U.S. patent application number 09/802024 was filed with the patent office on 2002-01-10 for volatilizing and recovery of precious metals using air/gas injection.
Invention is credited to Chase, Charles E..
Application Number | 20020003323 09/802024 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26902229 |
Filed Date | 2002-01-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020003323 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chase, Charles E. |
January 10, 2002 |
Volatilizing and recovery of precious metals using air/gas
injection
Abstract
A process to liberate volatile precious metals, and other
minerals using air injection (FIG. 1). Volatile precious metals
contained in aqueous or chemical solution(s), or slurries,
including feed material(s) can be successfully extracted at a low
cost using air/gas injection. It can be run continuously through
the extraction apparatus at a large volume (FIG. 1). Air/gas is
injected into the aqueous or chemical solution or slurry (229) and
agitated by the impeller (232) or by natural or mechanical means to
break down the air to small bubbles and disburse them throughout
the aqueous or chemical solution, or slurries (229). The bubbles
ascend and rise to the top of the tank or container (238) where the
pregnant gasses are drawn off into the gas scrubbing tower (256).
Or as in the feed material process, referring now to (FIG. 2), air
is circulating up or through the feed material of a predetermined
size and moisture content, in a enclosed tank or container (307).
The air is collected at the top of the tank or container and drawn
off to the gas scrubbing tower (256), as in (FIG. 1). The scrubbing
with a combination of sodium chemical or other solutions from
make-up-tank solutions (246), strips the air of the volatile
minerals (258). The sodium or other suitable chemicals reduces the
volatile minerals to a semi stable ion. Reffering now to (FIG. 1).
Fine grained ores or feed materials that can't be stripped of its
volatile minerals as in (FIG. 2), may be processed in the following
manner. The fine grained or compact feed material may be ground to
flour consistency with an aqueous solution or slurry. The slurry is
thinned to the consistency of a thin gravy, where is subjected to
air injection as in (FIG. 1) process.
Inventors: |
Chase, Charles E.; (Baker
City, OR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Charles E. Chase
740 Valley Ave.
Baker City
OR
97814
US
|
Family ID: |
26902229 |
Appl. No.: |
09/802024 |
Filed: |
March 9, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60207429 |
May 30, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
266/101 ;
266/170 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C22B 3/02 20130101; Y02P
10/20 20151101; Y02P 10/234 20151101; C22B 11/046 20130101; Y02P
10/214 20151101 |
Class at
Publication: |
266/101 ;
266/170 |
International
Class: |
C22B 003/00; C22B
009/02; C22B 013/08 |
Claims
I claim:
1. A means for extracting and recovery of minerals comprising:
using air/gases as a catalyst, volatilizing minerals from aqueous
or chemical solution(s), slurries or from selected feed
material(s).
2. The means for extracting and recovering volatile minerals of
claim 1 wherein, said air/gases are injected into and disbursed by
natural or mechanical means through the aqueous or chemical
solution(s), or slurries, the air/gases being brought in contact
with volatile minerals.
3. The means for extracting and recovering volatile minerals of
claim 1 wherein, as the small bubbles rise through the solutions or
slurries, they act as the catalyst, liberating volatile minerals
that are volatilized by the air/gas injection, causing the rising
air/gases to become laden with volatile minerals.
4. The means for extracting and recovering volatile minerals of
claim 1 wherein the mineral laden air/gases are captured and drawn
off where the volatile precious metals and other minerals are
separated from the air/gases and the volatile minerals are
converted into stable ion's in a sodium based or other suitable
chemical solutions.
5. The means for extracting and recovering volatile minerals of
claim 1 wherein, the feed material of a predetermined size are fed
into a tank or container where the feed material is exposed to
circulating air/gases, wherein said feed material is stripped of
volatile minerals.
6. The means of extracting and recovering volatile minerals of
claim 1 wherein, feed materials crushed and ground to a fine
consistency in a aqueous solution forming a slurry and thinned to a
thin gravy like consistency, this thin slurry may then be then
processed using the air/gases injection process as in FIG. 1.
7. The means of extracting and recovering precious metals of claim
1 wherein, the injection process may be used on the end of a
conventional recovery or processing or sewage, or other treatment
plants, running waste solutions through the air/gas injection
process before it goes into settling or containment ponds, or using
the air/gas injection process after letting the solids sink to the
bottom of the settling or containment ponds.
8. A means of controlling the volatility of minerals wherein, using
air/gas temperature to control the volatility of volatile minerals
in the aqueous or chemical solutions, slurry or feed material.
9. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 8
wherein, the air/gases may be heated to increase the volatility of
volatile minerals in aqueous or chemical solutions, slurry or feed
material.
10. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 8
wherein, heated air/gases can increase the size of the feed
material being stripped of volatile minerals.
11. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 8
wherein, can shorten the retention time of the feed material being
stripped of volatile minerals.
12. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 8
wherein, pre heating the air/gases increases the volume or the
gallons per minute of aqueous or chemical solutions, or slurry
being stripped of its volatile minerals.
13. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 8
wherein, chilling or cooling the air being injected into aqueous or
chemical solutions or slurry and feed material slows the
volatility, making selective mineral separation possible.
14. A means for controlling the volatility of minerals wherein, the
aqueous or chemical solutions or slurry and the feed material may
be heated or chilled to temperatures that are conducive to control
the extraction of volatile minerals.
15. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 14
wherein, feed material may be heated or chilled to a predetermined
temperature to increase or decrease the volatility of hard to
volatilize minerals, before the air/gases are circulated into the
feed material.
16. The means of controlling the volatility of minerals in claim 14
wherein, the volatility of aqueous or chemical solutions or
slurries may be preheated in open air to pre volatilize highly
volatile minerals of little value before using the air/gas
injection process. Whereby, the process will be environmentally
beneficial, an energy saver and open up opportunities for small
business and expand our limited natural resources.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is entitled to the benefit of a Patent
Pending Application (PPA) serial No. 60/207,429, filed May, 30,
2000.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to precious metal extraction,
specifically to the volatilizing and recovery of precious, and
other minerals using air/gas injection, from aqueous solution(s),
slurries, including different type(s) of mineral ore bodies.
[0004] 2. Description of Prior Art
[0005] Early inventors weren't aware of volatile metals existing in
any quantities, therefore this area of mineral separation was
overlooked. This invention covers an area that hasn't been covered,
and the invention deals with the volatile aspect of the minerals
separation and recovery process in a non-polluting environmentally
clean procedure.
[0006] We can find no prior art that covers the essence of this
invention, we have submitted these examples of inventors dealing
with non volatile precious metals. Inventors over the years have
come up with many process, including the three ore dressing
applications that have been submitted. U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,003, a
coherent radiation process by Bergner. U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,617 a
froth floatation process by Moore and, Tassoni and U.S. Pat. No.
3,701,421 by Maxwell also froth floatation. The latter two using
froth floatation have a limited degree of success on concentrating
pacific non-volatile minerals. However floatation is a very
environmentally unsound practice. As the above floatation process
using air injected into the ore pulp or slurry, and dispersed by
agitation. This was used to accomplish froth mineral separation.
With the addition of oils and acids and other chemicals to complex
ore gangue minerals. That caused minerals to float to the surface
to be skimmed off in the froth. It left behind ore gangue
contaminated with chemicals, oils and acids, causing long term
environmental disposal problems. The floatation patent U.S. Pat.
No. 3,701,421 is a floatation process using low volume air, being
disbursed by agitation in the slurry to collect ore minerals by
froth floatation. And U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,617, gasification process
address's injecting the slurry with gasses to recover coal, neither
of these floatation patents could address the volatility and
recovery of volatile precious metals. They could not be used to
extract volatile precious metals even if the process's were
combined. U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,003; uses a laser beam to volatilize
precious metals from feed material using extreme heat The metals
are either melted or volatilized, the metals are then collected and
filtered off to be processed. Although laser beam technology can be
utilized to volatilize and recover low valance precious metals, it
is slow and expensive to operate. The cost is prohibitive as ore
bodies get lower, and lower grade, and the cost of mining goes up
and up. The mining operators have to run large tonnage to be cost
effective. This process could not deal with high valance unstable
precious metals liberated by the heat and could not be stabilized
as a metallic salt using this process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In accordance with the present invention, volatilizing and
recovery of precious metals and other minerals using air/gas
injection.
[0008] Objects and Advantages
[0009] Accordingly several objects and advantages of the invention
are:
[0010] (A) To provide a easy, cheap volatile mineral extraction and
a recovery process to the minerals industry.
[0011] (B) Using air or other gases to liberate volatile precious
metals and other minerals.
[0012] (C) Provide a process to strip volatile precious metals and
other minerals from aqueous solution(s), slurries, including ores
in a matter of seconds.
[0013] (D) To capture the volatile precious metals in a air/gas
stream and stabilize them as a stable metal ion in a aqueous
solution.
[0014] (E) To provide extraction of volatile precious metals and
other minerals from ores of predetermined size and moisture content
using air injection.
[0015] (F) Provide a process that can extract precious metals
without contaminating the ore, water sources, or other aqueous
solution(s) or the processing site, recovering minerals in an
environmentally sound and responsible manner.
[0016] (G) To provide a process that may use either, hot, cold or
prevailing ambient air temperatures as a catalyst in the
volatilizing and stripping of water(s) or ores of their precious
metals and other minerals.
[0017] (H) Further objects and advantages are to provide small
business an opportunity to operate their own company, from a small
start-up cost.
[0018] (I) Further objects and advantages are that it opens up
thousands of potential ore bodies, water sources, industrial
wastes, sewage and numerous other possibilities that could
potentially have precious metals or other valuable minerals that at
the present time are being volatilized and not recovered.
[0019] (J) Another further object and advantage is that marginal
ores, where minerals are recovered by a conventional recovery
process, may turn into a higher grade of ore by utilizing the
present invention to recover the volatile minerals from the process
water.
DRAWING FIGURES
[0020] In the drawings FIG. 1, shows the cut away version of the
aqueous or chemical solution and slurry process. It captures the
essence of the invention.
[0021] FIG. 2, is relating to a different processes, that of
processing precious metal bearing feed material.
REFERENCE NUMERALS IN DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1 Cut Away
[0023] 206--Feed Pump
[0024] 208--Feed Line Discharge
[0025] 210--Impeller Shaft
[0026] 212--In-side of The Tank Wall
[0027] 214--Feed Line
[0028] 216--Line Valve
[0029] 219--Top of Tank
[0030] 221--Electric Motor
[0031] 223--Air Line
[0032] 224--Air Compressor
[0033] 225--Void
[0034] 226--Plumbing
[0035] 227--P-Trap
[0036] 228--Outlet
[0037] 229--Aqueous or Chemical Solutions or Slurry
[0038] 232--Impeller, Mechanical or Natural
[0039] 233--Agitation Tank
[0040] 234--Make-Up Tank Pump
[0041] 237--Precipitate Valve
[0042] 240--Precious Metal Precipitate
[0043] 244--Make-up Tank
[0044] 246--Make-up Tank Solution
[0045] 248--Reservoir Solution
[0046] 250--Precipitation Tank
[0047] 251--Over Flow
[0048] 255--Plumbing Apparatus
[0049] 256--Gas Scrubbing Tower
[0050] 258--Precious Metal Laden Air/Gases
[0051] 260--Solution Spray
[0052] 262--Spray Nozzle
[0053] 263--Vent Hole
[0054] FIG. 2
[0055] 302--Feed Material
[0056] 304--Feeder Bunker
[0057] 305--Inlet Auger
[0058] 306--Feed Chute
[0059] 307--Processing Tank or Container
[0060] 310--Pre-sized Feed Material
[0061] 311--Compressor
[0062] 312--Heater or Refrigerated
[0063] 314--Air Line
[0064] 316--Air Currents
[0065] 318--Outlet Auger
[0066] 320--Stripped Feed Material
[0067] 255--Plumbing Apparatus
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0068] A preferred embodiment of the air injection process of the
present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1
[0069] Referring now to FIG. 1, a feed pump 206 on inlet side of
agitation tank 233, pumps a aqueous or chemical solution or slurry
229 through feed line 214 to agitation tank 233. The aqueous or
chemical solutions or slurry 229, rate of flow is controlled by
line valve 216. The feed line discharge 208, discharges within a
few inches of the bottom of the agitation tank 233, near the inside
of the tank wall 212. The agitation tank electric motor 221 is
connected to the impeller shaft 210. The impeller shaft 210 drives
the impeller 232 at the bottom of the agitation tank 233. The air
compressor 224 supplies air to the system. The compressor air line
223 brings the air to the impeller 232. The impeller or by natural
or mechanical means disburses, drives, and breaks down the air in
the form of tiny bubbles throughout the agitation tank 233. These
small bubbles act as a catalyst, liberating volatile minerals,
causing said air/gases to become laden with volatile minerals. The
aqueous or chemical solution or slurry 229 exits at the outlet 228
on the opposite side of the agitation tank 233 from the inlet 214.
The exit solutions are P-trapped 227 at the outlet 228 causing a
vapor barrier so as not to loose any of the precious metal laden
gasses 258. The precious metal laden gasses 258 are trapped in a
void 225 at the top of the tank 219. The void 225 is between the
top of the aqueous or chemical solution or slurry 229 and the top
of the tank 219. These precious metal laden gases 258 are sent
through the plumbing apparatus 226 to the gas scrubbing tower 256.
All gasses entering the gas scrubbing tower 256 are scrubbed by
combination of sodium chemical solutions and, or other chemicals,
such as, but not limited too sodium sulfite or sodium thiosulphate.
From a make-up tank pump 234, pumping sodium solutions, but not
limited to, the above mentioned other chemicals. It is conveyed
through plumbing 255, up to the gas scrubbing tower 256. The spray
nozzle 262 directs a solution spray 260 mist downward, scrubbing
the upward flow of precious metal laden gasses 258. Where the
volatile precious metals and other minerals are now separated from
the air/gases. The air/gases now stripped of minerals, travels out
the top of the tower, through a vent hole 263 in the top of the
scrubbing tower 256. The spray picks up gaseous volatile metal and
other minerals along the way, carrying them into the reservoir
solution 248 and are either converted to a stable metal ion or are
precipitated out and settle to the bottom of the precipitation tank
250. Where, if the precipitation process is used, utilizing sodium
sulfite, or other suitable chemicals, it will settle out as a
precious metal precipitate 240. At the bottom of the precipitation
tank 250 is the precipitate valve 237. Minerals and precious metal
precipitate 240 can be drawn off or the reservoir solution 248 can
be changed as needed. The reservoir solution 248 is returned
through the return overflow line 251 back to the solution make-up
tank 244. Where the make up tank solution starts the process all
over again. Sodium thiosulphate may be used instead of sodium
sulfite. Instead of precipitating the precious metals with sodium
sulfite, you may elect to electrowin the precious metals by using
thiosulphate in conjunction with sodium hydroxide.
[0070] FIG. 2, Additional Embodiments
[0071] Certain volatile feed material minerals are susceptible to
the air injection process. Referring now to FIG. 2. Certain feed
materials(s) 302 of a predetermined size and moisture content are
loaded into a feeder bunker 304, where it is fed by a inlet auger
305 into the feed chute 306. The feed material 302 falls into the
processing tank or container 307. The pre-sized feed material 310
lays in the angle of repose, while the outlet auger 318 slowly
discharges the stripped feed material 320 off the bottom of the
tank and out the end of the outlet auger 318. Air is fed by
compressor 311 along the bottom of the processing tank or container
307 by a air line 314 and is fed along the tank bottom and injected
into the pre-sized feed material 310, is exposed to circulating
air/gases. Said air/gas currents 316 perk upward through the pre
sized feed material 310, wherein said feed material is stripped of
volatile minerals. These minerals are drawn off as in FIG. 1,
through the plumbing apparatus 226, where it goes to the gas
scrubbing tower 256, where the minerals are processed as in the
previous process in FIG. 1.
[0072] FIG. 2 Alternative Embodiments
[0073] There are also additional possibilities with regard to
heating or cooling the air with a heater or refrigeration 312 or by
other means. The heated air/gases increases the volatility of
aqueous or chemical solutions, slurry or feed material. The heated
air may increase the volume or the gallons per minute or tons per
hour of aqueous or chemical, slurry or feed material being run. It
also could increase the size of the feed material being stripped of
volatile minerals. The volatility of minerals can be controlled by
chilling or cooling the air being injected into aqueous or chemical
solutions or slurry and feed material. Making selective mineral
separation possible. The shortening the retention time of the feed
material using warmer temperatures of air, also could lead to a
coarser sizing of the feed material fed into the processing tank or
container. Also the volatilizing other minerals that wouldn't be
volatilized at ambient temperatures. Also cooling the air
temperatures could lead to selective volatilization of volatile
minerals.
[0074] FIG. 1 Other Additional Embodiments
[0075] Referring to FIG. 1 feed materials that have a finer grained
texture, that's not suitable for the above process. This type of
feed material may be processed using this method. Feed materials
crushed and ground to a fine consistency in water forming a slurry
and thinned with water to a gravy consistency. This aqueous
solution or slurry may be then fed into the FIG. 1 apparatus. The
air/gas injection process effectively strips the volatile precious
metals and other minerals from the finely ground feed material.
[0076] Other Alternative Embodiments
[0077] The volatilizing and recovery of precious metals using air
injection may also be used near the end of a conventional metal
recovery or industrial or municipal processing plants running their
waste solutions through the air/gas injection process before it
goes to the settling, or containment ponds stripping the volatile
precious metals and other minerals caught in the waste water. Or it
could be used in the tailing pond, pumping the waste water through
the air/gas injection process after letting the solids sink to the
bottom of the settling pond and recovering said volatile precious
metals and other minerals.
[0078] Further Additional Embodiments
[0079] The preheating of aqueous or chemical, slurry or feed
material prior to air injection will selectively volatilize
unwanted minerals before the air injection process. Slowing the
process of saturating the stripping solution of unwanted
minerals.
[0080] Advantages
[0081] From the description above, a number of advantages of my
air/gas injection process becomes evident.
[0082] (A) Providing a low cost extraction process to the minerals
industry.
[0083] (B) Providing a clean, environmentally sound process to
extract minerals.
[0084] (C) Provide a process for municipalities to use the air
injection process on municipal water intakes and sewage and storm
water to extract minerals and metals. The extraction process could
offset the cost of providing water and sewer to the
municipality.
[0085] (D) It would also provide an opportunity for conventional
mineral extraction operations to use the injection process on their
waste water to increase their profitability.
[0086] (E) Provide small business entrepreneur with a low cost set
up and operation.
[0087] (F) Open up thousands of ore bodies and waters sources to be
utilized to produce precious metals or other minerals.
[0088] Operation--FIG. 1, 2
[0089] The manor of using this process, is to aerate the water
sources, or other aqueous or chemical solution(s), slurries,
including feed material(s). The inter action between air/gases and
volatile minerals in a aqueous solutions 229, or feed materials is
unique. The air/gases injected into volatile minerals contained in
these sources, acts as a catalyst and causes said volatile precious
metals and minerals to volatilize. These air/gases percolating up
through the aqueous solutions 229 and pre-sized feed materials 310,
pick up these volatile minerals and carry them to the surface of
the aqueous solutions 229 or pre-sized feed materials 310. The
minerals trapped in the gases are transported to the gas scrubbing
tower 256, where the precious metal laden gases 258 are sprayed
with a mild chemical solution spray 260 of sodium chemical
solutions or other suitable chemicals. The feed material type,
porosity and moisture content go into the type of volatile feed
material extraction process to be used. The more porose of these
feed materials may be processed as shown in FIG. 4. Now referring
to FIG. 2, the feed material is pre sized and loaded into a Feeder
Bunker 304. It is feed through the inlet auger 305 into a feed
chute 306 and falls into the processing tank or container 307.
There, air or other gases are fed from a compressor 311, into the
heater 312, where the air/gas may be sent into the bottom of the
ore processing tank or container 307, at either ambient, heated or
cool temperatures. The air/gas works its way up or through the feed
material in the processing tank or container 307 where it is
trapped at the top. The gas is drawn off through a plumbing
apparatus 226 at the top of the tank to the gas scrubbing tower
256. These gases are stripped of the volatile minerals as above in
the aqueous solution process. Feed materials with a harder and
tighter matrix may be processed as in FIG. 1. By pre-grinding the
feed material with water to trap the volatile minerals in a aqueous
solution. This aqueous solution or slurry is thinned out to a thin
gravy consistency using water. This slurry may then be fed into the
agitation tank 233 and agitated with air or other gases. The
multitude of small bubbles strip the aqueous slurry of volatile
minerals and carries the volatile minerals to the top of the
agitation tank 233. The air/gases are drawn off into the scrubber
tower, where they are stripped of their volatile minerals. The
volatile minerals are stabilized or precipitated in the solutions
in the precipitation tank.
[0090] The main embodiment of the present invention, shown in FIG.
1 has several advantages. For example, heavy metals are stripped
from aqueous solutions and ores in a environmentally clean manor.
Leaving the aqueous solutions and ores cleaner, devoid of volatile
minerals. It also opens up possibilities of cleaning up volatile
heavy metals out of sewage, runoff or irrigation waters, municipal
water supplies or possibly from super fund sites, or from other
similar applications.
[0091] The effectiveness of the present technique for the
extraction and recovery of precious metals and other volatile
minerals, is further enhanced by the short retention time of the
aqueous solutions, slurries and feed materials to the air/gas
injection process. Letting the operator run larger volumes of
aqueous solution, slurries or feed materials through the process in
a short time. The process is further enhanced by the cost of
setting up the processing plant and processing the aqueous
solutions or feed materials at a fraction of the cost of
conventional processing.
CONCLUSION, RAMIFICATIONS, AND SCOPE OF INVENTION
[0092] Thus the reader will see that air/gas injection as
pertaining to recovery of volatile precious metals is a major mile
stone in the mining industry's recovery of precious metals. The
environmental ramifications of this invention will be an asset to
the industry and the country. Not only is it a environmentally
clean process, it is cheap and cost effective in the recovery of
precious metals. Furthermore, the air injection process has the
additional advantages in that:
[0093] The invention not only works for water but also works for
waste, run off, or sewage water, and dry or wet feed materials as
well.
[0094] While I believe, but will not be bound by, that even
conventional ore bodies contain appreciable amounts of volatile
metals. These metals are now being, and have been lost in the
processing of these ores by conventional means, that can now be
recovered.
[0095] It also may be utilized by municipalities to be used as
stripping process in industrial applications. Many sewage lagoons
or other containment ponds may find the above application a viable
part of their process, offsetting their cost of running their
operation by recovering precious metals.
[0096] This invention will open the door to many small miners,
showing them the way to mine and recover minerals in an
environmentally sound manner.
[0097] Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined
not by the embodiment(s) illustrated, but by the appended claims
and their legal equivalents.
[0098] While my above description contains many specifications,
these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the
invention, but rather as an exemplification of one preferred
embodiment thereof. Many other variations are possible. For example
the above process may be:
[0099] Changed in size.
[0100] Made of different material.
[0101] Connected or associated with its adjacent elements in a
different manner.
[0102] Given a different mode or function of operation.
[0103] Made integrally or separately.
[0104] Use different combination of chemicals.
[0105] Not limited to just one type of scrubber or washer.
[0106] Not limited to just one type of air injection or
disbursing.
[0107] Nor limited to just one type of precious metal precipitation
or recovery system.
[0108] Nor limited to air as the only gas.
[0109] Nor limited to the temperature of air or gasses.
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
References Cited
[0110] U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,003 Mar. 21, 1989 Richard M. Bergner
[0111] U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,617 Mar. 13, 1984 Wiley I. Moore, Ronald
I. Tassoni
[0112] U.S. Pat. No. 3,701,421 Oct. 31, 1972 John Russell
Maxwell
* * * * *