U.S. patent application number 09/818392 was filed with the patent office on 2001-11-15 for tetrahydronaphtalene derivatives and their use.
Invention is credited to Hansen, John Bondo, Li, Ming, Tagmose, Tina Moller.
Application Number | 20010041730 09/818392 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26068778 |
Filed Date | 2001-11-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010041730 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Li, Ming ; et al. |
November 15, 2001 |
Tetrahydronaphtalene derivatives and their use
Abstract
Tetrahydronaphatalene derivatives, and compositions comprising
the compounds. The tetrahydronaphatalene derivates are useful in
inhibiting a rise in intracellular calcium mediated by an influx
through T-type calcium channels, and are thus useful for treatment
of, for example, type 1 and type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
diseases associated with diabetes.
Inventors: |
Li, Ming; (Mobile, AL)
; Hansen, John Bondo; (Jyderup, DK) ; Tagmose,
Tina Moller; (Ballerup, DK) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Steve T. Zelson, Esq.
Novo Nordisk of North America, Inc.
Suite 6400
405 Lexington Avenue
New York
NY
10174-6401
US
|
Family ID: |
26068778 |
Appl. No.: |
09/818392 |
Filed: |
March 27, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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09818392 |
Mar 27, 2001 |
|
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PCT/DK01/00129 |
Feb 23, 2001 |
|
|
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60185294 |
Feb 28, 2000 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/394 ;
548/309.7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P
5/48 20180101; C07D 235/14 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/394 ;
548/309.7 |
International
Class: |
C07D 235/14; A61K
031/4184 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 25, 2000 |
DK |
PA 2000 00294 |
Claims
1. A compound of formula (I): 4wherein R.sup.1 is H,
C.sub.1-6-alkyl or phenyl which is optionally substituted with
halogen, methoxy or C.sub.1-6-alkyl; and R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3
together forms a C.sub.3-6-cycloalkyl group; or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof.
2. A compound of formula (I): 5wherein R.sup.1 is h or
C.sub.1-6-alkyl and R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3 together forms a
C.sub.3-6-cycloalkyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is H.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 methyl.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3 together
forms a cyclopropyl group.
6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3 together
forms a cyclobutyl group.
7. The compound of claim 1, selected from one of: (1S
,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl),propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-fluor-
o-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
8. The compound of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of:
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-flu-
oro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclobutanecarboxylate;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-flu-
oro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclopentanecarboxylate;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-flu-
oro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclohexanecarboxylate;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-flu-
oro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclopropanecarboxylate- ;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-fl-
uoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
ethylcyclopropanecarboxylate- ;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-fl-
uoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclobutanecarboxylate- ;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-fl-
uoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
ethylcyclobutanecarboxylate;
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-flu-
oro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclopentanecarboxylate- ; and
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)--
6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclohexanecarboxy- late; or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof.
9. The pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
1, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, together with one
or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
10. A method of inhibiting a rise in intracellular calcium mediated
by an influx through T-type calcium channels in a subject in need
thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the
compound of claim 1 to said subject.
11. A method of treating type 2 diabetes in a subject in need
thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the
compound of claim 1 to said subject.
12. A method of treating type 1 diabetes in a subject in need
thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the
compound of claim 1 to said subject.
13. A method of treating diabetic cardiovascular disorders in a
subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective
amount of the compound of claim 1 to said subject.
14. A method of treating microvascular or macrovascular diseases
associated with diabetes in a subject in need thereof comprising
administering an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 to
said subject.
15. A method of treating retinopathy in a subject in need thereof
comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of
claim 1 to said subject.
16. A method of treating nephropathy in a subject in need thereof
comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of
claim 1 to said subject.
17. A method of treating neuropathy a subject in need thereof
comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of
claim 1 to said subject.
18. A method of treating macrovascular diseases associated with
gangrene, myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke or atherosclerosis
in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective
amount of the compound of claim 1 to said subject.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of PCT/DK01/00129 filed
Feb. 23, 2001 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 of Danish
application PA 2000 00294 filed Feb. 25, 2000, and U.S. provisional
application 60/185,294 filed on Feb. 28, 2000, the contents of
which are fully incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to novel tetrahydronaphtalene
derivatives, to compositions comprising these compounds and their
use in therapy, e.g. in the treatment and in the prevention of type
1 and type 2 diabetes as well as cardiovascular disorders
associated with diabetes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Insulin secretion from pancreatic .beta.-cells is the
primary physiological mechanism of blood glucose regulation. A rise
in blood glucose concentration stimulates release of insulin from
the pancreas, which in turn promotes glucose uptake in peripheral
tissues and consequently lowers blood glucose levels,
reestablishing euglycemia. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM)(type II diabetes) is associated with impairment in
glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic .beta.-cells
(Vague, P. and Moulin, J. P., Metabolism 31:139-144 (1982)).
[0004] Voltage-gated Ca.sup.2+ channels mediate a rapidly activated
inward movement of Ca.sup.2+ ions that underlies the stimulation of
insulin secretion in .beta.-cells (Boyd, A. E. III, Current
Concepts, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich. (1991). In different
tissues, four types of Ca.sup.2+ channels have been described
(L(P/Q), T, N, and E channels). The purified L-type Ca.sup.2+
channel consists of five subunits: .alpha..sub.1, .alpha..sub.2,
.beta., .gamma., .delta. (Catterall, W. A., Science 253:1499-1500
(1991)). The primary structure of the .alpha., subunit is organized
in four homologous domains containing six transmembrane segments
(Catterall, W. A., Science 242:50-61 (1988).
[0005] Rat and human pancreatic .beta.-cells are equipped with
L-type and T-type Ca.sup.2+ channels (Hiriart, M. and Matteson, D.
R., J Gen Physiol 91:145-159 (1988); Davalli, A. M., et al., J
Endocrinology 150:195-203 (1996)). L-type Ca.sup.2+ channels,
activated at high voltages and having large unitary conductance and
dihydropyridine-sensitivity, are considered the major pipe-line for
Ca.sup.2+ influx into the .beta.-cell (Keahey, H. H., et al.,
Diabetes 38:188-193 (1989)). In contrast, T-type calcium channels
activate at low voltages and have small unitary conductance and
dihydropyridine-insensitivity.
[0006] The physiological function of T-type Ca.sup.2+ channels in
.beta.-cell insulin-secretion has been demonstrated (Bhattacharjee,
A., et al., Endocrinology 138:3735-3740 (1997). These channels
facilitate exocytosis by enhancing electrical activity in these
cells. L-type and T-type Ca.sup.2+ channels, under normal
conditions, work in concert promoting the rise in [Ca.sup.2+],
during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In .beta.-cells,
over-expressed T-type Ca.sup.2+ channels may be, at least in part,
responsible for the hyper-responsiveness of insulin secretion to
non-glucose depolarizing stimuli in GK rat and in rat with NIDDM
induced by neonatal injection of streptozotocin (Kato, S., et al.,
Metabolism 43:1395-1400 (1994); Kato, S., et al., J Clin Invest
97:2417-2425 (1996)). However, over-expressed T-type calcium
channels over time will ultimately lead to an elevation of basal
Ca.sup.2+ through it's window current properties. Therefore, there
is a dual effect of T-type Ca.sup.2+ channels in .beta.-celIs
depending upon channel number and membrane potential.
[0007] Two isoforms of L-type Ca.sup.2+ channel al subunits have
been identified in .beta.-cells (Seino, S., et al., Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 89:584-588 (1992)). The rat neuronal T-type calcium channel
has been cloned (Perez-Reyes, E., et al., Nature 391:896-900
(1998)). The .alpha.1G subunit of the T-type calcium channel has
been cloned from the rat insulin secreting cell line INS-1 (Zhuang
et al., Diabetes 49: 59-64, 2000). This .alpha.1G subunit is
expressed in rat islets as well as in brain, neonatal heart and
kidney. The .alpha.1 H subunit of the T-type calcium channel has
been cloned from human heart (Cribbs, L. L. Circ. Res. 83: 103-109
(1998). Other subunits of T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel have yet to be
identified.
[0008] It has recently been described that the blocker of T-type
and L-type calcium channels mibefradil prevents and reverses the
development of hypertension, hyperinsulinemia and
hypertriglyceridemia in fructose fed rats (S. Verma et al,
Cardiovascular Research 34: 121-128 (1997)).
[0009] In patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and in animal
models of type 2 diabetes, an elevated intracellular level of
calcium in both beta-cells and non-pancreatic tissue has been
observed (J. Levy, Endocrine, 10: 1-6 (1999). It is believed that
compounds able to inhibit a rise in intracellular calcium are
useful to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes, and microvascular or
macrovascular diseases associated with diabetes.
[0010] Blockers of T-type channels of pancreatic beta cells protect
these cells from the cytotoxic effects of cytokines and reduce
basal insulin release to reduce the presentations of antibodies
associated with Type 1 diabetes. These effects can be used in the
treatment on patients suffering from Type 1 diabetes as described
by Karlsson and Bjork (Diabetes 45:1427-30 (1996) and
Autoimmunity26:117-122 (1997)).
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,650 discloses mibefradil and analogues
thereof as calcium antagonists which are useful in the treatment of
angina pectoris, ischaemia, arrhythmias, high blood pressure and
cardiac insufficiency.
[0012] The present invention provides a class of novel
tetrahydronaphtalene derivatives which is able to inhibit a rise in
intracellular calcium mediated by an influx through T-type calcium
channels, indicating that the compounds of the present invention
are useful in the treatment and in the prevention of diabetes and
microvascular or macrovascular diseases associated with
diabetes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention relates to novel tetrahydronaphtalene
derivatives of the general formula (I) wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and
R.sup.3 are as defined in the detailed part of the present
description.
[0014] The present compounds interfere with T-type calcium channel
activity and can be used for treating and for preventing type 1 and
type 2 diabetes and diabetic cardiovascular disorders.
[0015] Further, the present compounds are particularly well suited
to blocking (inhibiting) the activity of T-type calcium channels
but not blocking the activity of L-type calcium channels.
[0016] Further provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising
the compounds of the general formula I or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier or diluent.
[0017] The invention further provides methods of treating and
methods of preventing type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as
methods of treatment and methods of preventing microvascular or
macrovascular diseases associated with diabetes, in a subject
(human or animal), the method comprising administering to the
subject an amount of a compound effective to modify levels of
T-type calcium channels in the pancreatic beta cells and
non-pancreatic tissue of the subject.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] Accordingly, the present invention relates to novel
tetrahydronaphtalene derivatives of the general formula (I) 1
[0019] wherein R.sup.1 is H, C.sub.1-6-alkyl or phenyl which is
optionally substituted with halogen, methoxy or C.sub.1-6-alkyl;
and R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3 together forms a C.sub.3-6-cycloalkyl
group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with a
pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base.
[0020] The present invention also encompass any pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other of
the present compounds which, upon administration to an animal
including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly)
the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly,
for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present
invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and
other bioequivalents.
[0021] In regard to prodrugs, the compounds of the present
invention may additionally or alternatively be prepared to be
delivered in a prodrug form. The term prodrug indicates a
therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is
converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells
thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals
and/or conditions.
[0022] In regard to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, the term
pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to physiologically and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present
invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity
of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological
effects thereto. These salts include pharmaceutically acceptable
acid addition salts, pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts or
optionally alkylated ammonium salts, such as hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric, sulfuric, trifluoroacetic,
trichloroacetic, oxalic, maleic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic,
citric, tartaric, fumaric, mandelic, benzoic, cinnamic,
methanesulfonic, ethane sulfonic, picric and the like, and include
acids related to the pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed in
Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977) and incorporated
herein by reference, or lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and
the like.
[0023] The terms "C.sub.1-6-alkyl" as used herein, alone or in
combination, refers to a straight or branched, saturated
hydrocarbon chain having the indicated number of carbon atoms such
as e.g. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl,
isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl,
4-methylpentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl,
1,2,2-trimethylpropyl and the like.
[0024] The term "halogen" as used herein means fluorine, chlorine,
bromine or iodine.
[0025] The term "C.sub.3-6-cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a
radical of a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon with the indicated number
of carbons such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or
cyclohexyl.
[0026] In one embodiment of the invention R.sup.1 is H.
[0027] In another embodiment of the invention R.sup.1 is
methyl.
[0028] In another embodiment of the invention R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3
together forms a cyclopropyl group.
[0029] In another embodiment of the invention R.sup.2--C--R.sup.3
together forms a cyclobutyl group.
[0030] Specific compounds of the invention are:
[0031]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1 2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclopropanecarboxylate- ;
[0032]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclobutanecarboxylate;
[0033]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclopentanecarboxylate- ;
[0034]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclohexanecarboxylate;
[0035]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1 2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclopropanecarbo- xylate;
[0036]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
ethylcyclopropanecarbox- ylate;
[0037]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclobutanecarbox- ylate;
[0038]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
ethylcyclobutanecarboxy- late;
[0039]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclopentanecarbo- xylate;
[0040]
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-
-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
methylcyclohexanecarbox- ylate; or
[0041] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0042] The present invention is based in part on the discovery that
regulation of T-type calcium channels directly modifies basal
calcium levels in cells, which in turn regulates L type calcium
channel activity, which in turn regulates insulin secretion and
cell death, which in turn treats e.g. type 2 diabetes. The present
invention is further based on the discovery that regulation of
T-type calcium channels directly affects basal and glucose-induced
insulin secretion. The invention thus provides a method of
modifying insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, the method
comprising modifying levels of T-type calcium channels in the
pancreatic beta cells.
[0043] Accordingly, in another aspect, the invention relates to
pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the general
formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together
with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0044] In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical
compositions for use in the treatment and/or prevention of type 1
and type 2 diabetes as well as diabetic cardiovascular disorders
comprising the compounds of the general formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0045] In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a
compound of the general formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition
for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases related to the
inhibition of a rise in intracellular calcium mediated by an influx
through T-type calcium channels.
[0046] In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a
compound of the general formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition
for the treatment and/or prevention of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
as well as microvascular or macrovascular diseases associated with
diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, gangrene,
myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke and atherosclerosis.
[0047] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of
treating and/or preventing type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as
microvascular or macrovascular diseases associated with diabetes,
such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, gangrene, myocardial
infarction, cerebral stroke and atherosclerosis in a subject (human
or animal), the method comprising administering to the subject an
amount of a compound effective to modify levels of T-type calcium
channels in the pancreatic beta cells of the subject.
[0048] For therapeutics, methods of modifying insulin secretion by
pancreatic beta cells, methods of treating diabetes, methods of
modifying basal calcium levels in cells, methods of modifying the
action potential of L-type calcium channels in cells, methods of
modifying pancreatic beta cell death, methods of modifying
pancreatic beta cell proliferation, and methods of modifying
calcium influx through L-type calcium channels in cells, each of
the methods comprising modifying levels of functional T-type
calcium channels in the cells, are provided.
[0049] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to
methods of preparing the above mentioned compounds. The methods
comprises:
[0050] Reacting a compound of formula (II): 2
[0051] with an activated carboxylic acid of formula (III): 3
[0052] wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are defined above and X
is a leaving group, such as halogen, preferentially chlorine;
azide, alkoxy, phenoxy or carbonyloxy. If X is --OH, elevated
temperatures and/or a catalyst such as hydrochloric acid will
frequently be needed.
[0053] The compound of formula (II) may be prepared as described in
Y. Crameri et al, Tetrahedron: Assymetry, 8: 3617-3623 (1997) and
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,605 or by acid or base catalysed hydrolysis
of mibefradil, using standard syntetic procedures as described in
e.g. J. March: Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4.ed. 1992, McGraw
Hill.
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
[0054] Effect of compounds on T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel
.alpha..sub.1G-INS-1 subunit expressed on Xenopus Oocytes or
mammalian cells.
[0055] Part 1. Xenopus Oocyte-two electrode patch clamp
recordings
[0056] Functional expression of .alpha..sub.1G-INS-1 in Xenopus
oocytes.
[0057] Oocytes from Xenopus laevis will be used for functionally
expressing T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel .alpha.1G-INS-1 subunit and for
drug screening. Oocytes, at maturation stage V, will be obtained by
surgery from anesthetized Xenopus frogs. Once removed, the oocytes
will be stored in the sterile Barth medium supplemented with
penicillin and streptomycin at 19-20.degree. C. The outer vitelline
(follicular) layer will be removed either mechanically after
osmotic shrinkage in K-aspartate solution or chemically with
collagenaseltrypsin treatment. Defolliculated oocytes will be again
incubated in the Barth medium until injection. Injection will be
performed with a pneumatic injector. After microinjection of cRNA,
the oocytes will be incubated for three to five days in the
antibiotic-supplemented sterile Barth medium at 19-20.degree.
C.
[0058] Voltage clamp recording and solutions.
[0059] Ca.sup.2+ currents will be recorded using the conventional
two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Voltage recording
electrodes will be filled with 3 M KCl and current injecting
electrodes with the solution containing (in mM): CsCl 500, EGTA 10,
HEPES 10, pH 7.4 (adjusted with CsOH). For the isolation of
Ca.sup.2+ channel current and suppression of the oocyte intrinsic
calcium activated Cl.sup.-- conductance, Cl.sup.--free
methanesulphonate-substituted extracellular solution containing
Ba.sup.2+ as charge carrier will be used (in mM): Ba(OH).sub.2 40,
NaOH 50, KOH 2, HEPES 10, pH 7.4 (adjusted with methanesulphonic
acid). To also eliminate Na.sup.+ conductance and maximally
suppress K.sup.+, in some cases tetraethylammonium hydroxide will
be substituted for NaOH in this solution.
[0060] The inhibitory effect of compounds on the T-type Ca.sup.2+
current will be examined with variable doses. Drugs will be
perfused into a chamber where a cell is voltage clamped
successfully, T-type Ca.sup.2+ current will be recorded at 0 mV
when held at -90 mV. The designed concentrations will be
10.sup.-7,10.sup.-6, 10.sup.-5 and 10.sup.-4 for each compound. The
normalized effect of compounds on current amplitude will be
averaged from four or more experiments.
[0061] To determine the effect of the compounds on the
voltage-dependent properties of the T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel, the
voltage-dependent activation and steady-state inactivation of the
T-type Ca.sup.2+ current expressed in Xenopus oocytes will be
characterized. For the voltage dependent activation, the T-type
Ca.sup.2+ current will be recorded at test potentials between -60
mV to +30 mV with increments of 10 mV. For the inactivation, a two
second pre-pulse will be applied before a test pulse of 0 mV for
200 mV. Holding potential will be kept at -80 mV for both
activation and inactivation characterizations. Normalized
conductance-voltage relationship curves were fitted with the
Boltzmann equation, 1/{1+exp[(V-V.sub.{fraction (1,2)})/k]}, where
V.sub.1/2 is the voltage of half activation and k is a slope
factor.
[0062] Part II (Alternative). Effect of compounds on the Ca.sup.2+
currents in HEK-293 cells that expressing .alpha..sub.1G-INS-1
subunit of T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel.
[0063] Permanent expression of .alpha..sub.1G-INS-1 subunit of
T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel in mammalian cells.
[0064] Islet isoform of .alpha..sub.1G-INS-1 subunit of T-type
Ca.sup.2+ channel cDNA will be supplied in the pMT2 vertebrate
expression vector (Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Mass.). Green
Fluorescent Protein (GFP) cDNA will be excised from Bluescript
vector. The GFP fragment will be ligated into pMT2. HEK-293 cells
will be transfected by electroporation. 15 .mu.g of pMT2-.alpha.1
(T) and 1 .mu.g of GFP constructs will be used for transfection.
Successfully transfected cells will be identified for
electrophysiological recording by expression of GFP.
[0065] The whole-cell patch clamp recordings.
[0066] The whole-cell recordings will be carried out by the
standard "giga-seal" patch clamp technique. The whole-cell
recording pipettes will be made of hemocapillaries (Warner
Instrument Corp., Hamden, Conn.), pulled by a two-stage puller
(PC-10, Narishige International, New York, N.Y.), and heat polished
with a microforge (MF-200, World Precision Instruments, Sarasota,
Fla.) before use. The pipette resistance will be in the range of
2-5 M.OMEGA. with our internal solution. The recordings will be
performed at room temperature (22.degree. C.). Currents were
recorded using an EPC-9 patch-clamp amplifier (HEKA,
Lambrecht/Pfalz, Germany) and filtered at 2.9 kHz. Data will be
acquired with Pulse/PulseFit software (HEKA). Voltage-dependent
currents will be corrected for linear leak and residual capacitance
by using an on-line P/n subtraction paradigm. Normalized
conductance-voltage relationship curves will be fitted with the
Boltzmann equation, 1/{1+exp[(V-V.sub.1/2)/k]}, where V.sub.1/2 is
the voltage of half activation and k is a slope factor.
[0067] Solutions:
[0068] Ca.sup.2+ current recording solution will contain (in
mmol/l): 10 CaCl.sub.2, 110 tetraethylammonium-Cl (TEA-Cl), 10
CsCl, 10 N -2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid
(HEPES), 40 sucrose, 0.5 3,4-diaminopyridine, pH 7.3. The pipette
solution will contain (in mmol/l): 130 N-methyl-D-glucamine, 20
EGTA (free acid), 5 bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N, N, N',
N'-tetraacetate (BAPTA), 10 HEPES, 6 MgCl.sub.2, 4 Ca(OH).sub.2, pH
was adjusted to 7.4 with methanesulfonate. 2 mmol/l Mg-ATP was
included in the pipette solution to minimize run-down of L-type
Ca.sup.2+ currents.
[0069] The inhibitory effect of compounds on the T-type Ca.sup.2+
current will be examined with variable doses. Drugs will be
perfused into a chamber where a cell is voltage clamped
successfully, T-type Ca.sup.2+ current will be recorded at 0 mV
when held at -90 mV. The designed concentrations will be 10.sup.-7,
10.sup.-6, 10.sup.-5 and 10.sup.-4 M for each compound. The
normalized effect of compounds on current amplitude will be
averaged from four or more experiments.
[0070] To determine the effect of the compounds on the
voltage-dependent properties of the T-type Ca.sup.2+ channel, we
will characterized the voltage-dependent activation and
steady-state inactivation of the T-type Ca.sup.2+ current expressed
in HEK cells. For the voltage dependent activation, the T-type
Ca.sup.2+ current will be recorded at test potentials between -60
mV to +30 mV with increments of 10 mV. For the inactivation, a two
second pre-pulse will be applied before a test pulse of 0 mV for
200 mV. Holding potential will be kept at -80 mV for both
activation and inactivation characterizations. Normalized
conductance-voltage relationship curves were fitted with the
Boltzmann equation, 1/{1+exp[(V-V.sub.1/2)/k]}, where V.sub.1/2 is
the voltage of half activation and k is a slope factor.
[0071] 2) Effect of compounds on the high voltage activated (e.g.
L-type) Ca.sup.2+ currents in insulin secreting cells.
[0072] High voltage activated Ca.sup.2+ currents will be recorded
in INS-1 cells or HIT cells with perforated patch clamp
configuration (to prevent L-type Ca.sup.2+ current "run-up"). In
order to eliminate the contamination of T-type Ca.sup.2+ currents,
cell membrane potential will be held at -40 mV and recorded at +20
mV. The time-dependent effect of the compounds on high voltage
activated Ca.sup.2+ current will be examined by sampling the
current amplitude every 30 second for 30 minutes after perfusing
10.sup.-6 M of each compound. If no time-dependent effect is
detected, in the next step we will establish the dose-dependent
effect of each compound on the high voltage activated Ca.sup.2+
currents. The designed concentrations will be 10.sup.-6, 10.sup.-5,
10.sup.-4 and 10.sup.-3 M for each compound. The normalized current
amplitude will be averaged from at least four experiments.
[0073] The effect of T-type Ca.sup.2+ modulators can be determined
by the measurements of changes in intracellular Ca.sup.2+ (using
microfluorometry and Ca.sup.2+ sensitive probes such as fluo-3 or
fura-2) following a an increase in extracellular K.sup.+ in the
presence of the test compound(s). The cells are kept in an
extracellular medium with a slightly reduced K.sup.+ level in order
to hyperpolarize the cells and thereby obtain a resting membrane
potential which is optimal for the activation of the T-type
channel. The stimulatory level of K.sup.+ should be carefully
chosen to obtain a depolarization of the cell to a membrane
potential where influx through T-type is maximal and at the same
time minimizimg influx through other Ca.sup.2+ channel types. If
the cells used contain KATP channels, diazoxide (50-100 microM) may
be included in the extracellular media to improve the control of
the membrane potential. Suitable cell lines are INS or RINm5F which
both contain T-type Ca.sup.2+ channels. 5.mu.M .omega.-conotoxin
and 10 .mu.M nifedipine can be added to the incubation medium to
block the influx of calcium through the N-type and L-type calcium
channels. Cells, which have been transfected with the T-type
Ca.sup.2+ channel, can also be used.
[0074] The testing is conducted using the following procedure:
[0075] Buffer: Modified KRW (in mM): NaCl 140, KCl 0.5,
NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4 0.5, MgSO.sub.40.5, NaHCO.sub.3 2, CaCl.sub.2
1.5, HEPES 10, Probenecid 2, pH 7.4.
[0076] Protocol: INS-1 cells or BetaTC3 cells were cultured in
black-walled 96-well plates (Packard View-Plate) under normal
conditions. They were washed and loaded in modified KRW, 1 mM
D-glucose to repolarise the cells, with the fluorescent calcium
indicator Fluo-4/AM (1 .mu.M) in the presence of 2 mM Probenecid
for 30 min. After washing in the same modified KRW and addition of
modified KRW, supplemented or not with 10 .mu.M Nifedipine and/or
50 .mu.M BPDZ 73, the cell plate was placed in the FLIPR. Automated
addition of a KCl gradient was done in separate experiments after
which 10 and 30 mM KCl, giving about 50 and 100% response, were
chosen as fixed concentrations for successive studies of the test
compounds. The compounds were tested as 10 point 1:3 dilution
series, with 50 .mu.M as the highest concentration. The changes in
Fluo-4 fluorescence were followed every two or six seconds for 3-10
min during compound addition and the addition of KCl (two different
protocols, thereby the variance in timing). A Katp channel opener,
BPDZ 73, at 10 .mu.M was added to ensure full repolarisation the
cells, dependent on K.sub.ATP channels.
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
[0077] The formulation of pharmaceutical compositions and their
subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill in the
art. In general, for therapeutics, a patient suspected of needing
such therapy is given a composition in accordance with the
invention, commonly in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in
amounts and for periods which will vary depending upon the nature
of the particular disease, its severity and the patient's overall
condition. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention
may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether
local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be
treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic,
vaginal, rectal, intranasal, transdermal), oral or parenteral.
Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip or infusion,
subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, pulmonary
administration, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation, or intrathecal
or intraventricular administration.
[0078] Formulations for topical administration may include
transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops,
suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional
pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners
and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves
and the like may also be useful.
[0079] Compositions for oral administration include powders or
granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media,
capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents,
diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be
desirable.
[0080] Compositions for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular
administration may include sterile aqueous solutions, which may
also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
[0081] In addition to such pharmaceutical carriers, cationic lipids
may be included in the formulation to facilitate uptake. One such
composition shown to facilitate uptake is LI-POFECTIN (BRL,
Bethesda Md.).
[0082] Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the
condition to be treated, with course of treatment lasting from
several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a
diminution of disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules
can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the
body. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum
dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages
may vary depending on the relative potency of individual
compositions, and can generally be calculated based on IC.sub.50's
or EC.sub.50's in vitro and in vivo animal studies. For example,
given the molecular weight of compound (derived from chemical
structure) and an effective dose such as an IC.sub.50, for example
(derived experimentally), a dose in mg/kg is routinely
calculated.
[0083] The compounds of the invention may be administered to a
mammal, especially a human, in need of treatment prevention,
elimination alleviation or amelioration of the diseases as
mentioned above. Such mammals include also animals, both domestic
animals and non-domestic animals.
[0084] Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and
described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in
the relevant art that various modifications, additions,
substitutions and the like can be made without departing from the
spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be
within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims which
follow.
EXAMPLES
[0085] The process of preparing the compounds of formula (I) is
further illustrated in the following examples which, however, are
not to be construed as limiting.
EXAMPLE 1
(1S,2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl)-6-fluo-
ro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate
dihydrochloride
[0086]
2-(2-{[3-(1-Benzoimidezol-2-yl)-propyl]-methyl-amino}-ethyl)-6-fluo-
ro-1-isopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalinol
[0087] Methoxyacetic acid
2(S)-[2-[N-[3-(2-benzimidazolyl)propyl]-N-methyl-
amino]ethyl]-6-fluoro-1(S)-isopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl
ester dihydrochloride (Mibefradil, 0.570g) in ethanol (96%, 5 ml)
and aqueous sodiumhydroxide (1 N, 5 ml) was refluxed for 2 h. The
cold reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was partitioned
between water and dichloromethane. The aquoeus layer was extracted
with dichloromethane (2X). The combined organic layers were dried
(sodium sulfate) and concentrated to give the title compound as a
clear sirup 0.43 g (100%).
[0088] 1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3): .delta.7.57 (broad, 2H); 7.23 (m, 2H);
6.97 (m, 1 H); 6.58 (m, 2H); 3.07-2.83 (m, 3H); 2.75 (m, 1H); 2.6
(m, 4H); 2.5-2.2 (s+m, 3H+3H); 2.06 (p, 2H); 1.81 (broad dd, 1H);
1.50 (m, 2H); 1.20 (d, 3H); 0.53 ppm (d, 3H).
[0089] (1S,
2S)-2-(2-{N-[(3-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl]-N-methylamino}ethyl-
)-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl
cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride
[0090]
2-(2-{[3-(1-Benzoimidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-methyl-amino}-ethyl)-6-fluo-
ro-1-isopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalinol (0.110 g) was
dissolved in dichloromethane (1 ml). Diisopropylethylamine
(0.045mi) and cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (0.071 ml) was added.
After stirring for 19 h the reaction mixture was poured out in
aqueous saturated sodium. After dilution with water and
dichloromethane, the organic layer was washed with water, dried
(sodium sulfate) and concentrated. The residue was purified by
flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol 6:1 as eluent
to give the free base as a sirup (0.12 g, 82%). This product was
dissolved in ethanol and aqueous hydrochloride (1 N, 0.55 ml) was
added. After stirring for 1 h the mixture was concentrated. The
residue was crystallized from ethyl acetate to give the title
compound (50 mg, 54%). A less pure crop of crystals could be
isolated from the mother liquor (57 mg, 39%).
[0091] Mp 134-141.degree. C.;-El SP/MS: 491 (M+)
[0092] 1H-NMR (DMSO): .delta.7.77 (m, 2H); 7.52 (m, 2H); 7.07 (m,
1H); 6.96 (broad d, 2H); 3.3 (m, 2H); 3.2 (m, 4H); 3.0 (m, 2H); 2.9
(m, 1H); 2.67 (s, 3H); 2.45 (m, 1H); 2.38 (m, 2H); 2.15-1.80 (m,
4H);1.57 (m, 1H); 1.04 (d, 3H); 0.90 (m, 4H); 0.38 ppm (d, 3H).
* * * * *