exhibits
negative dispersion and dispersion slope at 1550 nm, and a kappa
value greater than 35. The kappa (.kappa.) value of a DC fiber is
defined herein as:
.kappa.=(D.sub.DC)/(DSlope.sub.DC)
[0010] where D.sub.DC and DSlope.sub.DC are the chromatic
dispersion and dispersion slope of the DC fiber, respectively, the
dispersion value being measured at 1550 nm, and the dispersion
slope being measured over the wavelength range of 1530 to 1560
nm.
[0011] The negative dispersion slope of the fibers of the invention
is less than -1.0 ps/nm.sup.2/km, over the wavelength range 1530 to
1560 nm. In one preferred embodiment, the dispersion slope is
between about -1.5 and -3.0 ps/nm.sup.2/km, and in another
preferred embodiment, the dispersion slope is between about -1.8
and -2.5 ps/nm.sup.2/km over the wavelength range 1530 to 1560
nm.
[0012] The fibers of the present invention also exhibit a very
negative dispersion at 1550 nm, i.e., less than -30 ps/nm/km. The
preferred fibers of the present invention exhibit a dispersion at
1550 nm which less than -50 ps/nm/km, more preferably less than -70
ps/nm/km, and most preferably less than -100 ps/nm/km.
[0013] Preferred fibers in accordance with the present invention
are capable of exhibiting a kappa value at 1550 nm between 40 and
100 or more. The desired kappa may thus be selected depending on
the long haul fiber that is to be compensated. For example, one
preferred embodiment relates to fiber made in accordance with the
invention which exhibit a Kappa between about 40 and 60 at 1550 nm.
This preferred embodiment is especially useful for compensating the
dispersion created in the C-band (e.g., 1530-1565) by an optical
communication system which utilizes LEAF.RTM. optical fiber.
[0014] Fibers disclosed herein may also be used in the L-band
(1565-1625 nm). In particular, we have found that insertion losses
are achievable which are suitable for making the fibers of the
present invention suitable for use in the L-band, i.e., less than 1
dB per kilometer. The fibers which are L-band compatible exhibit a
.kappa. at 1590 nm which is also greater than 50, more preferably
greater than 70. In one preferred embodiment, these fibers exhibit
a .kappa. at 1590 nm which is between about 80 and 100. This
preferred embodiment is especially useful for compensating the
dispersion created in the L-band by an optical communication system
which utilizes LEAF optical fiber. Thus an overall preferred range
for C and L band compensation is between -40 and -150, and more
preferably between -40 and -90.
[0015] All of the above described properties are achievable
utilizing fiber having a refractive index profile which comprises a
central segment having a relative refractive index .DELTA.1, a
second annular segment surrounding the central core segment having
relative refractive index .DELTA.2, a third annular segment which
surrounds said second segment having relative refractive index
.DELTA.3 and a cladding layer having relative refractive index
.DELTA.c, wherein .DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELT- A.2 and: 1 = ( n 1
2 - n c 2 ) 2 n 1 2 .times. 100
[0016] Preferably, the refractive index profile is selected so that
the ratio of the refractive index .DELTA. of the second core
segment to that of the first core segment (.DELTA.2 /.DELTA.1) is
greater than -0.4. More preferably, the ratio of the deltas of the
second segment to the first segment .DELTA.2/.DELTA.1 is greater
than -0.37. Also, preferably,
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2.
[0017] If the negative dispersion slope of the fiber is made less
than -0.08 ps/nm.sup.2/km, the fibers will have particular utility
for compensating the dispersion for large effective area (greater
than 50, more preferably greater than 60, and most preferably
greater than 65) nonzero dispersion shifted fibers. One such fiber,
Corning's LEAF.RTM. fiber, is a optical fiber having a zero
dispersion wavelength outside the range of 1530-1565, and an
effective area greater than 70 square microns. LEAF fiber's larger
effective area offers higher power handling capability, higher
optical signal to noise ratio, longer amplifier spacing, and
maximum dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channel plan
flexibility. Utilizing a larger effective area also provides the
ability to uniformly reduce nonlinear effects. Nonlinear effects
are perhaps the greatest performance limitation in today's
multi-channel DWDM systems. The dispersion compensating fibers
disclosed herein are exceptional in their ability to compensate for
the dispersion of NZDSF fibers, in particular Corning's LEAF fiber.
LEAF optical fiber nominally exhibits an effective area of 72
square microns and a total dispersion of 2-6 ps/nm/km over the
range 1530-1565.
[0018] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be
set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part
will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that
description or recognized by practicing the invention as described
herein, including the detailed description which follows, the
claims, as well as the appended drawings.
[0019] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general
description and the following detailed description are merely
exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview
or framework for understanding the nature and character of the
invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included
to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are
incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The
drawings illustrate various embodiments of the invention, and
together with the description serve to explain the principles and
operation of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] FIGS. 1-4 illustrate refractive index profiles of fibers
made in accordance with the invention.
[0021] FIG. 5 illustrates insertion loss as a function of
wavelength for a C and L-band fiber made in accordance with the
invention.
[0022] FIG. 6 illustrates residual dispersion per unit length as a
function of wavelength when a C and L band dispersion compensating
fiber made in accordance with the invention are used in combination
with Corning LEAF.RTM. optical fiber.
[0023] FIG. 7 illustrates a refractive index profile of a fiber
made in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Reference will now be made in detail to the present
preferred embodiments of the invention, an example of which is
illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the
same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to
refer to the same or like parts. An exemplary embodiment of a
refractive index profile of a fiber in accordance with the present
invention is shown in FIG. 1.
[0025] Refractive index profile 10 consists of a central up-doped
region 12 having peak .DELTA.1 which is surrounded by a first
down-doped moat region 14 having peak negative A2, which is in turn
surrounded by annular ring and a second up-doped region 16 having
peak .DELTA.3, all of which are surrounded by cladding region 18.
Preferably, regions 12 and 16 are formed using germania doped
SiO.sub.2, although other forms of index refraction increasing
dopants could also be employed to achieve the fibers disclosed
herein, so long as the same general refractive index profile is
achieved. Likewise, whereas region 14 is preferably formed using
fluorine doped SiO.sub.2, other index of refraction decreasing
dopants could be employed besides fluorine. Cladding region 18 is
preferably formed of silica. However, cladding region 13 could also
include index of refraction increasing or decreasing in dopants, so
long as the .DELTA. versus radius relationship illustrated is
maintained.
[0026] In one embodiment of the dispersion slope compensating
optical fiber illustrated in FIG. 1, .DELTA.1 ranges between 1.0
and 2.5 percent and comprises an outer radius r.sub.1 (in FIG. 1,
r.sub.1 is drawn to the point where the profile intersects the
x-axis) between about 1 to 3 microns, .DELTA.2 is less than about
-0.3 percent, more preferably less than -0.4 percent, and has an
outer radius r.sub.2 which ranges between about 3.5 and 8 microns,
and .DELTA.3 is between about 0.2 to 1.2 percent and comprises a
center radius r.sub.3 (drawn to the center of the segment) between
about 5 to 12 microns outer radius, as used herein, means the
distance measured from the centerline of the optical fiber to the
outer region of the segment, i.e., where the outer region of the
index segment intersects the x-axis (which is also equal to the
index of the cladding material 18). Center radius, on the other
hand, is measured to the center of the core segment.
[0027] More preferably, .DELTA.1 of segment 12 is between 1.2 and
2.2 percent and comprises an outer radius r.sub.1 between about 1
to 2 microns, .DELTA.2 of segment 14 is between than about -0.5 and
-1.0 percent, and has an outer radius r.sub.2 between about 4 and 7
microns.
[0028] The third annular segment 16 can vary more in A versus
radial dimension than segments 12 and 14. For example, higher and
narrower annular rings segment 16 may be replaced by shorter and
wider annular ring segment 16 to achieve fiber exhibiting the
desired properties in accordance with the invention. For example,
in one more preferred embodiment, the third annular segment 16 may
be selected from the group consisting of a) a .DELTA.3 between
about 0.5 to 1.0 percent and a center radius of 5 to 12 microns,
and a half-height width between about 0.5 to 2.5 microns, and b) a
.DELTA.3 between about 0.1 to 0.5 percent, a center radius of 6 to
12 microns, and a half-height width between about 1.5 to 3
microns.
[0029] Most preferably .DELTA.1 of segment 12 is between 1.0 and
2.5 percent and comprises an outer radius between about 1 to 3
microns, .DELTA.2 of segment 14 is less than about -0.5 percent,
and has outer radius r.sub.2 between about 3.5 and 8 microns, and
.DELTA.3 of segment 16 is between about 0.2 to 1.0 percent and
comprises a center radius r.sub.3 between about 5 to 12
microns.
[0030] Fibers made in accordance with the invention may also
exhibit a fiber cut off wavelength which is higher than the C or L
band (i.e. higher than 1650 nm). Consequently, when clad with
silica cladding, the fibers disclosed herein are few moded, rather
than single mode, at 1550 nm. Conversely, previous prior art
dispersion compensating fibers have been designed to support only
one mode in the transmission window of interest. Long haul fibers
designed to be few moded with high fiber cutoff wavelengths often
support only one mode in the cable as the cabling process reduces
the cutoff wavelength. The primary reason why these fibers support
only one mode in the cable is because of the fact that the cabling
process induces random stress points on the fiber which in turn
help in dissipating the energy from the higher order mode. However,
in the case of the dispersion compensating fiber module, there is
no cabling process and hence, in general, one should not expect any
decrease in the cutoff wavelength after the fiber is made. Hence,
we would expect that if the fiber supports two (or maybe even three
modes) in the fiber form in the 1550 nm operating wavelength, the
same fiber will support the same number of modes in the module form
as well. However, it should be noted that the fibers disclosed in
here do not necessarily have to be employed only in dispersion
compensating modules, and instead the fibers could be employed in
dispersion compensating fiber cables (rather than enclosed modules
that are typically employed in boxes).
[0031] However, we have found that, if a DC fiber supports more
than one mode, the cross-talk created during the propagation of the
higher order modes over a length (e.g. greater than 100 meters,
more preferably greater than 500 meters) of straight fiber is 30 dB
or less. Consequently, it is possible for dispersion compensating
fibers that support more than one mode to have minimal impact on
system performance. Moreover, deploying such dispersion
compensating fibers in modules wound around a hub of a diameter
between about three to five inches, will induce additional stress,
and bending of higher order modes will further decrease model
noise. Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the dispersion
compensating optical fibers disclosed herein are deployed in such
dispersion compensating modules wherein the fiber is wound around a
hub. Preferably the hub is cylindrical, and has a diameter of less
than about 12 inches, more preferably less than about 10 inches,
and most preferably less than about 6 inches, and the length of
fiber deployed therein is greater than 100 meters, more preferably
greater than 500 meters.
[0032] Thus, it is possible to decrease the bend sensitivity of the
dispersion compensating fiber by designing the fiber to have a high
fiber cut off wavelength. In addition, the fiber design may be
modified to increase the fiber cut off wavelength without effecting
any of the other optical properties deleteriously.
EXAMPLES
[0033] The invention will be further illustrated by the following
examples which are meant to be illustrative and an exemplary of the
invention.
[0034] In Example 1, a fiber having the refractive index profile
illustrated in FIG. 1 was made having a central core region 12 with
peak .DELTA.=1.85 percent and an outer radius r.sub.1 of 1.6
microns, a moat .DELTA. in region 14 of about -0.65 and an outer
radius r2 of 5.4 microns (and an average moat .DELTA. equal to
about -0.55) and a ring peak .DELTA. equal to about 0.56 with a
ring center radius (measured to the center of the core segment) of
about 7.8 microns and a half height width of about 1 micron. The
raised index regions 12 and 16 were formed using germania doping,
and the lowered index region 14 was formed using fluorine doping.
Outer clad region 18 was pure silica, and the outer diameter of the
resultant fiber was 125 microns. The resultant fiber exhibited a
dispersion at 1550 of approximately -107 ps/nm/km, a dispersion
slope of about -1.18 and a .kappa. value of about 90. The effective
area of this fiber was approximately 16 square microns, and the
fiber cutoff wavelength was longer than 1650, the detection limit
of the equipment. In fact, for all of the fibers disclosed herein,
the fiber cutoff wavelength was too high to be measured using
current equipment. Additional examples of embodiments in accordance
with the invention are listed in Tables 1, 2, and 3. The
corresponding .DELTA. versus radius relationships of each of these
examples is set forth in Table 1 below, wherein the radius of the
.DELTA.1 and .DELTA.2 segments is an outer radius, and the radius
of .DELTA.3 is a center radius. Also set forth for .DELTA.3 is the
half height width. All of the radius and half-height width values
are set forth in microns. Also set forth are the corresponding
dispersion properties, including dispersion measured at 1550 nm,
dispersion slope over the wavelength range 1530-1560, kappa .kappa.
as defined above, and fiber cut off wavelength. Examples 2 and 3
are very similar in appearance to FIG. 1, in that, in both such
examples, the annular ring segment 16 is a triangular annular ring.
On the other hand, examples 4, 6, and 7 are similar to the
embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 in that they employ annular ring
segments 16 which are rounded or gaussian in shape. The Example 5
embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 3.
[0035] Fibers described in Tables 1 and 2 fall within a
particularly preferred range of refractive index profiles in
accordance with the invention, in which .DELTA.1 ranges between 1.5
and 2.2 percent and comprises an outer radius r.sub.1 (drawn to the
point where the profile intersects the x-axis) between about 1 to 3
microns, .DELTA.2 is less than about -0.4 percent, and has an outer
radius r.sub.2 which ranges between about 4.5 and 7.5 microns, and
.DELTA.3 is between about 0.2 to 1.2 percent and comprises a center
radius r.sub.3 (drawn to the center of the segment) between about 5
to 12 microns outer radius, as used herein, means the distance
measured from the centerline of the optical fiber to the outer
region of the segment, e.g., where the outer region of the index
segment intersects the x-axis (which is also equal to the index of
the cladding material 18). Center radius, on the other hand, is
measured to the center of the core segment.
1 TABLE 1 Outer Outer Ctr. H. Ht. r.sub.1 r.sub.2 r.sub.3 Width
Fiber .DELTA.1 (.mu.m) .DELTA.2 (.mu.m) .DELTA.3 (.mu.m) (.mu.m)
D.sub.1550 D.sub.slope .kappa. cutoff Ex. 2 1.86 1.6 -.66 5.4 .56
7.8 2 -104 -1.15 91 >1650 Ex. 3 2.02 1.7 -.68 5 .88 7 1 -183
-1.93 95 >1650 Ex. 4 2.1 1.7 -.6 5 .48 10.1 1.9 -75 -1 75
>1650 Ex. 5 1.7 1.4 -.45 6.6 .2 8.8 4.3 -163 -3.38 49 >1650
Ex. 6 2.06 1.79 -.6 5.14 4.82 10.1 2 -141 -2.11 66 >1650
[0036] As the role of waveguide dispersion is made larger in order
to attain DCF's with ultra high negative dispersion slopes, the
DCFs become more bend sensitive. One way to reduce the bend
sensitivity of the fiber is to reduce the effective area of the
fiber. This however can have negative impact on the system
performance via increased non-linear effects. Hence, proper design
of a DCF with high negative dispersion slope for broadband WDM
systems requires a careful optimization of the bend sensitivity of
the fiber while keeping the effective area of the fiber as large as
possible.
[0037] The effective area of all of the examples in Table 1 were
between 15 and 17 .mu.m.sup.2 and attenuation was less than 1
dB/km. All of the results shown in Table 1 above are for fibers
that were drawn to 125 micron diameter fiber. These resultant
properties can be modified to some extent by drawing the optical
fibers to larger or smaller diameters. For example, when the
profile disclosed in FIG. 2 was drawn to a diameter of 120 microns,
the dispersion at 1550 was -232 ps/nm/km, the dispersion slope was
-2.52 ps/nm.sup.2/km, and the .kappa. value remained at about
92.
[0038] The fiber described in Table 2 below has excellent utility
as a fiber for use in the L-band to compensate for the dispersion
created in optical communications systems which employ LEAF fiber.
The properties at 1590 nm for this fiber are set forth in Table 2.
At 1550, the Example 7 fiber exhibits a .kappa. value of about 92,
a dispersion of -84 ps/nm/km, and a dispersion slope of -0.9
ps/nm.sup.2/km.
2 TABLE 2 Outer Outer Ctr. H. Ht. Fiber .DELTA.1 r.sub.1 .DELTA.2
r.sub.2 .DELTA.3 R.sub.3 Width D.sub.1590 D.sub.slope
.kappa..sub.1590 cutoff MFD.sub.1559 Ex. 7 1.88 1.64 -.65 5.25 .32
7.63 1.61 -84 -0.9 92 0.55 4.75
[0039] Consequently, in one embodiment which is optimized to enable
broadband dispersion compensation for LEAF fiber across both the
C-band and L-band, a first fiber (e.g. Example 5) may be employed
to compensate for dispersion across the C-band, and a second fiber,
(e.g., Example 7) may be employed to compensate for dispersion
across the L-band. These two fibers could therefore be employed
together within a single dispersion compensating module to
compensate for dispersion over both the C-band (e.g., 1530-1565 nm)
and L-band (e.g., 1565-1625 nm) transmission windows. These two
fibers in combination are capable of extremely good dispersion
compensation of optical communications systems which employ LEAF
optical fiber. Such optical communications systems typically
consists of, for example, at least a signal transmitter and signal
receiver, and one or more dispersion compensating modules over the
path of communication to compensate for dispersion which builds up
in the transmitted signal.
[0040] FIG. 5 illustrates a plot of absolute insertion losses of
these two fibers made in accordance with the invention, a first
fiber 30 (Example 5) having a .kappa. of 48 at 1550 and a second
fiber 32 (Example 7) having a .kappa. of 92 at 1590 nm. As can be
seen from FIG. 5, the lower .kappa. of the Example 5 fiber is very
well suited for dispersion and dispersion slope compensation of
Corning's LEAF optical fiber in the C-band, with relative flat
insertion loss across the C-band. Similarly, the higher .kappa. of
the Example 7 fiber is well suited for dispersion and dispersion
slope compensation of LEAF in the L band. The bend edge of the
fiber does not start until 1615 nm.
[0041] Based on the fiber loss per unit length shown for Examples 5
and 7 in Tables 1 and 2 and insertion loss numbers for the module
shown in FIG. 8, we can see that a substantial portion of the
module loss comes from the splices.
[0042] In FIG. 6 we show the residual dispersion as a function of
wavelength while using the C-band fiber 30 (.kappa.=49) in the
C-band and the L-band fiber 32 (.kappa.=92) in the L-band, As can
be seen the residual dispersion across the C and the L-band
combined band is less than +/-0.25 ps/nm-km.
[0043] The true impact of dispersion slope compensation can only be
realized in systems where the edge channels are dispersion limited.
Generally speaking, edge channels in Ultra-broad band (>40 nm
bandwidth) and long haul systems (up to 600 km) or Ultra long haul
(>1000 km) and broadband (32 nm) systems are expected to be
dispersion limited. However, in either case because of the
complexity of the system and the very large number of components
required to make the system work effectively, it is extremely
difficult to know if the edge channels are truly in a dispersion
limited regime. Hence, it is difficult to evaluate the true impact
of these very high negative slope dispersion compensating fibers.
However, in a re-circulating loop (125 km loop) test conducted with
32 channels in the C-band it was found that ever after 6 round
trips all of the channels had a Q that was greater than 8.5 dB.
[0044] FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the
invention having a relatively wider annular segment 16 compared to
the other embodiments. Examples 8, 9, and 10 have profiles similar
to those in FIG. 4 and having the parameters as set forth in Table
3. Fibers described in Table 3 fall within a particularly preferred
range of refractive index profiles in accordance with the
invention, in which .DELTA.1 ranges between 1.0 and 2.0 percent and
comprises an outer radius r.sub.1 (drawn to the point where the
profile intersects the x-axis) between about 1 to 3 microns,
.DELTA.2 is less than about -0.3 percent, and has an outer radius
r.sub.2 which ranges between about 4.0 and 7.0 microns, and
.DELTA.3 is between about 0.2 to 0.8 percent and comprises a center
radius r.sub.3 (drawn to the center of the segment) between about 7
to 12 microns, and a .DELTA.3 half height peak width of about 5 to
10 microns. The profiles are particular good for obtaining low
kappas at 1550 nm, e.g. between about 45 and 65.
3 TABLE 3 Outer Outer Ctr. H. Ht. r.sub.1 r.sub.2 r.sub.3 Width
.DELTA.1 (.mu.m) .DELTA.2 (.mu.m) .DELTA.3 (.mu.m) (.mu.m)
D.sub.1550 D.sub.slope Kappa Ex. 8 1.5 2.2 -.35 5.2 .3 10 8.5 -90
-1.45 62 Ex. 9 1.5 2.2 -.50 5.0 .25 9.0 5.5 -128 -2.31 55 Ex. 10
1.7 2.1 -.60 4.5 .25 9.5 8.0 -165 -3.3 50
[0045]
4 TABLE 4 Outer Outer Ctr. H. Ht. r.sub.1 r.sub.2 r.sub.3 Width
.DELTA.1 (.mu.m) .DELTA.2 (.mu.m) .DELTA.3 (.mu.m) (.mu.m)
D.sub.1550 D.sub.slope Kappa Ex. 11 1.8 1.8 -.69 5.0 0.7 7.5 0.9
-120 -1.6 75
[0046] FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of the slope
compensating optical fiber in accordance with the present
invention. This embodiment best illustrates the spacing of the
up-doped ring region 116 away from the outer diameter r2 of the
down-doped moat region 114. In this embodiment of the fiber,
designated as example 11 in Table 4 above, the fiber profile 110
shown in FIG. 7 provides a dispersion at 1550 nm which is between
about -30 and -200 ps/nm/km; a dispersion slope less than -1.1
ps/nm.sup.2/km; and a kappa value between 40 and 95. This provides
a fiber that may compensate for both slope and dispersion by
exhibiting a relatively large negative slope and relatively large
negative dispersion. More preferably, the dispersion slope
compensating optical fiber in accordance with the invention
includes a dispersion at 1550 nm which is between -90 and -150
ps/nm/km; a dispersion slope less than -1.5 ps/nm.sup.2/km; and a
kappa value between 40 and 95. The above-mentioned dispersion slope
compensating optical fiber preferably includes a refractive index
profile 110 as shown in FIG. 7 having a central segment 112 having
a .DELTA.1 and an outer radius r1 and a second annular moat segment
114 having a .DELTA.2 and having an outer radius r2 wherein,
preferably, r1 is less than 2.0 microns and r2 is between 4.0 and
7.0 microns and wherein the core moat ratio taken as r1 divided by
r2 is less than 0.38, and more preferably less than 0.34.
[0047] The preferred embodiment of the profile 110 has a .DELTA.1
between about 1.6 percent to 2.0 percent. The outer radius r.sub.1
of the central core region 112 is located at between about 1.5 to
2.0 microns. The annular moat region 114 surrounding and in contact
with the central region 112 has a .DELTA.2 which is preferably less
than about -0.6 percent and has an outer radius r.sub.2 between
about 4.5 and 6 microns. The spaced ring region 116 includes
.DELTA.3 is between about 0.4 to 0.8 percent and comprises a center
radius r.sub.3 between about 6 to 10 microns. Preferably the peak
of the region 116 is located such that r3 is spaced from r2 by
greater than 1.0 microns, and more preferably greater than 2
microns.
[0048] A dispersion compensating optical fiber in accordance with
the invention that is particularly effective at compensating for
dispersion or dispersion slope in the C and L bands has a
refractive index profile, as shown in FIG. 7, which is selected to
result in a dispersion slope in said fiber which is less than -1.5
ps/nm.sup.2/km over the wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm; a
dispersion at 1550 nm which is less than -75 ps/nm/km; and a kappa
value, obtained by dividing the dispersion by the dispersion slope,
that is between 40 and 90. The refractive index profile of said
fiber comprises a central segment having a .DELTA.1, a second
annular segment which surrounds said central segment having
.DELTA.2, a third annular segment which surrounds said second
segment having .DELTA.3 and a cladding layer comprising .DELTA.c,
wherein .DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>- ;.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2.
[0049] In accordance with another embodiment, a dispersion
compensating fiber includes a refractive index profile selected to
result in a dispersion slope in said fiber which is less than -0.8
ps/nm.sup.2/km over the wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm; a
dispersion at 1550 nm which is less than -100 ps/nm/km; and a kappa
value obtained by dividing the dispersion by the dispersion slope,
that is between 40 and 90. The refractive index profile of this
embodiment of fiber comprises a central segment having a .DELTA.1
and an outer radius r1, a second annular segment which surrounds
the central segment having a .DELTA.2 and an outer radius r2, a
third annular segment which surrounds the second segment having a
.DELTA.3 and a cladding layer comprising .DELTA.c, wherein
.DELTA.1>.DELTA.3>.DELTA.c>.DELTA.2, and wherein the core
moat ratio r1/r2 is less than 0.4.
[0050] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various
modifications and variations can be made to the present invention
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus,
it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications
and variations of this invention provided they come within the
scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
* * * * *