U.S. patent application number 09/740556 was filed with the patent office on 2001-12-27 for method for the preparation of 1-benzotriazolyl carbonate esters of poly(ethylene glycol).
This patent application is currently assigned to Shearwater Corporation. Invention is credited to Kozlowski, Antoni.
Application Number | 20010056171 09/740556 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22625322 |
Filed Date | 2001-12-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010056171 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kozlowski, Antoni |
December 27, 2001 |
Method for the preparation of 1-benzotriazolyl carbonate esters of
poly(ethylene glycol)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for preparing a
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of a water-soluble and non-peptidic
polymer by reacting a terminal hydroxyl group of a water-soluble
and non-peptidic polymer with di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate in the
presence of an amine base and an organic solvent. The polymer
backbone can be poly(ethylene glycol). The
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester can then be reacted directly with a
biologically active agent to form a biologically active polymer
conjugate or reacted with an amino acid, such as lysine, to form an
amino acid derivative.
Inventors: |
Kozlowski, Antoni;
(Huntsville, AL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ALSTON & BIRD LLP
BANK OF AMERICA PLAZA
101 SOUTH TRYON STREET, SUITE 4000
CHARLOTTE
NC
28280-4000
US
|
Assignee: |
Shearwater Corporation
|
Family ID: |
22625322 |
Appl. No.: |
09/740556 |
Filed: |
December 18, 2000 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60171834 |
Dec 22, 1999 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
528/196 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 43/00 20180101;
C08G 63/91 20130101; A61K 47/60 20170801; A61K 47/6901 20170801;
A61K 31/7088 20130101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61K 47/58 20170801;
C08G 65/48 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
528/196 |
International
Class: |
C08L 069/00 |
Claims
That which is claimed is:
1. A method for the preparation of a 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate
ester of a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer, comprising:
providing a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer having at least
one terminal hydroxyl group; and reacting the terminal hydroxyl
group of the water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer with
di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate to form a 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate
ester of the water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer is selected from the group consisting of
poly(alkylene glycol), poly(oxyethylated polyol), poly(olefinic
alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone),
poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide), poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid),
poly(vinyl alcohol), polyphosphazene, polyoxazoline,
poly(N-acryloylmorpholine), and copolymers, terpolymers, and
mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol).
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) has an
average molecular weight from about 200 Da to about 100,000 Da.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has from about 2 to about 300 termini.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has the structure R'--POLY--OH and the
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has the structure 7wherein POLY is a
water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer backbone and R' is a capping
group.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein POLY is poly(ethylene
glycol).
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) has an
average molecular weight from about 200 Da to about 100,000 Da.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein R' is methoxy.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein R' is a functional group
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl,
active ester, active carbonate, acetal, aldehyde, aldehyde
hydrates, alkenyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, active
sulfone, protected amine, protected hydrazide, thiol, protected
thiol, carboxylic acid, protected carboxylic acid, isocyanate,
isothiocyanate, maleimide, vinylsulfone, dithiopyridine,
vinylpyridine, iodoacetamide, epoxide, glyoxals, diones, mesylates,
tosylates, and tresylate.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has the structure HO-POLYa-R(POLYb--X)q and
the 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has the structure 8wherein POLYa and POLYb are
water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer backbones that may be the
same or different; R is a central core molecule; q is an integer
from 2 to about 300; and each X is a capping group.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein POLYa and POLYb are
poly(ethylene glycol).
13. The method of claim 12, wherein POLYa and POLYb each have an
average molecular weight from about 200 Da to about 100,000 Da.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein each X is independently
selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, hydroxyl, protected
hydroxyl, active ester, active carbonate, acetal, aldehyde,
aldehyde hydrates, alkenyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide,
active sulfone, protected amine, protected hydrazide, thiol,
protected thiol, carboxylic acid, protected carboxylic acid,
isocyanate, isothiocyanate, maleimide, vinylsulfone,
dithiopyridine, vinylpyridine, iodoacetamide, epoxide, glyoxals,
diones, mesylates, tosylates, and tresylate.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said reacting step is conducted
in an organic solvent.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the organic solvent is selected
from the group consisting of methylene chloride, chloroform,
acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl
sulfoxide, and mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said reacting step is conducted
in the presence of a base.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the base is selected from the
group consisting of pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, quinoline,
trialkylamines, and mixtures thereof.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of
di(1-benzotriazolyl) carbonate to the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer is about 30:1 or less.
20. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
providing a second polymer having a plurality of primary amino
groups; and reacting the 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the
water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer with at least two of the
amino groups of the second polymer to form a cross-linked
polymer.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the second polymer is selected
from the group consisting of proteins, aminopoly(ethylene glycol),
aminocarbohydrates, and poly(vinylamine).
22. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of reacting
the 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer with an amino acid to form an amino acid
derivative.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the amino acid is lysine.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the amino acid derivative has
the structure 9wherein PEG is poly(ethylene glycol) and Z is
selected from the group consisting of H, N-succinimidyl, or
1-benzotriazolyl.
25. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of reacting
the 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer with a biologically active agent to form a
biologically active polymer conjugate.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the biologically active agent
is selected from the group consisting of peptides, proteins,
enzymes, small molecule drugs, dyes, lipids, nucleosides,
oligonucleotides, cells, viruses, liposomes, microparticles and
micelles.
27. A 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of a water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer prepared according to the process of claim
1.
28. A method for the preparation of a 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate
ester of a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer, comprising:
providing a poly(ethylene glycol) molecule with a terminal hydroxyl
group and an average molecular weight from about 200 Da to about
100,000 Da and having the structure R'-PEG-OH wherein R' is a
capping group; and reacting the terminal hydroxyl group with
di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate to form a 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate
ester of the poly(ethylene glycol) having the structure 10wherein
R' is as defined above.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein R' is methoxy.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein R' is a functional group
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl,
active ester, active carbonate, acetal, aldehyde, aldehyde
hydrates, alkenyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, active
sulfone, protected amine, protected hydrazide, thiol, protected
thiol, carboxylic acid, protected carboxylic acid, isocyanate,
isothiocyanate, maleimide, vinylsulfone, dithiopyridine,
vinylpyridine, iodoacetamide, epoxide, glyoxals, diones, mesylates,
tosylates, and tresylate.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/171,834, filed Dec. 22, 1999, which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to activated poly(ethylene glycol)
derivatives and methods of preparing such derivatives.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Covalent attachment of the hydrophilic polymer poly(ethylene
glycol), abbreviated PEG, also known as poly(ethylene oxide),
abbreviated PEO, to molecules and surfaces is of considerable
utility in biotechnology and medicine. In its most common form, PEG
is a linear polymer terminated at each end with hydroxyl
groups:
HO--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.n--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--OH
[0004] The above polymer, alpha-,omega-dihydroxylpoly(ethylene
glycol), can be represented in brief form as HO-PEG-OH where it is
understood that the -PEG- symbol represents the following
structural unit:
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.n--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--
[0005] where n typically ranges from about 3 to about 4000.
[0006] PEG is commonly used as methoxy-PEG-OH, or mPEG in brief, in
which one terminus is the relatively inert methoxy group, while the
other terminus is a hydroxyl group that is subject to ready
chemical modification. The structure of mPEG is given below.
CH.sub.3O--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.n--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--OH
[0007] Random or block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene
oxide, shown below, are closely related to PEG in their chemistry,
and they can be substituted for PEG in many of its
applications.
HO--CH.sub.2CHRO(CH.sub.2CHRO).sub.nCH.sub.2CHR--OH
[0008] wherein each R is independently H or CH.sub.3.
[0009] PEG is a polymer having the properties of solubility in
water and in many organic solvents, lack of toxicity, and lack of
immunogenicity. One use of PEG is to covalently attach the polymer
to insoluble molecules to make the resulting PEG-molecule
"conjugate" soluble. For example, it has been shown that the
water-insoluble drug paclitaxel, when coupled to PEG, becomes
water-soluble. Greenwald, et al., J. Org. Chem., 60:331-336
(1995).
[0010] To couple PEG to a molecule, such as a protein, it is often
necessary to "activate" the PEG by preparing a derivative of the
PEG having a functional group at a terminus thereof. The functional
group can react with certain moieties on the protein, such as an
amino group, thus forming a PEG-protein conjugate.
[0011] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,234, which is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety, a 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester
of poly(ethylene glycol) is described. The multi-step process
described in the '234 patent for forming the
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of PEG includes reaction of a PEG
molecule with the volatile and hazardous compound, phosgene, in
order to form a PEG chloroformate intermediate. The use of phosgene
in the process results in the formation of HCl, which can cause
degradation of the PEG backbone. Due to the volatile nature of
phosgene, and the resulting safety and quality problems associated
with its use, there is a need in the art for a method for preparing
1 -benzotriazolylcarbonate esters of PEG without using
phosgene.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The invention provides a method for the preparation of a
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of a water-soluble and non-peptidic
polymer by reacting the polymer with di(1
-benzotriazolyl)carbonate. Using the invention, the 1
-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester can be formed in a single step and
without using phosgene, thereby avoiding the safety and quality
problems associated with that compound.
[0013] The method of the invention includes providing a
water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer having at least one terminal
hydroxyl group and reacting the terminal hydroxyl group of the
water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer with
di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate to form the 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate
ester of the water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer. Examples of
suitable water-soluble and non-peptidic polymers include
poly(alkylene glycol), poly(oxyethylated polyol), poly(olefinic
alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone),
poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide), poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid),
poly(vinyl alcohol), polyphosphazene, polyoxazoline,
poly(N-acryloylmorpholine), and copolymers, terpolymers, and
mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the polymer is poly(ethylene
glycol) having an average molecular weight from about 200 Da to
about 100,000 Da.
[0014] The reaction step can be conducted in the presence of an
organic solvent and a base. Examples of suitable organic solvents
include methylene chloride, chloroform, acetonitrile,
tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and
mixtures thereof. The base can be, for example, pyridine,
dimethylaminopyridine, quinoline, trialkylamines, and mixtures
thereof.
[0015] The method of the invention can further include reacting the
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer with the amino groups of a second polymer
having a plurality of primary amino groups, such as a protein,
poly(ethylene glycol), aminocarbohydrates, or poly(vinylamine), to
form a cross-linked polymer. Additionally, the
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester can be reacted with either an amino
acid, such as lysine, to form a polymeric amino acid derivative, or
a biologically active agent to form a biologically active polymer
conjugate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0016] The terms "functional group", "active moiety", "activating
group", "reactive site", "chemically reactive group" and
"chemically reactive moiety" are used in the art and herein to
refer to distinct, definable portions or units of a molecule. The
terms are somewhat synonymous in the chemical arts and are used
herein to indicate that the portions of molecules that perform some
function or activity and are reactive with other molecules. The
term "active," when uses in conjunction with functional groups, is
intended to include those functional groups that react readily with
electrophilic or nucleophilic groups on other molecules, in
contrast to those groups that require strong catalysts or highly
impractical reaction conditions in order to react. For example, as
would be understood in the art, the term "active ester" would
include those esters that react readily with nucleophilic groups
such as amines. Typically, an active ester will react with an amine
in aqueous medium in a matter of minutes, whereas certain esters,
such as methyl or ethyl esters, require a strong catalyst in order
to react with a nucleophilic group.
[0017] The term "linkage" or "linker" is used herein to refer to
groups or bonds that normally are formed as the result of a
chemical reaction and typically are covalent linkages.
Hydrolytically stable linkages means that the linkages are
substantially stable in water and do not react with water at useful
pHs, e.g., under physiological conditions for an extended period of
time, perhaps even indefinitely. Hydrolytically unstable or
degradable linkages means that the linkages are degradable in water
or in aqueous solutions, including for example, blood.
Enzymatically unstable or degradable linkages means that the
linkage can be degraded by one or more enzymes. As understood in
the art, PEG and related polymers may include degradable linkages
in the polymer backbone or in the linker group between the polymer
backbone and one or more of the terminal functional groups of the
polymer molecule.
[0018] The term "biologically active molecule", "biologically
active moiety" or "biologically active agent" when used herein
means any substance which can affect any physical or biochemical
properties of a biological organism, including but not limited to
viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans. In
particular, as used herein, biologically active molecules include
any substance intended for diagnosis, cure mitigation, treatment,
or prevention of disease in humans or other animals, or to
otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being of humans or
animals. Examples of biologically active molecules include, but are
not limited to, peptides, proteins, enzymes, small molecule drugs,
dyes, lipids, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, cells, viruses,
liposomes, microparticles and micelles. Classes of biologically
active agents that are suitable for use with the invention include,
but are not limited to, antibiotics, fungicides, anti-viral agents,
anti-inflammatory agents, anti-tumor agents, cardiovascular agents,
anti-anxiety agents, hormones, growth factors, steroidal agents,
and the like.
[0019] The invention provides a method for the preparation of a
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester (also referred to as a BTC ester)
of a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer, wherein a terminal
hydroxyl group of a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer is
reacted with di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate, the structure of which
is shown below, to form the 1 -benzotriazolylcarbonate ester.
Di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate, which should not pose significant
safety or handling problems as a reagent and should not cause
degradation of the polymer backbone, can be purchased as a 70%
(w/w) mixture with 1,1,2-trichloroethane from Fluka Chemical
Corporation of Milwaukee, Wis. 1
[0020] The polymer backbone of the water-soluble and non-peptidic
polymer can be poly(ethylene glycol) (i.e. PEG). However, it should
be understood that other related polymers are also suitable for use
in the practice of this invention and that the use of the term PEG
or poly(ethylene glycol) is intended to be inclusive and not
exclusive in this respect. The term PEG includes poly(ethylene
glycol) in any of its forms, including alkoxy PEG, difunctional
PEG, multiarmed PEG, forked PEG, branched PEG, pendent PEG (i.e.
PEG or related polymers having one or more functional groups
pendent to the polymer backbone), or PEG with degradable linkages
therein.
[0021] PEG is typically clear, colorless, odorless, soluble in
water, stable to heat, inert to many chemical agents, does not
hydrolyze or deteriorate, and is generally non-toxic. Poly(ethylene
glycol) is considered to be biocompatible, which is to say that PEG
is capable of coexistence with living tissues or organisms without
causing harm. More specifically, PEG is substantially
non-immunogenic, which is to say that PEG does not tend to produce
an immune response in the body. When attached to a molecule having
some desirable function in the body, such as a biologically active
agent, the PEG tends to mask the agent and can reduce or eliminate
any immune response so that an organism can tolerate the presence
of the agent. PEG conjugates tend not to produce a substantial
immune response or cause clotting or other undesirable effects. PEG
having the formula --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).-
sub.n--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, where n is from about 3 to about 4000,
typically from about 3 to about 2000, is one useful polymer in the
practice of the invention. PEG having a molecular weight of from
about 200 Da to about 100,000 Da are particularly useful as the
polymer backbone.
[0022] The polymer backbone can be linear or branched. Branched
polymer backbones are generally known in the art. Typically, a
branched polymer has a central branch core moiety and a plurality
of linear polymer chains linked to the central branch core. PEG is
commonly used in branched forms that can be prepared by addition of
ethylene oxide to various polyols, such as glycerol,
pentaerythritol and sorbitol. The central branch moiety can also be
derived from several amino acids, such as lysine. The branched
poly(ethylene glycol) can be represented in general form as
R(-PEG-OH).sub.m in which R represents the core moiety, such as
glycerol or pentaerythritol, and m represents the number of arms.
Multi-armed PEG molecules, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,932,462, which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety, can also be used as the polymer backbone.
[0023] Many other polymers are also suitable for the invention.
Polymer backbones that are non-peptidic and water-soluble, with
from 2 to about 300 termini, are particularly useful in the
invention. Examples of suitable polymers include, but are not
limited to, other poly(alkylene glycols), such as poly(propylene
glycol) ("PPG"), copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol
and the like, poly(oxyethylated polyol), poly(olefinic alcohol),
poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(hydroxypropylmethacr- ylamide),
poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyphosphazene,
polyoxazoline, poly(N-acryloylmorpholine), such as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,384, which is incorporated by reference herein
in its entirety, and copolymers, terpolymers, and mixtures thereof.
Although the molecular weight of each chain of the polymer backbone
can vary, it is typically in the range of from about 100 Da to
about 100,000 Da, often from about 6,000 Da to about 80,000 Da.
[0024] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the
foregoing list for substantially water soluble and non-peptidic
polymer backbones is by no means exhaustive and is merely
illustrative, and that all polymeric materials having the qualities
described above are contemplated.
[0025] For purposes of illustration, a simplified reaction scheme
for the method of the invention is shown below. 2
[0026] wherein BT is 3
[0027] L being the point of bonding to the oxygen atom.
[0028] In one embodiment, the reaction between the polymer and
diBTC takes place in an organic solvent and in the presence of a
base. Examples of suitable organic solvents include methylene
chloride, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran,
dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and mixtures thereof. Amine
bases, such as pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, quinoline,
trialkylamines, including triethylamine, and mixtures thereof, are
examples of suitable bases. In one aspect of the invention, the
molar ratio of di(1-benzotriazolyl) carbonate to the water-soluble
and non-peptidic polymer is about 30:1 or less.
[0029] In one embodiment, the water-soluble and non-peptidic
polymer has the structure R'-POLY-OH and the
1-benzotriazolylcarbonate ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has the structure 4
[0030] wherein POLY is a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer
backbone, such as PEG, and R' is a capping group. R' can be any
suitable capping group known in the art for polymers of this type.
For example, R' can be a relatively inert capping group, such as an
alkoxy group (e.g. methoxy). Alternatively, R' can be a functional
group. Examples of suitable functional groups include hydroxyl,
protected hydroxyl, active ester, such as N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
esters and 1-benzotriazolyl esters, active carbonate, such as
N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonates and 1-benzotriazolyl carbonates,
acetal, aldehyde, aldehyde hydrates, alkenyl, acrylate,
methacrylate, acrylamide, active sulfone, protected amine,
protected hydrazide, thiol, protected thiol, carboxylic acid,
protected carboxylic acid, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, maleimide,
vinylsulfone, dithiopyridine, vinylpyridine, iodoacetamide,
epoxide, glyoxals, diones, mesylates, tosylates, and tresylate. The
functional group is typically chosen for attachment to a functional
group on a biologically active agent.
[0031] As would be understood in the art, the term "protected"
refers to the presence of a protecting group or moiety that
prevents reaction of the chemically reactive functional group under
certain reaction conditions. The protecting group will vary
depending on the type of chemically reactive group being protected.
For example, if the chemically reactive group is an amine or a
hydrazide, the protecting group can be selected from the group of
tert-butyloxycarbonyl (t-Boc) and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
(Fmoc). If the chemically reactive group is a thiol, the protecting
group can be orthopyridyldisulfide. If the chemically reactive
group is a carboxylic acid, such as butanoic or propionic acid, or
a hydroxyl group, the protecting group can be benzyl or an alkyl
group such as methyl or ethyl. Other protecting groups known in the
art may also be used in the invention.
[0032] In another embodiment, the water-soluble and non-peptidic
polymer has the structure HO--POLYa--R(POLYb--X)q and the
1-benzotriazolylcarbona- te ester of the water-soluble and
non-peptidic polymer has the structure 5
[0033] wherein POLYa and POLYb are water-soluble and non-peptidic
polymer backbones, such as PEG, that may be the same or
different.
[0034] R is a central core molecule, such as glycerol or
pentaerythritol;
[0035] q is an integer from 2 to about 300; and
[0036] each X is a capping group.
[0037] The X capping groups may be the same as discussed above for
R'.
[0038] In another aspect, a difunctional or higher functional BTC
ester of the water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer is reacted with
at least two amino groups of a second polymer having a plurality of
primary amino groups, such as amino PEGs or other multifunctional
amine polymers, such as proteins, aminocarbohydrates, or
poly(vinylamine), to form cross-linked polymers. The amine polymer
will generally have three or more available amino groups. Such
polymers form hydrogels; that is, they become highly hydrated in
aqueous media, but do not dissolve. Since these hydrogels are
commonly biocompatable and may be degradable, many biomedical
applications are possible in the areas of drug delivery, wound
covering, and adhesion prevention.
[0039] A further embodiment of the invention involves the reaction
of BTC esters of water-soluble and non-peptidic polymers with amino
acids to form amino acid derivatives. In one embodiment, PEG-BTC
esters are reacted with lysine to form a polymeric lysine
derivative. For example, one such lysine derivative is a doubly
PEGylated lysine, wherein the two PEGs are linked to the lysine
amines by carbamate bonds, as shown below. 6
[0040] wherein PEG is poly(ethylene glycol) and Z is selected from
the group consisting of H, N-succinimidyl, or 1-benzotriazolyl.
[0041] Such PEG derivatives of lysine are useful as reagents for
preparation of PEG derivatives of proteins. These PEG derivatives
often offer advantages over non-PEGylated proteins, such as longer
circulating life-times in vivo, reduced rates of proteolysis, and
lowered immunogenicity. In another aspect, PEG BTC derivatives are
used directly in attaching PEG to proteins through carbamate
linkages and may offer advantages similar to those described for
the lysine PEG derivatives.
[0042] BTC esters of water-soluble and non-peptidic polymers can
also be reacted with biologically active agents to form
biologically active polymer conjugates. Examples of biologically
active agents include peptides, proteins, enzymes, small molecule
drugs, dyes, lipids, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, cells, viruses,
liposomes, microparticles and micelles.
[0043] The invention also includes 1-benzotriazolylcarbonate esters
of water-soluble and non-peptidic polymers prepared according to
the above-described process. As noted above, it is believed that
polymer derivatives prepared according to the invention exhibit
higher quality because degradation of the polymer backbone caused
by phosgene is avoided. Further, since the method of the invention
requires only one step and fewer reactants, process efficiency is
enhanced and cost is reduced.
[0044] The following examples are given to illustrate the
invention, but should not be considered in limitation of the
invention.
EXPERIMENTAL
Example 1
Preparation of mPEG.sub.5000BTC
[0045] A solution of mPEG.sub.5000-OH (MW 5000, 15 g, 0.003 moles),
di(1-benzotriazolyl) carbonate (4.0 g of 70% mixture, 0.000945
moles), and pyridine (2.2 ml) in acetonitrile (30 ml) was stirred
at room temperature under nitrogen overnight. The solvent was
removed by distillation, the residue was dissolved in 80 ml of
methylene chloride, and the resulting solution was added to 850 ml
of ethyl ether. The mixture was cooled to 0-5.degree. C. and the
precipitate was collected by filtration. The precipitation process
was then repeated to obtain a white solid which was dried under
vacuum at room temperature to yield 13.5 g of product which was
shown by .sup.1H nmr to be 100% substituted. .sup.1H nmr (dmso
d-6): 3.23 ppm, CH.sub.3O; 3.51 ppm, O--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O; 4.62
ppm, m, mPEG--O--CH.sub.2--OCO.sub.2--; 7.41-8.21, complex mult.,
benzotriazole protons.
Example 2
Preparation of mPEG.sub.20,000BTC
[0046] A solution of mPEG.sub.20,000--OH (MW 20,000, 20 g, 0.001
moles), di(1-benzotriazolyl) carbonate (3.4 g of 70% mixture,
0.00803 moles), and pyridine (3.0 ml) in acetonitrile (40 ml) was
stirred at room temperature under nitrogen overnight. The solvent
was removed by distillation and the residue was dissolved in 80 ml
of methylene chloride and the resulting solution was added to 800
ml of ethyl ether. The precipitate was collected by filtration and
was dried under vacuum at room temperature to yield 16.8 g of
product which was shown by .sup.1H nmr to be 100% substituted.
.sup.1H nmr (dmso d-6): 3.23 ppm, CH.sub.3O; 3.51 ppm,
O--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O; 4.62 ppm, m,
mPEG--O--CH.sub.2--OCO.sub.2--; 7.41-8.21, complex mult.,
benzotriazole protons.
Example 3
Derivatization of lysine with mPEG.sub.20,000BTC
[0047] Lysine.HCl (0.0275 g, 0.000151 moles) was dissolved in 26 ml
of 0.1 M borate buffer and the pH was adjusted to 8.0 with 0.1 M
NaOH. To the resulting solution was added mPEG.sub.20,000BTC (7.0
g, 0.00350 moles) over 15 minutes and the pH was kept at 8 by
addition of 0.1 M NaOH. After stirring the resulting solution for 3
h, 15 g of H.sub.2O and 4 g of NaCl were added and the pH was
adjusted to 3.0 with 10% phosphoric acid. The product was extracted
with methylene chloride and the extract dried over MgSO.sub.4.
After concentrating the solution to 30 ml, the solution was poured
into 300 ml of ethyl ether and the product collected by filtration
and dried under vacuum at room temperature to yield 5.9 g of
product as a white solid. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography
(Ultrahydrogel 250, column temperature 75.degree. C., aqueous
buffer pH 7.2) showed the product to be a mixture of di-N-PEGylated
lysine (MW.about.40 KDa, 63.05%), mono-N-PEGylated lysine
(MW.about.20 KDa,36.95%), and mPEG.sub.20,000.
Example 4
Derivatization of lysozyme with mPEG.sub.5000BTC
[0048] To 4 ml of lysozyme solution (3 mg/ml in 50 mM sodium
phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) was added 20.3 mg of mPEG.sub.5000BTC
(5-fold excess of mPEG5000 BTC) and the mixture was continually
mixed at room temperature. Analysis by capillary electrophoresis
(57 cm.times.76 um column; 30 mM phosphate buffer; operating
voltage 25 kV) after 4 hours showed that 6.94% of unreacted
lysozyme remained, while 33.99% of mono-PEGylated lysozyme, 43.11%
di-PEGylated lysozyme, 13.03% tri-PEGylated lysozyme, and 2.92% of
tetra-PEGylated lysozyme had formed.
Example 5
PEG.sub.2KDa-.alpha.-hydroxy-.omega.-propionic acid, benzyl
ester
[0049] To a solution of
PEG.sub.2KDa-.alpha.-hydroxy-.omega.-propionic acid (10 g, 0.0050
moles)(Shearwater Corp.) in anhydrous methylene chloride (100 ml)
1-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.30 g), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (1.0 g),
benzyl alcohol (10.8 g, 0.100 moles) and
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.0 M solution in methylene chloride,
7.5 ml, 0.0075 moles) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred
overnight at room temperature under argon. The mixture was then
concentrated to about 50 ml, filtered and added to 800 ml cold
diethyl ether. The precipitated product was filtered off and dried
under reduced pressure. Yield 8.2 g.
[0050] NMR (d6-DMSO): 2.60 ppm (t, --CH.sub.2--COO--), 3.51 ppm (s,
PEG backbone), 4.57 ppm (t, --OH--), 5.11 ppm (s, --CH.sub.2--
(benzyl)), 7.36 ppm (m, --C.sub.6H.sub.5 (benzyl)).
Example 6
PEG.sub.2KDa-.alpha.-benzotriazole carbonate-.omega.-propionic
acid, benzyl ester
[0051] To a solution of
PEG.sub.2KDa-.alpha.-hydroxy-.omega.-propionic acid, benzyl ester
(8.2 g, 0.0025 moles) in acetonitrile (82 ml), pyridine (0.98 ml)
and di(1-benzotriazolyl)carbonate (1.48 g) were added and the
reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under
argon atmosphere. The mixture was then filtered and solvent was
evaporated to dryness. The crude product was dissolved in methylene
chloride and precipitated with isopropyl alcohol. The wet product
was dried under reduced pressure. Yield 6.8 g. NMR (d6-DMSO): 2.60
ppm (t, --CH.sub.2 --COO--), 3.51 ppm (s, PEG backbone), 4.62 ppm
(m, --CH.sub.2--O(C.dbd.O)--), 5.11 ppm (s, --CH.sub.2-- (benzyl)),
7.36 ppm (m, --C.sub.6H.sub.5 (benzyl)), 7.60-8.50 ppm (4m,
aromatic protons of benzotriazole).
* * * * *