U.S. patent application number 09/269412 was filed with the patent office on 2002-01-17 for interlayer for laminated glass and laminated glass.
Invention is credited to AOSHIMA, YOSHIO, BANDO, AKIHIKO, MIYAI, JIRO, NAKAJIMA, MINORU, SANNOMIYA, ISEI, SHICHIRI, TOKUSHIGE, TOYAMA, KIYOFUMI.
Application Number | 20020006508 09/269412 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27563102 |
Filed Date | 2002-01-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020006508 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
SHICHIRI, TOKUSHIGE ; et
al. |
January 17, 2002 |
INTERLAYER FOR LAMINATED GLASS AND LAMINATED GLASS
Abstract
The present invention has it for its object to provide an
interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated glass which
shows a much decreased extent of blushing of the peripheral region
thereof even when placed in a high-humidity atmosphere, without
compromise in those fundamental performance characteristics which
are required of laminated glass, such as transparency, weather
resistance, adhesion and penetration resistance. The present
invention is related to an interlayer film for laminated glass
comprising a plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin and having the
haze after 24 hours of immersion is not more than 50% when said
interlayer film with a thickness of 0.3 to 0.8 mm is immersed in
water at 23.degree. C.
Inventors: |
SHICHIRI, TOKUSHIGE; (SUITA,
JP) ; MIYAI, JIRO; (KOKA, JP) ; BANDO,
AKIHIKO; (KOKA, JP) ; TOYAMA, KIYOFUMI;
(TAKATSUKI, JP) ; AOSHIMA, YOSHIO; (KUSATSU,
JP) ; SANNOMIYA, ISEI; (KOKA, JP) ; NAKAJIMA,
MINORU; (KOKA, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BURTON A AMERNICK
POLLOCK VANDE SANDE & AMERNICK
PO BOX 19088
WASHINGTON
DC
200363425
|
Family ID: |
27563102 |
Appl. No.: |
09/269412 |
Filed: |
May 14, 1999 |
PCT Filed: |
March 26, 1998 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP98/01341 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/339 ;
428/330; 428/332; 428/436; 428/437 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B32B 17/10036 20130101;
Y10T 428/31627 20150401; Y10T 428/258 20150115; Y10T 428/3163
20150401; C08L 29/14 20130101; Y10T 428/269 20150115; Y10T 428/26
20150115; B32B 17/10761 20130101; B32B 17/10688 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/339 ;
428/332; 428/330; 428/436; 428/437 |
International
Class: |
B32B 017/10; B32B
027/42; C03C 027/12; C08L 029/14 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 17, 1997 |
JP |
HEI-9-192474 |
Aug 7, 1997 |
JP |
HEI-9-213284 |
Aug 20, 1997 |
JP |
HEI-9-223613 |
Sep 11, 1997 |
JP |
HEI-9-247015 |
Sep 18, 1997 |
JP |
HEI-9-253216 |
Jan 6, 1998 |
JP |
HEI-10-000983 |
Feb 3, 1998 |
JP |
HEI-10-022137 |
Claims
1. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) resin and having the haze after 24 hours of
immersion of not more than 50% when said interlayer film with a
thickness of 0.3 to 0.8 mm is immersed in water at 23.degree.
C.
2. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1
wherein the sodium salt in said interlayer film has a particle
diameter of not greater than 10 .mu.m.
3. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1 or
2 wherein the sodium salt in said interlayer film has a particle
diameter of not greater than 5 .mu.m.
4. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1, 2
or 3 wherein the concentration of sodium in the interlayer film is
not greater than 50 ppm.
5. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1
wherein the particle diameter of the potassium salt in the
interlayer film is not greater than 5 .mu.m.
6. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1 or
5 wherein the concentration of potassium in the interlayer film is
not greater than 100 ppm.
7. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 or 6 which further comprises a compound capable of forming
a complex with sodium and potassium salts.
8. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 or 6 which further comprises an organic acid compatible
with the resin and plasticizer and an amine compatible with the
resin and plasticizer.
9. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 which further comprises at least one member
selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts and
alkaline earth metal salts.
10. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 9
wherein the alkali metal salt has a particle diameter of not
greater than 3 .mu.m and the alkaline earth metal salt has a
particle diameter of not greater than 3 .mu.m.
11. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 9 or
10 wherein the alkali metal salt is an alkali metal salt of an
organic acid containing 5 to 16 carbon atoms and the alkaline earth
metal salt is an alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid
containing 5 to 16 carbon atoms.
12. A laminated glass comprising at least one pair of glass sheets
and, as interposed therebetween, the interlayer film according to
claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
13. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the sodium salt in said interlayer film
has a particle diameter of not greater than 10 .mu.m.
14. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the sodium salt in said interlayer film
has a particle diameter of not greater than 5 .mu.m.
15. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 13
or 14 wherein the concentration of sodium in the interlayer film is
not greater than 50 ppm.
16. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the concentration of sodium in the
interlayer film is not greater than 50 ppm.
17. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the particle diameter of the potassium
salt in the interlayer film is not greater than 5 .mu.m.
18. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the concentration of potassium in the
interlayer film is not greater than 100 ppm.
19. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the particle diameter of the potassium
salt in the interlayer film is not greater than 5 .mu.m and the
concentration of potassium in the interlayer film is not greater
than 100 ppm.
20. An interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized
poly(vinyl acetal) wherein the concentration of sodium in the
interlayer film is not greater than 50 ppm and the concentration of
potassium in the interlayer film is not greater than 100 ppm.
21. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 which further comprises a compound
capable of forming a complex with sodium and potassium salts.
22. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 which further comprises an organic
acid compatible with the resin and plasticizer and an amine
compatible with the resin and plasticizer.
23. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 which further comprises at least one
member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts and
alkaline earth metal salts.
24. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 23
wherein the alkali metal salt has a particle diameter of not
greater than 3 .mu.m and the alkaline earth metal salt has a
particle diameter of not greater than 3 .mu.m.
25. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 23
or 24 wherein the alkali metal salt is an alkali metal salt of an
organic acid containing 5 to 16 carbon atoms and the alkaline earth
metal salt is an alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid
containing 5 to 16 carbon atoms.
26. A laminated glass comprising at least one pair of glass sheets
and, as interposed therebetween, the interlayer film according to
claim 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to an interlayer film for
laminated glass and to a laminated glass in which said interlayer
film for laminated glass is used.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] Laminated glass comprising at least two glass sheets and a
plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) interlayer film sandwiched
therebetween has fundamental characteristics required of laminated
glass. For example, it has good transparency, weather resistance,
bond strength, and penetration resistance. It hardly allows its
fragments to scatter. Thus, it has so far been widely used as the
windshields of automobiles or buildings, for instance.
[0003] While laminated glass of this kind is excellent in
fundamental characteristics such as mentioned above and in safety,
it is poor in moisture resistance. Thus, when the above-mentioned
laminated glass is used in a high humidity environment, a problem
may arise; namely, the interlayer film in the peripheral region of
the laminate may whiten, since the peripheral edges of laminated
glass are in direct contact with the environmental air.
[0004] This phenomenon of blushing is associated with the additive
used for adjusting the bond strength between the interlayer film
and the glass, as mentioned below.
[0005] In order that the laminated glass will sufficiently
discharge the functions mentioned above, it is necessary to adjust
the bond strength between interlayer film and glass so that it may
fall within an adequate range. Thus, if the bond strength between
interlayer film and glass is too weak, glass fragments formed upon
breakage due to an external shock may peel off from the interlayer
film and scatter to increase the risk for injuring the human bodies
and other objects. If, conversely, the bond strength between
interlayer film and glass is excessively high, the glass and
interlayer film tend to break simultaneously upon receiving a shock
load whereupon glass fragments accompanying fragments of the
interlayer film will scatter, thus increasing the risks for
injuring the human bodies and other objects.
[0006] On the contrary, when the bond strength between interlayer
film and glass is within an adequate range, breakage of glass
occurs over a wide area and results in concurrent partial
interfacial peeling of the interlayer film and glass from each
other and elongation of the interlayer film, and these phenomena
are effective in increasing the resistance against shock and
penetration.
[0007] Thus, in order to insure that, taking a traffic accident
involving an automobile as an example, the shock to the driver
and/or passenger may be absorbed, the risk for their being hauled
through the broken windshield may be prevented or, in the case of
an accident related to a building, the penetration of flying
objects against the window pane or scattering of broken glass
fragments may be prevented, the bond strength between interlayer
film and glass must be judiciously controlled within said suitable
range.
[0008] In view of the foregoing, various bond strength control
agents for the interlayer film have so far been investigated in
order to adjust the bond strength between interlayer film and glass
to a level within an adequate range.
[0009] Thus, for example, Japanese Kokoku Publication Sho-46-4270
proposes an interlayer film for laminated glass which comprises a
poly(vinyl acetal) resin composition containing 0.2 to 0.8% by
weight of water and a specific amount of a specific metal
alkylcarboxylate as a bond strength control agent. The bond
strength between the interlayer film and glass according to the
above proposal is adjusted to an adequate range by varying the
proportions of the metal alkylcarboxylate distributed in the
superficial layer of the interlayer film and in the inside layer of
the interlayer film or varying the water content of the interlayer
film.
[0010] The metal alkylcarboxylate-containing interlayer film such
as proposed in the above publication, however, is low in moisture
resistance, and the laminated glass manufactured by using said
interlayer film has a problem in that when allowed to stand in a
high-humidity atmosphere, it tends to undergo severe blushing due
to moisture absorption by the interlayer film as the metal
alkylcarboxylate content increases since the interlayer film is in
direct contact with air in the peripheral region of the laminated
glass. The phenomenon of blushing of the interlayer film may be
prevented by decreasing the amount of the metal alkylcarboxylate as
far as possible or avoiding the use thereof but, in that case,
there occurs a problem crucial for the laminated glass that the
bond strength between interlayer film and glass exceeds the proper
range and is ready to allow simultaneous breakage or penetration of
the glass and interlayer film upon receiving to an external shock
load or the like.
[0011] In Japanese Kokoku Publication Sho-44-32185, there is
proposed an interlayer film for laminated glass which comprises a
molded poly(vinyl acetal) resin having a water content of 0.1 to
0.8% and containing 0.01 to 3 parts by weight, per 100 parts by
weight of the resin, of at least one organic acid selected from
among monocarboxylic acids containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms,
dicarboxylic acids containing 4 to 12 carbon atoms, aliphatic
monoaminomonocarboxylic acids containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms,
aliphatic monoaminodicarboxylic acids containing 4 or 5 carbon
atoms, citric acid, and mixtures thereof.
[0012] However, this interlayer film has the drawback that the
addition of such a carboxylic acid causes the bond strength to
change with the lapse of time. Moreover, another problem may arise;
the acid may adversely affect the heat resistance and weather
resistance of the interlayer film.
[0013] Japanese Kokoku Publication Sho-48-5772 discloses a laminate
glass comprising at least two glass sheets glued together by means
of a plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin composition, said
plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin composition contains the
sodium metal salt of an aliphatic carboxylic acid containing 10 to
22 carbon atoms.
[0014] Furthermore, in Japanese Kokoku Publication Sho-53-18207,
the use is proposed of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt
of a monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acid as a bond strength control
agent in the plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin interlayer
film.
[0015] In either of the above two proposals, a metal salt of a
carboxylic acid containing a relatively large number of carbon
atoms is used as the bond strength control agent, since such salt
is readily soluble in the plasticizer contained in the interlayer
film.
[0016] However, when a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing a
large number of carbon atoms is used as the bond strength control
agent, there occurs a problem that the bond strength between
interlayer film and glass changes with the lapse of time. Thus,
even when the bond strength is adequate initially, the bond
strength will gradually decrease with the lapse of time and the
glass will readily undergo peeling when it receives a shock. For
preventing this decrease in bond strength, it is necessary to
mature the interlayer film by storing the same in an atmosphere of
40 to 50.degree. C. for 1 to 2 months, for instance. However, since
the interlayer film has tackiness and a tendency toward
self-adhesion, it is as a matter of fact difficult to store the
interlayer film in such an atmosphere as mentioned above for a long
period of time. Even if the maturing is performed, the decrease in
bond strength with the lapse of time can be retarded but cannot be
made nil, and the problem mentioned above still remains.
[0017] Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-60-210551 discloses a
laminated glass comprising at least two glass sheets glued together
by means of an interlayer film composed of a plasticized poly(vinyl
acetal) resin containing, or carrying as adhered thereto, 0.02 to
0.40 part by weight of the potassium salt of a monocarboxylic acid
containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 0.01 to 0.26 part by weight of a
modified silicone oil per 100 parts by weight of said resin.
Certain metal salts, however, may cause blushing of the laminated
glass due to their coagulation in the form of particles within the
interlayer film. Therefore, from the viewpoint of long-term
prevention of blushing resulting from moisture absorption, said
laminated glass cannot be said to be a perfect one.
[0018] In Japanese Kokoku Publication Hei-02-41547, there is
proposed a poly(vinyl butyral) sheet in which an alkali or alkaline
earth metal salt of formic acid is used as the bond strength
control agent. Furthermore, in Japanese Kohyo Publication
Hei-06-502594, an interlayer film containing potassium acetate
added as a bond strength control agent is used in the examples of
its specification.
[0019] In the three proposals mentioned above, a metal salt of a
carboxylic acid containing a relatively small number of carbon
atoms is used to overcome the problems mentioned above in relation
to the use of a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing a large
number of carbon atoms.
[0020] When a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing a small
number of carbon atoms is used as the bond strength control agent,
the problem of the decrease in bond strength between interlayer
film and glass with lapse of time can indeed be solved but the
moisture resistance of the interlayer film becomes insufficient
and, as a result, another problem arises, namely the peripheral
(edge) region of the laminated glass tends to undergo blushing due
to absorption of moisture.
[0021] More specifically, the interlayer film is generally capable
of absorbing moisture under ordinary atmospheric (humidity)
conditions and, therefore, in using it in the manufacture of a
laminated glass, it is common practice to submit the interlayer
film to the lamination process after adjusting its water content to
not more than about 0.5% by weight in an atmosphere of 25% RH, for
instance. Since, however, the peripheral region of laminated glass
are generally exposed, the interlayer film absorbs moisture in a
high-humidity environment, whereby the water content increases to
about 2 to 3% by weight. On that occasion, water gathers around
minute crystals of said metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing
a small number of carbon atoms, such as potassium acetate,
magnesium acetate or potassium formate, as occurring in the
interlayer film, to cause blushing. If the addition amount of the
carboxylic acid containing a small number of carbon atoms or a salt
thereof is decreased to prevent blushing, the bond strength between
interlayer film and glass will deviate from the proper range, hence
the shock absorbing potential, penetration resistance and other
properties of the laminated glass will become insufficient.
[0022] In Japanese Kokai Publication Hei-05-186250, an attempt is
made to improve the carboxylic acid salt-containing interlayer film
in respect of blushing by using an interlayer film for laminated
glass which is composed of a resin composition comprising a
poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a plasticizer, an alkali or alkaline
earth metal salt of a mono- or dicarboxylic acid containing not
more than 12 carbon atoms and an organic acid.
[0023] Furthermore, in Japanese Kokai Publication Hei-07-41340, an
interlayer film for laminated glass is proposed which is formed
from a resin composition comprising a poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a
plasticizer, a carboxylic acid metal salt and a straight-chain
fatty acid.
[0024] The laminated glass including the interlayer film for
laminated glasses according to the above proposals show reduced
degrees of blushing in the peripheral region in moisture resistance
testing but the extent of reduction in blushing is yet
unsatisfactory. Moreover, if the content of the straight-chain
fatty acid is increased for further reducing the degree of
blushing, foaming and/or discoloration may possibly occur when the
laminated glass is exposed to a relatively high temperature.
[0025] While the interlayer films proposed in the above-cited
publications are results of attempts to solve the blushing problem
by improving the bond strength control agent, those interlayer
films which contain no bond strength control agent also whiten as a
result of moisture absorption. Our recent research works have
revealed that those impurities mentioned below in the resin are
involved in the blushing phenomenon as one of the causes
thereof.
[0026] The interlayer film for laminated glass of the present
invention comprises a poly(vinyl acetal) resin as the main
component thereof. The process for producing poly(vinyl acetal)
resins comprises a step of neutralization. In this neutralization
process, an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen
carbonate or the like sodium salt is used. When the sodium salt is
used in excess or when another sodium salt is formed as a result of
neutralization, the sodium salt may remain in the product
poly(vinyl acetal) resin. This residual sodium salt forms particles
during polymerization and/or drying, and those particles promote
the aggregation of water on the occasion of water absorption by the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin, hence serve as a major cause of blushing
of the product interlayer film for laminated glass due to moisture
absorption. Furthermore, a sodium salt may remain even in
poly(vinyl alcohol) in some instances, and this sodium salt may
also serve as a cause of blushing of the interlayer film for
laminated glass due to moisture absorption in certain
instances.
[0027] In recent years, the trend toward the use of laminated glass
as the automobile side glass screen or in buildings has been
increasing and, in these applications, laminated glass is often
used with the peripheral portions thereof being exposed. The need
for preventing the blushing phenomenon is becoming more and more
increased.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0028] The present invention which solves the above problems has it
for its object to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass
and a laminated glass in which said interlayer film is used and
which shows a much decreased extent of blushing of the peripheral
region thereof even when placed in a high-humidity atmosphere,
without compromise in those fundamental performance characteristics
which are required of laminated glass, such as transparency,
weather resistance, adhesion and penetration resistance.
[0029] The present invention consists in an interlayer film for
laminated glass comprising a plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin
and having the haze after 24 hours of immersion of not more than
50% when said interlayer film with a thickness of 0.3 to 0.8 mm is
immersed in water at 23.degree. C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0030] In the following, the present invention is described in
detail.
[0031] The interlayer film for laminated glass of the present
invention is such that when said interlayer film with a thickness
of 0.3 to 0.8 mm is immersed in water at 23.degree. C., the haze
value after 24 hours of immersion is not more than 50%.
[0032] The inventors of the present invention found that an
interlayer film for laminated glass showing a haze of not more than
50% when said interlayer film with a thickness of 0.3 to 0.8 mm is
immersed in water at 23.degree. C. for 24 hours is excellent in
moisture resistance, showing little blushing in the peripheral
region of the laminated glass even when placed in a high-humidity
atmosphere. Based on this finding, the present invention has been
completed.
[0033] When the haze mentioned above exceeds 50%, the blushing
under high-humidity conditions cannot be fully prevented and poor
moisture resistance may result, hence the above range is critical.
In the present specification, said haze means a value measured by
using an integrating turbidimeter after 24 hours of immersion of a
sample interlayer film with a thickness of 0.3 to 0.8 mm in water
at 23.degree. C.
[0034] The interlayer film for laminated glass of the present
invention comprises a plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin film,
and said plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) sheet contains a poly(vinyl
acetal) resin as a main component.
[0035] Said poly(vinyl acetal) resin preferably has an average
degree of acetalization of 40 to 75 mole percent. When said degree
is less than 40 mole percent, the compatibility with the
plasticizer will be low, making it difficult, in some instances, to
incorporate the plasticizer in an amount necessary for securing
penetration resistance. When said degree is over 75 mole percent,
the resulting interlayer film for laminated glass will have a low
mechanical strength and, in addition, a prolonged reaction time
will be required for resin preparation, which is often undesirable
from the process viewpoint. A more preferred range is 60 to 75 mole
percent. When said degree is less than 60 mole percent, the
hygroscopicity will be high and, therefore, blushing may readily
occur in some instances. A still more preferred range is 64 to 71
mole percent.
[0036] In the above plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin, the vinyl
acetate content is preferably not more than 30 mole percent. When
it is over 30 mole percent, blocking will readily occur in the
process of resin production, making the resin production difficult.
It is preferred that said content be not more than 19 mole
percent.
[0037] Said plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin comprises a vinyl
acetal component, a vinyl alcohol component and a vinyl acetate
component. These components can be quantitated according to JIS K
6728 "Methods of testing poly(vinyl butyral)" or by the nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) method, for instance.
[0038] In cases where the poly(vinyl acetal) resin comprises other
than a poly(vinyl butyral) resin, the vinyl alcohol component and
vinyl acetate component are first quantitated. The amount of the
remaining vinyl acetal component can then be calculated by
subtracting the amounts of the above both components from 100.
[0039] The poly(vinyl acetal) resin mentioned above can be produced
by per se known methods. Thus, for example, poly(vinyl alcohol) is
dissolved in warm water and, while maintaining the resulting
aqueous solution at a specific temperature, for example 0 to
95.degree. C., preferably 10 to 20.degree. C., a necessary acid
catalyst and a necessary aldehyde are added, and the acetalization
reaction is allowed to proceed with stirring. The reaction
temperature is then raised to 70.degree. C. for carrying the
reaction to completion, followed by neutralization, washing with
water and drying, to give a poly(vinyl acetal) resin powder.
[0040] The above poly(vinyl alcohol) to serve as the starting
material preferably has an average degree of polymerization of 500
to 5,000, more preferably 1,000 to 2,500. When it is less than 500,
the product laminated glass may have only a low penetration
resistance. When it exceeds 5,000, resin film forming may become
difficult and, in addition, the strength of the resin film may
become excessively high.
[0041] It is preferred that the vinyl acetate component in the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin obtained account for not more than 30 mole
percent. Therefore, it is preferred that the degree of
saponification of the above poly(vinyl alcohol) be not less than 70
mole percent. When said degree is less than 70 mole percent, the
transparency and/or heat resistance of the resin may be low and the
reactivity may also be low. More preferably, said degree is not
less than 95 mole percent.
[0042] The average polymerization degree and saponification degree
of the poly(vinyl alcohol) can be determined according to JIS K
6726 "Methods of testing poly(vinyl alcohol)", for instance.
[0043] The aldehyde mentioned above is preferably an aldehyde
containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms. When the number of carbon atoms is
less than 3, sufficient resin film moldability may not be obtained
in some instances. When it exceeds 10, the reactivity for
acetalization will be low and, in addition, resin blocking may
readily occur and cause difficulties in resin synthesis.
[0044] The aldehyde mentioned above is not limited to any
particular species but includes aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic and
other aldehydes, such as propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde,
isobutyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde,
2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-heptylaldehyde, n-octylaldehyde,
n-nonylaldehyde, n-decylaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde.
Preferred are aldehydes containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms, such as
n-butyraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde and
n-octylaldehyde. Among them, n-butyraldehyde, which contains 4
carbon atoms, is more preferred, since the use of the resulting
poly(vinyl acetal) resin contributes to an increased bond strength
of the resin film as well as excellent weather resistance and to
easy production of the resin. The aldehydes may be used either
singly or in a combination of two or more species.
[0045] In the interlayer film of the present invention, the
particle diameter of a sodium salt therein is preferably not more
than 10 .mu.m, more preferably not more than 5 .mu.m. The particle
diameter of potassium salt in the interlayer film is preferably not
more than 5 .mu.m.
[0046] When the sodium salt has a particle diameter greater than 10
.mu.m or the potassium salt has a particle diameter greater than 5
.mu.m, the salt particles may promote water aggregation and become
a primary cause of blushing of the obtained interlayer film due to
moisture absorption.
[0047] The sodium salt or potassium salt particle diameter referred
to above is the particle diameter in the interlayer film. While the
particle diameters of the sodium salt and potassium salt in the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin, which are the primary raw material, are
decreased in the process of sheet forming in some instances, said
particle diameters are retained in other instances. Therefore, it
is preferred that the particle diameters of sodium salt and
potassium salt in the poly(vinyl acetal) resin be also within the
above-specified range.
[0048] The particle diameters of sodium salt and potassium salt in
the interlayer film can be determined by secondary ion imaging
using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer
(TOF-SIMS).
[0049] In the interlayer film of the present invention, the sodium
concentration is preferably not more than 50 ppm, and the potassium
concentration in the interlayer film is preferably not more than
100 ppm. More preferably, the sodium concentration should be not
less than 0.5 ppm and not more than 15 ppm, and the potassium
concentration should be not less than 0.5 ppm and not more than 100
ppm.
[0050] When the sodium content of the interlayer film is over 50
ppm and/or the potassium content is over 100 ppm, water molecules
gather around the sodium element and potassium element and grow to
macroscopic sizes, whereupon blushing may become prominent. To
prepare an interlayer film having a sodium content of less than 0.5
ppm and a potassium content of less than 0.5 ppm is not preferred
from practical points of view in some instances, since the step of
washing for eliminating the remaining sodium element or potassium
element coming from the resin preparation step must be excessively
prolonged and/or the degree of purification of water and other raw
materials must be raised, among other measures, hence much time and
expenses are required.
[0051] The concentration of sodium and that of potassium in the
interlayer film can be determined by elemental analysis using an
ICP emission spectrometer. The elemental analysis by ICP emission
spectrometry is a technique comprising heating and decomposing the
sample with sulfuric acid and nitric acid, making the decomposition
product to volume with ultrapure water and then performing assaying
by the ICP-AES method.
[0052] The inclusion of said sodium and/or potassium results from
the use, for example in the preparation of poly(vinyl acetal)
resin, of a sodium or potassium element-containing neutralizing
agent, such as sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium
acetate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen
carbonate, potassium acetate or potassium hydroxide, for
neutralization of the acid catalyst used for the reaction, such as
sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
[0053] The neutralization procedure in the above poly(vinyl acetal)
resin production process is effective in preventing the acid
catalyst such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is essential for
the poly(vinyl acetal) resin formation reaction in the preceding
step, from remaining in the resin and deteriorate the very
resin.
[0054] Usable as said neutralizing agent are alkali metal salts and
alkaline earth metal salts. Unlike alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, when remaining in the interlayer film in fairly large
amounts, can prevent blushing under high-humidity conditions, hence
are preferred.
[0055] As said alkaline earth metal salts, there may be mentioned,
among others, magnesium salts such as magnesium hydrogencarbonate,
magnesium hydroxide, basic magnesium carbonate, barium salts such
as barium hydroxide, and calcium salts such as calcium
hydroxide.
[0056] The inclusion of said sodium and/or potassium also results
from the sodium or potassium salt of a carboxylic acid and octylic
acid, etc., added as a bond strength control agent, which is
remaining in the interlayer film, or from the sodium element or
potassium element contained in water and other raw materials used,
in particular in poly(vinyl alcohol), and remaining in the
interlayer film.
[0057] The amount of such alkali metals contained in pure water can
be reduced to 1 ppm or less through the use of deionized water, for
instance. On the other hand, the alkali metal content of the
poly(vinyl alcohol) comes from the sodium acetate formed in the
course of saponification of poly(vinyl acetate) in the process for
producing the raw material poly(vinyl alcohol), and it is generally
0.4 to 1.5% by weight.
[0058] Therefore, by using a poly(vinyl alcohol) material having a
sodium acetate content of not more than 0.4% by weight, the sodium
element in the resin, which is hardly removable by washing, can be
reduced and, by intensified washing or like measures, the sodium
element can be consistently reduced to 50 ppm or below.
[0059] In the above process for poly(vinyl acetal) resin
production, it is also possible to reduce the alkali metal content
by washing the poly(vinyl acetal) resin with water until a pH of 5
or above is attained, followed by drying at a temperature not
higher than 60.degree. C., without resort to the neutralization
procedure mentioned above. By sufficient washing with water until a
pH of 5 or above is attained, the content of the alkali metal,
which is causative of blushing of the resulting resin film, can be
reduced to a amount not over a required amount. Further, by drying
at a relatively low temperature not higher than 60.degree. C., the
resin can be protected against deterioration due to the inclusion
of alkali metal and the remaining acid catalyst and, at the same
time, the drying equipment can be protected from being corroded by
the acid. Although the drying procedure may be carried out by any
ordinary method, the vacuum drying method, in particular, is
efficient and superior.
[0060] In the above step of washing with water, washing is
preferably carried out with water at a temperature of not lower
than 40.degree. C. Taking into consideration the fact that the
resin in the slurry swells at 40.degree. C. or above, the
temperature of water to be used for washing is raised to 40.degree.
C. or above so that the efficiency of washing can be improved and
resin deterioration due to the inclusion of alkali metal and/or
acid catalyst residues can be prevented. By using washing water at
40.degree. C. or above, preferably 40 to 60.degree. C., in the step
of washing, the resin in the slurry swells and the acid (HCl) and
the neutralization product (alkali metal-containing product)
contained in the resin can be readily washed away, whereby the
washing efficiency can be improved. If the washing water
temperature is below 40.degree. C., the resin cannot swell to a
satisfactory extent, hence the efficiency can hardly be improved.
If the washing water temperature is higher than 60.degree. C., the
resin softens and resin particles stick together, forming blocks,
hence the resin cannot have a stable particle size; in addition,
any marked improvement in efficiency cannot be expected as compared
with water at 60.degree. C. and, thus, a waste of energy
results.
[0061] An alternative method may also be mentioned for preventing
the above-mentioned inclusion of sodium and potassium. This method
comprises using, in synthesizing a poly(vinyl acetal) resin by
reacting poly(vinyl alcohol) with an aldehyde in the presence of
hydrochloric acid catalyst, an epoxide as both a reaction
terminator and a hydrochloric acid eliminator and subjecting the
resulting poly(vinyl acetal) resin to sheet formation.
[0062] Said epoxide includes, among others, 1,2-epoxides of the
general formula (I): 1
[0063] (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represents a hydrogen atom
or an alkyl group and n represents an integer of 0 to 3), as well
as 1,3-epoxides such as trimethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran and
tetrahydropyran, 1,4-epoxides, 1,5-epoxides and the like. These may
be used singly or two or more of them may be used combinedly.
Particularly preferred as the epoxide are ethylene oxide, propylene
oxide and the like.
[0064] The above epoxide can be used in an effective amount
sufficient to terminate the reaction and eliminate the hydrochloric
acid.
[0065] As regards the mode of use of the above epoxide, the epoxide
is used in lieu of the hydrochloric acid catalyst neutralizing
agent to terminate the acetalization reaction and further to
eliminate the hydrochloric acid, whereby the resin can be prevented
from deterioration due to the inclusion of alkali metal and/or
retention of acid catalyst.
[0066] In the present invention, it is preferred that a dispersant
be incorporated in the interlayer film for laminated glass so that
blushing under high-humidity conditions can be prevented more
effectively.
[0067] As said dispersant, there may be mentioned compounds capable
of forming complexes with sodium salts and potassium salts, organic
acids compatible with the resin and plasticizer, and amines
compatible with the resin and plasticizer.
[0068] Said compounds capable of forming complexes with sodium
salts and potassium salts render the surroundings of metal salts
such as sodium salts and potassium salts hydrophobic and thereby
render it difficult for water to approach said surroundings, with
the result that even upon moisture absorption by the poly(vinyl
acetal) resin, the interlayer film for laminated glass as obtained
can be prevented from undergoing blushing.
[0069] The above-mentioned compound capable of forming complexes
with sodium salts and potassium salts includes but is not limited
to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, salicylaldehyde, salicylic
acid, salicylanilide, oxalic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline,
acetylacetone, 8-hydroxyquinoline, dimethylglyoxime,
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid, salicylaldoxime and glycine. These
may be used either singly or two or more of them may be used in
combination.
[0070] The addition amount of the compound capable of forming
complexes with sodium salts and potassium salts depends on the
amount of the metal salt remaining in the poly(vinyl acetal) resin
but is preferably within the range of 0.02 to 2 parts by weight per
100 parts by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition
amount below 0.02 part by weight, the preventive effect on the
blushing due to moisture absorption may be insufficient. At an
addition amount exceeding 2 parts by weight, the compatibility with
the poly(vinyl acetal) resin will be poor and a transparency
problem may arise in some instances. A more preferred range is 0.05
to 1 part by weight.
[0071] Organic acids compatible with the resin and plasticizer and
amines compatible with the resin and plasticizer can also be used
as the dispersant mentioned above.
[0072] Among said organic acids compatible with the resin and
plasticizer, at least one member selected from the group consisting
of sulfonic acids containing 2 to 21 carbon atoms, carboxylic acids
containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and phosphoric acids of the
general formula (II) given below is used. 2
[0073] (In the above formula, R.sup.3 represents an aliphatic
hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an aromatic
hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R.sup.4
represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group
containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group
containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms.)
[0074] Referring to the sulfonic acids containing 2 to 21 carbon
atoms, if the number of carbon atoms is less than 2, the
hydrophilicity will be high, hence the compatibility with the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin will be poor and insufficient dispersion
will result. If the number of carbon atoms is over 21, the sulfonic
acid will be hydrophobic, hence the compatibility with the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin will be poor and phase separation may
possibly occur. More preferred are those containing 7 to 18 carbon
atoms.
[0075] The sulfonic acids containing 2 to 21 carbon atoms may be
aliphatic or aromatic, for instance. The sulfonic acids containing
2 to 21 carbon atoms thus include, but are not limited to,
benzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, alkylsulfonic acids
with the alkyl moiety thereof containing 2 to 21 carbon atoms,
alkylbenzenesulfonic acids with the alkyl moiety thereof containing
2 to 15 carbon atoms, and alkylnaphthalenesulfonic acids with the
alkyl moiety thereof containing 2 to 11 carbon atoms, among others.
More specifically, there may be mentioned p-toluenesulfonic acid,
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,
hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, mesitylenesulfonic acid, and the like.
These may be used singly or two or more of them may be used in
combination.
[0076] The addition amount of the sulfonic acids containing 2 to 21
carbon atoms is preferably 0.01 to 2 parts by weight per 100 parts
by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount
less than 0.01 part by weight, the preventive effect on the
blushing due to moisture absorption will be insufficient in some
instances. At an addition amount exceeding 2 parts by weight, the
resin deterioration may be promoted or the sulfonic acids
themselves may cause the blushing. A more preferred addition amount
is within the range of 0.03 to 1 part by weight.
[0077] Referring to the carboxylic acids containing 2 to 20 carbon
atoms, if the number of carbon atoms is less than 2, the
hydrophilicity will be high, hence the compatibility with the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin will be poor and insufficient dispersion
will result. If the number of carbon atoms is over 20, the
carboxylic acid will be hydrophobic, hence the compatibility with
the poly(vinyl acetal) resin will be poor and phase separation may
possibly occur. More preferred are those containing 6 to 14 carbon
atoms.
[0078] The carboxylic acids containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms may be
aliphatic or aromatic, for instance. They may be dicarboxylic
acids. Said carboxylic acids containing 2 to 20 carbons atoms thus
include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, propionic acid,
butyric acid, isobutyric acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, octanoic acid,
2-ethylhexylic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid,
oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, pimelic
acid, sebacic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, toluic acid,
naphthoic acid, 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid, salicylic acid and
the like. These may be used singly or two or more of them may be
used in combination.
[0079] The addition amount of the carboxylic acids containing 2 to
20 carbon atoms is preferably 0.01 to 3 parts by weight per 100
parts by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition
amount less than 0.01 part by weight, the preventive effect on the
blushing due to moisture absorption will be insufficient in some
instances. At an amount exceeding 3 parts by weight, the
compatibility with the resin will be poor and a transparency
problem may arise or resin deterioration may be promoted. A more
preferred range is 0.05 to 1 part by weight.
[0080] Referring to R.sup.3 and R.sup.4in the phosphoric acids
represented by the above general formula (II), if the number of
carbon atoms in the aliphatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic
hydrocarbon group exceeds 18, the phosphoric acid will be
hydropholic, hence the compatibility with the poly(vinyl acetal)
resin will be poor. A more preferred range of the number of carbon
atoms is 6 to 12.
[0081] The phosphoric acids of general formula (II) include but are
not limited to methylphosphoric acid, ethylphosphoric acid,
propylphosphoric acid, isopropylphosphoric acid, butylphosphoric
acid, laurylphosphoric acid, stearylphosphoric acid,
2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid,
isodecylphosphoric acid, phenylphosphoric acid, dimethylphosphoric
acid, diethylphosphoric acid, diisopropylphosphoric acid,
dioctylphosphoric acid, diphenylphosphoric acid and
dibenzylphosphoric acid. These may be used singly or two or more of
them may be used in combination.
[0082] The addition amount of the phosphoric acid of general
formula (II) is preferably 0.01 to 2 parts by weight per 100 parts
by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount
below 0.01 part by weight, the preventive effect on the blushing
due to moisture absorption will be insufficient in some instances.
At an amount exceeding 2 parts by weight, resin deterioration may
be rather promoted or the phosphoric acid itself may cause the
blushing. A more preferred range is 0.03 to 1 part by weight.
[0083] The organic acid compatible with the resin and plasticizer
is used in combination with the amine compatible with the resin and
plasticizer. Suited for use as the amine compatible with the resin
and plasticizer are amines of the general formula (III): 3
[0084] (wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 may be the same or
different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic
hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an aromatic
hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms).
[0085] When the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic hydrocarbon
group or aromatic hydrocarbon group mentioned above exceeds 20, the
amine becomes hydrophobic, hence the compatibility with the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin may be poor in some instances. It is
preferred that one of R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 be a long-chain
one. More preferably, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each independently is a
hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group containing 1 or 2 carbon
atoms, and R.sup.7 is a hydrocarbon group containing 6 to 16 carbon
atoms.
[0086] The amine of general formula (III) includes but is not
limited to primary amines such as methylamine, ethylamine,
propylamine, hexylamine, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine,
tetradecylamine, aniline, toluidine, naphthylamine, etc.; secondary
amines such as dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine,
dihexylamine, dioctylamine, N-methylaniline, etc.; tertiary amines
such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-dimethylhexylamine,
N,N-dimethyloctylamine, N,N-dimethyldecylamine,
N,N-dimethyldodecylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, pyridine, etc.,
among others. These may be used singly or two or more of them may
be used in combination.
[0087] When a sulfonic acid containing 2 to 21 carbon atoms is used
as the organic acid compatible with the resin and plasticizer, the
addition amount of the amine of general formula (III) is preferably
0.01 to 2 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the poly(vinyl
acetal) resin. At an addition amount less than 0.01 part by weight,
the preventive effect on the blushing due to moisture absorption
may be insufficient. At an addition amount exceeding 2 parts by
weight, the compatibility with the resin will be poor, and a
transparency problem may arise or the interlayer film may be
discolored. A more preferred range is 0.02 to 1 part by weight.
[0088] When a carboxylic acid containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms is
used as the organic acid compatible with the resin and plasticizer,
the addition amount of the amine of general formula (III) is
preferably 0.01 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount below 0.01 part by
weight, the preventive effect on the blushing due to moisture
absorption may be insufficient. At an addition amount exceeding 3
parts by weight, the compatibility with the resin will be poor, and
a transparency problem may arise or the interlayer film may be
discolored. A more preferred range is 0.05 to 1 part by weight.
[0089] When a phosphoric acid of the above general formula (II) is
used as the organic acid compatible with the resin and plasticizer,
the addition amount of the amine of general formula (III) is
preferably 0.01 to 2 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount below 0.01 part by
weight, the preventive effect on the blushing due to moisture
absorption may be insufficient. At an addition amount exceeding 2
parts by weight, the compatibility with the resin will be poor, and
a transparency problem may arise or the interlayer film may be
discolored. A more preferred range is 0.05 to 1 part by weight.
[0090] The organic acid compatible with the resin and plasticizer
and the amine compatible with the resin and plasticizer used as a
dispersant as mentioned above respectively take the form of ions,
for example sulfonyl ion, carboxyl ion, phosphoryl ion, and
ammonium ion. These ions act on the surface of the particulate
metal salt in the poly(vinyl acetal) resin and bind the metal ion
and counter ion constituting said metal salt. When the resin is
kneaded prior to sheet formation, the metal salt carrying these
ions are dispersed in the resin and, as a result, the metal salt in
particulate form becomes smaller or disappear. Therefore, local
aggregation of water molecules is prevented and, even when the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin absorbs moisture, the interlayer film of
the laminated glass can be prevented from blushing.
[0091] In the present invention, it is preferred that the
interlayer film for laminated glass contain at least one salt
selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts and
alkaline earth metal salts as a bond strength control agent.
[0092] Said alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts
include but are not limited to potassium salts, sodium salts,
magnesium salts and so forth. As the salt-forming acid, there may
be mentioned organic acids, for example carboxylic acids such as
octylic acid, hexylic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid and formic
acid; and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and nitric
acid.
[0093] Among the alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts
mentioned above, alkali metal salts of organic acids containing 5
to 16 carbon atoms and alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids
containing 5 to 16 carbon atoms are preferred. More preferred are
the magnesium salts of carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids
containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
[0094] Said magnesium salts of carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic
acids include but are not limited to magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate,
magnesium valerate, magnesium hexanoate, magnesium heptanoate,
magnesium octanoate, magnesium nonanoate, magnesium decanoate,
magnesium glutarate and magnesium adipate, among others.
[0095] It is supposed that the magnesium salts of carboxylic acids
or dicarboxylic acids containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms occur in the
form of salts in the sheet without electrolytic dissociation, and
attract water molecules, making it possible to suppress the bond
strength between the interlayer film and glass, with the result
that the penetration resistance of the product laminated glass can
be improved. Furthermore, since they are distributed in high
concentrations on the sheet surface without aggregation in the
sheet, they show a bond strength modifying effect even in small
amounts, without causing excessive blushing upon moisture
absorption, therefore they are preferable.
[0096] Said alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts
preferably have a particle diameter of not more than 3 .mu.m, more
preferably not more than 1 .mu.m. When said diameter exceeds 3
.mu.m, water molecules around the alkali metal salt and/or alkaline
earth metal salt particles grow to a macroscopic size, with the
result that the blushing becomes unfavorably remarkable in some
instances.
[0097] The means for reducing the particle size of 3 .mu.m or less
is not limited to any particular method. Thus, for example, there
may be mentioned the method comprising using a compound readily
soluble in the poly(vinyl acetal) resin and plasticizer as a bond
strength control agent, the method comprising using a compound
which is hardly soluble in the poly(vinyl acetal) resin and
plasticizer but hardly aggregate in the poly(vinyl acetal) resin
and plasticizer, and the method comprising combinedly using a
dispersant or compatibilizing agent capable of dispersing said
compounds.
[0098] When a poly(vinyl butyral) resin is used as the poly(vinyl
acetal) resin and triethylene glycol 2-ethylbutyrate is used as the
plasticizer, the compound readily soluble in the above formulation
is, for example, an organic acid salt, such as magnesium octanoate,
magnesium neodecanoate and magnesium adipate. These are suitably
used either singly or in a combination of two or more species.
[0099] As the compound hardly soluble in the above formulation but
hardly aggregating in the formulation, there may be mentioned
inorganic acid magnesium salts such as magnesium chloride and
magnesium nitrate. These are suitably used either singly or in a
combination of two or more species.
[0100] The dispersant or compatibilizing agent capable of
dispersing the compound hardly soluble in the formulation is not
limited to any particular species but includes alcohols such as
ethanol and octyl alcohol, and long-chain organic acids such as
octanoic acid and nonanoic acid, among others. These are suitably
used either singly or in a combination of two or more species.
[0101] Among the various methods mentioned above, the method
comprising using a compound which is by itself readily soluble in
the poly(vinyl acetal) resin and plasticizer is most preferred. The
method comprising using a compound hardly aggregating in the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin and plasticizer is next preferred.
[0102] When a diester compound is used as the plasticizer, it is
preferred that the alkali metal salt and alkaline earth metal salt
mentioned above have the same acid component structure as that of
the diester compound. Owing to their having an acid component
structure identical or similar to that of the diester compound used
as the plasticizer, they can be present stably and uniformly
dispersed in the sheet, hence will not undergo changes with the
lapse of time.
[0103] When triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate (hereinafter
referred to sometimes as "3GH") or dihexyl adipate (hereinafter
referred to sometimes as "DHA") is used as the plasticizer, a metal
salt of a carboxylic acid containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms is
preferably used as a bond strength control agent, since, in that
case, the decrease in the bond strength with the lapse of time
between the interlayer film and glass can be prevented and the
prevention of blushing and prevention of the decrease in the bond
strength with the lapse of time can be simultaneously accomplished.
When triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (hereinafter referred
to sometimes as "3GO") is used as the plasticizer, it is preferred,
for the same reasons, that a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
containing 6 to 8 carbon atoms be contained in the formulation.
When tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (hereinafter referred
to sometimes as "4GO") is used as the plasticizer, it is preferred
that a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing 6 or 7 carbon
atoms be contained in the formulation.
[0104] For preventing the above plasticized poly(vinyl acetal)
resin as far as possible from undergoing heat-induced hydrolysis in
the sheet forming step, the use of plasticizers less susceptible to
hydrolysis such as plasticizers of the side chain type, such as
3GH, 3GO and 4GO, or of the adipate type, such as DHA, is preferred
to the use of such plasticizers as triethylene glycol diheptanoate
(3G7) and tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate (4G7).
[0105] Said 3GH has long been in use as a plasticizer in interlayer
films with practically acceptable results and the organic acid
constituent thereof is of the side chain type. Therefore, 3GH is
more advantageous than 3G7, 4G7 and the like, which are of the
straight chain type, in that it is less hydrolyzable. The
above-mentioned 3GO and 4GO are advantageous in that they are
higher in boiling point than 3GH, for instance, and therefore are
less volatile in the sheet forming step or in the lamination
step.
[0106] Said 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and DHA may be used singly or in
combination with another plasticizer such as mentioned hereinafter.
The mixing ratio of said 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and/or DHA to said other
plasticizer is preferred that the amount of said other plasticizer
be less than 50% by weight of the amount of said plasticizer(s)
3GH, 3GO, 4GO and DHA. When this ratio is over 50% by weight, the
characteristic features of 3GH, 3GO, 4GO and DHA are sacrificed by
said other plasticizer and, therefore, the effect of the bond
strength control agent used in combination with them may not be
expressed to a satisfactory extent.
[0107] The carboxylic acid metal salt to be used as the bond
strength control agent, when the plasticizer in the interlayer film
is specified as mentioned above, includes but is not limited to
pentanoic acid (of 5 carbon atoms) metal salts, hexanoic acid
(2-ethylbutanoic acid) (of 6 carbon atoms) metal salts, heptanoic
acid (of 7 carbon atoms) metal salts, octanoic acid (of 8 carbon
atoms) metal salts, and so forth. According to the plasticizer
mentioned above, one, two or more of these are suitably used. The
carboxylic acid may be of the straight chain type or of the side
chain type.
[0108] When a metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing too small
a number of carbon atoms is used, the interlayer film obtained will
have an insufficient moisture resistance, which may allow the
blushing phenomenon to occur widely. Conversely, if a metal salt of
a carboxylic acid containing an excessively large number of carbon
atoms is used, the decrease in the bond strength with the lapse of
time between the interlayer film and glass may be insufficient.
[0109] The above-mentioned carboxylic acid metal salt as the bond
strength control agent may be used independently or in combination
with another bond strength control agent, for example a bond
strength control agent of metal salt of carboxylic acid containing
1 to 4 carbon atoms type such as magnesium formate, magnesium
acetate, magnesium propanoate or magnesium butanoate, or a modified
silicone oil bond strength control agent such as mentioned later
herein.
[0110] When said alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt
is added as a bond strength control agent, the addition amount
thereof is preferably 0.01 to 0.2 part by weight per 100 parts by
weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount lower
than 0.01 part by weight, the bond strength modifying effect will
be nil, hence the penetration resistance of the product laminated
glass may be low. At an amount exceeding 0.2 part by weight, the
control agent may bleed out, impairing the transparency of the
product laminated glass and at the same time leading to an
excessively decreased bond strength between interlayer film and
glass. A more preferred range is 0.03 to 0.08 part by weight.
[0111] When the alkali metal salt is a sodium salt, blushing tends
to occur very readily, so that the sodium concentration should
preferably be not more than 50 ppm. When the alkali metal salt is a
potassium salt, too, blushing may occur readily, hence the
potassium concentration should preferably be not more than 100
ppm.
[0112] In addition to the cases where said alkali metal salt and/or
alkaline earth metal salt is added as the bond strength control
agent, as mentioned above, there are cases where said salts come
from the alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt used as a
neutralizing agent for the acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid or
hydrochloric acid, used in the reaction for producing poly(vinyl
acetal) resin, or cases in which said salt comes from one or more
of various raw materials and water used in the reaction for
producing poly(vinyl acetal) resin which contains said salt. The
alkali metal salt and alkaline earth metal salt as said
neutralizing agent may be used also as the bond strength control
agent.
[0113] The interlayer film for laminated glass of the present
invention comprises a plastic resin film composed of the
above-mentioned poly(vinyl acetal) resin, a plasticizer and, where
necessary, an additive such as the above-mentioned dispersant
and/or bond strength control agent.
[0114] The plasticizer to be used in the present invention includes
those known plasticizers for use in interlayer films of this kind,
for example organic ester type plasticizers such as monobasic acid
esters and polybasic acid esters, and phosphorus type plasticizers
such as organic phosphate and organic phosphite plasticizers.
[0115] Preferred among said monobasic acid esters are those glycol
esters which can be obtained by the reaction of triethylene glycol
with an organic acid such as butyric acid, isobutyric acid, caproic
acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, heptanoic acid, n-octylic acid,
2-ethylhexylic acid, pelargonic acid (n-nonylic acid) or decylic
acid. In addition, esters of tetraethylene glycol or tripropylene
glycol with the organic acids mentioned above may also be used.
[0116] Preferred as said polybasic acid esters are, for example,
esters of an organic acid such as adipic acid, sebacic acid or
azelaic acid with a straight-chain or branched alcohol containing 4
to 8 carbon atoms.
[0117] As typical examples of said organic ester plasticizers which
can be suitably used, there may be mentioned triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexoate,
triethylene glycol dicaprylate, triethylene glycol di-n-octoate,
triethylene glycol di-n-heptoate, tetraethylene glycol
di-n-heptoate and, further, dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl azelate and
dibutylcarbitol adipate.
[0118] In addition, ethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate,
1,3-propylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,4-propylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,4-butylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate,
1,2-butylene glycol di-2-ethylenebutyrate, diethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexoate,
dipropylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylpentoate, tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate,
diethylene glycol dicaprylate and the like may also be used as the
plasticizer.
[0119] Among the phosphate plasticizers, tributoxyethyl phosphate,
isodecylphenyl phosphate, trisopropyl phosphite and the like are
preferred.
[0120] Among the plasticizers mentioned above, diester compounds
derived from a dicarboxylic acid and a monohydric alcohol or from a
monocarboxylic acid and a dihydric alcohol are preferably
incorporated in the resin composition.
[0121] The addition amount of said plasticizer is preferably 20 to
70 parts by weight, more preferably 40 to 60 parts by weight, per
100 parts by weight of the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition
amount below 20 parts by weight, the penetration resistance of the
product laminated glass may be low. At an addition amount exceeding
70 parts by weight, the plasticizer may bleed out, increasing the
optical strain or decreasing the transparency and/or tackiness of
the resin film.
[0122] In the present invention, known additives for use in
interlayer films for laminated glass, for example modified silicone
oils for controlling penetration resistance, ultraviolet absorbers,
light stabilizers, antioxidants, surfactants and coloring agent,
may also be incorporated as additives in addition to said
dispersant and bond strength control agent.
[0123] The modified silicone oils mentioned above include but are
not limited to epoxy-modified silicone oils, ether-modified
silicone oils, ester-modified silicone oils, amine-modified
silicone oils and carboxyl-modified silicone oils, such as
disclosed in Japanese Kokoku Publication Sho-55-29950. Generally,
these modified silicone oils are liquids obtained by reacting a
compound to be modified to polysiloxane.
[0124] In the present invention, epoxy-modified silicone oils of
the general formula (IV) 4
[0125] (wherein l and m each independently represents a positive
integer not more than 30), ether-modified silicone oils of the
general formula (V) 5
[0126] (wherein l and m each independently represents a positive
integer not more than 30 and x and y each independently represents
a positive integer not more than 20), and ester-modified silicone
oils of the general formula (VI) 6
[0127] (wherein l and m each independently represents a positive
integer not more than 30) are particularly preferred. While the
respective modified silicone oils are represented by the general
formulas (IV), (V) and (VI) in terms of structural formulas for
block copolymers, those represented by the structural formulas of
random copolymers may also be used in the present invention.
[0128] The above modified silicone oils may be used singly or two
or more of them may be used combinedly.
[0129] Said modified silicone oils preferably have a molecular
weight of 800 to 5,000. When the molecular weight is less than 800,
the extent of localization on the surface will be low. When it
exceeds 5,000, the compatibility with the resin will become poor,
so that the bleeding out will occur onto the film surface, causing
the bond strength between sheet and glass to decrease. A more
preferred range is 1,500 to 4,000.
[0130] The addition amount of said modified silicone oils is
preferably 0.01 to 0.2 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of
the poly(vinyl acetal) resin. At an addition amount below 0.01 part
by weight, the preventive effect on the blushing due to moisture
absorption will be insufficient. At an addition amount exceeding
0.2 part by weight, the compatibility with the resin will be poor,
hence bleeding will occur onto the film surface, with the result
that the bond strength to glass will decrease. A more preferred
amount is 0.03 to 0.1 part by weight.
[0131] The above-mentioned antioxidant includes but is not limited
to such phenolic compounds as t-butylhydroxytoluene (BHT)
(Sumilizer BHT (trademark), product of Sumitomo Chemical), and
tetrakis[methylene-3-(3',-
5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionato]methane (Irganox 1010,
product of Ciba-Geigy), among others.
[0132] Said ultraviolet absorbers include but are not limited to
benzotriazole type such as
2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin P, product of
Ciba-Geigy), 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-5'-di-t-butylphenyl)- benzotriazole
(Tinuvin 320, product of Ciba-Geigy),
2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole
(Tinuvin 326, product of Ciba-Geigy) and
2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-t-amyl-phenyl)benz- otriazole (Tinuvin 328,
product of Ciba-Geigy), hindered amines such as LA-57 (product of
Adeka-Argus), etc.
[0133] As said light stabilizers, there may be mentioned hindered
amines, for example Asahi Denka Kogyo's Adekastab LA-57
(trademark).
[0134] As said surfactants, there may be mentioned, for example,
sodium lauryl sulfate, alkylbenzenesulfonates, and the like.
[0135] The method of producing the interlayer film for laminated
glass of the present invention is particular restricted, but for
example, a required amount of the plasticizer, together with other
additives as necessary, is incorporated into each of the resins
mentioned above, the mixture is kneaded uniformly and then formed
into sheets by means of the extrusion, calendering, pressing,
casting, inflation or other methods and the resulting sheets are
used as interlayer films.
[0136] In view of the minimum penetration resistance and weather
resistance required of laminated glass and from the practical
viewpoint, it is generally preferred that the total thickness of
the interlayer film for laminated glass of the present invention be
within the range of 0.3 to 1.6 mm, which is the thickness range of
ordinary interlayer film for laminated glasses.
[0137] As the glass sheets to be used in the laminated glass, there
may be mentioned not only transparent inorganic glass sheets but
also transparent organic glass sheets, such as polycarbonate sheets
and poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets.
[0138] The transparent inorganic glass sheets are not limited to
any particular species but include various inorganic glass species
such as float sheet glass, polished sheet glass, embossed sheet
glass, net sheet glass, wire sheet glass, infrared absorption glass
and colored sheet glass. These may be used singly or two or more
different species may be used in combination. Laminates of a
transparent inorganic glass sheet and a transparent organic glass
sheet may also be used. The glass sheet thickness can be suitably
selected according to the intended use, hence is not limited to any
particular value.
[0139] The laminated glass of the present invention can be produced
by employing any ordinary method of producing laminated glass. For
example, the resin film formed by the above-mentioned method is
sandwiched, as the interlayer, between two transparent glass
sheets, the whole is placed in a rubber bag, preliminary bonding is
effected at about 70 to 110.degree. C. while suctioning under
reduced pressure, then post-bonding is effected at about 120 to
150.degree. C. under a pressure of about 10 to 15 kg/cm.sup.2 using
an autoclave or a press, whereby the objective laminated glass is
obtained.
[0140] In a process for producing laminated glass, it is also
possible to interpose the above-mentioned interlayer film prepared
by sheet formation from the plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) resin
between at least one pair of glass sheets, and hot-press bonding at
60 to 100.degree. C. while simultaneously deaerating under reduced
pressure. More concretely, the process is carried out by placing a
laminate film consisting of a glass sheet/interlayer film/glass in
a rubber bag, and effecting hot-press bonding at a temperature of
about 60 to 100.degree. C. under a pressure of about 1 to 10
kg/cm.sup.2 for about 10 to 30 minutes in an autoclave, for
instance, while deaerating under suction at a reduced pressure of
about -500 to -700 mmHg, to thereby realize deaeration and bonding
simultaneously.
[0141] In such production process, the bond strength between the
interlayer film and glass can be adjusted so that said strength
will fall within a desired adequate range by adjusting the
temperature for hot-press bonding to the range of 60 to 100.degree.
C., as mentioned above, and suitably selecting various conditions,
in particular the hot-press bonding pressure, hot-press bonding
time and extent of pressure reduction for deaeration under suction
within the respective ranges mentioned above.
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0142] The following examples illustrate the present invention in
further detail but are by no means limitative of the scope of the
invention. In the examples, "part(s)" means "part(s) by
weight".
EXAMPLE 1
[0143] (1) Preparation of a Resin
[0144] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the
same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0145] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted
n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized
with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing
agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water for 2 hours
and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder.
This resin had a vinyl acetal content (degree of acetalization) of
65.0 mole % and a vinyl acetate content of 1.1 mole %.
[0146] (2) Production of an Interlayer Film
[0147] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the blend was thoroughly melt-kneaded with
a mixing roll and press-molded with a pressing machine at
150.degree. C. for 30 minutes to provide an interlayer film of 0.76
mm in thickness. The particle diameters of sodium and potassium
salts in the interlayer film were determined by secondary ion
imaging with a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer
(TOF-SIMS) (PHI EVANS; TFS-2000). As a result, the particle
diameter of the sodium salt in the interlayer film was 1 .mu.m and
that of the potassium salt was less than 0.5 .mu.m.
[0148] The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 6
ppm as measured by ICP emission spectrometry. ICP emission
spectrometry is a quantitative method of analysis which comprises
decomposing a sample with sulfuric acid and nitric acid under
heating, making the decomposition product up to constant volume
with ultrapure water, and performing a determination by the ICP-AES
method using an ICP-AES (Jarrel-Ash Japan, ICAP-575).
[0149] (3) Production of a Laminated Glass
[0150] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between transparent
float glass sheets (30 cm.times.30 cm.times.2.5 mm thick) and the
assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated under a vacuum of
20 Torr for 20 minutes. The sample thus deaerated was directly
transferred to an oven at 90.degree. C. and pressed under vacuum at
a constant temperature of 80.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
[0151] The prebonded laminated glass was autoclaved using a
pneumatic autoclave at a pressure of 12 kg/cm.sup.2 and a
temperature of 135.degree. C. for 20 minutes to provide a
transparent laminated glass. This laminated glass was subjected to
an adhesion test (Pummel test) and a moist blushing resistance
test.
[0152] Performance Evaluation
[0153] (1) Bonding power (Pummel) test
[0154] The laminated glass is left standing at -18.degree.
C..+-.0.6.degree. C. for conditioning and then stricken with a
hammer having a head weight of 0.45 kg to crush the glass to
fragments with diameters not greater than 6 mm. The extent of
exposure of the sheet after partial exfoliation of the glass is
assessed against the graded limit samples shown in Table 1. This
test is designed to find whether the bond strength between the
glass and the interlayer film lies within a predetermined
range.
1 TABLE 1 Extent of exposure Pammer (%) value 100 0 90 1 85 2 60 3
40 4 20 5 10 6 5 7 Less than 2 8
[0155] (2) Moist blushing resistance test
[0156] The resin film is cut to 4.times.4 cm and immersed in
deionized water at room temperature (23.degree. C.) for 24 hours.
The haze value was then measured with an integral nephrometer
(Tokyo Denshoku). The results are shown in Table 2.
EXAMPLE 2
[0157] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 1.5 hours. In
this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium
content of 13 ppm, a sodium salt particle diameter of 3 .mu.m, and
a potassium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5
.mu.m.
EXAMPLE 3
[0158] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 2.5 hours. In
this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium
content of 3 ppm, a sodium salt particle diameter of 0.5 .mu.m, and
a potassium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5
.mu.m.
EXAMPLE 4
[0159] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 3.5 hours. In
this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium
content of 0.9 ppm, a sodium salt particle diameter of not greater
than 0.5 .mu.m, and a potassium salt particle diameter of not
greater than 0.5 .mu.m.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
[0160] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 1 hours. In this
case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium content
of 17 ppm and a sodium salt particle diameter of 6 .mu.m.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2
[0161] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 0.5 hours. In
this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental sodium
content of 35 ppm and a sodium salt particle diameter of 13
.mu.m.
[0162] The evaluation data generated in Examples 1 to 4 and
Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are presented in Table 2.
2 TABLE 2 Example Comp.Ex. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Interlayer film Number of 4
4 4 4 4 4 carbon in acetal Degree of 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0
acetalization (mol %) Average degree 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700
of polymeri- zation Vinylacetate 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 content
(mol %) Plasticizer 40 40 40 40 40 40 content (weight parts) Na
content 6 13 3 0.9 17 35 (ppm) Particle 1 3 0.5 0.5> 6 13
diameter of Na (.mu.m) K content 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 -- -- (ppm)
Particle 0.5> 0.5> 0.5> 0.5> -- -- diameter of K
(.mu.m) Bonding 8 8 8 8 8 8 strength of a laminated glass (Pammer
value) Haze after 29 37 24 16 67 92 24 hours immersion (%) Total
.largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. X X
evaluation
[0163] It is apparent that very satisfactory moisture resistance
was obtained in Examples 1 to 4.
EXAMPLE 5
[0164] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0165] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the
same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0166] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove
the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid
was neutralized with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, the
common neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of
water for 2 hours and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin
as white powder.
[0167] This resin had a vinylacetal content (degree of
acetalization) of 65.0 mole % and a vinyl acetate content of 1.1
mole %.
[0168] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0169] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the blend was thoroughly melt-kneaded with
a mixing roll and press-molded with a pressing machine at
150.degree. C. for 30 minutes to provide an interlayer film of 0.76
mm in thickness.
[0170] The elemental potassium content of this interlayer film was
23 ppm as measured by ICP emission spectrometry. The particle
diameter of the sodium salt in the interlayer film was less than
0.5 .mu.m and that of the potassium salt was less than 3 .mu.m.
[0171] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0172] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between transparent
float glass sheets (30 cm.times.30 cm.times.2.5 mm thick) and the
assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated under a vacuum of
20 Torr for 20 minutes. The sample thus deaerated was directly
transferred to an oven at 90.degree. C. and pressed at a constant
temperature of 80.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
[0173] The prebonded laminated glass was autoclaved using a
pneumatic autoclave at a pressure of 12 kg/cm.sup.2 and a
temperature of 135.degree. C. for 20 minutes to provide a
transparent laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 6
[0174] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 2.5 hours. In
this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium
content of 5 ppm, a potassium salt particle diameter of 1 .mu.m,
and a sodium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5
.mu.m.
EXAMPLE 7
[0175] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 3.5 hours. In
this case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium
content of 0.7 ppm, a potassium salt particle diameter of not
greater than 0.5 .mu.m, and a sodium salt particle diameter of not
greater than 0.5 .mu.m.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3
[0176] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 1 hour. In this
case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium
content of 104 ppm and a potassium salt particle diameter of 6
.mu.m.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4
[0177] The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that, in the
preparation of the resin, the washing process time following
addition of the neutralizing agent was altered to 0.5 hour. In this
case, the interlayer film obtained had an elemental potassium
content of 220 ppm and a potassium salt particle diameter of 9
.mu.m.
[0178] The laminated glasses obtained in Examples 5 to 8 and
Comparative Examples 3 and 4 were respectively subjected to a
bonding power (Pummel) test and a moisture resistance test under
the same conditions as described above. The results of evaluation
are collectively presented in Table 3.
3 TABLE 3 Example Comp. Ex. 5 6 7 3 4 Interlayer film Number of
carbon in 4 4 4 4 4 acetal Degree of acetalization 65.0 65.0 65.0
65.0 65.0 (mol %) Avarage degree of 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700
polymerization Vinylacetate content 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 (mol %)
Plasticizer content 40 40 40 40 40 (weight parts) K content (ppm)
23 5 0.7 104 220 Particle diameter 3 1 0.5> 6 9 of K (.mu.m) Na
content (ppm) 0.7 0.6 0.6 -- -- Particle diameter 0.5> 0.5>
0.5> -- -- of Na (.mu.m) Bonding strength of a 8 8 8 8 7
laminated glass (Pammer value) Haze after 24 hours of 24 20 14 60
92 immersion (%) Total evaluation .largecircle. .largecircle.
.largecircle. X X
[0179] It will be apparent that very satisfactory moisture
resistance was obtained in Examples 5 to 7.
EXAMPLE 8
[0180] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0181] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After the reaction system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the
same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0182] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted
n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized
with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing
agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water and dried to
provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. This resin had
a vinyl acetal content (degree of acetalization) of 65.0 mole
%.
[0183] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0184] The above polybutyral resin, 100 weight parts, was blended
with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a
pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental
sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP
emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 13 ppm. The particle
diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was 3 .mu.m.
[0185] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0186] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm
thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber
bag and effected hot-press bonding at a temperature of 60.degree.
C. and a pressure of 5 kg/cm.sup.2 under suction degassing at a
reduced pressure of -600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to
provide a laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 9
[0187] Except that the hot-press bonding temperature for the
fabrication of a laminated glass was altered to 80.degree. C., the
procedure of Example 8 was otherwise repeated to provide a
laminated glass. The particle diameter of the sodium salt in the
interlayer film was 3 .mu.m.
EXAMPLE 10
[0188] Except that the hot-press bonding temperature for the
fabrication of a laminated glass was altered to 100.degree. C., the
procedure of Example 8 was otherwise repeated to provide a
laminated glass. The particle diameter of the sodium salt in the
interlayer film was 3 .mu.m.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5
[0189] Except that the hot-press bonding temperature for the
fabrication of a laminated glass was altered to 80.degree. C., the
procedure of Example 8 was otherwise repeated to provide a
laminated glass. The sodium content of the obtained interlayer film
was 30 ppm and the particle diameter of the sodium salt thereof was
11 .mu.m.
[0190] The glass laminates obtained in Examples 8 to 10 and
Comparative Example 5 were respectively subjected to a bonding
power (Pummel) test and a heat resistance test under the following
conditions. A moisture resistance test was also performed using the
same conditions as in Example 1.
[0191] Evaluation Methods
[0192] (1) Bonding power (Pummel) test
[0193] The laminated glass is cooled at -20.degree. C. for 2 hours
and, then, mounted on an automatic hammering machine. The whole
surface of the laminated glass is uniformly strickened with the
hammer head and the area of glass fragments adhering to the
interlayer film is visually assessed against the graded limit
samples shown in Table 1 to evaluate the bonding power (Pummel
value). The graded limit sample is based on a 10-point scale giving
1 point for minimum adhesion and 10 points for maximum adhesion.
The automatic hammering machine used is equipped with a hammer head
having a curved bottom surface having a radius of curvature of 50
mm and an effective striking diameter of 5 mm and weighing 240 g
and the impact force of the hammer head is adjustable with a spring
screw.
[0194] (2) Heat resistance test
[0195] In conformity with JIS R3205 "Laminated Glass", the sample
laminated glass is left standing in an atmosphere at 130.degree. C.
for 2 hours and then taken out and the presence or absence of air
cells is visually examined.
[0196] The results obtained in Examples 8 to 10 and Comparative
Example 5 are collectively shown in Table 4.
4 TABLE 4 Example Compar. Ex. 8 9 10 5 Na content (ppm) 13 13 13 30
Particle diameter of Na (.mu.m) 3 3 3 11 Bonding strength of the
laminated 1 5 8 5 glass (Pammer value) Haze after 24 hours of
immersion 37 38 33 66 (%) Presence or absence of air form none none
none none after Heat resistance test Total evaluation .largecircle.
.largecircle. .largecircle. X
EXAMPLE 11
[0197] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0198] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the
same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0199] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove
the unreacted n-butyraldehyde. The pH of the system at this stage
was found to be pH 5.1. The system was then dehydrated with Centor
dehydrating machine to provide a resin of 50% water content. This
resin was dried in an atmosphere at 60.degree. C. and -700 mmHg to
provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. The
acetalization rate of this resin was 65.0 mole %.
[0200] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0201] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a
pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental
sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP
emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 0.7 ppm. The particle
diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was less than 0.5
.mu.m.
[0202] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0203] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm
thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber
bag and hot-pressed at a temperature of 60.degree. C. and a
pressure of 5 kg/cm.sup.2 under suction degassing at a reduced
pressure of -600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a
laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 12
[0204] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0205] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the
same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0206] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove
the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid
was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common
neutralizing agent. Then, the reaction product was rinsed with an
excess (30 times the resin) of water at 50.degree. C. and dried to
provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. The degree of
acetalization of this resin was 65.0 mole %.
[0207] (2) Production of an interlayer film.
[0208] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a
pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental
sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP
emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 10 ppm. The particle
diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was 3 .mu.m.
[0209] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0210] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm
thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber
bag and hot-pressed at a temperature of 60.degree. C. and a
pressure of 5 kg/cm.sup.2 under suction degassing at a reduced
pressure of -600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a
laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 13
[0211] Except that post-neutralization washing was carried out with
water at 60.degree. C., the procedure of Example 12 was otherwise
repeated to provide an interlayer film. The rate of acetalization
of this interlayer film was 65.0 mole %. The elemental sodium
content of this interlayer film was 15 ppm as determined with an
ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer. The particle
diameter of sodium salt in this interlayer film was 4 .mu.m.
EXAMPLE 14
[0212] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0213] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at the
same temperature to precipitate the reaction product.
[0214] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted
n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized
with aqueous magnesium hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing
agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water and dried to
provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder.
[0215] (2) Production of an interlayer film.
[0216] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, and the mixture was press-molded with a
pressing machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental
sodium content of this interlayer film as determined with an ICP
emission spectrometric elemental analyzer was 0.7 ppm. The particle
diameter of sodium salt in the interlayer film was less than 0.5
.mu.m.
[0217] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0218] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two 2.5 mm
thick float glass sheets and the assembly was placed in a rubber
bag and hot-pressed at a temperature of 60.degree. C. and a
pressure of 5 kg/cm.sup.2 under suction degassing at a reduced
pressure of -600 mmHg in an autoclave for 20 minutes to provide a
laminated glass.
[0219] The glass laminates obtained above in Examples 11 to 14 were
respectively subjected to the following heat resistance test. In
addition, a moisture resistance test was carried out in the same
manner as in Example 1. However, the product of Example 14 was
subjected to the moisture resistance test only.
[0220] Methods of Evaluation
[0221] (1) Heat resistance test
[0222] One gram of the resin was placed in an ordinary test tube
and heated in an oil bath at 150.degree. C. for 60 minutes to
assess the possible degradation of the resin.
[0223] The data obtained in Examples 11 to 14 are collectively
presented in Table 5.
5 TABLE 5 Example 11 12 13 14 Na content (ppm) 0.7 10 15 0.7
Particle diameter of Na (.mu.m) 0.5> 3 4 0.5> Heat resistance
test O.K. O.K. O.K. -- Haze after 24 hours of immersion 13 32 39 24
(%) Total evaluation .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle.
--
EXAMPLE 15
[0224] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0225] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700, a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole % and 0.1 weight % of sodium
acetate, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After the
reaction system was adjusted to 12.degree. C., 201 g of 35%
hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added
and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to
precipitate the reaction product.
[0226] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove
the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid
was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the common
neutralizing agent. The product was rinsed with an excess of water
and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white
powder.
[0227] The acetalization degree of this resin was 65 mole %.
[0228] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0229] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing
machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content
of this interlayer film was 8 ppm as determined with an ICP
emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
EXAMPLE 16
[0230] Except that 275 g of a poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average
polymerization degree of 1700, a saponification degree of 98.9 mole
%, and a sodium acetate content of 0.4 weight %, the procedure of
Example 15 was otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film.
The degree of acetalization of this interlayer film was 65.0 mole
%. The elemental sodium content of this interlayer film was 13 ppm
as determined with an ICP emission spectrometric elemental
analyzer.
EXAMPLE 17
[0231] (1) Preparation of a resin
[0232] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700, a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole % and a sodium acetate content
of 0.1 weight %, and the mixture was warmed for dissolving. After
the reaction system was adjusted to 12.degree. C., 201 g of 35%
hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added
and the mixture was incubated at the same temperature to
precipitate the reaction product.
[0233] The reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3
hours to carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture
was washed with an excess (30 times the resin) of water to remove
the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid
was neutralized with magnesium octanoate. The product was rinsed
with an excess of water and dried to provide a poly(vinyl butyral)
resin as white powder. The acetalization degree of this resin was
65 mole %.
[0234] (2) Production of an interlayer film
[0235] The above poly(vinyl butyral) resin, 100 weight parts, was
blended with 40 weight parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate and the mixture was press-molded with a pressing
machine to provide an interlayer film. The elemental sodium content
of this interlayer film was 2 ppm as determined with an ICP
emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
EXAMPLE 18
[0236] Except that ethylene oxide was used as the neutralizer of
the hydrochloric acid catalyst, the procedure of Example 17 was
otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film. The degree of
acetalization of this interlayer film was 65 mole %. The elemental
sodium content of this interlayer film was 2 ppm as determined with
an ICP emission spectrometric elemental analyzer.
[0237] The interlayer films obtained in Examples 15-18 were
respectively subjected to a heat resistance test as in Example 11
and a moisture resistance test as in Example 1. The results are
presented in Table 6.
6 TABLE 6 Example 15 16 17 18 Sodium acetate content in 0.1 0.4 0.1
0.1 poly(vinyl alcohol) (wt. %) Na content (ppm) 8 13 2 2 Particle
diameter of Na (.mu.m) 0.6 2 0.5> 0.5> Heat resistance test
O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. Haze after 24 hours of immersion 19 35 11 10
(%) Total evaluation .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle.
.largecircle.
EXAMPLE 19
[0238] (1) Preparation of a poly(vinyl acetal) resin
[0239] To 2890 g of pure water was added 275 g of a poly(vinyl
alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700 and a
saponification degree of 98.9 mole %, and the mixture was warmed
for dissolving. After there action system was adjusted to
12.degree. C., 201 g of 35% weight hydrochloric acid catalyst and
148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated
at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction product. The
reaction mixture was then held at 45.degree. C. for 3 hours to
carry the reaction to completion. This reaction mixture was washed
with an excess of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and
the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized with aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was
rinsed with an excess of water for 2 hours and dried to provide a
poly(vinyl butyral) resin as white powder. This resin had an
average butyralization degree of 64 mole % and a residual acetyl
group content of 1 mole %.
[0240] (2) Production of an interlayer film for laminated glass
[0241] To 100 parts of the above poly(vinyl butyral) resin (average
degree of polymerization: 1700, average butyralization degree: 64
mole %, residual acetyl group content: 1 mole %) were added 40
parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate and
0.08 part of magnesium octanoate as the bond strength control
agent. The mixture was thoroughly melt-kneaded with a mixing roll
and press-molded with a pressing machine at 150.degree. C. for 30
minutes to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass having an
average thickness of 0.76 mm.
[0242] This interlayer film for laminated glass had a sodium
content of 10 ppm and a sodium salt particle diameter of 1 .mu.m.
The particle diameter of magnesium salt in the interlayer film was
0.9 .mu.m as determined with a time-of-flight secondary ion mass
spectrometer (TOF-SIMS).
[0243] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0244] The above interlayer film for laminated glass was sandwiched
between transparent float glass sheets (30 cm.times.30 cm.times.3
mm thick) and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated
under a vacuum of 20 Torr for 20 minutes. The deaerated assembly
was directly transferred to an oven and pressed under vacuum at
90.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
[0245] The prebonded laminated glass thus obtained was further
subjected to post-bonding in a preumatic autoclave at a temperature
of 135.degree. C. and a pressure of 12 kg/cm.sup.2 for 20 minutes
to provide a laminated glass.
EXAMPLE 20
[0246] Except that, in the production of an interlayer film for
laminated glass, 0.09 part of magnesium neodecanoate was used in
lieu of 0.08 part of magnesium octanoate as the bond strength
control agent, the procedure of Example 19 was otherwise repeated
to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated
glass.
[0247] The particle diameter of magnesium salt in the interlayer
film for laminated glass obtained in the above manner was 0.5 .mu.m
as determined by the same method as in Example 19.
EXAMPLE 21
[0248] Except that, in the production of an interlayer film for
laminated glass, 0.04 part of magnesium chloride was used in lieu
of 0.08 part of magnesium octanoate as the bond strength control
agent, the procedure of Example 19 was otherwise repeated to
provide an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated
glass.
[0249] The particle diameter of magnesium salt in the interlayer
film for laminated glass obtained in the above manner was 2 .mu.m
as determined by the same method as in Example 19.
EXAMPLE 22
[0250] Except that, in the production of a poly(vinyl acetal)
resin, basic magnesium carbonate was used in lieu of aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution as the neutralizing agent, the procedure of
Example 19 was otherwise repeated to provide a white powdery
poly(vinyl butyral) resin with an average polymerization degree of
1700, an average butyralization degree of 64 mole %, and a residual
acetyl group content of 1 mole %.
[0251] Then, an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated
glass were prepared in substantially the same manner as in Example
19 except that, in the preparation of the interlayer film for
laminated glass, 100 parts of the above poly(vinyl butyral) resin
was used in lieu of 100 parts of the poly(vinyl butyral) resin
prepared in Example 19 and the addition of 0.08 part of magnesium
octanoate as the bond strength control agent was omitted.
[0252] This interlayer film had a sodium content of 0.7 ppm and a
sodium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 .mu.m. The
particle diameter of magnesium salt in this interlayer film was 2
.mu.m as determined in the same manner as in Example 19.
EXAMPLE 23
[0253] Except that, in the preparation of poly(vinyl acetal) resin,
aqueous magnesium hydroxide solution was used in lieu of aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution as the neutralizing agent, the procedure
of Example 19 was otherwise repeated to provide a white powdery
poly(vinyl butyral) resin with an average polymerization degree of
1700, an average butyralization degree of 64 mole % and a residual
acetyl group content of 1 mole %.
[0254] Then, an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated
glass were prepared in substantially the same manner as in Example
19 except that 100 parts of the above poly(vinyl butyral) resin was
used in lieu of 100 parts of the poly(vinyl butyral) resin obtained
in Example 19 and the addition of 0.08 part of magnesium octanoate
as the bond strength control agent was omitted in the preparation
of the interlayer film.
[0255] This interlayer film had a sodium content of 0.7 ppm and a
sodium salt particle diameter of not greater than 0.5 .mu.m. The
particle diameter of magnesium salt in this interlayer film was 2.5
.mu.m as determined in the same manner as in Example 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6
[0256] Except that 0.04 part of magnesium acetate, which is
sparingly soluble in poly(vinyl butyral) resin and plasticizer, was
used in lieu of 0.08 part of magnesium octanoate as the bond
strength control agent in the preparation of an interlayer film for
laminated glass, the procedure of Example 19 was otherwise repeated
to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated
glass.
[0257] The particle diameter of magnesium salt in the interlayer
film for laminated glass obtained in the above manner was 10 .mu.m
as determined by the same method as in Example 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7
[0258] Except that 0.04 part of magnesium acetate which is
sparingly soluble in poly(vinyl butyral) resin and plasticizer and
0.05 parts of butylic acid which is short-chain organic acid were
used in lieu of 0.08 part of magnesium octanoate as the bond
strength control agent in the preparation of an interlayer film for
laminated glass, the procedure of Example 19 was otherwise repeated
to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated
glass.
[0259] The particle diameter of magnesium salt in the interlayer
film for laminated glass obtained in the above manner was 4 .mu.m
as determined by the same method as in Example 19.
[0260] The interlayer film for laminated glasses obtained in
Examples 19 to 23 and Comparative Examples 6 and 7 were
respectively subjected to a moisture resistance test as in Example
1. The results are presented in Table 7.
7 TABLE 7 Example Comp.Ex. 19 20 21 22 23 6 7 Number of carbon in 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 acetal Avarage degree of 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0
64.0 butyralization (mole %) Residual acetyl group 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 content (mole %) Average degree of 1700 1700 1700 1700
1700 1700 1700 polymerization Plasticizer (wt. parts) 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 Na content (ppm) 10 10 10 0.7 0.7 10 10 Particle diameter
of 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5> 0.5> 1.0 1.0 Na (.mu.m) Addition amount
of 0.08 0.09 0.04 0 0 0.04 0.04 magnesium salt (wt. parts) Particle
diameter of 0.9 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 10.0 4.0 magnesium salt (.mu.m)
Haze after 24 hours of 19.0 16.4 26.8 28.4 38.3 92.0 67.2 immesion
(%) Tatal evaluation .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle.
.largecircle. .largecircle. X X
[0261] It will be apparent from Table 7 that the laminated glasses
according to Examples 19 to 23 of the invention have excellent
moisture resistance. In contrast, the glass laminates according to
Comparative Examples 6 and 7, in which the particle diameters of
magnesium salt contained in the interlayer films were over 3 am,
showed poor moisture resistance.
EXAMPLE 24
Synthesis and Production
[0262] Synthesis of poly(vinyl butyral) Resin
[0263] A reactor equipped with a stirring means was charged with
2900 weight parts of deionized water and 198 weight parts of a
poly(vinyl alcohol) with an average polymerization degree of 1700
and a saponification degree of 99.2 mole % (corresponding to 4.5
mols of vinyl alcohol) and the charge was heated to 95.degree. C.
with stirring for dissolving. After this solution was cooled to
30.degree. C., 208 weight parts (2.1 moles) of 35 weight %
hydrochloric acid and 152 weight parts (2.1 moles) of
n-butyraldehyde were added. After the liquid temperature was
lowered to 2.degree. C., the reaction system was maintained at this
temperature to precipitate the poly(vinyl butyral) resin. The
liquid temperature was then raised to 30.degree. C. and maintained
at this level for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was
neutralized with 156 weight parts (1.8 moles) of sodium
hydrogencarbonate, washed with water and dried to provide a
poly(vinyl butyral) resin with a butyralization degree of 65 mole
%.
[0264] The sodium content of this poly(vinyl butyral) resin was 50
ppm as determined by ICP emission spectrometry. The particle
diameter of the sodium salt was 12 .mu.m.
[0265] Production of a Resin Film
[0266] One hundred (100) weight parts of the poly(vinyl butyral)
resin obtained as above, 40 weight parts of triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.05 weight part of ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid, 0.04 weight part of magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate and 0.05 weight
part of modified silicone oil were fed to a mixing roll and
kneaded. Using a pressing machine, this kneaded material was
press-molded at 150.degree. C. and 120 kg/cm.sup.2 for 30 minutes
to provide a resin film of 0.8 mm in thickness. This resin film was
subjected to a moisture resistance test as in Example 1.
[0267] As the modified silicone oil, the oil of the following
chemical formula was used. 7
EXAMPLE 25
[0268] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 24 except that 0.08 weight part of salicylaldehyde
was used in lieu of 0.05 weight part of ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid. The results are shown in Table 8.
EXAMPLE 26
[0269] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 24 except that 1.0 weight part of oxalic acid was
used in lieu of 0.05 weight part of ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid. The results are shown in Table 8.
EXAMPLE 27
[0270] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 24 except that 0.03 weight part of
1,10-phenanthroline was used in lieu of 0.05 weight part of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The results are shown in Table
8.
EXAMPLE 28
[0271] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 24 except that 0.3 weight part of acetylacetone was
used in lieu of 0.05 weight part of ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid. The results are shown in Table 8.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 8
[0272] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 24 except that 0.05 weight part of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was not used. The results are shown
in Table 8.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 9
[0273] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 24 except that 0.3 weight part of acetone was used in
lieu of 0.05 weight part of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The
results are shown in Table 8.
8 TABLE 8 Butyral Diester Complex Mg salt of Modified Haze after 24
resin compound forming compound carboxylate silicone hours of (wt.
parts) (wt. parts) kind wt. (wt.) oil (wt.) immersion (%) Example
24 100 40 Ethylenediamin- 0.05 0.04 0.05 26.0 tetraacetic acid 25
100 40 Salicylaldehyde 0.08 0.04 0. 05 29.5 26 100 40 oxalic acid
1.0 0.04 0.05 35.6 27 100 40 1,10-phenanthor- 0.03 0.04 0.05 39.5
oline 28 100 40 acethylacetone 0.3 0.04 0.05 36.9 Compar. 8 100 40
none -- -- 0.05 77.0 Example 9 100 40 acetone 0.1 -- 0.05 92.0
[0274] of 1700 and a saponification degree of 98.9 mole % under
heating. After this reaction system was adjusted to 12.degree. C.,
201 g of 35 weight % hydrochloric acid catalyst and 148 g of
n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture was incubated at this
temperature to precipitate the reaction product. This reaction
system was held at 45.degree. C. for 3 hours to carry the reaction
to completion. The reaction mixture was then washed with an excess
of water to remove the unreacted n-butyraldehyde and the
hydrochloric acid catalyst was neutralized with aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution, the common neutralizing agent. The product was
rinsed with an excess of water for 2 hours and dried to provide a
white powdery poly(vinyl butyral) resin. This resin had an average
butyralization degree of 64 mole % and a resin acetyl group content
of 1 mole %.
[0275] (2) Production of an interlayer film for laminated glass
[0276] To 100 parts of the above poly(vinyl butyral) resin (average
polymerization degree: 1700, average butyralization degree: 64 mole
%, residual acetyl group content: 1 mole %) were added 40 parts of
the plasticizer triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.75 part of
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as the organic acid and 0.13 part of
dimethyloctylamine as the amine. The mixture was thoroughly
melt-kneaded with a mixing roll and press-molded with a pressing
machine at 150.degree. C. for 30 minutes to provide an interlayer
film for laminated glass having an average thickness of 0.76
mm.
[0277] The sodium content of the above interlayer film was 50 ppm
as determined by ICP emission spectrometry. The particle diameter
of elemental sodium in the interlayer film was 4 .mu.m as
determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
(TOF-SIMS).
[0278] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0279] The above interlayer film was sandwiched between two
transplant float glass sheets (30 cm.times.30 cm.times.3 mm thick)
and the assembly was placed in a rubber bag and deaerated under a
vacuum of 20 Torr for 20 minutes. The deaerated assembly was
immediately transferred to an oven at 90.degree. C. and pressed
under suction at a constant temperature of 80.degree. C. for 30
minutes.
[0280] The prebonded glass thus obtained was subjected to
post-bonding in a pneumatic autoclave at 135.degree. C. and 12
kg/cm.sup.2 for 20 minutes to provide a laminated glass.
[0281] The interlayer film for laminated glass thus obtained was
subjected to a moisture resistance test as in Example 1. The
results are shown in Table 9.
EXAMPLE 30
[0282] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 29
except that 0.30 part of octanoic acid was added in lieu of 0.75
part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as the organic acid and 0.35
part of decylamine in lieu of 0.13 part of dimethyloctylamine as
the amine in the preparation of the interlayer film for laminated
glass. The results are shown in Table 9.
[0283] The particle diameter of the elemental sodium in the above
interlayer film was 5 .mu.m as determined in the same manner as in
Example 29.
EXAMPLE 31
[0284] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 29
except that 0.20 part of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was added
in lieu of 0.75 part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as the organic
acid in the preparation of the interlayer film for laminated glass.
The results are shown in Table 9.
[0285] The particle diameter of the elemental sodium in the
interlayer film was 2 .mu.m as determined by the same method as in
Example 29.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 10
[0286] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 29
except that the dispersant organic acid and amine were not added in
the preparation of the interlayer film for laminated glass. The
results are shown in Table 9.
[0287] The particle diameter of the elemental sodium in the above
interlayer film was 20 .mu.m as determined in the same manner as in
Example 29.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 11
[0288] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 29
except that the addition of the dispersant organic acid and amine
was omitted and the washing time was altered from 2 hours to 3
hours in the preparation of the interlayer film for laminated
glass. The results are shown in Table 9.
[0289] The sodium content of the interlayer film was 30 ppm as
determined by the same procedure as in Example 29. The particle
diameter of the elemental sodium as determined by the same method
as in Example 29 was 13 .mu.m.
9 TABLE 9 Example Comp. Ex. 29 30 31 10 11 Interlayer film Number
of carbon in 4 4 4 4 4 acetal Avarage degree of 54.0 64.0 64.0 64.0
64.0 butyralization (mole %) Residual acetyl group 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 content (mole %) Avarage degree of 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700
polymerization Plasticizer (wt. parts) 40 40 40 40 40 Na content
(ppm) 50 50 50 50 30 Particle diameter of 4 5 2 20 13 Na (.mu.m)
Haze after 24 hours of 26 28 20 92 72 immesion (%) Tatal evaluation
.largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. X X
EXAMPLE 32
Synthesis and Sheet Formation
[0290] Synthesis of poly(vinyl butyral) Resin
[0291] A reactor equipped with a stirring means was charged with
2900 weight parts of deionized water, 198 weight parts of a
poly(vinyl alcohol) having an average polymerization degree of 1700
and a saponification degree of 99.2 mole % (corresponding to 4.5
moles of vinyl alcohol) and the charge was heated at 95.degree. C.
with stirring for dissolving. After this solution was cooled to
30.degree. C., 196 weight parts (1.9 moles) of 35 weight %
hydrochloric acid and 152 weight parts (2.1 moles) of
n-butyraldehyde were added. After the liquid temperature was
lowered to 2.degree. C., the reaction mixture was incubated at this
temperature to precipitate the poly(vinyl butyral) resin. The
liquid temperature was then raised to 30.degree. C. and maintained
at this level for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was
neutralized with 147 weight parts (1.7 moles) of sodium
hydrogencarbonate, washed with water and dried to provide a
poly(vinyl butyral) resin with a butyralization degree of 65 mole
%.
[0292] The sodium content of this poly(vinyl butyral) resin was 50
ppm as determined by ICP emission spectrometry. The particle
diameter of sodium salt was 12 .mu.m.
[0293] Preparation of a Resin Film
[0294] One hundred (100) weight parts of the above poly(vinyl
butyral) resin, 40 weight parts of triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and
0.23 weight part of hexylamine were fed to a mixing roll and
kneaded. This kneaded material was press-molded with a pressing
machine at 150.degree. C. and 120 kg/cm.sup.2 for 10 minutes to
provide a resin film of 0.8 mm in thickness. This resin film was
subjected to a moist blushing resistance test as in Example 1. The
results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 33
[0295] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.49 weight part of tetradecylamine was used in lieu of
0.23 weight part of hexylamine. The results are shown in Table
10.
EXAMPLE 34
[0296] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.75 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid was
used in lieu of 0.43 weight % of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The
results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 35
[0297] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.15 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.07 weight part of decylamine were used in lieu of 0.43 weight
part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of hexylamine.
The results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 36
[0298] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.75 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.36 weight part of decylamine were used in lieu of 0.43 weight
part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of hexylamine.
The results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 37
[0299] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.75 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.42 weight part of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.43 weight
part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of hexylamine.
The results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 38
[0300] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.75 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.55 weight part of N,N-dioctylamine were used in lieu of 0.43
weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of
hexylamine. The results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 39
[0301] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.37 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.18 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of
0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of
hexylamine. The results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 40
[0302] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.75 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.36 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of
0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of
hexylamine. The results are shown in Table 10.
EXAMPLE 41
[0303] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.75 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.49 weight part of N,N-dimethyldodecylamine were used in lieu of
0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23 weight part of
hexylamine. The results are shown in Table 10.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 12
[0304] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that the addition of 0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic
acid and 0.23 weight part of hexylamine was omitted. The results
are shown in Table 10.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 13
[0305] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that the addition of 0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic
acid was omitted and 0.36 weight part of decylamine was used in
lieu of 0.23 weight part of hexylamine. The results are shown in
Table 10.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 14
[0306] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that the addition of 0.23 weight part of hexylamine was
omitted. The results are shown in Table 10.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 15
[0307] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.80 weight part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was
used in lieu of 0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.23
weight part of hexylamine. The results are shown in Table 10.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 16
[0308] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 32
except that 0.33 weight part of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride
was used in lieu of 0.43 weight part of p-toluenesulfonic acid and
0.23 weight part of hexylamine. The results are shown in Table
10.
10 TABLE 10 Sulfonic acid Amine Haze after 24 addition addition
hours of immersion Kind amount R.sup.5 R.sup.6 R.sup.7 amount (%)
Example 32 p-toluenesulfonic acid 0.43 hexyl H H 0.23 29.1 33
p-toluenesulfonic acid 0.43 tetra- H H 0.49 18.6 decyl 34
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.75 hexyl H H 0.23 22.8 35
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.15 decyl H H 0.07 27.8 36
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.75 decyl H H 0.36 17.1 37
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.75 dodecyl H H 0.42 20.1 38
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.75 octyl octyl H 0.55 32.4 39
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.37 octyl methyl methyl 0.18 29.3 40
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.75 octyl methyl methyl 0.36 23.1 41
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.75 dodecyl methyl methyl 0.49 29.1
Compar. 12 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 77.6 Example 13 -- 0 decyl H H 0.36 85.9
14 p-toluenesulfonic acid 0.43 -- -- -- 0 resin degradation 15
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 0.80 76.8 16
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 0.33 60.6
[0309] The sodium content of this poly(vinyl butyral) resin was 20
ppm as determined by ICP emission spectrometry. The particle
diameter of the sodium salt was 3.5 .mu.m.
[0310] Preparation of a Resin Film
[0311] One-hundred (100) weight parts of the poly(vinylbutyral)
resin obtained above, 40 weight parts of triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
and 0.17 weight part of decylamine were kneaded together and
press-molded under the same conditions as used in Example 32 to
provide a resin film of 0.8 mm in thickness. This resin film was
subjected to a moist blushing test as in Example 1. The results are
shown in Table 11.
EXAMPLE 43
[0312] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.17 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.09 weight part of decylamine were used in lieu of 0.33 weight
part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight part of
decylamine.
EXAMPLE 44
[0313] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.03 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.02 weight part of decylamine were used in lieu of 0.33 weight
part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight part of
decylamine.
EXAMPLE 45
[0314] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.17 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine was used in
lieu of 0.17 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in
Table 11.
EXAMPLE 46
[0315] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.17 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.09 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of
0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight
part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table 11.
EXAMPLE 47
[0316] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.03 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.02 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of
0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight
part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table 11.
EXAMPLE 48
[0317] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.30 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.20 weight part of N,N-dimethyldodecylamine were used in lieu of
0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight
part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table 11.
EXAMPLE 49
[0318] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.12 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.08 weight part of N,N-dimethyldodecylamine were used in lieu of
0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight
part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table 11.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 17
[0319] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that the addition of 0.33 weight part of
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 0.17 weight part of decylamine were
omitted. The results are shown in Table 11.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 18
[0320] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that the addition of 0.33 weight part of
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid was omitted and that 0.36 weight part
of decylamine was used in lieu of 0.17 weight part of decylamine.
The results are shown in Table 11.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 19
[0321] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.30 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid was
used in lieu of 0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.17 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table
11.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 20
[0322] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.50 weight part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was
used in lieu of 0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.17 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table
11.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 21
[0323] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 42
except that 0.50 weight part of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride
was used in lieu of 0.33 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
and 0.17 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table
11.
11 TABLE 11 Sulfonic acid Amine Haze after 24 addition addition
hours of immersion Kind amount R.sup.5 R.sup.6 R.sup.7 amount (%)
Example 42 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.33 decyl H H 0.17 18.8 43
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.17 decyl H H 0.09 12.5 44
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.03 decyl H H 0.02 17.2 45
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.33 octyl methyl methyl 0.17 10.4 46
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.17 octyl methyl methyl 0.09 11.2 47
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.03 octyl methyl methyl 0.02 13.6 48
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.30 dodecyl methyl methyl 0.20 16.4 49
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.12 dodecyl methyl methyl 0.08 17.2
Compar. 17 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 33.4 Example 18 -- 0 decyl H H 0.36 59.2
19 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.30 -- -- -- 0 resin degradation 20
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 0.50 68.4 21
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 0.50 54.7
[0324] of triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.30 weight part
of octanoic acid and 0.35 weight part of decylamine were kneaded
together and press-molded under the same conditions as in Example
32 to provide a resin film of 0.8 mm in thickness. This resin film
was subjected to a moist blushing test as in Example 1. The results
are shown in Table 12.
EXAMPLE 51
[0325] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 50
except that 0.40 weight part of dodecylamine was used in lieu of
0.35 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table
12.
EXAMPLE 52
[0326] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 50
except that 0.45 weight part of tetradecylamine was used in lieu of
0.35 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in Table
12.
EXAMPLE 53
[0327] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 50
except that 0.50 weight part of myristic acid and 0.40 weight part
of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.30 weight part of octanoic
acid and 0.35 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in
Table 12.
EXAMPLE 54
[0328] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 50
except that 0.45 weight part of N,N-dimethyldodecylamine was used
in lieu of 0.35 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in
Table 12.
EXAMPLE 55
[0329] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 50
except that 0.30 weight part of benzoic acid and 0.40 weight part
of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.30 weight part of octanoic
acid and 0.35 weight part of decylamine. The results are shown in
Table 12.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 22
[0330] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 50
except that the addition of 0.35 weight part of decylamine was
omitted. The results are shown in Table 12.
12 TABLE 12 Carboxylic acid Amine Haze after 24 addition addition
hours of Kind amount R.sup.5 R.sup.6 R.sup.7 amount immersion (%)
Example 50 octanoic acid 0.30 decyl H H 0.35 23.4 51 octanoic acid
0.30 dodedyl H H 0.40 24.9 52 octanoic acid 0.30 tetra- H H 0.45
23.7 decyl 53 myristic acid 0.50 dodecyl H H 0.40 29.6 54 octanoic
acid 0.30 dodecyl methyl methyl 0.45 29.6 55 benzoic acid 0.30
dodecyl H H 0.40 27.0 Compar. 22 octanoic acid 0.30 -- -- -- 0 75.0
Example
[0331] to a moist blushing resistance test as in Example 1. The
results are shown in Table 13.
EXAMPLE 57
[0332] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.17 weight part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.13
weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of 0.16
weight part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.14 weight part of
dodecylamine. The results are shown in Table 13.
EXAMPLE 58
[0333] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.19 weight part of di(n-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and
0.11 weight part of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.16 weight
part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.14 weight part of
dodecylamine. The results are shown in Table 13.
EXAMPLE 59
[0334] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.20 weight part of di(n-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and
0.10 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of
0.16 weight part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.14 weight part
of dodecylamine. The results are shown in Table 13.
EXAMPLE 60
[0335] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.20 weight part of di(n-dodecyl)phosphoric acid and
0.10 weight part of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.16 weight
part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.14 weight part of
dodecylamine. The results are shown in Table 13.
EXAMPLE 61
[0336] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.21 weight part of di(2-dodecyl)phosphoric acid and
0.09 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of
0.16 weight part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.14 weight part
of dodecylamine. The results are shown in Table 13.
EXAMPLE 62
[0337] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.17 weight part of diphenylphosphoric acid and 0.13
weight part of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.16 weight part
of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and 0.14 weight part of dodecylamine.
The results are shown in Table 13.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 23
[0338] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.30 weight part of sodium mono(n-dodecyl)phosphate was
used in lieu of 0.16 weight part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid and
0.14 weight part of dodecylamine. The results are shown in Table
13.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 24
[0339] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 56
except that 0.33 weight part of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride
was used in lieu of 0.16 weight part of di(n-butyl)phosphoric acid
and 0.14 weight part of dodecylamine. The results are shown in
Table 13.
13 TABLE 13 Phosphoric acid Amine Haze after 24 Addition Addition
hours of R.sup.3 R.sup.4 amount R.sup.5 R.sup.6 R.sup.7 amount
immersion (%) Example 56 n-butyl n-butyl 0.16 dodecyl H H 0.14 16.5
57 n-butyl n-butyl 0.17 octyl methyl methyl 0.13 17.3 58
2-ethylhexyl 2-ethylhexyl 0.19 dodecyl H H 0.11 12.6 59
2-ethylhexyl 2-ethylhexyl 0.20 octyl methyl methyl 0.10 14.6 60
n-dodecyl n-dodecyl 0.20 dodecyl H H 0.10 13.4 61 n-dodecyl
n-dodecyl 0.21 octyl methyl methyl 0.09 15.0 62 phenyl phenyl 0.17
dodecyl H H 0.13 16.7 Compar. 23 Sodium (n-dodecyl)phosphoric acid
0.30 57.9 Example 24 Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 0.33
54.7
[0340] warming. After the temperature of the reaction system was
adjusted to 12.degree. C., 201 g of 35 weight % hydrochloric acid
catalyst and 148 g of n-butyraldehyde were added and the mixture
was incubated at the same temperature to precipitate the reaction
product. The reaction system was then maintained at 45.degree. C.
for 3 hours to carry the reaction to completion. The reaction
mixture was washed with an excess of water to remove the unreacted
n-butyraldehyde and the catalyst hydrochloric acid was neutralized
with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was further
washed with an excess of water for 2 hours and then dried to
provide a white powdery poly(vinyl butyral) resin. This poly(vinyl
butyral) resin showed an average polymerization degree of 1700, a
butyralization degree of 65 mole %, a residual acetyl group content
of 1 mole %, a residual vinyl alcohol content of 34 mole %, a
neutral salt (NaCl) content of 20 ppm as sodium, and a neutral salt
particle diameter of 2 .mu.m.
[0341] (2) Production of an interlayer film for laminated glass
[0342] To 100 parts of the poly(vinyl butyral) resin obtained as
above were added 40 parts of the plasticizer triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate (3GH), 0.071 part (2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of
the metal salt of carboxylate (bond strength control agent)
magnesium 2-ethylbutanoate (of 6 carbons) and suitable amounts of
ultraviolet absorber and antioxidant, followed by thorough mixing.
The organic acid content of the 3GH used above was 100 ppm. Then,
using a compact extruder (trade name: Laboplastomill, Toyo
Precision Machinery) equipped with a T-die, the mixture prepared as
above was extruded at an extrusion temperature of 80 to 180.degree.
C. and a die exit temperature of 200.degree. C. to provide an
interlayer film for laminated glass of about 0.8 mm in
thickness.
[0343] (3) Production of a laminated glass
[0344] After the interlayer film for laminated glass prepared as
above was conditioned in a constant-temperature, constant humidity
chamber to a water content of 0.4 to 0.5 weight %, it was
sandwiched between two float glass sheets (2.4 mm thick) and
prebonded by means of a roll. This prebonded assembly was
post-bonded in an autoclave at a temperature of 130.degree. C. and
a pressure of 13 kg/cm.sup.2 to provide a laminated glass.
[0345] (4) Evaluation
[0346] The performance characteristic (Pummel value) of the above
laminated glass was evaluated by the method described below. The
moisture resistance of the laminate was evaluated by the method
described in Example 1. The results are set forth in Table 14.
[0347] Evaluation Method
[0348] (1) Pummel value
[0349] The laminated glass left standing at a temperature of
-18.degree..+-.0.6.degree. C. for 16 hours for conditioning is
stricken with a hammer having a head weighing 0.45 kg until the
diameter of glass fragments produced has reached 6 mm or less.
Then, the extent of exposure of the interlayer film after partical
exfoliation of the glass was evaluated against the graded limit
sample and converted to a Pammel value according to the criteria
shown in Table 1. The Pummel value was determined under three
conditions, (a) initial, (b) after 1 month at 50.degree. C., and
(c) after 2 months at 50.degree. C. The larger the Pammel value is,
the higher is the bond strength between sheet and glass. By the
same token, the smaller the Pammel value is, the lower is the bond
strength between the interlayer film and the glass.
EXAMPLES 64 to 69
[0350] Except that the metal salt of carboxylates shown in Table 14
were respectively used as the bond strength control agent, the
procedure of Example 63 was otherwise repeated to provide
interlayer film for laminated glasses and glass laminates.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 25
[0351] Except that 0.04 part (2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of
magnesium acetate (of 2 carbons) was used in lieu of 0.071 part of
magnesium 2-ethylbutanoate as the metal salt of carboxylate in the
preparation of an interlayer film for laminated glass, the
procedure of Example 63 was otherwise repeated to provide an
interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated glass.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 26
[0352] Except that the metal salt of carboxylate shown in Table 14
was incorporated as the bond strength control agent, the procedure
of Example 63 was otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film
for laminated glass and a laminated glass.
[0353] The performance characteristics of the laminated glasses
obtained in Examples 64 to 69 and Comparative Examples 25 and 26
were evaluated as in Example 63. The results are set forth in Table
14.
14 TABLE 14 Metal salt of carboxylate Pammer value Haze after 24
Plasticizer (the bond strength control agent) Passed Passed hours
of kind (amount) kind amount (.times.10.sup.-4 mole) Initial time A
time B immersion (%) Example 63 3GH (40) magnesium 2-ethylbutanoate
0.071 (2.8) 5 5 5 41 64 3GH (40) magnesium pentanoate 0.063 (2.8) 5
5 5 49 65 3GH (40) zinc 2-ethylbutanoate 0.089 (3.0) 5 4 4 38 66
3GH (40) potassium pentanoate 0.045 (3.2) 5 5 5 27 67 3GH (40)
magnesiun 2-ethylpentanoate 0.079 (2.8) 5 3 2 38 68 3GH (40)
magnesiun 2-ethylhexanoate 0.087 (2.8) 5 3 2 31 69 3GH (40)
magnesiun decanoate 0.103 (2.8) 5 1 1 28 Compar. 25 3GH (40)
magnesium acetate 0.040 (2.8) 5 5 5 92 Example 26 3GH (40)
magnesium butanoate 0.056 (2.8) 5 5 5 90
EXAMPLE 70
[0354] An interlayer film for laminated glass was prepared as in
Example 63 except that the following composition was used: 100
parts of the poly(vinyl butyral) resin prepared as in Example 65
(average degree of polymerization: 1650, degree of butyralization:
67 mole %, residual acetyl group content: 1 mole %, residual vinyl
alcohol content: 32 mole %, sodium content: 20 ppm, neutral salt
particle diameter: 2 .mu.m) as the poly(vinyl acetal) resin, 38
parts of triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO) as the
plasticizer, 0.071 part (2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of magnesium
2-ethylbutanoate (of 6 carbons) as the metal salt of carboxylate,
suitable amounts of ultraviolet absorber and antioxidant.
[0355] Using the interlayer film for laminated glass obtained as
above, a laminated glass was fabricated in the same manner as in
Example 63.
EXAMPLES 71 AND 72
[0356] Except that the metal salt of carboxylates shown in Table 15
were respectively used as the bond strength control agent, the
procedure of Example 70 was otherwise repeated to provide
interlayer film for laminated glasses and glass laminates.
EXAMPLE 73
[0357] An interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated glass
were prepared as in Example 70 except that a poly(vinyl butyral)
resin (average degree of polymerization: 1650, degree of
butyralization: 67 mole %, residual acetyl group content: 1 mole %,
residual vinyl alcohol content: 32 mole %), the neutral salt
(sodium chloride) content of which had been reduced to 10 ppm as
sodium by washing with pure water was used as the poly(vinyl
acetal) resin.
EXAMPLES 74 TO 78
[0358] Except that the metal salt of carboxylates shown in Table 15
were respectively used as the bond strength control agent, the
procedure of Example 70 was otherwise repeated to provide
interlayer film for laminated glasses and glass laminates.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 27
[0359] An interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated glass
were prepared as in Example 70 except that 0.04 part
(2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of magnesium acetate was added in lieu
of 0.071 part of magnesium 2-ethylbutanoate as the metal salt of
carboxylate in the preparation of an interlayer film for laminated
glass.
[0360] The performance characteristics of the glass laminates
obtained in Examples 70 to 78 and Comparative Example 27 were
evaluated as in Example 63. The results are set forth in Table
15.
15 TABLE 15 Metal salt of carboxylate Pammer value Haze after 24
Plasticizer (the bond strength control agent) Passed Passed hours
of kind (amount) kind amount (.times.10.sup.-4 mole) Initial time A
time B immersion (%) Example 70 3G0 (38) magnesiun 2-ethylbutanoate
0.071 (2.8) 5 5 5 42 71 3G0 (38) magnesiun octanoate 0.087 (2.8) 5
5 4 34 72 3G0 (38) magnesiun 2-ethylhexanoate 0.061 (2.0) 5 4 4 38
potassium formate 0.021 (2.5) 73 3G0 (38) magnesiun
2-ethylbutanoate 0.071 (2.8) 5 5 5 21 74 3G0 (38) magnesiun
2-ethylpentanoate 0.079 (2.8) 5 3 2 37 75 3G0 (38) magnesiun
2-ethylhexanoate 0.087 (2.8) 5 3 1 33 76 3G0 (38) magnesiun
nonanoate 0.095 (2.8) 5 2 1 29 77 3G0 (38) magnesiun decanoate
0.103 (2.8) 5 2 1 32 78 3G0 (38) magnesiun 2-ethylhexanoate 0.061
(2.0) 5 3 2 39 potassium formate 0.021 (2.5) Compar. 27 3G0 (38)
magnesiun acetate 0.040 (2.8) 5 5 5 92 Example
EXAMPLE 79
[0361] An interlayer film for laminated glass was prepared by the
same procedure as in Example 63 except that the following sheet
composition was used: 100 parts of a poly(vinyl butyral) resin
(average degree of polymerization: 1720, degree of butyralization:
66 mole %, residual acetyl group content: 1 mole %, residual vinyl
alcohol content: 33 mole %, sodium content: 20 ppm, neutral salt
particle diameter: 2 .mu.m) as the poly(vinyl acetal) resin, 39
parts of tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (4GO) as the
plasticizer, 0.079 part (2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of magnesium
2-ethylpentanoate (of 7 carbons) as the metal salt of carboxylate,
and suitable amounts of ultraviolet absorber and antioxidant.
[0362] Using the interlayer film for laminated glass obtained as
above, a laminated glass was fabricated as in Example 63.
EXAMPLES 80 TO 82
[0363] Except that the metal salt of carboxylates shown in Table 16
were respectively used as the bond strength control agent, the
procedure of Example 79 was otherwise repeated to provide
interlayer film for laminated glasses and glass laminates.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 28
[0364] An interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated glass
were prepared as in Example 79 except that 0.04 part
(2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of magnesium acetate (of 2 carbons) was
used in lieu of 0.079 part of magnesium 2-ethylpentanoate as the
metal salt of carboxylate in the preparation of the interlayer film
for laminated glass.
[0365] The performance characteristics of the glass laminates
obtained in Examples 79 to 82 and Comparative Example 28 were
evaluated as in Example 63. The results are set forth in Table
16.
16 TABLE 16 Metal salt of carboxylate Pammer value Haze after 24
Prasticizer (the bond strength control agent) Passed Passed hours
of kind (amount) kind amount (.times.10.sup.-4 mole) Initial time A
time B immersion (%) Example 79 4G0 (39) magnesium
2-ethylpentanoate 0.079 (2.8) 5 5 5 32 80 4G0 (39) magnesium
2-ethylbutanoate 0.071 (2.8) 5 3 2 40 81 4G0 (39) magnesium
2-ethylhexanoate 0.087 (2.8) 5 3 1 28 82 4G0 (39) magnesium
nonanoate 0.095 (2.8) 5 3 2 25 Compar. 28 4G0 (39) magnesium
acetate 0.040 (2.8) 5 5 5 92 Example
EXAMPLE 83
[0366] An interlayer film for laminated glass was prepared as in
Example 63 except that the following composition was used: 100
parts of a poly(vinyl butyral) resin (average degree of
polymerization: degree of 1650, butyralization: 68 mole %, residual
acetyl group content: 1 mole %, residual vinyl alcohol content: 31
mole %), the neutral salt (sodium chloride) content of which had
been reduced to 20 ppm as sodium by washing with pure water, as the
poly(vinyl acetal) resin, 36 parts of dihexyl adipate (DHA) as the
plasticizer, 0.071 part (2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of magnesium
2-ethylbutanoate (of 6 carbons) as the metal salt of carboxylate,
and suitable amounts of ultraviolet absorber and antioxidant.
[0367] Using the laminate glass interlayer film obtained as above,
a laminated glass was fabricated as in Example 63.
EXAMPLES 84 AND 85
[0368] Except that the metal salt of carboxylates shown in Table 17
were respectively used as the bond strength control agent,
interlayer film for laminated glasses and glass laminates were
prepared as in Example 83.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 29
[0369] An interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated-glass
were prepared as in Example 83 except that 0.04 part
(2.8.times.10.sup.-4 mole) of magnesium acetate (of 2 carbons) was
added in lieu of 0.071 part of magnesium 2-ethylbutanoate as the
metal salt of carboxylate in the preparation of the interlayer
film.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 30
[0370] Except that the metal salt of carboxylate shown in Table 17
was used as the bond strength control agent, the procedure of
Example 83 was otherwise repeated to provide an interlayer film for
laminated glass and a laminated glass.
[0371] The performance characteristics of the glass laminates
obtained in Examples 83 to 85 and Comparative Examples 29 and 30
were evaluated as in Example 63. The results are set forth in Table
17.
17 TABLE 17 Metal salt of carboxylate Pammer value Haze after 24
Plasticizer (the bond strength control agent) Passed Passed hours
of kind (amount) kind amount (.times.10.sup.-4 mole) Initial time A
time B immersion (%) Example 79 4G0 (39) magnesiun
2-ethylpentanoate 0.079 (2.8) 5 5 5 32 80 4G0 (39) mgnesiun
2-ethylbutanoate 0.071 (2.8) 5 3 2 40 81 4G0 (39) magnesiun
2-ethylhexanoate 0.087 (2.8) 5 3 1 28 82 4G0 (39) magnesiun
nonanoate 0.095 (2.8) 5 3 2 25 Compar. 28 4G0 (39) magnesium
acetate 0.040 (2.8) 5 5 5 92 Example
EXAMPLE 86
[0372] One-hundred (100) weight parts of the poly(vinyl butyral)
resin obtained in Example 42, 40 weight parts of triethylene glycol
di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.056 weight part of camphorsulfonic acid and
0.044 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine were kneaded together
and press-molded under the same conditions as in Example 42 to
provide a resin film of 0.8 mm in thickness. This resin film was
subjected to a moist blushing test as in Example 1. The results are
shown in Table 18.
EXAMPLE 87
[0373] A resin film was prepared and evaluated in the same manner
as in Example 86 except that 0.043 weight part of
hydroxypropanesulfonic acid and 0.057 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine were used in lieu of 0.056 weight part of
comphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
EXAMPLE 88
[0374] Except that 0.056 weight part of mesitylenesulfonic acid was
used in lieu of 0.056 weight part of camphorsulfonic acid, a resin
film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86. The results are
shown in Table 18.
EXAMPLE 89
[0375] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.08 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.02 weight part of pyridine were used in lieu of 0.056 weight part
of comphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
EXAMPLE 90
[0376] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.061 weight part of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and
0.039 weight part of p-toluidine were used in lieu of 0.056 weight
part of camphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
EXAMPLE 91
[0377] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.048 weight part of 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid and
0.104 weight part of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.056 weight
part of comphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
EXAMPLE 92
[0378] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.042 weight part of salicylic acid and 0.06 weight
part of dodecylamine were used in lieu of 0.056 weight part of
camphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 31
[0379] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.1 weight part of pyridine was used in lieu of 0.056
weight part of camphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 32
[0380] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.1 weight part of salicylic acid was used in lieu of
0.056 weight part of camphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 33
[0381] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.1 weight part of sodium camphorsulfonate was used in
lieu of 0.056 weight part of camphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight
part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table
18.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 34
[0382] A resin film was prepared and evaluated as in Example 86
except that 0.1 weight part of pyridinium chloride was used in lieu
of 0.056 weight part of camphorsulfonic acid and 0.044 weight part
of N,N-dimethyloctylamine. The results are shown in Table 18.
18 TABLE 18 Organic acid Amine Haze after 24 addition addition
hours of kind amount kind amount immersion (%) Example 86
camphorsulfonic acid 0.056 N,N-dimethyloctyl amine 0.044 25.7 87
hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 0.043 N,N-dimethyloctyl amine 0.057
29.0 88 mesytylenesulfonic acid 0.056 N,N-dimethyloctyl amine 0.044
20.4 89 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.08 pyridine 0.02 21.4 90
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 0.06 p-toluidine 0.039 19.8 91
1,1-cyclohexane diacetate 0.04 dodecylamine 0.104 26.9 92 salicylic
acid 0.042 dodecylamine 0.06 26.1 Compar. 31 -- -- pyridine 0.1
46.2 Example 32 salicylic acid 0.1 -- -- 35.1 33 Sodiun
camphorsulfonate 0.1 66.2 34 pyridinium chloride 0.1 54.7
[0383] butyral) resin prepared in Example 42, 40 weight parts of
triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 0.4 weight part of octanoic
acid, 0.11 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine and 0.037 weight
part of magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate were kneaded together and
press-molded as in Example 42 to provide a resin film of 0.8 mm in
thickness. This resin film was subjected to a moist blushing test
as in Example 1.
[0384] In addition, the above resin film was sandwiched between two
glass sheets (4.times.4 cm) to fabricate a laminated glass. Using
this laminated glass, a peeling test was performed by the following
method. The results are shown in Table 19.
[0385] Peeling Test
[0386] The laminated glass was immersed in water at 60.degree. C.
for 1 week and dried in an oven at 80.degree. C. for 4 hours. This
immersion and drying cycle was repeated for a total of 3 times and
the degree of exfoliation of the interlayer film adjoining to the
laminated glass was visually examined.
EXAMPLE 94
[0387] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the amount of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine was altered to 0.28 weight part. The results
are shown in Table 19.
EXAMPLE 95
[0388] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the amount of octanoic acid
was altered to 0.1 weight part and that of N,N-dimethyloctylamine
was altered to 0.06 weight part. The results are shown in Table
19.
EXAMPLE 96
[0389] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the amount of octanoic acid
and N,N-dimethyloctylamine were altered to 0.2 weight part and 0.09
weight part, respectively, and, in addition, 0.045 weight part of
magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate was used in lieu of 0.037 weight part of
magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate. The results are shown in Table 19.
EXAMPLE 97
[0390] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the amount of octanoic acid
and N,N-dimethyloctylamine were altered to 0.1 weight part and 0.06
weight part, respectively, and that 0.045 weight part of magnesium
2-ethylhexanoate was used in lieu of 0.037 weight part of magnesium
2-ethylbutyrate. The results are shown in Table 19.
EXAMPLE 98
[0391] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the amount of octanoic acid
was altered to 0.1 weight part and that 0.06 weight part of
decylamine and 0.045 weight part of magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate were
used in lieu of 0.11 weight part of N,N-dimethyloctylamine and
0.037 weight part of magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate. The results are
shown in Table 19.
EXAMPLE 99
[0392] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that 0.03 weight part of
di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was used in lieu of 0.4 weight part
of octanoic acid and that the amount of N,N-dimethyloctylamine was
altered to 0.02 weight part. The results are shown in Table 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 35
[0393] The laminated glass obtained in Comparative Example 12 was
subjected to a peeling test as in Example 93. The results are shown
in Table 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 36
[0394] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the addition of octanoic
acid and N,N-dimethyloctylamine was omitted. The results are shown
in Table 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 37
[0395] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the addition of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine was omitted. The results are shown in Table
19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 38
[0396] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the addition of octanoic
acid was omitted. The results are shown in Table 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 39
[0397] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that the addition of octanoic
acid and N,N-dimethyloctylamine was omitted and that 0.045 weight
part of magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate was used in lieu of 0.037 weight
part of magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate. The results are shown in Table
19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 40
[0398] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that 0.2 weight part of octanoic
acid and 0.045 weight part of magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate were used
in lieu of 0.4 weight part of octanoic acid, 0.11 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine and 0.037 weight part of magnesium
2-ethylbutyrate. The results are shown in Table 19.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 41
[0399] A resin film and a laminated glass were prepared and
evaluated as in Example 93 except that 0.1 weight part of octanoic
acid and 0.045 weight part of magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate were used
in lieu of 0.4 weight part of octanoic acid, 0.11 weight part of
N,N-dimethyloctylamine and 0.037 weight part of magnesium
2-ethylbutyrate. The results are shown in Table 19.
19 TABLE 19 Oranic acid Amine Organic acid magnesium Haze after 24
Presence addition addition addition hours of or absence kind amount
kind amount kind amount immersion (%) of peeling Ex. 93 octanoic
acid 0.4 N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.11 magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate
0.037 24.3 none 94 octanoic acid 0.4 N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.28
magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate 0.037 22.5 none 95 octanoic acid 0.1
N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.06 magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate 0.037 25.3
none 96 octanoic acid 0.2 N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.09 magnesium
2-ethylhexanoate 0.045 19.0 none 97 octanoic acid 0.1
N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.06 magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate 0.045 20.6
none 98 octanoic acid 0.1 decylamine 0.06 magnesium
2-ethylhexanoate 0.045 19.4 none 99 di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.03
N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.02 magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate 0.037 25.6
none phosphoric acid Comp. 35 -- -- -- -- -- -- 33.4 presence Ex.
36 -- -- -- -- magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate 0.037 68.9 none 37
octanoic acid 0.4 -- -- magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate 0.037 36.6 none
38 -- -- N,N-dimethyloctylamine 0.11 magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate
0.037 71.2 none 39 -- -- -- -- magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate 0.045
45.2 none 40 octanoic acid 0.2 -- -- magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate
0.045 36.7 none 41 octanaic acid 0.1 -- -- magnesium
2-ethylhexanoate 0.045 38.9 none
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0400] Having the constitution described above, the present
invention provides an interlayer film for laminated glass and a
laminated glass, which are substantially free from blushing along
the peripheral edge of the glass even in a highly humid environment
and not compromised in transparency, weather resistance, bond
strength and penetration resistance.
* * * * *