U.S. patent application number 09/841668 was filed with the patent office on 2002-01-03 for use of 5-thio-, sulfinyl- and sulfonylpyrazolo[3,4-b]- pyridines as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors.
Invention is credited to Misra, Raj N..
Application Number | 20020002178 09/841668 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22737659 |
Filed Date | 2002-01-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020002178 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Misra, Raj N. |
January 3, 2002 |
Use of 5-thio-, sulfinyl- and sulfonylpyrazolo[3,4-b]- pyridines as
cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors
Abstract
The present invention describes compounds of formula (I): 1 and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and n are as defined above. Compounds of
formula (I) are protein kinase inhibitors and are useful in the
treatment of proliferative diseases, for example, cancer,
inflammation and arthritis. They may also be useful in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease.
Inventors: |
Misra, Raj N.; (Hopewell,
NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MARLA J MATHIAS
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY
PATENT DEPARTMENT
P O BOX 4000
PRINCETON
NJ
08543-4000
US
|
Family ID: |
22737659 |
Appl. No.: |
09/841668 |
Filed: |
April 24, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60199475 |
Apr 25, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/303 ;
546/119 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 21/00 20180101;
A61P 37/02 20180101; A61P 17/06 20180101; A61P 17/14 20180101; A61P
31/10 20180101; A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P
31/12 20180101; A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P 25/16 20180101; A61P 9/00
20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 7/00 20180101; A61P 13/12
20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; C07D 487/04 20130101; A61P 29/00
20180101; A61P 19/10 20180101; A61P 9/06 20180101; A61P 25/00
20180101; A61P 1/16 20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 9/10
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/303 ;
546/119 |
International
Class: |
C07D 471/04; A61K
031/4745 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound of formula I: 18or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof wherein: R.sub.1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, Cl; each R.sub.2
and R.sub.4 is, independently, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,
heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or
heterocycloalkylalkyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and n is
0, 1 or2.
2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein: R.sub.1 and R.sub.3
are hydrogen; R.sub.2 is aryl or heteroaryl; R.sub.4 is alkyl,
cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl; and n is 0, 1 or 2.
3. The compound according to claim 1 wherein: R.sub.1 and R.sub.3
are hydrogen; R.sub.2 is phenyl, 4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl,
4-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl or 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl or
4-methyl-2,6-difluorophenyl; R.sub.4 is lower alkyl; and n is
1.
4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an
anti-cancer agent formulated as a fixed dose.
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a
modulator of p53 transactivation formulated at a fixed dose.
7. A method of modulating apoptosis comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective apoptosis modulating
amount of a compound of claim 1.
8. A method of inhibiting protein kinases comprising administering
to a mammalian specie in need thereof an effective protein kinase
inhibiting amount of a compound of claim 1.
9. A method of inhibiting cyclin dependent kinases comprising
administering to a mammalian specie in need thereof an effective
cyclin dependent kinase inhibiting amount of a compound of claim
1.
10. A method of inhibiting cdc2 (cdk1) comprising administering to
a mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdc2 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
11. A method of inhibiting cdk2 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk2 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
12. A method of inhibiting cdk3 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk3 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
13. A method of inhibiting cdk4 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk4 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
14. A method of inhibiting cdk5 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk5 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
15. A method of inhibiting cdk6 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk6 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
16. A method of inhibiting cdk7 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk7 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
17. A method of inhibiting cdk8 comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof an effective cdk8 inhibiting
amount of a compound of claim 1.
18. A method for treating proliferative diseases comprising
administering to a mammalian specie in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim 4.
19. A method for treating cancer comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount
of a composition of claim 4.
20. A method for treating inflammation, inflamatory bowel disease,
or transplantation rejection, comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount
of a composition of claim 4.
21. A method for treating arthritis comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount
of a composition of claim 4.
22. A method for treating proliferative diseases comprising
administering to a mammalian specie in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim 5.
23. A method for treating cancer comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount
of a composition of claim 5.
24. A method for treating proliferative diseases comprising
administering to a mammalian specie in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim 6.
25. A method for treating cancer comprising administering to a
mammalian specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount
of a composition of claim 6.
26. A method for the treatment of a cyclin dependent
kinase-associated disorder comprising administering to a subject in
need thereof an amount effective therefor of at least one compound
of claim 1.
27. A method for treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia,
chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, chemotherapy-induced
leukopenia or mucocitis comprising administering to a mammalian
specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of claim 1.
Description
[0001] This application claims priority from provisional
application Ser. No. 60/199,475, filed Apr. 25, 2000, incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to inhibitors of cyclin
dependent kinase and their use in the treatment of proliferative
diseases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Normal cellular proliferation is stringently regulated by a
series of proteins that constitute the cell cycle machinery.
Proteins that play a key role in controlling cell cycle progression
are the cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs are serine/threonine
protein kinases that are the driving force behind the cell cycle
and cell proliferation. The active CDK enzyme is a multi-subunit
complex composed of at least one catalytic (CDK) subunit and one
regulatory (cyclin) subunit. See, Brooks and La Thangue, DDT, 4,
455-464 (1999). It has been found that inhibitors of CDK activity
are effective for the treatment of proliferative diseases (e.g.
cancer). See, Webster and Kimball, Emerging Drugs, 5, 45-59
(2000).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention is directed to the use of compounds of
formula 2
[0005] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as inhibitors
of cyclin dependent kinases. As used in formula I, and throughout
the specification, the symbols have the following meanings:
[0006] R.sub.1 is hydrogen, aryl or lower alkyl;
[0007] R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are each independently alkyl, aryl,
arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkylalkyl;
[0008] R.sub.3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and
[0009] n is an integer of 0, 1 or 2.
[0010] The compounds of formula I are protein kinase inhibitors and
are useful in the treatment and prevention of proliferative
diseases, for example, cancer, inflammation and arthritis. They may
also be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such
Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, viral diseases and
fungal diseases.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention provides for a method of using
compounds of formula I as inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases,
which are active in the treatment of proliferative diseases, such
as for example, but not limited to, cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
arthritis, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. The present
invention also contemplates pharmaceutical compositions employing
such compounds.
[0012] Listed below are definitions of various terms used to
describe the compounds of the instant invention. These definitions
apply to the terms as they are used throughout the specification
(unless they are otherwise limited in specific instances) either
individually or as part of a larger group.
[0013] It should be noted that any heteroatom with unsatisfied
valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy
the valences.
[0014] Carboxylate anion refers to a negatively charged group
--COO.sup.--.
[0015] The term "alkyl" or "alk" refers to a monovalent alkane
(hydrocarbon) derived radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms
unless otherwise defined. The term "lower alkyl" refers to an alkyl
group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. An alkyl group is an optionally
substituted straight, branched or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon
group. When substituted, alkyl groups may be substituted with up to
four substituent groups, as defined below, at any available point
of attachment. When the alkyl group is said to be substituted with
an alkyl group, this is used interchangeably with "branched alkyl
group". Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl,
propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl,
isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl,
nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. Exemplary substituent
groups (or substituents) may include, but are not limited to, one
or more of the following groups: halo (such as F, Cl, Br or I),
haloalkyl (such as CCl.sub.3 or CF.sub.3), alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl
S(O).sub.m (m=0, 1, 2), aryl S(O).sub.m (m=0, 1, 2), hydroxy,
carboxy (--COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl (--COOR'), alkylcarbonyloxy
(--OCOR'), amino (--NH.sub.2), quaternary nitrogen, carbamoyl
(--NHCOOR'-- or --OCONHR'--), urea (--NHCONHR'--), thiol (--SH),
cyano or nitro. Alkyl groups as defined may also comprise one or
more carbon to carbon double bonds or one or more carbon to carbon
triple bonds.
[0016] The term "alkenyl" refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight,
branched or cyclic containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at
least one carbon to carbon double bond.
[0017] The term "alkynyl" refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight,
branched or cyclic containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at
least one carbon to carbon triple bond.
[0018] Cycloalkyl is a type of alkyl containing from 3 to 15 carbon
atoms, without alternating or resonating double bonds between
carbon atoms. It may contain from 1 to 4 rings. Exemplary
unsubstituted such groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,
cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. Exemplary substituents include one or
more of the following groups: halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl,
hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio.
[0019] The terms "alkoxy" or "alkylthio", as used herein, denote an
alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage
(--O--) or a sulfur linkage (--S--), respectively.
[0020] The term "alkyloxycarbonyl", as used herein, denotes an
alkoxy group bonded through a carbonyl group. An alkoxycarbonyl
radical is represented by the formula --C(O)OR, where the R group
is a straight or branched C.sub.1-6 alkyl group.
[0021] The term "alkylcarbonyl" refers to an alkyl group bonded
through a carbonyl group.
[0022] The term "alkylcarbonyloxy", as used herein, denotes an
alkylcarbonyl group which is bonded through an oxygen linkage.
[0023] The term "arylalkyl", as used herein, denotes an aromatic
ring bonded through an alkyl group as described above.
[0024] The term "aryl" refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic
rings, e.g., phenyl, substituted phenyl and the like, as well as
groups which are fused, e.g., napthyl, phenanthrenyl and the like.
An aryl group thus contains at least one ring having at least 6
atoms, with up to five such rings being present, containing up to
22 atoms therein, with alternating (resonating) double bonds
between adjacent carbon atoms or suitable heteroatoms. Aryl groups
may optionally be substituted with one or more groups including,
but not limited to, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy,
carbamoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, amino,
cycloalkyl, cyano, alkylS(O).sub.m (m=0, 1, 2), or thiol.
[0025] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon group having 5 or 6 ring atoms, or a bicyclic aromatic
group having 8 to 10 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom, O,
S, or N, in which a carbon or nitrogen atom is the point of
attachment, and in which one or two additional carbon atoms is
optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O or S, and in
which from 1 to 3 additional carbon atoms are optionally replaced
by nitrogen heteroatoms, said heteroaryl group being optionally
substituted as described herein. Additional nitrogen atoms may be
present together with the first nitrogen and oxygen or sulfur.
Exemplary heteroaryl groups include the following: thienyl, furyl,
pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,
thiazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl,
isothiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinal,
triazinylazepinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,
benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,
benzofurazanyl and tetrahydropyranyl. Exemplary substituents
include one or more of the following: halo, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy,
cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano, amino, alkylS(O).sub.m (m=0, 1, 2), or
thiol. The term "heteroarylalkyl", as used herein denotes a
heteroaryl ring bonded through an alkyl group as described
hereinabove.
[0026] The term "heteroarylium" refers to heteroaryl groups bearing
a quaternary nitrogen atom and thus a positive charge.
[0027] The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group
(nonaromatic) in which one of the carbon atoms in the ring is
replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, S or N, and in which up
to three additional carbon atoms may be replaced by said
heteroatoms. In addition, the sulfur may be oxidated to the sulfone
(--SO.sub.2--) or sulfoxide (--SO--) and the nitrogen may be
quaternary.
[0028] The term "quaternary nitrogen" refers to a tetravalent
positively charged nitrogen atom including, e.g., the positively
charged nitrogen in a tetraalkylammonium group (e.g.,
tetramethylammonium, N-methylpyridinium), the positively charged
nitrogen in protonated ammonium species (e.g.,
trimethylhydroammonium, N-hydropyridinium), the positively charged
nitrogen in amine N-oxides (e.g. N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide,
pyridine-N-oxide), and the positively charged nitrogen in an
N-amino-ammonium group (e.g., N-aminopyridinium).
[0029] The term "heteroatom" means O, S, P or N, selected on an
independent basis.
[0030] The term "halogen" or "halo" refers to chlorine, bromine,
fluorine or iodine.
[0031] The term "PMB" refers to para-methoxybenzyl.
[0032] When a functional group is termed "protected", this means
that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side
reactions at the protected site. Suitable protecting groups for the
compounds of the present invention will be recognized from the
present application taking into account the level of skill in the
art, and with reference to standard textbooks, such as Greene, T.
W. et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Wiley, N.Y.
(1991).
[0033] Suitable examples of salts of the compounds according to the
invention with inorganic or organic acids are hydrochloride,
hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate. Salts which are unsuitable for
pharmaceutical uses but which can be employed, for example, for the
isolation or purification of free compounds I or their
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are also included.
[0034] All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention
are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially
pure form. The definition of the compounds according to the
invention embraces all possible stereoisomers and their mixtures.
It very particularly embraces the racemic forms and the isolated
optical isomers having the specified activity. The racemic forms
can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example,
fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of
diastereomeric derivatives or separation by chiral column
chromatography. The individual optical isomers can be obtained from
the racemates by conventional methods, such as, for example, salt
formation with an optically active acid followed by
crystallization.
[0035] It should be understood that the present invention includes
prodrug forms of the compounds of formula I. Various forms of
prodrugs are well known in the art. Examples of such prodrug
derivatives are provided in the following references:
[0036] (a) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier,
1985); and Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 42, pp. 309-396, edited by
K. Widder et al., (Academic Press, 1985);
[0037] (b) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, edited by
Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Chapter 5, "Design and
Application of Prodrugs," by H. Bundgaard, pp. 113-191 (1991);
[0038] (c) H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 8, pp.
1-38 (1992);
[0039] (d) H. Bundgaard et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
77, 285 (1988); and
[0040] (e) N. Kayeka et al., Chem. Phar. Bull., 32, 692 (1984).
[0041] It should be understood that solvates (e.g., hydrates) of
the compounds of formula I are also within the scope of the present
invention. Methods of solvation are generally known in the art.
Accordingly, the compounds of the instant invention may be in the
free or hydrate form, and may be obtained by methods exemplified by
the following schemes.
[0042] Compounds of formula I for use as inhibitors of cyclin
dependent kinases can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula
II 3
[0043] with a base such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to
give a free base of formula IIa 4
[0044] Compound IIa is reacted with a compound of formula III 5
[0045] at an elevated temperature, preferably about 130.degree. C.,
under reduced pressure to obtain compounds of formula IV 6
[0046] The starting compound of formula II, where R.sub.1 is
hydrogen is prepared by reacting acrylonitrile with hydrazine
hydrate in a solvent such as THF, followed by addition of
p-methoxybenzaldehyde. The compound which results from this
reaction is then reacted with a mixture of sodium n-butoxide in
n-butanol followed by HCl to provide the key early intermediate of
compound II.
[0047] Compounds of formula IV are then reacted at an elevated
temperature, preferably from about 220.degree. C. to 260.degree.
C., in the presence of a solvent such as diphenyl ether to obtain a
compound of formula V 7
[0048] Compound V is then reacted with an aqueous base such as
aqueous sodium hydroxide or aqueous potassium hydroxide at an
elevated temperature, preferably about 95.degree. C., to obtain a
compound of formula VI 8
[0049] Compound VI is stirred at an elevated temperature,
preferably about 230.degree. C., to obtain a compound of formula
VII 9
[0050] The formula VII compound is reacted with bromine in the
presence of a solvent such as ethanol, preferably at a temperature
of about 0.degree. C., to obtain a compound of formula VIII 10
[0051] Compound VIII is then reacted with phosphorous oxychloride
at a temperature from about 25.degree. to 130 .degree. C. to obtain
a compound of formula IX 11
[0052] Compound IX is reacted with a compound of formula X
MOR.sub.4 (X)
[0053] wherein M is an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium,
and R.sub.4 is as described hereinabove in the presence of a
solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, R.sub.4OH and the like at a
temperature from about 25.degree. C. to 90.degree. C. to form a
compound of formula XI 12
[0054] The formula XI compound is reacted with an organolithium
reagent such as n-butyllithium in a solvent such as
tetrahydrofuran, ether and the like at a temperature from about
-90.degree. to -20.degree. C. followed by treatment with a compound
of formula XII
R.sub.2SSR.sub.2 (XII)
[0055] wherein R.sub.2 is as described hereinabove to obtain a
compound of formula XIII 13
[0056] Compounds of formula XIII are then reacted with:
[0057] (1) an acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), at a
temperature from about 25.degree. C. to 90.degree. C., or
[0058] (2) hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, such as
palladium on carbon, to obtain compounds of formula I wherein n is
0 14
[0059] Compounds of formula I wherein n is 1 or 2 may be prepared
by oxidizing compounds of formula I wherein n is 0 with an
oxidizing agent such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) and the
like in the presence of a solvent such as dichloromethane.
Generally one equivalent of the oxidizing agent is used to obtain
compounds of formula I wherein n is 1, and two or more equivalents
of the oxidizing agent are used to obtain compounds of formula I
wherein n is 2. 15
[0060] Intermediates of this invention may also be prepared by
processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,828,057, 3,966,746,
3,979,399, and 3,985,757 which are incorporated by reference
herein. More specifically, intermediates of formula II may be
prepared by procedures described in Hoehn, H., Z. Chem. 10, pp.
386-388 (1970).
[0061] Compounds of formulas II and III are commercially available
or may be prepared by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the
art.
[0062] All other compounds may be prepared by modification of the
procedures described herein.
[0063] The preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein:
[0064] R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen;
[0065] R.sub.2 is aryl or heteroaryl;
[0066] R.sub.4 is alkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl; and
[0067] n is an integer of 0, 1 or 2.
[0068] More preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein:
[0069] R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen;
[0070] R.sub.2 is phenyl, 4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl,
4-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl or
4-methyl-2,6-difluorophenyl;
[0071] R.sub.4 is lower alkyl; and
[0072] n is 1.
[0073] The compounds according to the invention have
pharmacological properties; in particular, the compounds of formula
I are inhibitors of protein kinases such as the cyclin dependent
kinases (cdks), for example, cdc2 (cdk1), cdk2, and cdk4. The novel
compounds of formula I are expected to be useful in the therapy of
proliferative diseases such as cancer, inflammation, arthritis,
Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. These compounds may
also be useful in the treatment of topical and systemic fungal
infections.
[0074] More specifically, the compounds of formula I are useful in
the treatment of a variety of cancers, including (but not limited
to) the following:
[0075] carcinoma, including that of the bladder, breast, colon,
kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid,
prostate, and skin;
[0076] hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, including acute
lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and Burkett's lymphoma;
[0077] hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, including acute and
chronic myelogenous leukemias and promyelocytic leukemia;
[0078] tumors of mesenchymal origin, including fibrosarcoma and
rhabdomyosarcoma; and
[0079] other tumors, including melanoma, seminoma, teratocarcinoma,
osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma and glioma.
[0080] Due to the key role of cdks in the regulation of cellular
proliferation in general, inhibitors could act as reversible
cytostatic agents which may be useful in the treatment of any
disease process which features abnormal cellular proliferation,
e.g., neuro-fibromatosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis,
arthritis, psoriasis, glomerulonephritis, restenosis following
angioplasty or vascular surgery, hypertrophic scar formation,
inflammatory bowel disease, transplantation rejection,
angiogenesis, and endotoxic shock.
[0081] Compounds of formula I may also be useful in the treatment
of Alzheimer's disease, as suggested by the recent finding that
cdk5 is involved in the phosphorylation of tau protein (J. Biochem,
117, 741-749 (1995)).
[0082] Compounds of formula I may also act as inhibitors of other
protein kinases, e.g., protein kinase C, her2, rafl, MEK1, MAP
kinase, EGF receptor, PDGF receptor, IGF receptor, PI3 kinase, wee1
kinase, Src, Abl, VEGF, and Ick, and thus be effective in the
treatment of diseases associated with other protein kinases.
[0083] Compounds of formula I also induce or inhibit apoptosis, a
physiological cell death process critical for normal development
and homeostasis. Alterations of apoptotic pathways contribute to
the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Compounds of
formula I, as modulators of apoptosis, will be useful in the
treatment of a variety of human diseases with abberations in
apoptosis including cancer (particularly, but not limited to,
follicular lymphomas, carcinomas with p53 mutations, hormone
dependent tumors of the breast, prostate and ovary, and
precancerous lesions such as familial adenomatous polyposis), viral
infections (including, but not limited to, herpesvirus, poxvirus,
Epstein-Barr virus, Sindbis virus and adenovirus), autoimmune
diseases (including, but not limited to, systemic lupus,
erythematosus, immune mediated glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and autoimmune
diabetes mellitus), neurodegenerative disorders (including, but not
limited to, Alzheimer's disease, AIDS-related dementia, Parkinson's
disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa,
spinal muscular atrophy and cerebellar degeneration), AIDS,
myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, ischemic injury
associated myocardial infarctions, stroke and reperfusion injury,
arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, toxin-induced or alcohol induced liver
diseases, hematological diseases (including, but not limited to,
chronic anemia and aplastic anemia), degenerative diseases of the
musculoskeletal system (including, but not limited to, osteoporosis
and arthritis), aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis, cystic fibrosis,
multiple sclerosis, kidney diseases, and cancer pain.
[0084] The compounds of this invention may also be useful in
combination with known anti-cancer treatments such as radiation
therapy or with cytostatic and cytotoxic agents, such as, for
example, but not limited to, DNA interactive agents, such as
cisplatin or doxorubicin; inhibitors of farnesyl protein
transferase, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,029,
topoisomerase II inhibitors, such as etoposide; topoisomerase I
inhibitors, such as CPT-11 or topotecan; tubulin stabilizing
agents, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel or the epothilones; hormonal
agents, such as tamoxifen; thymidilate synthase inhibitors, such as
5-fluorouracil; and antimetabolites, such as methoxtrexate;
antiangiogenic agents, such as angiostatin or endostatin; and
kinase inhibitors, such as her2 specific antibodies. The formula I
compounds of this invention may also be useful in combination with
modulators of p53 transactivation. In addition, the formula I
compounds may be used for treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia,
chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, chemotherapy-induced
leukopenia or mucocitis. In the treatment of chemotherapy-induced
alopecia, the formula I compound is preferably topically applied in
the form of a medicament such as a gel, shampoo, aerosol, dust,
cream, ointment, solution, dispersion or paste.
[0085] If formulated as a fixed dose, such combination products
employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range
described below and the other pharmaceutically active agent within
its approved dosage range. For example, the cdc2 inhibitor
olomucine has been found to act synergistically with known
cytotoxic agents in inducing apoptosis (J. Cell Sci., 108, 2897
(1995)). Compounds of formula I may be used sequentially with known
anti-cancer or cytotoxic agents when a combination formulation is
inappropriate.
cdc2/cyclin B1 Kinase Assay
[0086] cdc2/cyclin B1 kinase activity was determined by monitoring
the incorporation of .sup.32p into histone HI. The reaction
consisted of 50 ng baculovirus expressed GST-cdc2, 75 ng
baculovirus expressed GST-cyclin B 1, 1 .mu.g histone HI
(Boehringer Mannheim), 0.2 .mu.Ci of .sup.32p .gamma.-ATP and 25
.mu.M ATP in kinase buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1
mM EGTA, 0.5 mM DTT). The reaction was incubated at 30 .degree. C.
for 30 minutes and then stopped by the addition of cold
trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to a final concentration of 15% and
incubated on ice for 20 minutes. The reaction was harvested onto
GF/C unifilter plates (Packard) using a Packard Filtermate
Universal harvester, and the filters were counted on a Packard
TopCount 96-well liquid scintillation counter (Marshak, D. R.,
Vanderberg, M. T., Bae, Y. S., Yu, I. J., J. Cellular Biochemistry,
45, 391-400 (1991), incorporated by reference herein).
cdk2/cyclin E Kinase Assay
[0087] cdk2/cyclin E kinase activity was determined by monitoring
the incorporation of .sup.32p into the retinoblastoma protein. The
reaction consisted of 2.5 ng baculovirus expressed GST-cdk2/cyclin
E, 500 ng bacterially produced GST-retinoblastoma protein (aa
776-928), 0.2 .mu.Ci .sup.32P .gamma.-ATP and 25 .mu.M ATP in
kinase buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM EGTA, 2
mM DTT). The reaction was incubated at 30 .degree. C. for 30
minutes and then stopped by the addition of cold trichloroacetic
acid (TCA) to a final concentration of 15% and incubated on ice for
20 minutes. The reaction was harvested onto GF/C unifilter plates
(Packard) using a Packard Filtermate Universal harvester, and the
filters were counted on a Packard TopCount 96-well liquid
scintillation counter.
cdk4/cyclin D1 Kinase Activity
[0088] cdk4/cyclin D1 kinase activity was determined by monitoring
the incorporation of .sup.32p in to the retinoblastoma protein. The
reaction consisted of 165 ng baculovirus expressed as GST-cdk4, 282
ng bacterially expressed as S-tag cyclin D1, 500 ng bacterially
produced GST-retinoblastoma protein (aa 776-928), 0.2 .mu.Ci
.sup.32P .gamma.-ATP and 25 .mu.M ATP in kinase buffer (50 mM
Hepes, pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM EGTA, 2 mM DTT). The reaction
was incubated at 30.degree. C. for 1 hour and then stopped by the
addition of cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to a final
concentration of 15% and incubated on ice for 20 minutes. The
reaction was harvested onto GF/C unifilter plates (Packard) using a
Packard Filtermate Universal harvester, and the filters were
counted on a Packard TopCount 96-well liquid scintillation counter
(Coleman, K. G., Wautlet, B. S., Morissey, D, Mulheron, J. G.,
Sedman, S., Brinkley, P., Price, S., Webster, K. R. (1997)
Identification of CDK4 Sequences involved in cyclin D, and p16
binding. J. Biol. Chem. 272,30:18869-18874, incorporated by
reference herein).
[0089] Further subject matter of the invention also includes
pharmaceuticals for use as described above including controlling
cancer, inflammation and arthritis, which contain at least one
compound of formula I as defined above or at least one of its
pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salts, and the use of a
compound of formula I as defined above for the preparation of a
pharmaceutical having activity against proliferative diseases as
described previously including against cancer, inflammation and/or
arthritis.
[0090] The following examples are illustrative rather than
limiting. It should be understood that there may be other
embodiments which fall within the spirit and scope of the invention
as defined by the claims appended hereto.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0091]
1-(4-Butoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1'-phenylsulfoxide
16
[0092] A.
4-Hydroxy-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-
-5-carboxylic acid.
[0093] A solution of 5.20 g (15.9 mmol) of
4-hydroxy-1[(4-methoxyphenyl)me-
thyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (see
WO 99/30710 for preparation) in 20 mL of ethanol and 60 mL of 1M aq
NaOH solution was stirred at 95.degree. C. for 18 hr. The reation
mixture was cooled to room temperature and acidified to pH=1 by
addition of 1M aq HCl solution (.about.70 mL). A precipitate formed
which was isolated by filtration. The solid was washed with water
then dried under vacuum at 100.degree. C. overnight to afford 4.48
g (94%) of Part A compound as a white solid, mp 220.degree. C.
(dec).
[0094] B.
1-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-4-one.
[0095] A 3.18 g (10.6 mmol) portion of Part A compound was heated
under argon to 230.degree. C. for 15 minutes. Upon heating the
solid melted and gas evolution was observed. The material was
cooled to room temperature to afford 2.71 g (100%) of Part B
compound as an amber glass.
[0096] C.
5-Bromo-4-hydroxy-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]-
pyridine.
[0097] To a solution of 2.70 g (10.6 mmol) of part B compound in 60
mL of absolute ethanol cooled in an ice-bath was added dropwise a
solution of 2.0 g (12 mmol) of bromine in 5 mL of ethanol over 5
min. A precipitate formed. The reaction was incomplete and after 1
hr an additional 0.3 mL of bromine was added. The mixture was
stirred for an additional 1 hr then slowly 50 mL of 5% aq sodium
bicarbonate solution was added. The reaction was warmed to room
temperature and after 15 min concentrated in vacuo to give a
slurry. The solid material was collected by filtration, washed with
water then dried under vacuum at 90.degree. C. overnight to give
3.43 g (97%) of Part C compound as a light beige solid, mp
209.degree. C. (softens).
[0098] D.
5-Bromo-4-chloro-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]p-
yridine.
[0099] A mixture of 2.92 g (8.74 mmol) of Part C compound in 20 mL
of phosphorous oxychloride was heated at 110.degree. C. for 1 hr.
The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then in an
ice-bath and added slowly to 300 g of ice. After 15 min, 150 mL of
EtOAc was added then slowly .about.50 mL of 50% NaOH solution until
the pH=7. The entire mixture was transferred to a separatory
funnel. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with 100 mL
of EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with 100 mL of
brine, dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo then dried
under vacuum at 90.degree. C. to afford 2.94 g (95%) of Part D
compound as a yellow-brown solid.
[0100] E. 5-Bromo-4-butoxy-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo
[3,4-b]pyridine.
[0101] The oil was removed from a 660 mg (60% in oil, 16 mmol)
portion of sodium hydride dispersion by three washes with hexane
then covered with 30 mL of dry THF. The mixture was heated to
50.degree. then, in two portions, a total of 2.3 mL (25 mmol) of
anhydrous n-butanol was added. The reaction mixture was stirred
until gas evolution ceased, .about.30 min, then cooled to room
temperature. To the resulting solution was added 2.92 g (8.28 mmol)
of Part D compound and stirred at 60.degree. C. for 2 hr then
cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo to give a
solid. The solid was partitioned between 50 mL of water and 50 mL
of EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, washed with 50 mL of
brine, dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo to give a
brown solid. The crude solid was purified by flash chromatography
(silica gel, 1:5 EtOAc/hexane) to afford 2.75 g (86%) of Part E
compound as a white solid, mp 81-83.degree. C.
[0102] F.
4-Butoxy-5-thiophenyl-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,-
4-b]pyridine.
[0103] To a solution of 195 mg (0.50 mmol) of Part E compound in 4
mL of dry THF cooled to -78.degree. C. was added dropwise 0.30 mL
(2.5M in hexane, 0.75 mmol) of n-butyllithium solution. After 0.5
hr a solution of 218 mg (1.0 mmol) of phenyl disulfide in 1 mL of
THF was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78.degree. C.
for 6 hr then quenched by addition of aqueous sodium bisulfate
solution. The mixture was partitioned between aqueous sodium
bicarbonate and methylene chloride. The organic layer was
separated, dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo. The
crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica, 1:19
then 1:4 EtOAc/hexane) to give 60 mg (29%) of Part F compound as a
yellow oil.
[0104] G. 4-Butoxy-5-thiophenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine.
[0105] A solution of 60 mg (0.15 mmol) of Part F compound in 1 mL
of trifluoroacetic acid was heated to 65.degree. C. for 2.5 hr then
cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. An aqueous
saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the residue. The
solid which formed was collected by filtration then recrystallized
(EtOAc/hexane) to afford 28 mg (62%) of Part G compound.
[0106] H.
1-(4-Butoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1'-phenylsulfoxide.
[0107] To a solution of 9 mg (0.03 mmol) of Part G compound in 15
mL of methylene chloride cooled in an ice-bath was added 6 mg (tech
80%, 0.03 mmol) of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The reaction mixture
was stirred for 40 minutes then aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution
was added and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic
extract was dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo to
give the crude product. Crystallization (EtOAc/hexane) of the crude
material afforded 7 mg (74%) of the title compound as a yellow
solid.
[0108] LC-MS: 316 (M+H).sup.+.
[0109] HPLC: T.sub.R (YMC S3 ODS-A, 150.times.6.0 mm, 1.5 mL/min,
gradient 0-100%B over 20 min, Buffer A=MeOH/water/phosphoric acid
(10:90:0.2), Buffer B=MeOH/water/phosphoric acid (90:10:0.2))=18.5
min, 88% of total peak area at 220 nM.
Example 2
[0110] 1-(4-Butoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1'-phenylsulfone
17
[0111] A.
1-(4-Butoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1'-phenylsulfone
[0112] To a solution of 28 mg (0.094 mmol) of Example 1, Part G
compound in 25 mL of methylene chloride at room temperature was
added 56 mg (tech 80%, 0.26 mmol) of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid.
The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hr, aqueous sodium
bicarbonate solution was added then after 2 hr the mixture was
dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude
product. Crystallization (methylene chloride/hexane) of the crude
material afforded 24 mg (78%) of the title compound as a white
solid.
[0113] LC-MS: 332 (M+H).sup.+.
[0114] HPLC: T.sub.R (YMC S3 ODS-A, 150.times.6.0 mm, 1.5 mL/min,
gradient 0-100%B over 20 min, Buffer A=MeOH/water/phosphoric acid
(10:90:0.2), Buffer B=MeOH/water/phosphoric acid (90:10:0.2))=18.1
min, 90% of total peak area at 220 nM.
* * * * *