U.S. patent application number 09/820929 was filed with the patent office on 2001-10-25 for semiconductor light-emitting device.
This patent application is currently assigned to Fujitsu Limited. Invention is credited to Ishikawa, Tsutomu, Kobayashi, Hirohiko, Shoji, Hajime, Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi.
Application Number | 20010032976 09/820929 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 18632085 |
Filed Date | 2001-10-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010032976 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ishikawa, Tsutomu ; et
al. |
October 25, 2001 |
Semiconductor light-emitting device
Abstract
In a semiconductor light-emitting device including an MQW
diffraction grating structure mainly used in a gain-coupled DFB
laser, the ratio of the gain coupling coefficient to the index
coupling coefficient is increased by making each well layer in
MQW-A thicker than that in MQW-B. Each well layer and each barrier
layer in the MQW structure are made of different compositions of
GaInAsP. This implements a semiconductor light-emitting device with
high wavelength stability, which does not induce any mode hop even
during modulation with high output power or even when external
optical feedback is present.
Inventors: |
Ishikawa, Tsutomu;
(Kawasaki, JP) ; Kobayashi, Hirohiko; (Kawasaki,
JP) ; Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi; (Kawasaki, JP) ;
Shoji, Hajime; (Kawasaki, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ARMSTRONG,WESTERMAN, HATTORI,
MCLELAND & NAUGHTON, LLP
1725 K STREET, NW, SUITE 1000
WASHINGTON
DC
20006
US
|
Assignee: |
Fujitsu Limited
Kawasaki
JP
|
Family ID: |
18632085 |
Appl. No.: |
09/820929 |
Filed: |
March 30, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
257/14 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01S 5/1228
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
257/14 |
International
Class: |
H01L 029/06; H01L
031/0328; H01L 031/0336; H01L 031/072; H01L 031/109; H01L 027/15;
H01L 031/12; H01L 033/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 21, 2000 |
JP |
2000-121436 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A semiconductor light-emitting device including a multiple
quantum well structure for amplifying a light by current injection,
said structure comprising well layers and barrier layers interposed
between said well layers, wherein the number of well and barrier
layers periodically changes in the light propagation direction in a
partial or the whole region of said multiple quantum well
structure, said multiple quantum well structure comprises, in said
region, first multiple quantum well layers divided in said light
propagation direction at a period corresponding to an integral
multiple of the half wavelength of a propagating light in a medium,
and second flat multiple quantum well layers, and at least one of
the film characteristics and the film thickness of at least one of
each barrier layer and each well layer in said first multiple
quantum well layers is designed into a desired condition different
from that in said second multiple quantum well layers.
2. The device according to claim 1, wherein periodic gain
modulation exists in said light propagation direction and generates
distributed feedback with respect to said propagating light.
3. The device according to claim 1, wherein periodic gain
modulation and index modulation coexist in said light propagation
direction, and both of said gain modulation and said index
modulation generate distributed feedback with respect to said
propagating light.
4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the difference in film
characteristics is achieved by at least one of the measures of
changing the material composition, of doping with p- or n-type
impurities, and of introducing compressive or tensile strain.
5. The device according to claim 1, wherein each well layer in said
second multiple quantum well layers is thinner than that in said
first multiple quantum well layers.
6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the bandgap of each
well layer in said second multiple quantum well layers is wider
than that in said first multiple quantum well layers.
7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier height of
each barrier layer in said second multiple quantum well layers is
higher than that in said first multiple quantum well layers.
8. The device according to claim 5, wherein the injected carrier
density in said first multiple quantum well layers is higher than
that in said second multiple quantum well layers.
9. The device according to claim 5, wherein no phase shift is
contained in a region where periodic gain modulation or index
modulation exists.
10. The device according to claim 1, wherein each well layer in
said second multiple quantum well layers is thicker than that in
said first multiple quantum well layers.
11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the bandgap of each
well layer in said second multiple quantum well layers is narrower
than that in said first multiple quantum well layers.
12. The device according to claim 1, wherein the barrier height of
each barrier layer in said second multiple quantum well layers is
lower than that in said first multiple quantum well layers.
13. The device according to claim 10, wherein the injected carrier
density in said first multiple quantum well layers is lower than
that in said second multiple quantum well layers.
14. The device according to claim 1, wherein the differential gain
in said first multiple quantum well layers is lower than that in
said second multiple quantum well layers.
15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the gain peak
wavelength of said first multiple quantum well layers is shorter
than the lasing wavelength, and the gain peak wavelength of said
second multiple quantum well layers is longer than said lasing
wavelength.
16. The device according to claim 15, wherein each well layer in
said first multiple quantum well layers is thinner than that in
said second multiple quantum well layers.
17. The device according to claim 15, wherein the composition
wavelength of each well layer in said first multiple quantum well
layers is shorter than that in said second multiple quantum well
layers.
18. The device according to claim 15, wherein the barrier height of
each barrier layer in said first multiple quantum well layers is
higher than that in said second multiple quantum well layers.
19. The device according to claim 14, wherein tensile strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and/or
compressive strain is introduced in said second multiple quantum
well layers.
20. The device according to claim 14, wherein at least one or more
layers constituting said first multiple quantum well layers are
doped with n-type impurities, and/or at least one or more layers
constituting said second multiple quantum well layers are doped
with p-type impurities.
21. The device according to claim 20, wherein an n-type substrate
is used, and said first multiple quantum well layers are disposed
under said second multiple quantum well layers.
22. The device according to claim 20, wherein a p-type substrate is
used, and said first multiple quantum well layers are disposed over
said second multiple quantum well layers.
23. The device according to claim 1, wherein strain is introduced
in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the gain peak
wavelengths of said first and second multiple quantum well layers
are equal to each other.
24. The device according to claim 23, wherein compressive strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and each
well layer in said first multiple quantum well layers is thicker
than that in said second multiple quantum well layers.
25. The device according to claim 1, wherein tensile strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and each
well layer in said first multiple quantum well layers is thinner
than that in said second multiple quantum well layers.
26. The device according to claim 1, wherein compressive strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the
composition wavelength of each well layer in said first multiple
quantum well layers is longer than that in said second multiple
quantum well layers.
27. The device according to claim 1, wherein tensile strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the
composition wavelength of each well layer in said first multiple
quantum well layers is shorter than that in said second multiple
quantum well layers.
28. The device according to claim 1, wherein compressive strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the
barrier height of each barrier layer in said first multiple quantum
well layers is lower than that in said second multiple quantum well
layers.
29. The device according to claim 1, wherein tensile strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the
barrier height of each barrier layer in said first multiple quantum
well layers is higher than that in said second multiple quantum
well layers.
30. The device according to claim 1, wherein compressive strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the
lattice constant in free space of the material of each well layer
in said first multiple quantum well layers is smaller than that in
said second multiple quantum well layers.
31. The device according to claim 1, wherein tensile strain is
introduced in said first multiple quantum well layers, and the
lattice constant in free space of the material of each well layer
in said first multiple quantum well layers is greater than that in
said second multiple quantum well layers.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is based upon and claims priority of
Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-121436, filed on Apr. 21,
2000, the contents being incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to the structures of DFB
lasers capable of single-wavelength operation among semiconductor
light-emitting devices principally used in optical communication
systems. As the communication rate of optical communication systems
is increased, semiconductor light-emitting devices having high
wavelength stability are demanded. In particular, such
semiconductor light-emitting devices are required to induce no mode
hop even during modulation with high output power or even if
external optical feedback exists.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Conventionally, gain-coupled DFB lasers having periodic gain
modulation in the direction of resonant cavity are proposed as a
single-wavelength laser having high mode stability (such
gain-coupled DFB lasers include complex-coupled DFB lasers
characterized by having both of index coupling and gain coupling).
Several methods are available for realizing gain modulation.
Examples are a method of periodically modulating the thickness of
active layers or guide layers, a method of forming periodic
current-blocking layers adjacent to active layers, and a method of
forming periodic light absorption layers adjacent to active layers.
In particular, a structure (to be referred to as an MQW diffraction
grating structure hereinafter) in which the number of multiple
quantum well layers (MQW layers) as active layers is periodically
changed has the advantages that a relatively large gain coupling
coefficient can be ensured, the phases of gain coupling and index
coupling match, and no extra absorption occurs.
[0006] FIGS. 1A to 1C show a conventional gain-coupled DFB laser
using this MQW diffraction grating structure. FIG. 1A is a
schematic sectional view of the main components of a semiconductor
light-emitting device. FIG. 1B is a schematic sectional view of a
region C in FIG. 1A. FIG. 1C shows a bandgap along a broken line D
in FIG. 1B.
[0007] An MQW diffraction grating 102 includes periodically divided
MQW layers (MQW-A) and flat MQW layers (MQW-B), and is formed
between an n-InP substrate 101 and a p-InP cladding layer 103. The
film characteristics and film thicknesses of well layers and
barrier layers in MQW-A are the same as in MQW-B.
[0008] Referring to FIG. 1, of the total of six MQW layers, three
upper layers are periodically divided to form MQW-A, and three
lower layers are flattened to form MQW-B. In the MQW diffraction
grating structure, a gain coupling coefficient, an index coupling
coefficient, and the gain of the whole active layers can be
controlled by changing the number of layers in each of MQW-A and
MQW-B. Basically, the gain coupling coefficient and the index
coupling coefficient increase when the number of layers in MQW-A is
increased; the total gain of the active layers increases with no
large changes in the coupling coefficients when the number of
layers in MQW-B is increased.
[0009] A gain-coupled DFB laser having this MQW diffraction grating
structure has the following several problems.
[0010] The first problem will be described below. In a gain-coupled
DFB laser, the ratio of the gain coupling coefficient to the index
coupling coefficient greatly contributes to mode stability. For
example, in a uniform diffraction grating containing no phase shift
in a resonant cavity, it is generally desirable that the ratio of
the gain coupling coefficient to the index coupling coefficient be
large. The values of these two coupling coefficients have influence
on other various characteristics. For example, if these coupling
coefficients are large, generally the lasing threshold current
becomes small and the resistance to external optical feedback
becomes high, but the slope efficiency lowers and the influence of
the spatial hole-burning effect increases. Accordingly, it is
desirable to control appropriately both the index coupling
coefficient and the gain coupling coefficient in accordance with
required device characteristics.
[0011] Unfortunately, in the conventional MQW diffraction grating
structure shown in FIG. 1, the number of layers in MQW-A
contributes to both the gain coupling coefficient and the index
coupling coefficient. This makes it difficult to control these
parameters independently. For example, if the number of layers in
MQW-A is increased to increase the gain coupling coefficient, the
index coupling coefficient increases at the same time.
Consequently, the slope efficiency lowers, or the spatial
hole-burning effect becomes strong.
[0012] The second problem of the conventional MQW diffraction
grating structure shown in FIG. 1 is as follows. That is, when a
differential gain (a change in gain with a change in carrier
density) is increased to increase a modulation bandwidth, the
dependence of the gain on the carrier density, i.e., the dependence
of the gain coupling coefficient on the carrier density increases
in MQW-A. This increases variations in the gain coupling
coefficient during modulation.
[0013] The third problem of the conventional diffraction grating
structure shown in FIG. 1 will be described below. When strain is
introduced in MQW layers, this strain enters in different ways into
layers of MQW-A and MQW-B (see FIG. 2), even if these layers have
the same composition (i.e., the same lattice constant). This
produces a difference between the gain spectra in MQW-A and MQW-B.
For example, when compressive strain is introduced, the gain peak
in MQW-A shifts to a shorter wavelength than in MQW-B; when tensile
strain is introduced, the gain peak in MQW-A shifts to a longer
wavelength than in MQW-B. When this is the case, it is difficult to
set properly the gain peak position with respect to the lasing
wavelength that is determined by the diffraction grating period. As
an example, if the gain peak wavelength is too far from the lasing
wavelength, the lasing threshold current increases, or the
temperature characteristics deteriorate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] It is an object of the present invention to control
independently the index coupling coefficient and the gain coupling
coefficient and improve the mode stability without deteriorating
the characteristics such as the lasing threshold current, slope
efficiency, and the resistance to external optical feedback, in a
semiconductor light-emitting device of a gain-coupled DFB laser
using the MQW diffraction grating structure.
[0015] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
semiconductor light-emitting device having the MQW diffraction
grating structure, which has less dependence of the gain coupling
coefficient on the carrier density while keeping the total
differential gain of the active layers large, so as to achieve a
large modulation bandwidth, and less wavelength variation during
modulation.
[0016] It is still another object of the present invention to
provide a semiconductor light-emitting device which, even if strain
is introduced in multiple quantum well layers, can match the gain
peak wavelength of first multiple quantum well layers (MQW-A) with
that of second multiple quantum well layers (MQW-B), and which can
appropriately set the gain peak position with respect to the lasing
wavelength that is determined by the diffraction grating period,
thereby preventing an increase in the lasing threshold current or
deterioration of the temperature characteristics.
[0017] The present invention provides a semiconductor
light-emitting device having a multiple quantum well structure (MQW
structure) in which well layers are stacked via barrier layers, and
which amplifies light by current injection, characterized in that
the number of barrier layers and the number of well layers
periodically change in the propagation direction of light in a
partial region or the whole region of the multiple quantum well
structure, and that the multiple quantum well structure comprises,
in the region, first multiple quantum well layers (MQW-A) divided
in the propagation direction of light by a period which is an
integral multiple of the half wavelength of the propagating light
in a medium, and second flat multiple quantum well layers (MQW-B),
and that at least one of the film characteristics and film
thickness of at least one of the barrier layers and the well layers
in the first multiple quantum well layers is controlled to a
desired condition different from that in the second multiple
quantum well layers.
[0018] In this semiconductor light-emitting device, periodic gain
modulation exists in the propagation direction of light and
generates distributed feedback with respect to propagating
light.
[0019] More specifically, in this semiconductor light-emitting
device, periodic gain modulation and index modulation coexist in
the propagation direction of light, and both the gain modulation
and index modulation generate distributed feedback with respect to
propagating light.
[0020] Furthermore, the difference of the film characteristics is
achieved by controlling at least one of the material composition,
doping with p- or n-type impurities, and introduction of
compressive strain or tensile strain.
[0021] The relationships between the above modes of the present
invention and the first to third problems described previously will
be explained below.
[0022] To solve the first problem, the present invention can
control the ratio of the gain coupling coefficient to the index
coupling coefficient by making the structures of the well layers
and/or the barrier layers in MQW-A different from those in MQW-B as
described above. For example, the well layers in MQW-B are made
thinner than the well layers in MQW-A. In this case, the quantum
level in MQW-B shifts to higher energy than in MQW-A. This
increases the ratio of the number of carriers injected into MQW-A
to the number of carriers injected into MQW-B. Accordingly, the
ratio of the gain of MQW-A to the total gain of the active layers
increases, and this increases the gain coupling coefficient. On the
other hand, the refractive index of MQW-A is lowered by this
increase in the number of carriers, and this decreases the index
coupling coefficient.
[0023] It leads to the same effect that the material compositions
of the well layers in MQW-A and MQW-B are made different from each
other to make the bandgap of the well layers in MQW-B larger than
that of the well layers in MQW-A. The same effect can be expected
by making the barrier height of the barrier layers in MQW-B higher
than that of the barrier layers in MQW-A. It is also possible to
decrease the gain coupling coefficient and increase the index
coupling coefficient by switching the above structures of MQW-A and
MQW-B.
[0024] To solve the second problem, in the present invention, the
differential gain (the ratio of a change in the gain to a change in
the carrier density) with respect to the lasing wavelength that is
determined by the diffraction grating period is decreased in MQW-A
and increased in MQW-B. In this manner, the dependence of the gain
coupling coefficient on the carrier density is decreased while the
differential gain of the whole active layers is kept large. For
example, the gain peak wavelength of MQW-A is shifted to a shorter
wavelength, and that of MQW-B is shifted to a longer wavelength,
with respect to the lasing wavelength that is determined by the
diffraction grating period. In this case, the differential gain is
small in MQW-A because the lasing wavelength is longer than the
gain peak wavelength. In contrast, the differential gain is large
in MQW-B since the lasing wavelength is shorter than the gain peak
wavelength.
[0025] Examples of means for setting the gain peak wavelengths in
the above positions are: making the well layers in MQW-A thinner
than the well layers in MQW-B; making the bandgap of the well
layers in MQW-A larger than that of the well layers in MQW-B; and
making the barrier height of the barrier layers in MQW-A higher
than that of the barrier layers in MQW-B.
[0026] Even when the positions of the gain peaks in MQW-A and MQW-B
with respect to the lasing wavelength do not satisfy the above
relationship, it is possible to decrease the differential gain in
MQW-A and increase the differential gain in MQW-B by appropriately
designing the structures of the two MQW layers. For example, the
differential gain in MQW-A can be decreased by introducing tensile
strain in the well layers in MQW-A or doping MQW-A with n-type
impurities. Also, the differential gain in MQW-B can be increased
by introducing compressive strain in MQW-B or doping MQW-B with
p-type impurities.
[0027] To solve the third problem, the present invention matches
the gain peak wavelengths in MQW-A and MQW-B by making the
structures of the well layers and/or the barrier layers in MQW-A
different from those in MQW-B. For example, when compressive strain
is to be introduced in both of MQW-A and MQW-B, the well layers in
MQW-A are made thicker than the well layers in MQW-B so that the
gain peak wavelengths in MQW-A and MQW-B match in accordance with
the strain amount. When this is the case, the quantum level in
MQW-A shifts to a longer wavelength because the film thickness is
increased. This makes it possible to cancel the difference between
the gain peak wavelengths in MQW-A and MQW-B produced by the
difference between the ways the strain enters.
[0028] Also, even when compressive strain is to be similarly
introduced, the same effect can be expected by setting, in
accordance with the strain amount, the composition of the well
layers in MQW-A such that the light emission wavelength when MQW-A
is kept undivided is longer than that of MQW-B.
[0029] Additionally, even when compressive strain is to be
similarly introduced, the same effect can be expected by making the
barrier height of the barrier layers in MQW-A lower than that of
the barrier layers in MQW-B in accordance with the strain amount.
When tensile strain is to be introduced, on the other hand, the
same effect can be expected by switching the structures of MQW-A
and MQW-B in the above examples. Furthermore, when compressive
strain or tensile strain is to be introduced, the same effect can
be expected by setting the strain amount in MQW-B to be larger than
the strain amount in MQW-A when MQW-A is kept undivided, in
accordance with the strain amount in MQW-A.
[0030] When the present invention is applied to the first problem,
it is possible to control independently the index coupling
coefficient and the gain coupling coefficient in a semiconductor
light-emitting device having an MQW diffraction grating structure.
Accordingly, the mode stability can be improved without
deteriorating the characteristics such as the lasing threshold
current, slope efficiency, and the resistance to external optical
feedback.
[0031] When the present invention is applied to the second problem,
the dependence of the gain coupling coefficient on the carrier
density can be decreased while the differential gain of the whole
active layers is kept large. Accordingly, it is possible to
implement a semiconductor light-emitting device with an MQW
diffraction grating structure, which has a large modulation
bandwidth and varies the gain coupling coefficient little during
modulation.
[0032] When the present invention is applied to the third problem,
the gain peak wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B can be matched even
when strain is introduced in these MQW layers in a semiconductor
light-emitting device with an MQW diffraction grating structure. As
a consequence, the gain peak positions can be appropriately set
with respect to the lasing wavelength determined by the diffraction
grating period. This makes it possible to prevent an increase in
the lasing threshold current and deterioration of the temperature
characteristics.
[0033] In the semiconductor light-emitting device of the present
invention, the index coupling coefficient and the gain coupling
coefficient can be independently controlled. Therefore, the mode
stability can be improved without deteriorating the characteristics
such as the lasing threshold current, slope efficiency, and the
resistance to external optical feedback.
[0034] Also, the dependence of the gain coupling coefficient on the
carrier density can be decreased while the differential gain of the
whole active layers is kept large. This makes it possible to
increase the modulation bandwidth and decrease the wavelength
variation during modulation.
[0035] Furthermore, even when strain is introduced in multiple
quantum well layers, the gain peak wavelengths of first and second
multiple quantum well layers can be matched. Consequently, the gain
peak positions can be appropriately set with respect to the lasing
wavelength determined by the diffraction grating period. Hence, it
is possible to prevent an increase in the lasing threshold current
and deterioration of the temperature characteristics.
[0036] As described above, the present invention can improve the
various characteristics of a semiconductor light-emitting device
and thereby implement a semiconductor light-emitting device with
high wavelength stability, which does not induce any mode hop even
during modulation with high output power or even when external
optical feedback is present.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] FIG. 1A is a schematic sectional view of the major
components of a semiconductor light-emitting device having a
conventional MQW diffraction grating structure;
[0038] FIG. 1B is a schematic sectional view of a region C in FIG.
1A;
[0039] FIG. 1C is a bandgap diagram taken along a broken line D in
FIG. 1B;
[0040] FIG. 2 is a conceptional view showing the way strain enters
the conventional MQW diffraction grating;
[0041] FIG. 3A is a schematic perspective view of the main parts of
a semiconductor light-emitting device according to the first
embodiment of the present invention;
[0042] FIG. 3B is a schematic sectional view of a region C in FIG.
3A;
[0043] FIG. 3C is a bandgap diagram taken along a broken line D in
FIG. 3B;
[0044] FIGS. 4A to 4D are sectional views showing MQW layers cut
along a plane parallel with the resonant cavity direction;
[0045] FIGS. 5A to 5E are sectional views cut along a plane
perpendicular to the resonant cavity direction;
[0046] FIG. 6A is a schematic sectional view of the main components
of a semiconductor light-emitting device according to the second
embodiment of the present invention;
[0047] FIG. 6B is a schematic sectional view of a region C in FIG.
6A;
[0048] FIG. 6C is a bandgap diagram taken along a broken line D in
FIG. 6B;
[0049] FIG. 7 is a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the third
embodiment of the present invention;
[0050] FIG. 8 is a graph showing the gain curves of first and
second MQW layers in a semiconductor light-emitting device
according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;
[0051] FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view showing, in an enlarged
scale, the MQW structure and its vicinity of a semiconductor
light-emitting device according to the fifth embodiment of the
present invention;
[0052] FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view showing the major
parts of a semiconductor light-emitting device according to the
sixth embodiment of the present invention;
[0053] FIG. 11 is a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the seventh
embodiment of the present invention;
[0054] FIG. 12 is a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the eighth
embodiment of the present invention; and
[0055] FIG. 13 is a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the ninth
embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0056] Hereinafter, several specific embodiments of the present
invention will be described in detail with reference to
drawings.
First Embodiment
[0057] FIGS. 3A to 3C are for explaining a semiconductor
light-emitting device according to the first embodiment of the
present invention. FIG. 3A shows a schematic sectional view of the
main parts of the semiconductor light-emitting device. FIG. 3B
shows a schematic sectional view of a region C in FIG. 3A. FIG. 3C
shows a bandgap diagram taken along a broken line D in FIG. 3B.
[0058] This semiconductor light-emitting device is principally used
in a gain-coupled DFB laser. As shown in FIG. 3A, a multiple
quantum well structure (MQW structure) 2 for amplifying light by
current injection and a current constraint layer 3 are formed on an
n-InP substrate 1. A p-InP cladding layer 4 is formed to cover the
MQW structure 2 and the current constraint layer 3. An SiO.sub.2
passivation layer 5 is formed on the upper surface, and an n-side
electrode 6 is formed on the lower surface. In addition, a p-side
electrode 7 is formed on the upper surface so as to be electrically
connected to a contact layer 8.
[0059] In the MQW structure 2, well layers are stacked via barrier
layers. As shown in FIG. 3B, this MQW structure 2 includes, in a
part or the whole of its region, first multiple quantum well layers
(MQW-A) divided in the propagation direction of light at a period
which is an integral multiple of the half wavelength of the
propagating light in a medium, and second flat multiple quantum
well layers (MQW-B).
[0060] In this embodiment, the ratio of the gain coupling
coefficient to the index coupling coefficient is increased by
making the well layers in MQW-A thicker than the well layers in
MQW-B. The well layers and barrier layers in the MQW structure 2
are formed by GaInAsP having different compositions. The well layer
thickness in MQW-A is 10 nm, and that in MQW-B is 8 nm. The
wavelength corresponding to the bandgap energy in a bulk state of
the barrier layers, i.e., the composition wavelength of the barrier
layers is 1.2 .mu.m, and the thickness of the barrier layers is 10
nm. The composition of the well layers is so set that the gain peak
wavelength of the whole MQW structure is 1.56 .mu.m. The
diffraction grating period is set at 240 nm in accordance with a
lasing wavelength of 1.55 .mu.m. This diffraction grating is a
uniform diffraction grating having no phase shift.
[0061] A method of fabricating the semiconductor light-emitting
device of this embodiment will be described in the order of steps
with reference to FIGS. 4A to 5E.
[0062] FIGS. 4A to 4D are sectional views of MQW layers cut along a
plane parallel with the resonant cavity direction. FIGS. 5A to 5E
are sectional views cut along a plane perpendicular to the resonant
cavity direction.
[0063] First, MQW-B, MQW-A (the MQW structure 2 is formed by MQW-A
and MQW-B), and a p-InP cladding layer 4 are sequentially grown on
an n-InP substrate 1 (FIG. 4A) by MO-VPE or the like. The film
thicknesses and film characteristics of layers constituting MQW-A
and MQW-B are appropriately set in accordance with means for
implementing the present invention.
[0064] Note that at least one or more optical waveguide layers and
the like can also be grown, if necessary, in addition to the MQW
structure 2, although these layers are omitted in this embodiment.
Note also that the number of layers in each of MQW-A and MQW-B can
be any arbitrary number.
[0065] Subsequently, the MQW structure 2 thus grown is coated with
a resist, and a resist diffraction grating 21 is formed using a
holographic lithography or an electron beam lithography (FIG. 4B).
Although a uniform diffraction grating is used in this embodiment,
at least one or more phase shifts can also be formed if
necessary.
[0066] The formed resist diffraction grating 21 is used as a mask
to etch away a portion from the surface to MQW-A 11 (FIG. 4C).
[0067] After the resist diffraction grating is removed, a p-InP
cladding layer 4 is grown so as to bury MQW-A (FIG. 4D). The
material of this burying growth layer is not limited to p-InP.
Also, at least one or more optical waveguide layers and the like
can be grown as needed.
[0068] Subsequently, general photolithography is used to form a
stripe SiO.sub.2 mask 22 parallel to the resonant cavity direction
(FIG. 5A).
[0069] This SiO.sub.2 mask 22 is used to perform dry-etching or the
like, thereby forming a mesa stripe 23 reaching a lower portion (a
surface layer of the n-InP substrate 1) of the MQW structure 2
(FIG. 5B).
[0070] Current constraint layers 3 are grown on the two sides of
the mesa stripe 23 by MO-VPE or the like (FIG. 5C). In this
embodiment, p- and n-InP layers are sequentially formed as the
current constraint layers 3. However, some other arrangement can
also be used. Furthermore, it is possible to preferably use another
waveguide structure such as a ridge-waveguide structure or buried
ridge-waveguide structure different from this embodiment.
[0071] After the SiO.sub.2 mask 22 is removed, a p-InP cladding
layer 4 and a p-GaInAsP contact layer 8 are grown in this order by
MO-VPE or the like (FIG. 5D).
[0072] Subsequently, general photolithography is used to form an
SiO.sub.2 passivation film 5, a p-side electrode 7, and an n-side
electrode 6 (FIG. 5E).
[0073] In this embodiment, an n-type substrate (the n-InP substrate
1) is used as a substrate. However, a p-type substrate can also be
used by inverting the conductivity type of each corresponding
layer. Also, the positions of MQW-A and MQW-B can be vertically
switched by growing MQW-A first and then growing MQW-B after the
burying growth of the p-InP cladding layer 4.
[0074] The front facet of the semiconductor light-emitting device
fabricated through the above steps was coated with an
antireflection film, the rear facet of the device was coated with a
high-reflection film, and the resonant cavity length of the device
was set at 300 .mu.m. In this device, the lasing threshold current
was 4 mA, and the slope efficiency was 0.4 W/A. The
single-wavelength yield of 100 devices of one wafer was 100%. Even
when external optical feedback of -14 dB existed, no mode hop
occurred.
[0075] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to control independently the
index coupling coefficient and the gain coupling coefficient, and
improve the mode stability without deteriorating the
characteristics such as the lasing threshold current, slope
efficiency, and the resistance to external optical feedback.
Second Embodiment
[0076] FIGS. 6A to 6C are for explaining a semiconductor
light-emitting device according to the second embodiment of the
present invention. FIG. 6A shows a schematic sectional view of the
major components of the semiconductor device. FIG. 6B shows a
schematic sectional view of a region C in FIG. 6A. FIG. 6C shows a
bandgap diagram taken along a broken line D in FIG. 6B. The whole
configuration of the semiconductor light-emitting device of this
embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first
embodiment.
[0077] In this embodiment, the ratio of the gain coupling
coefficient to the index coupling coefficient is increased by
making the bandgap of well layers in MQW-B larger than that of well
layers in MQW-A. This can be achieved by making the compositions of
well layers in MQW-A and MQW-B different from each other.
[0078] The well layer thickness is 10 nm in both MQW-A and MQW-B.
GaInAsP having a composition wavelength of 1.65 .mu.m is used in
MQW-A, and GaInAsP having a composition wavelength of 1.63 .mu.m is
used in MQW-B. In both MQW-A and MQW-B, barrier layers are made of
GaInAsP having a thickness of 10 nm and a composition wavelength of
1.2 .mu.m.
[0079] Similar to the first embodiment, the semiconductor
light-emitting device of this embodiment achieved a high wavelength
yield and a good resistance to external optical feedback without
deteriorating the lasing threshold current and the slope
efficiency.
[0080] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to control independently the
index coupling coefficient and the gain coupling coefficient, and
improve the mode stability without deteriorating the
characteristics such as the lasing threshold current, slope
efficiency, and the resistance to external optical feedback.
Third Embodiment
[0081] FIG. 7 shows a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the third
embodiment of the present invention. The whole configuration of the
semiconductor light-emitting device of this embodiment is
substantially the same as that of the first embodiment.
[0082] In this embodiment, the ratio of the gain coupling
coefficient to the index coupling coefficient is increased by
making the barrier height of barrier layers in MQW-B higher than
that of barrier layers in MQW-A. In both MQW-A and MQW-B, well
layers are made of GaInAsP having a thickness of 10 nm and a
composition wavelength of 1.65 .mu.m. Barrier layers in MQW-A are
made of GaInAsP having a thickness of 10 nm and a composition
wavelength of 1.25 .mu.m. Barrier layers in MQW-B are made of
GaInAsP having a thickness of 10 nm and a composition wavelength of
1.15 .mu.m.
[0083] Similar to the first embodiment, the semiconductor
light-emitting device of this embodiment achieved a high wavelength
yield and good resistance to external optical feedback without
deteriorating the lasing threshold current and the slope
efficiency.
[0084] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to control independently the
index coupling coefficient and the gain coupling coefficient, and
improve the mode stability without deteriorating the
characteristics such as the lasing threshold current, slope
efficiency, and the resistance to external optical feedback.
Fourth Embodiment
[0085] FIG. 8 is a graph showing the gain curves of first and
second MQW layers in a semiconductor light-emitting device
according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. The
whole configuration of the semiconductor light-emitting device of
this embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first
embodiment.
[0086] In this embodiment, the gain peak wavelengths of MQW-A and
MQW-B are shifted to shorter and longer wavelengths, respectively,
with respect to the lasing wavelength determined by the diffraction
grating period. In this manner, the dependence of the gain coupling
coefficient on the carrier density is decreased while the
differential gain of the entire MQW structure is kept large. The
period of the diffraction grating was set at 240 nm in accordance
with a lasing wavelength of 1.55 .mu.m. The gain peak wavelengths
of MQW-A and MQW-B were set at 1.54 .mu.m and 1.56 .mu.m,
respectively.
[0087] In this semiconductor light-emitting device fabricated by a
method analogous to the fabrication method shown in FIGS. 4A to 5E,
the relaxation oscillation frequency was 20 GHz, no mode hop
occurred during direct modulation at 10 Gb/s, and the wavelength
variation was 0.3 nm or less.
[0088] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to decrease the dependence of
the gain coupling coefficient on the carrier density while a large
differential gain of the whole active layers is maintained, thereby
increasing the modulation bandwidth and decreasing the wavelength
variation during modulation.
Fifth Embodiment
[0089] FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view showing, in an enlarged
scale, the MQW structure and its vicinity of a semiconductor
light-emitting device according to the fifth embodiment of the
present invention. The whole configuration of the semiconductor
light-emitting device of this embodiment is substantially the same
as that of the first embodiment.
[0090] In this embodiment, tensile strain is introduced in well
layers in MQW-A, and compressive strain is introduced to well
layers in MQW-B. In this way, the dependence of the gain coupling
coefficient on the carrier density is decreased while the
differential gain of the whole active layers is kept large. Well
layers in MQW-A are made of 20 nm-thick GaInAsP, and a tensile
strain of 0.5% is introduced in these layers. Well layers in MQW-B
are made of 5 nm-thick GaInAsP, and a compressive strain of 0.8% is
introduced in these layers. The compositions of these well layers
are so adjusted that their respective peak gain wavelengths are
1.55 .mu.m.
[0091] Similar to the fourth embodiment, in the semiconductor
light-emitting device of this embodiment, the wavelength variation
during modulation could be decreased while a broad modulation
bandwidth was maintained.
[0092] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to decrease the dependence of
the gain coupling coefficient on the carrier density while a large
differential gain of the whole active layers is maintained, thereby
increasing the modulation bandwidth and decreasing the wavelength
variation during modulation.
Sixth Embodiment
[0093] FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view showing the major
components of a semiconductor light-emitting device according to
the sixth embodiment of the present invention. The whole
configuration of the semiconductor light-emitting device of this
embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first
embodiment.
[0094] In this embodiment, MQW-A is doped with n-type impurities,
and MQW-B is doped with p-type impurities. In this manner, the
dependence of the gain coupling coefficient on the carrier density
is decreased while the differential gain of the whole active layers
is kept large. In this embodiment, an n-InP substrate 1 is used,
and MQW-A is formed below MQW-B. When a p-InP substrate is used,
however, MQW-A is formed above MQW-B as in the previous
embodiments.
[0095] Similar to the fourth embodiment, in the semiconductor
light-emitting device of this embodiment, the wavelength variation
during modulation could be decreased while a broad modulation
bandwidth was maintained.
[0096] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to decrease the dependence of
the gain coupling coefficient on the carrier density while a large
differential gain of the whole active layers is maintained, thereby
increasing the modulation bandwidth and decreasing the wavelength
variation during modulation.
Seventh Embodiment
[0097] FIG. 11 shows a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the seventh
embodiment of the present invention. The whole configuration of the
semiconductor light-emitting device of this embodiment is
substantially the same as that of the first embodiment.
[0098] In this embodiment, compressive strain is introduced in both
of MQW-A and MQW-B. In accordance with the strain amount, the well
layer thickness in MQW-A is made thicker than that in MQW-B,
thereby matching the gain peak wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B. In
this embodiment, the well layer thicknesses in MQW-A and MQW-B were
set to 5.7 nm and 5 nm, respectively, with respect to a compressive
strain of 0.8%. The gain peak wavelength was 1.56 .mu.m in both
MQW-A and MQW-B; detune from a lasing wavelength of 1.55 .mu.m
determined by the diffraction grating period was 10 nm.
[0099] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to match the gain peak
wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B even when strain is introduced in
MQW layers, and as a consequence appropriately set the gain peak
position with respect to the lasing wavelength that is determined
by the diffraction grating period, thereby preventing an increase
in the lasing threshold current and deterioration of the
temperature characteristics.
Eighth Embodiment
[0100] FIG. 12 shows a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the eighth
embodiment of the present invention. The whole configuration of the
semiconductor light-emitting device of this embodiment is
substantially the same as that of the first embodiment.
[0101] In this embodiment, tensile strain is introduced in both of
MQW-A and MQW-B. In accordance with the strain amount, the
composition of well layers in MQW-A is set such that the light
emission wavelength when this MQW-A is not divided by etching is
shorter than that of MQW-B. In this manner, the gain peak
wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B are matched. In this embodiment, the
composition of well layers in MQW-A was so set that the light
emission wavelength when this MQW-A was kept undivided was shorter
by 10 nm than that of MQW-B, with respect to a tensile strain of
0.4%. In this case, the gain peak wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B
were matched, and they could be matched with the lasing wavelength
determined by the diffraction grating period.
[0102] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to match the gain peak
wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B even when strain is introduced in
MQW layers, and as a consequence appropriately set the gain peak
position with respect to the lasing wavelength that is determined
by the diffraction grating period, thereby preventing an increase
in the lasing threshold current and deterioration of the
temperature characteristics.
Ninth Embodiment
[0103] FIG. 13 shows a bandgap diagram of the MQW structure of a
semiconductor light-emitting device according to the ninth
embodiment of the present invention. The whole configuration of the
semiconductor light-emitting device of this embodiment is
substantially the same as that of the first embodiment.
[0104] In this embodiment, compressive strain is introduced in both
of MQW-A and MQW-B. The strain amount in MQW-B is set to be larger
than the strain amount in MQW-A when MQW-A is not divided by
etching. In this manner, the gain peak wavelengths of MQW-A and
MQW-B are matched. In this embodiment, the well layer thickness was
set to 4 nm and the well layer composition wavelength was set to
1.73 .mu.m in both MQW layers. Also, the compressive strain in
MQW-A when MQW-A was kept undivided was set to 0.3%, and the
compressive strain in MQW-B was set to 1.0%. Under the conditions,
the gain peak wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B were matched, and they
could be matched with the lasing wavelength determined by the
diffraction grating period.
[0105] As described above, the semiconductor light-emitting device
of this embodiment makes it possible to match the gain peak
wavelengths of MQW-A and MQW-B even when strain is introduced in
MQW layers, and as a consequence appropriately set the gain peak
position with respect to the lasing wavelength that is determined
by the diffraction grating period, thereby preventing an increase
in the lasing threshold current and deterioration of the
temperature characteristics.
[0106] Each embodiment described above has explained a
semiconductor light-emitting device for use in a gain-coupled DFB
laser in which periodic gain modulation and index modulation
coexist in the propagation direction of light, and both the gain
modulation and the index modulation generate distributed feedback
for propagating light. However, the present invention is not
limited to these embodiments. For example, the present invention is
also applicable to a gain-coupled DFB laser in which periodic gain
modulation exists in the propagation direction of light and this
gain modulation generates distributed feedback for propagating
light.
* * * * *