U.S. patent application number 09/897553 was filed with the patent office on 2001-11-15 for system for retrospective identification and method of making articles for retrospective identification.
Invention is credited to Brogger, Brian, Kerns, William J..
Application Number | 20010041214 09/897553 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23084867 |
Filed Date | 2001-11-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010041214 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Brogger, Brian ; et
al. |
November 15, 2001 |
System for retrospective identification and method of making
articles for retrospective identification
Abstract
A system and method using microcoded marks provides
retrospective identification of articles. An article is marked with
microparticles having multiple layers. The particles form a unique
spatial pattern on the article. An image is made of the mark as
applied to the article. The digitized image is stored in a database
with information about the article. The database can be accessed by
users to verify the authenticity of an article.
Inventors: |
Brogger, Brian; (Blaine,
MN) ; Kerns, William J.; (New Brighton, MN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Beck & Tysver, P.L.L.C.
Suite 100
2900 Thomas Avenue South
Minneapolis
MN
55416-4477
US
|
Family ID: |
23084867 |
Appl. No.: |
09/897553 |
Filed: |
July 2, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
09897553 |
Jul 2, 2001 |
|
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09283174 |
Apr 1, 1999 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
427/8 ; 427/256;
705/44 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 2225/15 20130101;
G07F 7/12 20130101; G06K 19/06046 20130101; G06K 19/086 20130101;
G06Q 20/40 20130101; G09F 3/00 20130101; A63B 45/02 20130101; G06K
19/06009 20130101; G07F 7/08 20130101; G06K 2019/06234
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
427/8 ; 427/256;
705/44 |
International
Class: |
B05D 005/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An authentication system for retrospective authentication of an
article comprising: a) a unique mark associated with an article; b)
a database storing each said unique mark in a record in association
with information relating to the article on which each said unique
mark is located; c) Internet web site in data communication with
said database, said web site providing capability for a user to
enter search criteria to access records matching said search
criteria in said database, thereby allowing user to confirm
authenticity of article over the internet.
2. An authentication system according to claim 1, wherein said
database stores information regarding the current owner of
article.
3. An authentication system for retrospective authentication of an
article comprising: a) a first unique mark affixed to the article;
b) a unique indice, with each said mark having a correlated unique
indice; c) certificate of authenticity bearing said indice; d)
database containing correlated list of said unique marks and
indices matched with description of articles on which said marks
are located; e) Internet web site in communication with said
database, said web site providing capability for user to enter
search criteria to access records in said database that match said
search criteria, thereby allowing user to confirm authenticity of
article.
4. An authentication system according to claim 3, wherein said
unique mark is a pattern of colored microparticles and said indice
is a sequence of alpha-numeric characters.
5. An authentication system according to claim 3, wherein said
system further comprises an enlarged image of said microparticles
appearing on said certificate and wherein said database includes an
image of said microparticles and wherein said web site shows the
user the associated microparticle image in response to the user's
entry of said indice as a search term.
6. An authentication system according to claim 3, wherein said
unique mark forms during application of said mark to said
article.
7. An authentication system according to claim 6, wherein said
unique mark includes microparticles dispersed in liquid adhesive
material, said microparticles forming a pattern upon solidification
of said adhesive.
8. A method for authenticating an article comprising the steps of:
a) applying a unique mark to the article, said mark including
microparticles forming a unique spatial pattern; b) making a
digital image of said pattern; c) storing said image in a database
in correlation with information regarding the article.
9. A method for authenticating an article according to claim 8,
further comprising the step of: d) retrospectively scanning said
mark on said article and comparing said scanned mark with said
stored mark to determine whether the microparticle pattern in the
scanned mark matches the microparticle pattern in the stored
mark.
10. A method according to claim 8, wherein said microparticles are
colored.
11. A method according to claim 8, wherein said microparticles have
multiple colored layers, the sequence of the layers forming a code
assigned to a meaning.
12. A method for authenticating an article according to claim 8,
wherein said mark is formed by applying a droplet of liquid
adhesive to said article, said adhesive having microparticles
dispersed therein and allowing said adhesive to solidify with said
microparticles forming a pattern therein.
13. A method of authenticating an article according to claim 8,
wherein said image includes a portion of the article in the
background of the microparticle pattern.
14. A method of identifying an object for retrospective
identification comprising the steps of: a) distributing a set of
microparticles on an external surface of an object, each said
particle having a machine discernible feature; b) proving a
fiducial marking on said external surface; c) positioning a scanner
with respect to said fiducal marking: d) scanning said surface to
generate a unique signature that is a function of the unique
spatial locations of said microparticles on said surface.
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said surface is
planar.
16. A method according to claim 14, wherein said surface is not
planar.
17. A method according to claim 14, wherein said surface is
spherical.
18. A method according to claim 14, wherein said scanner moves
along a prearranged path to scan said surface.
19. A method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of
reducing said signature to a number that is stored in a
database.
20. A method of identifying an object for retrospective
identification according to claim 14, wherein each said
microparticle has a machine discernible optically readable
feature.
21. A method of identifying an object for retrospective
identification according to claim 20, wherein said particles
include magnetic material and said scanner detects magnetic
material.
22. A method of identifying an object for retrospective
identification according to claim 20, wherein said microparticles
are colored and said scanner detects color.
23. A method of identifying an object for retrospective
identification according to claim 20, wherein said microparticles
contain material that fluoresces upon exposure to ultra-violet
light and wherein said method includes the step of exposing said
microparticles to ultra-violet light in connection with said
scanning step.
24. A method for retrospectively authenticating an article,
comprising the steps of: a) applying a visible locator mark to an
article to be authenticated; b) applying a unique mark in proximity
to said locator mark, said unique mark being formed by a pattern of
microparticles applied in a liquid adhesive, said pattern being
formed during application and solidification of said adhesive; c)
autographing said uniquely marked article adjacent said mark; d)
capturing a digitized image of said unique mark and autograph; e)
providing a storage medium; f) storing said digitized image in said
storage medium; g) providing a database; h) making a record in said
database with said record related to one marked article, said
record listing a description of the marked article and said record
being associated with the image of the mark; i) providing a printer
in data communication with said database; j) printing a certificate
of authenticity bearing an enlargement of said image and bearing
said description of the marked article; k) providing access to the
database through an internet web site.
25. A method according to claim 24, further comprising the steps
of: l) hosting a web site that lists articles for sale; m)
soliciting information from a seller about the article for sale; n)
before posting articles on said sales web site, verifying the
authenticity of the article by comparing information provided by
the seller about an article with information in said database.
26. A method for authenticating an article according to claim 8,
wherein said mark is formed by embedding a set of microparticles in
a label that is later attached to an article.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation of application Ser. No.
09/283,174 and filing date of Apr. 1, 1999.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the marking of
articles for retrospective identification or authentication and
more particularly to systems and methods for marking an article
with coded material, storing information regarding the coded
material and the item on which it is affixed for later retrieval to
verify the authenticity of or to identify the article.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Authentication and identification of articles is of
particular concern in the industry of sports and celebrity
memorabilia. The value of a piece of memorabilia is enhanced if the
prospective purchaser can be assured that the article is genuine
and/or that an autograph is authentic.
[0004] Methods exist to mark items for retrospective
identification. For example an authentication system, method and
article are known wherein a first image-bearing medium is affixed
to the article with a tamper-proof adhesive. A unique code number
is imprinted on the medium. A certificate of authenticity is
provided for the article and includes a second image-bearing medium
with an identical unique code number. A list of unique code numbers
is maintained to enable a purchaser of the article to register that
article such that the purchaser or a subsequent purchaser can
verify the authenticity of the authenticated article. An example of
such a system, method and article is described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,380,047 to Molee et al.
[0005] What has been needed has been an authentication system with
additional protections against counterfeiting and with greater ease
of use and access for purchasers of memorabilia to verify the
authenticity of articles they are purchasing. The system and method
should be useful to verify the authenticity of the article the
first time it is sold. The system and method should also be useful
for purchasers in the secondary market to verify the identification
or authenticity of articles for purchase. The system and method
should allow the user several different methods to authenticate or
identify an item.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] In a preferred method according to the present invention, an
adhesive or epoxic droplet with microparticles entrained therein is
applied to an article or item for which retrospective
identification is desired. When the adhesive dries or cures, the
microparticles form a pattern. Preferably, the pattern is rendered
by the shapes and sizes of the particles in the mark, the
orientation of each particle in space, the concentration of the
particles and the spatial relationship of the particles to one
another. In this manner, a unique mark is formed on the article
that is virtually incapable of being counterfeited and which cannot
be removed from the article without destroying or altering the
pattern of the microparticles.
[0007] In a preferred implementation of the present invention, an
image of the pattern as affixed to the article is stored in a
storage medium, such as computer memory. Preferably, the image is
digitized. A database links or associates a description or
identification of the article to the image of the mark. The
database is accessible to users through networked computers and/or
via the Internet or worldwide web. Preferably, the database stores
information about the purchaser of an authenticated article. A
subsequent purchaser is then able to access the database to confirm
the identity or authenticity of an article he/she wishes to
purchase. Additionally, the database records the original purchaser
of the article and is updated to record subsequent purchasers as
new owners.
[0008] The system and method of the present invention can be used
in conjunction with an autograph session to provide authentication
for the autograph as well as the article. For example, the
microcoded mark can be applied at the time of the signing, and
information regarding the signing, such as the date and place, can
be added to the database in association with the article.
Additionally, an image of the signature itself is taken and is
stored in the database in association with a description of the
article. Alternatively, the signature can be made with ink having
microparticles embedded therein. In this manner, the signature
itself may form the unique microcoded mark. The coded signature may
be used in addition to or instead of the mark applied in an
adhesive drop.
[0009] Additional features and steps may be incorporated into the
system and method of the present invention to offer advantage.
[0010] For example, a locator mark or stamp visible to the naked
eye may be placed on the article. The unique microcoded mark is
then placed in proximity to the stamp. The stamp aids in placing
the mark and later in locating the mark. When the image of the mark
is made, the article itself is visible in the background of the
image. This further aids is verifying the identity and authenticity
of the article.
[0011] In another preferred embodiment, the system includes the
generation of a certificate of authenticity that bears a replicate
of the image of the mark. Preferably this replicate is enlarged so
that it is easily discernable to the naked eye.
[0012] In yet another preferred embodiment, an image-bearing medium
or "label" can be generated to be affixed to the article.
Preferably, two identical labels are generated, and one is affixed
to the article and the other is affixed to the certificate of
authenticity. By comparing the labels on the article and the
certificate with the naked eye, the user obtains some degree of
assurance that the article and certificate are related and that the
article is authentic. Preferably, the labels are tamper proof or
tamper evident. The labels may be of any type. A preferred label
has a metal layer disposed underneath a top transparent layer. The
metal layer may be selectively ablated with a laser to form a
"window" (spaces where metal is dispersed), with the windows being
shaped or oriented to form one or more images, such as an indicia,
patterns, bar codes, or holograms, in the metal layer. Additional
labels can be generated and used on packaging, the purchaser's
receipt and in a variety of other ways.
[0013] In still another preferred embodiment, the system includes
the assignation of an unique indice (which may be numeric,
alphabetic, alpha-numeric, or of any other type) to the article and
the storing of the indice in the database in association with the
article. The indice can be printed on, imaged within, or otherwise
applied to a label that is adhered or attached to the article at
the time of authentication or signing. The indice can also be
printed directly onto the certificate of authenticity.
Alternatively, or in addition, the indice-bearing label may be
attached to a certificate of authenticity and/or to the packaging
for the article. The unique indice can be used to search the
database to retrieve information regarding the associated article.
The indices can be serialized or not serialized.
[0014] In still another preferred embodiment, an image is made of
the celebrity's signature on the article. This image is printed or
replicated on a transparent or opaque window on or associated with
the certificate of authenticity. The user can align this replicated
signature with the signature on the article, to get a preliminary
indication as to whether the signatures match.
[0015] In another preferred embodiment, the microparticles have
distinctly colored layers and the sequence of the colored layers
forms a code that is assigned to a particular meaning, such as the
source or identity of goods marked with the particles. The colors
of the microparticles may be selected advantageously to have some
common association to the article. For example, a football used in
a game played by the Minnesota Vikings.RTM. or autographed by a
Vikings' player might be marked with microparticles that are purple
and gold, the Vikings' colors. Each particle may contain the purple
and gold layers; or a mixture of purple particles and gold
particles can be used.
[0016] In another preferred embodiment, an outer layer of the
microparticles bears characters. Preferably these characters are
microscopic and repeating and are selected or assigned to a
particle meaning. For example, the letters "MV" might be used for
Minnesota Vikings articles. The presence of the letters will assist
in retrospective identification. Additionally, when the
microparticle is viewed under magnification, these characters will
aid in discerning the spatial pattern formed by the microparticles.
For example, the characters themselves, the orientation of the
lettering, and the way that characters are fragmented by the edges
of the microparticles are all features that will aid in the
recognition of a pattern of microparticles.
[0017] In a preferred embodiment, energy-sensitive materials, such
as thermochromic or photochromic materials, may be used for one or
more of the layers. In another preferred embodiment,
near-infra-red-frequency material is used in the microparticle.
[0018] These preferred embodiments enable a variety of methods of
"interrogating" the microcoded marks to confirm the authenticity of
the article. Some of the embodiments include labels that can be
viewed and compared with the naked eye. Other embodiments require
exposure of the mark to an energy stimulus, such as temperature
changes or light of particular frequency. Other embodiments involve
accessing a database and comparing information.
[0019] These preferred embodiments enable varying degrees of
security against counterfeit. For example, a metal-ablated layer is
likely more difficult to counterfeit than a printed label.
[0020] The system is easily and effectively incorporated into a
system for selling memorabilia on-line. Currently one problem with
purchasing memorabilia through the Internet is that there is
limited ability for the prospective buyer to assess the
authenticity of the article and the credibility of the seller. By
combining the system and method of the present invention with
on-line sales, the purchaser can shop for and confirm the
authenticity of articles from their home computer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] An exemplary version of a microcoded mark and a system and
method for authenticating articles is shown in the figures, wherein
like reference numerals refer to equivalent structure throughout,
and wherein:
[0022] FIG. 1a is a flow chart illustrating steps for gathering and
storing data in an authentication system and method according to
the present invention;
[0023] FIG. 1b is a flow chart illustrating further steps for
retrieving and using data in an authentication method according to
the present invention;
[0024] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an authentication
system according to the present invention;
[0025] FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating steps for gathering and
storing data in another embodiment of an authentication system and
method according to the present invention;
[0026] FIG. 4 is a an enlarged side view of a microparticle used in
accordance with the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective view of an embodiment of a
microparticle used in accordance with the present invention;
[0028] FIG. 6 is a top elevational and enlarged view of a pattern
of microcoded particles in accordance with the system and method of
the present invention;
[0029] FIG. 7 is a depiction of an application of microcoded
particles to an article in accordance with the system and method of
the present invention, with the microcoded particles and the
droplet in which they are entrained exaggerated in size;
[0030] FIG. 8 is a side elevational and enlarged view of an article
bearing microcoded particles in accordance with the system and
method of the present invention;
[0031] FIG. 9a is a top elevational view of a fragment of a label
having microcoded particles embedded therein for use in conjunction
with the system and method of the present invention;
[0032] FIG. 9b is a side elevational view of the label fo FIG. 9a;
and
[0033] FIGS. 10a-i is a depiction of an example of a system and
method for authenticating articles according to the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
[0034] In a system and method according to the present invention
illustrated by flow charts in FIG. 1a, an article is marked with
microcoded particles 10. An image is then taken or made 15 of the
microcoded particles. That image is stored 16 in a storage medium
such as a database stored on a computer disk or hard drive. Data
regarding the article is entered 17 and stored 18 in the storage
medium in association with or linked to the image.
[0035] The database is accessible for later retrieval of data about
the article. Preferably, the database is accessible to users
through networked computers, such as via a web site on the
internet. Alternatively or in addition, purchasers can access the
database through kiosks located in a retailers' store. As
illustrated by the flow chart in FIG. 1b, a user enters a search or
filter criteria 20 into a computer in connection with the database,
the database identifies a matching record(s) 25 and returns to the
user stored information about the record searched 30. The user
compares 35 this information with information otherwise known about
the article. For example, the user may be able to view the
microcoded particles on the article under magnification 38 and may
then compare the pattern to the image returned by the database to
determine if the article is authentic.
[0036] This process shown in flow-chart form in FIGS 1a and 1b is
illustrated schematically in FIG. 2. An image-acquiring device 200
makes an image of an article 1 to be authenticated. The image is
digitized by the image-acquiring device 200 or by a separate
digitizing device. The image is stored in a storage medium 205,
such as a computer hard drive. Data about the article is entered
through a data input device 210, such as a computer keyboard. The
keyboard 210 and the image digitizer 200 are in communication with
a storage medium 205 and the data entered and the image are stored
in a database 215 in the storage medium in relation to one another.
The database 215 is connected to local computers 220a-c through a
data transport connection 225. One arrangement for data transport
connection is illustrated. The database 215 is connected via a
modem 230 and phone lines 231 to local computers 220a-c connected
to modems 235a-c and phone lines 236. The local computers '220a-c
have data input devices 240a-c, such as computer keyboards. Those
of skill in the art will recognize that computers can be networked
through means other than modems and phone lines. Examples of
currently known methods include satellite and direct
hardwiring.
[0037] In another embodiment of a system and method according to
the present invention, illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 3,
additional steps and features are included to further aid in the
retrospective identification or verification of an article. An
article 1 is stamped or marked 50 with a locator mark or indicator.
Proximate to the locator mark, a microcoded mark is applied 55 to
the article. In some instances, it is advantageous to apply a
subsurface on a small portion of the article's surface and then to
apply the microcoded mark on top of the subsurface. The use of a
subsurface area is advantageous where, for example, the article's
surface is shiny and will produce a glare during the process of
making an image of the mark.
[0038] The article is then autographed 60 in proximity to the
locator mark. An image is made or taken 65 and is stored 66 in a
storage medium such as a database stored on a computer disk or hard
drive. Data regarding the article is entered 67 and stored 68 in
the storage medium in association with or linked to the image. Each
record in the database corresponds to one article. A unique index
number, indice, or serial number is assigned 70 to each record or
article and this indice is stored in the database in connection or
association with the article.
[0039] A printer, in communication with the database, prints 72 a
certificate of authenticity, which bears information from the
database record relating to the article. Preferably the certificate
bears a magnified image of the microcoded mark. Additionally, an
image of the certificate of authenticity itself may be stored in
the database.
[0040] The system advantageously can incorporate labels. In one
embodiment, a label is generated 75 bearing a unique indice. The
label is then attached to an article and/or to the certificate of
authenticity 77. The unique indice is assigned to the article on
which the label is placed, and this information is stored in the
database. Alternatively, the process happens in the opposite order,
i.e. a unique indice is assigned to an article, and then a printer
prints or otherwise generates a label bearing the unique indice.
The label is then attached to the article. With either labeling
method, preferably at least two labels per item are generated, with
each label bearing the unique indice assigned to the item. With
either labeling method, additional labels may be generated for
additional purposes, e.g. a label bearing the item-specific indice
may be attached to packaging of the article and/or such a label may
be attached to the purchaser's receipt. Labels attached to
packaging may bear additional information, such as a bar-coded
serial number, particularly for use in conveniently tracking items
prior to purchase. The labels are preferably tamper proof or tamper
evident.
[0041] This system offers particular advantage for verifying or
authenticating autographs on memorabilia. The database can be used
to store information regarding the occasion of the signing as well
as information about the article itself.
[0042] Additional features and steps may be used in conjunction
with the system and method of the present invention. For example,
when an image is made of the microcoded mark, an image may also be
taken of an autograph itself. The image may be distinct from or
part of the image of the microcoded mark. The autograph image is
available for retrospective viewing and comparison to the signature
on the article. Further, the system can provide for a replicate of
the signature to be printed on the certificate of authenticity.
Most preferably, the autograph is replicated on a transparent or
translucent window on the certificate in actual size, so that
retrospectively a user can physically place the certificate on top
of the article and visually compare the signatures.
[0043] The system and method described above incorporate a variety
of features for aiding in the authentication process. To a
considerable degree, the features may be selectively applied and
mixed-and-matched to achieve a level of protection that is suitable
for a particular application.
[0044] The Microcoded Mark
[0045] The use of microparticles for the retrospective
identification of articles is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,433
and 4,390,452, incorporated herein by reference, and from other
sources. Such particles may be used for the identification of a
wide variety of items. Each microparticle includes a sequence of
visually distinguishable dyed and/or pigmented layers. The
microparticles are "coded" in the sense that particular color
sequences in the particles are assigned to a particular meaning,
such as the source of the item on which the particles are placed.
Typically, micropartides are not "readable" to the naked eye, i.e.
the particles must be magnified for the layer sequence to be
discerned.
[0046] FIG. 4 shows a microparticle 90. The particle 90 has top and
bottom surfaces 91 and 92, with two or more layers 93, 94
therebetween. An edge 95 extends between the top and bottom
surfaces and circumscribes the particle. The edge 95 is generally
irregular. While the depicted microparticle has only two layers,
the microparticle may contain any number of layers.
[0047] In a preferred embodiment, energy-sensitive materials, such
as thermochromic or photochromic materials, may be used for one or
more of the layers. An energy-sensitive material has different
optical properties under different conditions. For example, a
thermochromic material is transparent in one temperature range, but
opaque outside of that range. Photochromic material is transparent
under light of a range of frequencies, but opaque when exposed to
light outside of that range of frequencies. Use of energy-sensitive
material for all of the layers aids in making the microcoded mark
covert. That is, if the layers are of thermochromic material having
the property of being transparent at room temperature, and if the
particles are entrained in a generally transparent adhesive or
epoxy, then the microcoded mark will be generally covert at room
temperature. The mark and the sequence of its colored layers can be
revealed by exposing the mark to an elevated or decreased
temperature, depending upon the predetermined properties of the
thermochromic material.
[0048] In another preferred embodiment, near-infra-red-frequency
material is used in the microparticle. Such material flouresces
when exposed to infra-red light. Use of this material aids in
making the microcoded mark covert. Currently, known infra-red
materials lose their responsiveness over time upon exposure to UV
light. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of these
microparticles, a near-infra-red-frequency layer is covered by or
sandwiched between energy sensitive layers that are opaque at
typical indoor ambient temperatures to protect the near-infra-red
material from exposure to UV light under typical temperature
conditions, thereby prolonging the life of the near-infra-red
material.
[0049] In another preferred embodiment, magnetic materials are used
in the microparticle.
[0050] In another preferred embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 5, an
outer surface or visible layer 96 of the multi-layered
microparticle 97 bears indicia 98, such as alpha-numeric
characters, patterns, abstract images or the like. The indicia are
preferably registered. A typical method of forming microparticles
bearing indicia yields slightly recessed indicia. Such a method
involves laser etching of the indicia onto the outer surface of the
microparticles. Another such method is described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,390,452. To enhance the visibility of the recessed indicia, the
method may also include a step of applying a curable ink to the
indicia-bearing surface, wiping the ink away, leaving ink settled
in the recesses, while leaving the un-recessed area substantially
ink-free. When a curable ink is used, the particle can then be
cured, and the ink will solidify and the ink-filled indicia are
then more easily discernable. For example, inks that cure upon
exposure to ultraviolet can be used.
[0051] As shown in FIGS. 6-8, a microcoded mark 100, as used in
conjunction with the system and method of this invention, is a
random configuration of multiple microparticles. Preferably, the
mark 100 is applied in such a way that it forms its unique pattern
as the mark is applied. This is accomplished in a variety of ways
within the spirit of this invention. For example, as illustrated in
FIG. 7, microparticles 90 are entrained or dispersed in a liquid
105. Suitable liquids include adhesives, epoxies and the like. Most
preferably, microparticles 90 are entrained in a transparent
adhesive such as plastisol, optical adhesives such as those
produced by Norland, and solvent-based lacquers. A droplet 106 of
the adhesive/particle mixture is drawn from a pre-mixed volume 107
of the mixture and applied to an article 1 with an eyedropper 108
or other suitable applicator. As shown in FIG. 8, the droplet 106
attaches to the article 1 and dries or solidifies, forming the
microcoded mark 100. FIG. 6 illustrates the top view of such a mark
100. The microparticles are randomly and uniquely arranged in a
pattern 110, and this pattern 110 does not form and does not exist
until the mark 100 is applied to the article. The pattern 110 is
rendered by the orientation of each of the particles, by the
spatial relationship of each particle to the others, by the colors
and shapes of the particles. If the particles bear indicia, the
orientation of the letters and their fragmentation provide
additional landmarks for visual comparison and they contribute to
the pattern 110. The pattern is disrupted or destroyed if the mark
is removed from the article.
[0052] In an alternate embodiment, microcoded particles are
incorporated into or embedded in one or more layers of a label, and
the microcoded particles are applied to an article by application
of the label to the article. The spatial pattern formed by the
microcoded particles will be unique and can be scanned, digitized,
stored and "interrogated" in the same manner as the pattern formed
by the adhesive droplet embodiment discussed above. As illustrated
in FIG. 9a and 9b, a preferred label 301 for this embodiment has a
metal layer 305 disposed underneath a top transparent layer 306.
The metal layer 305 may be selectively ablated with a laser to form
one or more "windows" 310 (space where metal is dispersed),
exposing microcoded particles 315 embedded in an adhesive layer 320
underneath the metal layer 305. Additionally, the window 310 or a
series of windows can be shaped or oriented to form one or more
images, such as an indicia, patterns, bar codes, or holograms.
[0053] The "code" of the microparticles aids in the retrospective
identification of the article because a particular code can be
assigned to a specific event, such as an autograph signing session.
For example, a six-layer code having a color sequence of red,
green, blue, red, blue, white may be assigned to a baseball signing
on Jan. 1, 2000. The code is retired, and particles bearing this
sequence will not be used in a conflicting manner. Retrospectively,
the microcoded mark can be viewed under magnification and, using
information stored in a database, matched with the information
relating to that particular color sequence revealing that the
article is a baseball that was signed on Jan. 1, 2000.
[0054] Alternatively, a particular code can be assigned to an
organization. For example, microparticles containing layers of
colors associated with a particular team may be assigned for use by
that team for its memorabilia.
[0055] Alternatively, combination of these two coding scenarios can
be used. A code can be assigned for a Minnesota Timberwolves
signing on Jan. 1, 2000 that corresponds to the six-layer color
sequence blue-green-black-blue-green-black. The code
green-blue-green-blue-green-b- lack can be assigned for a
Timberwolves signing on Feb. 1, 2000. In this manner, the colors
used provide some meaning (that the article was signed at a
Timberwolves event) and the particular sequence provides a more
specific level of meaning (the particular dates of the
signings).
[0056] Further, as described above, the pattern of the
microparticles, which is unique to each article, provides
additional and more specific information about the article, such as
the current owner. Additionally, the background of the particles is
the article itself which further aids in the identification and
authentication of the article.
[0057] In another method of applying the microcoded mark to an
article, microparticles are entrained in ink. The ink is used to
stamp the article, or is used in a writing instrument to write on
the article. Such a writing instrument is advantageously used to
sign the autograph. As with the adhesive droplet method illustrated
in FIG. 4, a unique microcoded mark forms when the ink dries on the
article.
[0058] In another method of applying the microcoded mark,
microparticles are sprinkled, in their dry particulate form, onto
the article. A tape or label, preferably transparent or having a
transparent window, is placed over the particles to secure them in
a unique pattern.
[0059] Verifying the Authenticity of Marked Articles
[0060] The system and method described herein and its many
embodiments provide for a variety of ways for a user to verify the
authenticity or source of a marked article. Those of skill in the
art will recognize that the following lists are exemplary and
illustrative only; they are not intended to exhaust the numerous
possibilities for interrogation made possible by the system and
method of the present invention and additional features and methods
described herein. For example, the naked eye can:
[0061] 1. discern the presence of a locator stamp and confirm that
its stylized logo is accurately depicted;
[0062] 2. compare the signature on an article to a signature
replicated on a certificate of authenticity;
[0063] 3. compare information printed on a certificate of
authenticity to information in a central database as accessed
through the Internet;
[0064] 4. confirm that the microcoded mark has not been tampered
with;
[0065] 5. observe the article itself and confirm that the
background of images on the certificate of authenticity and on the
database are congruent;
[0066] 6. compare the identity of a prospective seller with the
owner information available on the database;
[0067] 7. confirm that the label has not been tampered with;
[0068] 8. compare the labels on the article and/or its packaging to
the label on the certificate of authenticity;
[0069] 9. compare the indice on the label with the indice in the
database and compare the article to the description give by the
database for the article with the indice;
[0070] By magnifying the microcoded mark, the user can;
[0071] 10. compare the spatial pattern formed by the microparticles
on the article with the enlarged image of the mark on the
certificate of authenticity and in the database as accessed through
networked or linked computers;
[0072] 11. observe the colors used in the microparticles and
observe the sequence of the colored layers and confirm that this
the code sequence matches the information in the database and/or on
the certificate of authenticity;
[0073] 12. observe characters on the face of the microparticles to
confirm that these match the information in the database and/or on
the certificate of authenticity;
[0074] 13. compare the magnified background behind and surrounding
the microcoded mark to the magnified background image on the
certificate of authenticity and/or in the database;
[0075] Additionally, appropriate mechanical or optical readers can
be used to "interrogate" and interpret a mark and to compare it to
the stored pattern. More specifically, a method of identifying an
object for retrospective identification involves distributing a set
of microparticles on an external surface of an object, with each of
the microparticles having a machine discernible feature. A fiducial
marking on said external surface is proved. A scanner is positioned
with respect to said fiducial marking and the surface is scanned to
generate a unique signature that is a function of the unique
spatial locations of said microparticles on said surface.
[0076] If the microcoded particles contain near-infra-red
materials, a mechanical reader will provide near infra-red light
and will sense the resulting fluorescence. Because of the varying
concentrations of the near infra-red material in the particles, the
strength of the response will vary and can be used to create a
histogram. This histogram can be used to generate a single digital
reading that can be paired with the visual color identification and
stored on the database for later reference. Similarly, for
microparticles containing magnetic materials, a mechanical reader
will supply a magnetic field and detect response variations in the
particles and generate a profile of the particle pattern.
[0077] For microcoded particles containing thermochromic materials,
a heat or cooling source is used to cause the microparticles to
change color. This color can then be read under magnification by
the eye or mechanically by a device that senses color.
[0078] Selling Articles Through Networked Computers
[0079] The system and method of the present invention can be
advantageously used for selling or shopping for authenticate
articles through the internet. An electronic marketplace provides a
site for sellers to post articles for sale. The host of the site
will preclude articles from being posted on the site unless the
authentication database confirms that the person offering the
article for sale is the registered owner.
[0080] In a preferred embodiment, the owner/seller of an article
that is already registered in the authentication database visits a
web site ("article verification site") provided by a host. The host
has access to the authentication database. The site allows the
owner to enter, for example, the unique indice assigned to the
article and the owner's identity. The host downloads or "reads" the
owner's input, compares the information provided by the owner with
the information stored in the authentication database. If the
information matches, the host places the article on sale on a web
site for sales. (The sales site may be the same or different from
the article verification site.) Prospective purchasers can browse
the sales site, preferably with searching capabilities, to find an
article to purchase. To purchase an article, the purchaser selects
an article. To register his/her name as the new owner, the
purchaser submits identifying information, which is then relayed by
the host to the authentication database to update its owner
information for the article.
[0081] The site can facilitate payment and fulfillment. Fulfillment
can be achieved in a number of ways. For example, the host and site
can function like a classified ad, where the host never takes
possession of the article, but rather just provides the buyer and
seller with enough information about one another that they are able
to contact each other. The buyer and seller then arrange for the
exchange of the article. Alternatively, the host can receive the
property from the seller and forward the article to the buyer.
[0082] In either case, or in any other fulfillment arrangement, the
system preferably provides for payment by the seller on-line. The
site allows the purchaser to submit information to process a
payment (such as credit card information). Preferably, the host is
in electronic communication with a credit card processing service,
and preferably the payment is processed electronically and
automatically upon entry by the purchaser.
EXAMPLE
[0083] Here follows one example of the use of the system and method
of the present invention. The example incorporates a variety of
complimentary features to aid in the authentication and
verification of an article.
[0084] An autograph signing event is organized at which Kirby
Puckett, famous as a former Minnesota Twins outfielder, will sign
baseballs for fans on Jan. 1, 2000 at the Hubert H. Humphrey
Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The event organizer purchases
500 baseballs for the signing. As illustrated in FIG. 10b, each of
these 500 baseballs 400 are stamped with a locator mark 410 that is
noticeable to the naked eye. The locator mark 410 is a stylized
logo ("TSA" in the illustrated example). At the signing, each
baseball 400 is marked with a droplet of adhesive material 420
having coded microparticles 425 entrained therein as depicted in
FIG. 10c. The adhesive droplet 420 is applied proximate to the
locator mark 410. As shown in FIG. 10d, the microparticles 425 have
colored layers 426, 427, 428 in the sequence of red and blue with a
white layer therebetween, the colors of the Minnesota Twins. This
sequence has been assigned to this particular signing, i.e. it is
used exclusively to mark the 500 baseballs being signed at this
signing. The code is retired and will not be used for another
conflicting purpose.
[0085] When the mark dries or solidifies, the microparticles form a
unique pattern. Mr. Puckett signs the baseball in proximity to the
locator mark, as illustrated in FIG. 10e. An image is taken of the
microparticle pattern, FIG. 10f. Additionally, an image is made of
the signature 430 itself. The baseball is visible in the background
of the microparticle image or in the area surrounding the particle
pattern. The image is taken with a digital imaging device 440 and
is stored in a computer database 450. Data regarding the signing is
entered via a keyboard 455 and stored in the database in
association with the image, FIG. 10g. The table 456 representing
the database 450 is illustrated in table form in FIG. 10h. For this
exemplary signing, the image is associated with the following data:
that the signing was made by Mr. Puckett on Jan. 1, 2000 at the H.
H. H. Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minn., that the article signed is a
baseball, that the baseball is one of 500 signed on that occasion,
and the name and identifying information of the purchaser Smith.
The indice 1001 is assigned. As illustrated schematically in FIG.
10g, the database 450 is in communication with a printer 460, which
prints a certificate of authenticity 470 for the purchaser of the
baseball. The certificate 470, illustrated in FIG. 10i, bears a
magnified image 475 of the microparticle pattern, printed
information 480 regarding the baseball (e.g. date and place of
signing, name of autographer, the name of the purchaser) as pulled
from the database, and a transparent window 485 with a replicate of
Mr. Puckett's signature 430 printed thereon. In addition, the
database assigns a first unique index identifier or indice 486 to
the article, and this indice is printed on the certificate. A label
bearing a second unique indice (which may match the first indice or
may be a different indice assigned to this article and entered into
the database in association with the first indice) is attached at
the signing to the article or its packaging. A matching or related
label 487 bearing the same second indice 488 is attached to the
certificate of authenticity 470. Thus, the purchaser of the
baseball receives the ball which bears a locator stamp, a patterned
microcoded mark, Mr. Puckett's signature, and a label bearing an
indice. The purchaser also receives a certificate of authenticity
which bears a magnified image of the microcoded mark, an indice
that matches that on the ball, a replicate of the signature on the
ball, and information about the ball and the occasion of its
signing including the purchaser's name.
[0086] The database is accessible via the Internet to users to look
up information about logged articles. Thus, if the purchaser (P)
wishes to sell the ball to a subsequent purchaser (SP), SP can
verify the authenticity of the ball by entering the indice and
viewing information from the database. SP can use his/her home/work
computer or SP can visit a kiosk-like arrangement at a retail store
or collectors' convention. The database will show that P is the
registered owner. If P provides SP with a copy of the certificate
and/or shows the ball to SP, SP will find that all of the
information coincides with the information SP retrieves from the
on-line database. By viewing the microcoded mark under
magnification, SP will see that the pattern of the particles
matches the image in the database. When SP purchases the ball,
he/she will register his/her name with the service maintaining the
database so that SP's name is listed as the current owner of the
ball.
[0087] Although an illustrative version of the method and system is
described below, it should be clear that many modifications to the
method and system may be made without departing from the scope of
the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
[0088] Throughout this description, the following terms include the
meanings ascribed to the terms by those of ordinary skill in the
art and includes meanings now understood and those yet to be
discovered or applied; the terms include, but are not limited to,
at least the following illustrative meanings:
[0089] Data means textual, graphic, symbolic or any other
information.
[0090] Input device includes a keyboard, mouse, track ball,
touch-sensitive screen, touch-sensitive cursor or mouse pad, or
voice receiver and recognition apparatus/software.
[0091] Storage medium means any method of storing information for
later use, particularly in connection with digitized information,
including but not limited to a floppy disk, a hard drive, digital
tape, and compact disk.
[0092] Network means any connection between two computers by which
one computer can send or access information stored on another
computer, including but not limited to hard-wired connection,
modem/phone line connection, modem/satellite connection, and RF
connection.
[0093] Database means an organization and storage system for
records, wherein one or more pieces of information are stored for
each record.
[0094] Indicia or indice means numeric characters, alpha-numeric
characters, Roman numerals, abstract images, code, patterns and the
like. Indices may be serialized or not serialized.
[0095] Label means an image-bearing medium, whether optical or
mechanical, including but not limited to paper, foil, or
multi-layer configurations.
* * * * *