U.S. patent application number 09/750801 was filed with the patent office on 2001-10-18 for hypoxic fire prevention and fire suppression systems and breathable fire extinguishing compositions for human occupied environments.
Invention is credited to Kotliar, Igor K..
Application Number | 20010029750 09/750801 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24199526 |
Filed Date | 2001-10-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010029750 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kotliar, Igor K. |
October 18, 2001 |
Hypoxic fire prevention and fire suppression systems and breathable
fire extinguishing compositions for human occupied environments
Abstract
Fire prevention and suppression systems and breathable
fire-extinguishing compositions are provided for rooms, houses and
buildings, transportation tunnels and vehicles, underground and
underwater facilities, marine vessels, aircraft, space stations and
vehicles, military installations and vehicles, and other human
occupied objects and facilities. The system provides a low-oxygen
(hypoxic) fire-preventive atmosphere at standard atmospheric or
slightly increased pressure. The system employs an
oxygen-extraction apparatus supplying oxygen-depleted air inside a
human-occupied area or storing it in a high-pressure container for
use in case of fire. A breathable fire-extinguishing composition,
being mostly a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen and having oxygen
content ranging from 12% to 17% for fire-preventive environments.
The fire-suppression system is provided having fire-extinguishing
composition with oxygen concentration under 16%, so when released
it creates a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere having oxygen
content from 10 to 16%. A technology for automatically maintaining
a breathable fire-preventive composition on board a human-occupied
hermetic object is provided.
Inventors: |
Kotliar, Igor K.; (New York,
NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Igor K. Kotliar
P.O. Box 2021
New York
NY
10159-2021
US
|
Family ID: |
24199526 |
Appl. No.: |
09/750801 |
Filed: |
December 28, 2000 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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09750801 |
Dec 28, 2000 |
|
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09551026 |
Apr 17, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
62/640 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 2257/102 20130101;
A62C 99/0018 20130101; A62C 3/07 20130101; A62C 3/0221 20130101;
B01D 53/22 20130101; A62B 7/14 20130101; B01D 2257/104
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
62/640 |
International
Class: |
F25J 003/00 |
Claims
1. A system for providing breathable fire-preventive and
fire-suppressive atmosphere in enclosed human-occupied spaces, said
system comprising: an enclosing structure having an internal
environment therein containing a gas mixture which is lower in
oxygen content than air outside said structure, and an entry
communicating with said internal environment; an oxygen-extraction
device having an inlet taking in an intake gas mixture and first
and second outlets, said first outlet transmitting a first gas
mixture having a higher oxygen content than the intake gas mixture
and said second outlet transmitting a second gas mixture having a
lower oxygen content than the intake gas mixture; said second
outlet communicating with said internal environment and
transmitting said second mixture into said internal environment so
that said second mixture mixes with the atmosphere in said internal
environment; said first outlet transmitting said first mixture to a
location where it does not mix with said atmosphere in said
internal environment; said internal environment selectively
communicating with the outside atmosphere and emitting excessive
internal gas mixture into the outside atmosphere; said intake gas
mixture being ambient air taken in from the external atmosphere
outside said internal environment.
2. The system according to claim 1 and said atmosphere in the
internal environment being breathable fire-extinguishing gas
composition having oxygen content ranging from 10% to 17%.
3. The system according to claim 1 and said oxygen-extraction
device employing molecular-sieve adsorption technology in order to
extract part of oxygen from said intake gas mixture.
4. The system according to claim 1 and said oxygen-extraction
device employing oxygen-enrichment membrane or other air separation
technology in order to extract part of oxygen from said intake gas
mixture.
5. The system according to claim 1 and said second outlet
additionally communicating with a high-pressure storage container
for providing sufficient supply of said second gas mixture that can
be released into said internal environment in order to suppress
possible fire when said internal environment does not initially
contain said second gas mixture.
6. The system according to claim 1 and said atmosphere being
recycled by a split air-conditioning system in order to control the
temperature and humidity inside said internal environment.
7. The system according to claim 1 and said enclosing structure
with said internal environment therein being area selected from the
group consisting of, but not limited to: rooms and enclosures for
data processing and process control equipment, telecommunication
switches and Internet servers; banks and financial institutions,
museums, archives, libraries and art collections; dwellings and
office buildings; military and marine facilities; aircraft, space
vehicles and space stations, marine and cargo vessels; industrial
processing and storage facilities operating with inflammable and
explosive materials and compositions and other industrial and
non-industrial facilities and objects that require fire safety in
human-occupied environments.
8. A breathable fire-extinguishing gas composition for continuous
use in human-occupied environments as an artificial fire-preventive
atmosphere, said gas composition comprising: a mixture of nitrogen
and oxygen at an atmospheric pressure being ambient or positive for
location of use; said mixture having oxygen content in a range
above 12% but below 18%; said mixture having nitrogen content above
82% but not exceeding 87.6%; said mixture containing water vapors,
carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases in quantities that are
acceptable for the breathing process; said mixture having
controllable temperature and humidity.
9. The gas composition according to claim 8 and said atmosphere
receiving said composition constantly in amounts sufficient for
ventilation of said environments in order to maintain breathing
quality of the atmosphere; said environments communicating with
external atmosphere allowing excessive composition to exit into the
outside atmosphere.
10. The gas composition according to claim 8 and said artificial
atmosphere being created initially by introducing said mixture into
a hermetic human-occupied object having life-support system
maintaining said atmosphere at initial hypoxic settings; said
hermetic object being selected from a group comprising: an
aircraft, space station or vehicle, underwater or underground
facilities and vehicles, and other isolated human-occupied objects
for living, working or transport; said artificial atmosphere not
communicating with the external atmosphere outside said hermetic
object.
11. A fire extinguishing gas agent and fire suppression system for
use in enclosed and partially enclosed human-occupied spaces for
fire suppression, said system and gas agent comprising: a mixture
of nitrogen, oxygen and other optional atmospheric gases contained
in a high-pressure gas container; said mixture having oxygen
content in a range from 0.01% to 16%, said mixture having nitrogen
content ranging from 84% to 99.99%; the amount of said gas agent
detained in or released from said container being so calculated
that when gas agent is released into said enclosed space, it
provides a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere inside said space
having oxygen concentration in a range from 10% to 16%.
12. The gas agent and system according to claim 11 and said gas
container containing said agent at barometric pressure above 10 bar
and releasing it when a signal from fire and smoke detecting
equipment is received; said container having a release valve
initiated by an electro-explosive initiator actuated by said
signal; said container having gas release nozzles connected
directly or through optional gas distribution piping; said nozzles
having optional noise reducing device in order to reduce level of
sound from gas release.
13. The system according to claim 11 and said container being
installed in combination with an oxygen-extraction device and
receiving said gas agent from it, the agent being constantly
maintained under selected barometric pressure by said device and/or
intermediate compressor.
14. The system according to claim 11 and said container being a
free standing container having an individual fire and/or smoke
detection system that initiates release of said gas agent in case
of fire.
15. An automatic system for providing breathable fire-suppressive
atmosphere for transportation and communication tunnels, industrial
and non-industrial buildings and structures, said system
comprising: an interior space restricted by a wall structure having
an entry and exit, and multiple isolating partitions defining
selected segments of the interior space; said isolating partitions
being selectively closable in case of fire so that when closed, the
segments are substantially isolated from the outside environment;
an oxygen-extraction device having an intake and first and second
outlets, said device taking in ambient air through said intake and
emitting a reduced-oxygen gas mixture, having a lower concentration
of oxygen than ambient air, through said first outlet and
enriched-oxygen gas mixture, having a greater concentration of
oxygen than ambient air, through said second outlet; a gas storage
container having receiving conduit and distribution conduit and
containing said reduced-oxygen gas mixture under higher than
ambient barometric pressure, said receiving conduit being
operatively associated with said first outlet and receiving said
reduced-oxygen gas mixture after intermediate compression
therefrom; said distribution conduit communicating with said
interior space so that the reduced-oxygen gas mixture is emitted in
case of fire into one or multiple segments inside said interior
space; said second outlet communicating with the outside atmosphere
and releasing said enriched oxygen mixture into the outside
environment; said reduced oxygen gas mixture having oxygen
concentration below 16%; said reduced oxygen gas mixture, being
released inside selected segments of said interior space in case of
fire and providing a breathable fire-suppressive composition with
oxygen content preferably ranging from 12% to 16%; said composition
emitting from said interior space in amounts necessary to equalize
atmospheric pressure inside said interior space with the outside
atmospheric pressure.
16. The system according to claim 15 and said multiple isolating
partitions being inflatable drop curtains normally kept deflated
and folded in curtain holders installed under ceiling throughout
the interior space; said drop curtains being made of a clear and
soft synthetic material in form of inflatable flaps so when
inflated, they provide a sufficient obstruction for the draft or
any substantial air movements into selected segments; said curtains
being inflated by a gas from a pyrotechnical device or container
initiated by a signal from fire-detecting equipment.
17. The system according to claim 15 and said interior space being
selected from the group comprising of rooms, houses and buildings,
transportation tunnels and vehicles, underground and underwater
facilities, marine vessels, aircraft, military installations and
vehicles, and other human occupied objects.
18. An automatic system for providing fire-preventive hypoxic
atmosphere for transportation and communication tunnels, industrial
and non-industrial buildings and structures, said system
comprising: an enclosed space comprising an entry, exit and a wall
structure defining said enclosed space, said entry and exit having
doors being selectively closable so that when closed, the enclosed
space is substantially isolated from the outside environment; a gas
processing device having an intake and first and second outlets,
said device taking in ambient air through said intake and emitting
a reduced-oxygen gas mixture, having a lower concentration of
oxygen than ambient air, through said first outlet and
enriched-oxygen gas mixture, having a greater concentration of
oxygen than ambient air, through said second outlet; said first
outlet communicating with a gas distribution piping having multiple
discharge nozzles inside the enclosed space so that reduced oxygen
gas mixture is transmitted into said enclosed space; said reduced
oxygen gas mixture having oxygen content below 17% and above 12%;
said gas processing device comprising an air pump, receiving
ambient air through the intake from the outside atmosphere, and an
oxygen-extraction module receiving compressed air from the pump,
said oxygen-extraction module having a reduced oxygen mixture
conduit and an enriched oxygen mixture conduit; said first outlet
being operatively associated with said reduced oxygen mixture
conduit and receiving said reduced oxygen gas mixture therefrom,
said second outlet being operatively associated with said enriched
oxygen mixture conduit and receiving said enriched oxygen gas
mixture therefrom and releasing said mixture into the outside
environment; said reduced oxygen gas mixture emitting from said
enclosed space in amounts necessary to equalize atmospheric
pressure inside said space with the outside atmospheric
pressure.
19. The system according to claim 18 and said enclosed space being
selected from the group comprising of computer rooms, houses and
buildings, transportation and communication tunnels, nuclear power
plants, underground and underwater facilities, marine vessels, and
other non-hermetic human occupied objects.
20. An apparatus for providing breathable fire-extinguishing
composition for human occupied environments, said apparatus
comprising: a compressor and an air separation device having an
intake and first and second outlets, said device taking in
compressed air provided by said compressor through said intake and
emitting a reduced-oxygen gas mixture having a lower concentration
of oxygen than said gas mixture through said first outlet and
enriched-oxygen gas mixture having a greater concentration of
oxygen than said gas mixture through said second outlet; said
intake being connected to a distribution valve providing
distribution of compressed air to multiple inlets communicating
each with an individual separation container filled with a
molecular sieve material that under pressure adsorbs nitrogen and
water vapors, allowing enriched-oxygen gas mixture to pass through
into a gas collecting tank communicating with said second outlet
and being operatively associated with all said separation
containers and receiving said enriched-oxygen gas mixture
therefrom; each said separation container being pressurized and
depressurized in cycling manner and releasing during each
depressurization cycle said reduced-oxygen gas mixture being
delivered into said first outlet.
21. The apparatus according to claim 20 and said second outlet
having release valve allowing to keep said enriched-oxygen gas
mixture being collected in said gas collecting tank under increased
atmospheric pressure, so when any of said separation containers
depressurizes, a portion of said enriched-oxygen gas mixture is
released from said tank back into said container purging said
molecular sieve material from remaining nitrogen and water.
22. The apparatus according to claim 20 and said distribution valve
being air distribution device selected from the group consisting of
electrical, mechanical, air piloted and solenoid valves, both
linear and rotary configuration, with actuators controlled by
pressure, mechanical spring, motor and timer.
23. The apparatus according to claim 20 and said distribution valve
being mounted on manifold that is selectively communicating with
said multiple separation containers and said first outlet, and
selectively allowing periodic access of pressurized air inside said
containers and exit of said reduced-oxygen gas mixture
therefrom.
24. An automatic fire-extinguishing device for providing breathable
fire-suppressive atmosphere inside an enclosed space, said device
comprising: a container having release valve and initiator
communicating with a smoke/fire detection device, said container
containing oxygen-reduced gas mixture under barometric pressure
above 10 bar; said initiator actuating the release valve when
signal from said detection device is received; the release valve
releasing said oxygen-reduced gas mixture into said enclosed space
and providing there said breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere
with oxygen content ranging from 10 to 16%.
25. The invention according to claim 24 and said oxygen-reduced gas
mixture containing nitrogen in a range from 84% to 100% and may
contain up to 16% of oxygen.
26. The invention according to claim 24 and said gas mixture being
mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide that may contain up to 16%
of oxygen; carbon dioxide content in said mixture being preferably
below 30%.
27. A method and equipment for automatically maintaining a
breathable fire-preventive composition on board a human-occupied
hermetic object, said system comprising: an initial introduction of
said composition containing nitrogen into said hermetic object,
said introduction provided by an oxygen-extraction apparatus
directly or via an intermediate gas storage container, so when said
composition completely replaces air inside said object and an
internal atmosphere is created, the object being sealed and further
air regeneration provided by an on-board life-support system; said
life-support system maintaining constant barometric pressure on
board and regenerating said internal atmosphere by providing
desired levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and humidity, but not
affecting the nitrogen content in any way; said internal atmosphere
containing a ballast, preventing oxygen content from rising above
16%; said ballast being inert nitrogen being constantly present in
said internal atmosphere in a range between 84% and 88%; said
atmosphere having oxygen concentration in a range from 12 to
16%.
28. The invention according to claim 27 and said hermetic object
being selected from a group comprising: an aircraft, space station
or space vehicle, submarine, military vehicles and facilities,
underwater or underground facilities, and other isolated
human-occupied objects for living, working or transport.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No.
09/551026 "Hypoxic Fire Prevention and Fire Suppression Systems for
computer rooms and other human occupied facilities", filed Apr. 17,
2000.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This invention is related in part to preceding U.S. Pat. No.
5,799,652 issued Sep. 1, 1998.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention introduces the method, equipment, and
composition of a revolutionary fire prevention/suppression system
that utilizes a low-oxygen (hypoxic) environment to:
[0004] Instantly extinguish an ongoing fire
[0005] Prevent a fire from getting started.
[0006] With its mode of action based on the controlled release of
breathable fire-suppressive gases, this human-friendly system is
completely non-toxic, fully automated, and entirely
self-sustaining. Consequently, it is ideally suited to provide
complete fire protection to houses, industrial complexes,
transportation tunnels, vehicles, archives, computer rooms and
other enclosed environments.
[0007] With the majority of fires (both industrial, and
non-industrial) occurring at locations with a substantial amount of
electronic equipment, this Fire Prevention and Suppression System
(FirePASS.TM.) has the added benefit of requiring absolutely no
water, foam or other damaging agent. It can therefore be fully
deployed without causing harm to the complex electrical equipment
(and its stored data) that is destroyed by traditional fire
suppression systems.
[0008] While this is extremely important to technology-intensive
businesses such as banks, insurance companies, communication
companies, manufacturers, medical providers, and military
installations; it takes on even greater significance when one
considers the direct relationship between the presence of
electronic equipment and the increased risk of fire.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
[0009] Current fire suppression systems employ either water,
chemicals agents, gaseous agents (such as Halon 1301, carbon
dioxide, and heptafluoropropane) or a combination thereof Virtually
all of them are ozone depleting, toxic and environmentally
unfriendly. Moreover, these systems can only be deployed
post-combustion. Even the recent advent of the Fire Master 200 (FM
200) suppression system (available from Kidde-Fenwal Inc. in the
U.S.A.) is still chemically dependant and only retards the
progression of fire by several minutes. Once this fire-retarding
gas is exhausted, a sprinkler system ensues that results in the
permanent destruction of electronic equipment and other
valuables.
[0010] Exposure to FM-200 and other fire-suppression agents is of
less concern than exposure to the products of their decomposition,
which for the most part are highly toxic and life threatening.
Consequently, there is no fire suppression/extinguishing
composition currently available that is both safe and
effective.
[0011] In terms of train, ship, or airplane fires, the inability to
quickly evacuate passengers creates an especially hazardous
situation. The majority of the passengers who died in France's Mont
Blanc tunnel fire suffocated within minutes. In this case the
problem was further compounded by the presence of ventilations
shafts. Originally designed to provide breathable air to trapped
people, these shafts had the unfortunate side effect of
dramatically accelerating the fire's propagation. Especially
devastating is the "chimney effect" that occurs in sloped tunnels.
An example of this was the fire that broke out in Kaprun's ski
tunnel in Austrian Alps.
[0012] In addition, ventilation shafts (which are present in
virtually all multilevel buildings and industrial facilities)
significantly increase the risk of toxic inhalation. This problem
is further compounded by the frequent presence of combustible
materials that can dramatically accelerate a fire's
propagation.
[0013] While the proliferation of remote sensors has led to
significant breakthroughs in early fire-detection, improvements in
the prevention/suppression of fires has been incremental at best.
For example, the most advanced suppression system to combat tunnel
fires is offered by Domenico Piatti (PCT IT 00/00125) at
robogat@tin.it. Based on the rapid deployment of an automated
vehicle (ROBOGAT), the Robogat travels to the fire site through the
affected tunnel. Upon arrival it releases a limited supply of water
and foam to initiate fire suppression. If necessary, the Robogat
can insert a probe into the tunnel's internal water supply for
continued fire-suppression. This system is severely limited for the
following reasons:
[0014] The time that lapses between the outbreak of fire and the
arrival of the Robogat is unacceptable.
[0015] The high temperatures that are characteristic of tunnel
fires will cause deformation and destruction of the monorail, water
and telecommunication lines.
[0016] The fire-resistance of the Robogat construction is highly
suspected.
[0017] The use of water and foam in high-temperature tunnel fires
is only partially effective and will lead to the development of
highly toxic vapors that increase the mortality of entrapped
people.
[0018] There are only 4 current methods of fire suppression in
human-occupied facilities:
[0019] The use of water
[0020] The use of foam
[0021] The use of chemical flame inhibitors
[0022] The use of gaseous flame inhibitors
[0023] The present invention employs a radically different
approach: the use of hypoxic breathable air for the prevention and
suppression of fire. This hypoxic environment completely eliminates
the ignition and combustion of all flammable materials. Moreover,
it is completely safe for human breathing (clinical studies have
proven that long term exposure to a hypoxic environment has
significant health benefits). Hypoxic breathable air can be
inexpensively produced in the necessary amount through the
extraction of oxygen from ambient air.
[0024] In terms of fire prevention, a constantly maintained hypoxic
environment can completely eliminate the possibility of fire while
simultaneously providing an extremely healthy environment. In terms
of suppression, this invention can instantly turn a normoxic
environment into a hypoxic environment with absolutely no adverse
effects to human life. This is extremely useful in the case of a
flash fires or explosions.
[0025] Based on the exploitation of the fundamental differences
between human physiology and the chemo-physical properties of
combustion, this entirely new approach completely resolves the
inherent contradiction between fire prevention and providing a safe
breathable environment for human beings. Consequently, this
invention is a radical advance in the management of fire and will
make all current chemical systems obsolete.
[0026] Hypoxic Fire Prevention and Suppression Systems will
completely prevent the massive socioeconomic losses that result
from the outbreak of fire.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0027] The principal objects of this invention are as follows:
[0028] The provision of a breathable fire-extinguishing
composition
[0029] A method for producing a fire preventive, hypoxic atmosphere
inside human-occupied environments.
[0030] The provision of oxygen-depletion equipment that produces
breathable, hypoxic air with fire-extinguishing properties. Such
equipment employs the processes of molecular-sieve adsorption,
membrane-separation and other oxygen extraction technologies.
[0031] The provision of breathable fire-extinguishing compositions
for continuous or episodic use in human occupied environments.
[0032] The provision of the equipment and the method to instantly
produce a fire-suppressive, oxygen-depleted atmosphere, where
people can safely breath (without respiratory-support means). This
can be accomplished at either a standard or slightly increased
atmospheric pressure with an oxygen content ranging from 10% to
17%.
[0033] The provision of a method for producing a fire-preventive
atmosphere for hermetic sealed objects with controlled temperature
and humidity levels. This can be accomplished by changing the
initial settings of current life-support systems and reprogramming
them.
[0034] The provision of hypoxic fire preventive/suppressive
environments inside tunnels, vehicles, private homes (separate
rooms or entire structures), public/industrial facilities and all
other applications for non-hermetic human occupied
environments.
[0035] The provision of a fire suppression system that instantly
releases stored oxygen-depleted gas mixture from a high-pressure
pneumatic system or container.
[0036] The ability to localize a fire site through the use of drop
curtains, doors or other means of physical separation; with the
subsequent release of breathable, fire-suppressive gas
mixtures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] FIG. 1 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen
and nitrogen molecules in a hypobaric or natural altitude
environment.
[0038] FIG. 2 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen
and nitrogen molecules in a normbaric hypoxic environment with the
same partial pressure of oxygen.
[0039] FIG. 3 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen
and nitrogen molecules in a normbaric normoxic environment; or in
ambient air at sea level.
[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates schematically a working principle of
normbaric hypoxic fire prevention and suppression system.
[0041] FIG. 5 presents a schematic view of the working principle of
hypoxic generator HYP-100/F.
[0042] FIG. 6 provides future modification of the same generator
shown on FIG. 5.
[0043] FIG. 7 illustrates a working principle of a membrane
separation module.
[0044] FIG. 8 illustrates the comparison of a flame extinction
curve and a hemoglobin/oxygen saturation curve upon the
introduction of reduced-oxygen air in a controlled environment.
[0045] FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of the invented system for
house dwellings.
[0046] FIG. 10 presents a schematic view of the invented system for
multilevel buildings.
[0047] FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of the invented system for
industrial buildings.
[0048] FIG. 12 presents schematic view of a portable
fire-suppression system for selected rooms in any type of
building.
[0049] FIG. 13 illustrates the unique properties of the invented
system in mobile modification.
[0050] FIG. 14 presents a schematic view of the invented system
when implemented into the ventilation system of an underground
military facility.
[0051] FIG. 15 presents a schematic view of the system's working
principle in an automobile tunnel.
[0052] FIG. 16 presents a schematic cross-sectional view of a
tunnel with a localizing curtain-deployment system.
[0053] FIG. 17 shows a schematic view of the invented system for
electric railroad or subway tunnels.
[0054] FIG. 18 shows a frontal view of the tunnel's entry, with
separating door.
[0055] FIG. 19 presents a schematic view of the invented system for
tunnels of mountain ski trains or funiculars.
[0056] FIG. 20 shows a schematic view of the On-Board FirePASS that
can be used in trains, buses, subway cars or other passenger
vehicles.
[0057] FIG. 21 illustrates the implementation of the FirePASS
technology into the ventilation system of a current passenger
airliner.
[0058] FIG. 22 presents the implementation of the FirePASS in the
next generation of airliners that can fly above the Earth's
atmosphere (or for space vehicles).
[0059] FIG. 23 illustrates the general working principle of the
autonomous air-regeneration system for hermetic human-occupied
spaces.
[0060] FIG. 24 shows the implementation of the hypoxic FirePASS
technology into an autonomous air-regenerative system of a military
vehicle.
[0061] FIG. 25 presents a schematic view of a hypoxic
fire-extinguishing breathable composition as part of the internal
atmosphere of a space station.
[0062] FIG. 26 presents a schematic view of the Marine FirePASS
system for use in marine vessels, e.g. tankers, cargo, cruise
ships, or military vessels.
[0063] FIG. 27 illustrates the working principle of the Marine
FirePASS.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0064] This invention is based on a discovery made during research
conducted in a Hypoxic Room System manufactured by Hypoxico Inc.
The inventor discovered that that the processes of ignition and
combustion in a normbaric, hypoxic environment are far different
from the ignition and combustion process that occurs in a hypobaric
or natural altitude environment with the same partial pressure of
oxygen.
[0065] For example, air with a 4.51" (114.5 mm of mercury) partial
pressure of oxygen at an altitude of 9,000' (2700 m) can easily
support the burning of a candle or the ignition of paper.
[0066] However, if we create a corresponding normbaric environment
with the same partial pressure of oxygen (4.51"or 114.5 mm of
mercury), a candle will not burn and paper will not ignite. Even a
match will be instantly extinguished after the depletion of the
oxygen-carrying chemicals found at its tip. For that matter, any
fire that is introduced into this normbaric, hypoxic environment is
instantly extinguished. Even a propane gas lighter or a gas torch
will not ignite in this environment.
[0067] This surprising observation leads to an obvious question:
"Why do two environments that contain identical partial pressures
of oxygen (identical number of oxygen molecules per specific
volume) effect the processes of ignition and combustion so
differently?""
[0068] The answer is simple: "The difference in oxygen
concentration in these two environments diminishes the availability
of oxygen to support combustion. This is due to nitrogen molecules
interfering with the kinetic properties of oxygen molecules". In
other words, the increased density of nitrogen molecules provides a
"buffer zone" that obstructs the availability of oxygen.
[0069] FIG. 1 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen
and nitrogen molecules in a hypobaric or natural environment at an
altitude of 9,000'/2.7 km. (All other atmospheric gases are
disregarded in order to simplify the following explanations). Dark
circles represent oxygen molecules, and hollow circles represent
nitrogen molecules.
[0070] FIG. 2 shows the density of molecules in a hypoxic
environment with the same partial pressure of oxygen (4.51" or
114.5 mm of mercury), but at a standard atmospheric pressure of 760
mm of mercury.
[0071] As can be seen, both environments contain identical amounts
of oxygen molecules per specific volume. However, in the second
case (shown on FIG. 2) the relative amount of nitrogen molecules
versus oxygen molecules is approximately 6:1 to 4:1,
respectively.
[0072] When the kinetic properties of both gases are compared it is
discovered that nitrogen molecules are both slower and less
permeable (by a factor of 2.5) than oxygen molecules. This relative
increase in the number of inert nitrogen molecules obstructs the
kinetic behavior of oxygen molecules. This reduces their ability to
support ignition and combustion.
[0073] FIG. 3 shows that at sea level, the oxygen/nitrogen
composition in ambient air has a greater partial pressure (159.16
mm of mercury) of oxygen than air found at 9,000' (114.5 mm). It
should be noted that ambient air in any portion of the Earth's
atmosphere (from sea level to mount Everest) has an oxygen
concentration of 20.94%. However, the ambient air found at sea
level is under substantially more pressure: Therefore the number of
gas molecules per specific volume increases as the distance between
the gas molecules is reduced.
[0074] "Hypoxic Threshold" and Its Physiological Background
[0075] During the last decade a substantial amount of data has been
accumulated on the physiological effects of hypoxic environments.
Extensive laboratory experimentation along with in-depth clinical
research has established clear benefits of normbaric, hypoxic air
in fitness training, and disease-prevention. Oxygen concentrations
in normbaric breathing air (at altitudes up to 2600 m) with the
corresponding partial pressure of oxygen have absolutely no harmful
side effects on the human body. (Peacock 1998).
[0076] This elevation is inhabited by millions of people throughout
the world, with no detrimental health effects (Hochachka 1998).
[0077] Analysis of data derived from numerous experiments by the
inventor has led to the conclusion that under normbaric conditions
it is possible to create an artificial environment with breathable
hypoxic air that can simultaneously suppress ignition and
combustion.
[0078] Multiple experiments were conducted focusing on ignition
suppression and flame extinction in a normbaric environment of
hypoxic, breathable air. It was found that the ignition of common
combustible materials was impossible once the oxygen content
dropped below 16.8%. During combustion tests, diffuse flames of
various tested materials were completely extinguished when oxygen
content fell below 16.2%.
[0079] This discovery justifies the creation a new scientific term:
"Hypoxic Threshold" which represents the absolute flammability
limits of any fuel in an artificial atmosphere with oxygen content
of 16.2%. Flame extinction at the Hypoxic Threshold results in the
instant elimination of combustion; including an accelerated
suppression of glowing. This results in the continued suppression
of toxic fumes and aerosols.
[0080] These experiments unequivocally prove that a breathable,
human-friendly environment, with oxygen content under 16.2%, will
completely suppress ignition and combustion.
[0081] In terms of partial pressure of oxygen, the Hypoxic
Threshold (16.2% O2) corresponds to an altitude of 2200 meters.
This is identical to the altitude that is used to pressurize
passenger aircraft during routine flights. It has been proven to be
completely safe, even for people with chronic diseases such as
cardiopulmonary insufficiency (Peacock 1998).
[0082] A normbaric environment at Hypoxic Threshold provides a
fire-preventive atmosphere that is completely safe for private
dwellings, or the workplace. It is scientifically proven that the
physiological effects of mild normbaric hypoxia are identical to
the effects exhibited at the corresponding natural altitude.
Millions of people vacation at these altitudes (2 to 3 km) with no
harmful side effects.
[0083] The schematic diagram provided in FIG. 8 contrasts the
differing reactions of two oxygen-dependent systems (a flame and a
human body) when exposed to a hypoxic environment.
[0084] Curve Y represents the decline in combustion intensity
(corresponding to the height of a stabile diffusion flame) in
relation to the declining oxygen content in a controlled
environment. 100% corresponds to the maximum height of a flame at
an ambient atmospheric oxygen content of 20.94%. When oxygen
content in the controlled atmosphere drops below 18%, a sharp
decline in flame height can be observed. At hypoxic threshold X
(16.2% O2) the flame and its associated glowing are completely
extinguished.
[0085] In terms of prevention, the Hypoxic Threshold can be set at
16.8%. This is due to the fact that a diffuse flame receives
supplemental oxygen through a combination of convection and free
radical production from decomposing fuel--the factors that are not
present until post-ignition. However, in order to insure maximum
protection each future embodiment will require an environment with
oxygen content at or below the "Hypoxic Threshold" (16.2%).
[0086] Curve Z illustrates the variance of hemoglobin's oxygen
saturation with as it relates to the partial pressure of inspired
oxygen. In ambient air (at sea level), average hemoglobin
saturation in vivo is 98%. At dynamic equilibrium molecules of
oxygen are binding to heme (the active, oxygen-carrying part of
hemoglobin molecule) at the same rate oxygen molecules are being
released. When the PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) is increased,
the rate that oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin exceeds the rate
at which they are released. When the PO2 decreases, oxygen
molecules are released from hemoglobin at a rate that exceeds the
rate at which they are bound.
[0087] Under normal thermal conditions, the saturation of
hemoglobin remains above 90%, even if exposed to an alveolar PO2 of
60 mm Hg (which corresponds to an altitude of 3300 meters or 14% O2
in normbaric hypoxic air). This means that oxygen transport will
continue at an acceptable rate despite a significant decrease in
the oxygen content of alveolar air.
[0088] It is important to note that a partial pressure of the
inspired oxygen can only determine the hemoglobin saturation in the
alveoli. All the following oxygen transport and metabolism depend
only from the balance between the body's cellular demand and the
body's vascular delivery capacity. In standard atmospheric
conditions the partial pressure of neutral diluting gases has no
influence on the metabolism and transport of oxygen.
[0089] In contrast, the ability of oxygen molecules to support
combustion is substantially impinged as the relative concentration
of neutral or inert eases (in this case--nitrogen) increases.
[0090] The radically different properties of these oxygen dependent
systems is the crucial factor that allows a hypoxic environment at
the Hypoxic Threshold to be completely safe for human life, but not
support combustion.
[0091] The diagram presented in FIG. 8 clearly illustrates that the
Hypoxic Threshold does not significantly alter the saturation of
hemoglobin in vivo. Conversely, the Hypoxic Threshold instantly
extinguishes any flame. It should be noted that curve Z represents
the hemoglobin saturation curve of an individual who is exposed to
hypoxia without previous adaptation. In cases where a hypoxic
environment is used proactively (for fire prevention), individuals
quickly adapt to the reduced oxygen level and will have normal
hemoglobin saturation levels.
[0092] Consequently, there is absolutely no risk to people who
spend an extended period of time in a hypoxic environment. In fact
numerous medical publications describe the significant health
benefits associated with long-term exposure to normbaric hypoxia.
More information on these studies can be found at Hypoxico Inc's
website (www.hypoxico.com).
[0093] In addition, further studies indicate that high levels of
humidity enhance the capability of a hypoxic environment to
suppress combustion. This is due to the fact that fast moving water
molecules create a secondary buffer zone that makes oxygen
molecules less available to support ignition or combustion.
[0094] FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of a fire protected normbaric
(or slightly hyperbaric) hypoxic room or enclosure (11) for
electronic equipment (e.g. computer equipment) or stored
inflammable materials.
[0095] FIG. 4 illustrates racks of electronic equipment 13 (or
flammable materials) located in a normbaric environment with oxygen
concentration at the Hypoxic Threshold. This environment provides
absolute fire safety by:
[0096] Preventing combustible materials from igniting
[0097] Instantly suppressing electrical or chemical fires.
[0098] Hypoxic environments with an oxygen content of 17% to 18%
can also provide limited protection against combustion. However, it
is advisable for public areas (e.g. museums, archives etc.) to
maintain an oxygen concentration of 15% to 17%. For human occupied
facilities that require superior fire protection an oxygen content
of 14% to 15% is recommended. Facilities that require only short
periodical human visits may employ environments with oxygen content
ranging from 12% to 14%. This corresponds to an altitude of 3 km to
4.5 km (10,000' t 14,500').
[0099] The hypoxic air inside the computer room 11 is maintained at
approximately 67.degree. F. (18.degree. C.) by a split
air-conditioning unit (14) and is connected to an external heat
exchanger (15) by a hose 16. Warm air enters the unit 14 through an
intake 17, gets chilled, and then exits the unit 14 through an
outlet 18. Hot refrigerant and water condensation (from air) are
transmitted through a connector hose 16 into an external unit 15.
At this point the refrigerant gets chilled, and the condensation is
either evaporated or removed. The working principle of a split a/c
unit is well known and shall not be described in this patent. A
suitable device-PAC/GSR is made by the Italian company DeLonghi.
Larger split a/c systems are also readily available. For facilities
that do not contain computer equipment air conditioning is not
required.
[0100] A Hypoxic generator 20 is installed outside a room 11. The
generator 20 takes in ambient air through an intake 21 and extracts
oxygen. Oxygen-enriched air is then disposed of through outlet 22.
The remaining hypoxic gas mixture is transmitted inside the room 11
through the supply outlet 23. Excessive hypoxic air leaves the room
11 through a door 12 in order to equalize the atmospheric pressure
inside the room 11 with the outside environment.
[0101] The door 12 for personnel entry is not airtight--allowing
excess air to the exit room 11. For a 20 cubic meter room, a gap of
approximately 5 mm is sufficient for immediate pressure
equalization. For some applications it is beneficial to create a
slightly hyperbaric environment. This can be easily accomplished by
making the room 11 airtight and eliminating gaps around the door
12. Other possibilities are described in previous U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,799,652 and 5,887,439.
[0102] The number of hypoxic generators needed for a room 11
depends on a combination of its size and the number of people that
occupy it. The generator best suited for a 20-m3 room would be the
HYP-100/F. This is currently available from Hypoxico Inc. of New
York. The HYP-100/F employs a PSA (pressure-swing adsorption)
technology that extracts oxygen from ambient air. This maintenance
free unit weighs only 55 lbs (25 kg) and requires only 450 W. A
nitrogen generator with the same capability would be 3 times
heavier and would consume 2-3 times more power. An additional
advantage of the hypoxic generator is its ability to increase the
humidity of hypoxic air. To avoid accidents, the oxygen
concentration setting cannot be changed by the user.
[0103] FIG. 5 illustrates the working principle of hypoxic
generator 20. The compressor 24 takes in ambient air through an
intake filter 21 and pressurizes it up to 18 psi. Compressed air is
then chilled in a cooler 25 and is transmitted through a conduit 26
into a distribution valve 27. This is connected to multiple
separation containers or molecular sieve beds 29 via a manifold 28.
Depending on design needs, these can be installed in a linear or
circular fashion. The number of molecular sieve beds may vary from
one to 12. HYP-100/IF is designed with 12 molecular sieve beds in a
circular formation, pressurized in 3 cycles, four beds at a time.
This is accomplished by a rotary distribution valve 27. In this
particular case a small electric actuator motor 30 drives a rotary
valve 27. Both the design, and the working principle of rotary
distribution valves, motors and actuators are well known and will
not be described further. All of these parts are widely available
from valve distributors.
[0104] Each molecular sieve bed 29 (or group of beds in case of
HYP-100/F) gets pressurized in cycles via a valve 27 that
selectively redirects compressed air into each bed. These beds 29
are filled with molecular sieve material (preferably zeolites) that
allow oxygen to pass through while adsorbing most other gases;
including water vapors (this is important for the end product).
Oxygen (or the oxygen-enriched fraction) passing through the
zeolites is collected in collector 31 and is released through a
release valve 32. It is then disposed into the atmosphere through
an outlet 22.
[0105] When the zeolites in one of the beds 29 become saturated
with oxygen depleted air, the compressed air supply is blocked by a
valve 27. This bed then depressurizes, allowing oxygen-depleted air
to escape from the zeolites in the bed 29. It is then transmitted
through a manifold 28 into a hypoxic air supply conduit 23. This
one-way release valve 32 keeps the oxygen-enriched fraction in the
collector 31 under minimal pressure (approximately 5 psi). This
assures that during the depressurization of the bed 29 sufficient
oxygen can reenter. This purges the zeolites that are contaminated
with nitrogen and water, thereby enhancing their absorption
capacity.
[0106] A motorized rotary actuator 30 may be replaced with a linear
actuator with a mechanical air distribution valve 27. The motorized
actuator 30 may also be replaced by a set of solenoid, or
electrically operated air valves 27. However, this will require the
addition of a circuit board, making the generator 20 more costly
and less reliable. Solenoid valves, mechanical valves, electric
valves and linear actuators are widely available and will not be
described further.
[0107] FIG. 6 shows a hypoxic generator 40, which is available from
Hypoxico Inc. This model works on compressed air provided by a
compressor 24 and does not require additional electric motors,
switches or circuit boards. In this case the distribution valve 47
is comprised of one or more air-piloted valves mounted on a
manifold 48. Air-piloted valves are driven by compressed air and do
not require additional support. The compressed is cleaned by a
long-life HEPA filter 49 available from Hypoxico Inc. Suitable
air-piloted valves are available from Humphrey Products in
Kalamazoo, Mich., U.S.A. Numerous combinations can be employed in
distribution valve 47 in order to distribute compressed air in a
cyclical manner. A suitable valve can be selected from this group,
which includes electrical mechanical, air piloted, or solenoid
valves. Both linear and rotary configurations are available with
actuators controlled by pressure, mechanical springs, motors or
timers. It is not possible to cover all potential air distribution
solutions in this patent. The number of molecular sieve beds in
this model may vary from 1 to 12 (or more).
[0108] HYP-100/F provides hypoxic air with 15% oxygen at the rate
of 100 liters per minute (different settings from 10% to 18% are
available and must be preset at the factory). The HYP-100/F is
tamper resistant, as an unauthorized individual cannot change the
oxygen setting. Larger size generators up to 1200 L/min are also
available from Hypoxico Inc.
[0109] The hypoxic generator 20 supplies hypoxic air with
approximately 15% greater humidity than the surrounding ambient
air. In mild climates, this increased level humidity along with the
appropriate temperature provides a perfect environment for
computers. In drier climates, or when a nitrogen generator is used
in place of a hypoxic generator 20, it is advisable to install a
humidifier 19 (optional in other cases) to maintain the room at
approximately 40% relative humidity. Any humidifier that is
certified for public use is acceptable.
[0110] Multiple generators 20 can be placed in a special generator
room with its own a/c system and a fresh air supply above 500
ft.sup.3/h (14 m.sup.3/hour) per each HYP-100/F generator. This is
convenient for larger facilities with multiple rooms 11. In this
case, larger air-conditioning units working in the recycle mode
should be installed. Hypoxic generators will provide sufficient
ventilation and fresh air supply. Every hypoxic generator is
equipped with a HEPA (high efficiency particulate arrestance)
filter that provides almost sterile air. In addition this "clean
environment" is also beneficial for fire prevention as they
substantially reduce dust accumulations on computer equipment.
[0111] Room 11 may also represent a computer cabinet 13. In this
case, hypoxic air supplied by a miniature size generator 20 is
chilled by a small heat exchange module 14 (both will be available
from Hypoxico Inc.).
[0112] Any oxygen extraction device, such as a nitrogen generator
or an oxygen concentrator can be used instead of a hypoxic
generator 20. However, this will create significant disadvantages.
PSA (pressure-swing adsorption) and membrane separation nitrogen
generators require much higher pressures. The result of this is a
less power efficient unit that is heavier, noisier, and costlier to
maintain. Moreover, nitrogen generators create an extremely arid
product that would require extensive humidification. Other oxygen
extraction technologies, such as temperature-swing or electrical
current swing absorption, may also be employed in the oxygen
extraction device 20. Most of these technologies rely on the use of
a pump as an air separation module. The design and working
principle of such air separation modules (employing both
molecular-sieve adsorption and membrane separation technologies) is
well known and widely available.
[0113] FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of a nitrogen generator or
oxygen concentrator employing an oxygen-enrichment membrane module
50. Extracted oxygen is disposed of through an outlet 53. Dry
compressed air is delivered via an inlet 51 into a hollow-fiber
membrane module 50. Fast moving oxygen molecules under pressure
diffuse through the walls of hollow fibers and exit through the
outlet 53. Dry nitrogen or a nitrogen enriched gas mixture passes
through the hollow fibers and is transmitted through an outlet 51
into the room 11. The employment of this technology in the Hypoxic
FirePASS system would require additional humidification of the
room's 11 environment.
[0114] Both, nitrogen generators and oxygen concentrators require
sophisticated computerized monitoring equipment to control and
monitor oxygen levels. This makes them unsafe for human occupied
facilities.
[0115] The principle of a normbaric hypoxic environment for fire
prevention and suppression could be applied to any room. Enclosures
of any shape and size including buildings, marine vessels, cargo
containers, airliners, space vehicles/space station, computer
rooms, private homes, and most other industrial and non-industrial
facilities will benefit from a fire-preventative hypoxic
environment.
[0116] In a large computer facility, each rack with computer
equipment 13 may be enclosed in its own hypoxic room 11. This
energy sparing strategy will provide a normoxic environment between
the racks 13. In addition, it will not interfere with a facility's
current fire suppression system. Moreover, the facility may use a
much cheaper sprinkler system, as water will not be able to damage
computer equipment that is enclosed inside a hypoxic room's
watertight panel enclosures. Hypoxico Inc. in New York manufactures
suitable modular panel enclosures of any size. In this case,
air-conditioning for each enclosure becomes optional as the
facility might already be sufficiently chilled.
[0117] FIG. 8 illustrates a comparison of flame extinction curve Y
and hemoglobin saturation curve Z in a controlled atmosphere during
the gradual reduction of oxygen (This has been explained
earlier).
[0118] FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of a private home with a dual
mode modification of the FirePASS system. The system can be set in
the preventative mode or the suppressive mode.
[0119] A house 91 having installed the Home FirePASS system will
include a hypoxic generator 92 with an outside air intake 93 and
distribution piping 94. Discharge nozzles 95 will be located in
every room.
[0120] This type of hypoxic generator 92 incorporates an additional
compressor (not shown) that allows hypoxic air to be stored and
maintained in a high-pressure storage container 97, via pipe
96.
[0121] Hypoxic air used in fire-preventive mode should have oxygen
content of approximately 16%. In the suppressive mode the oxygen
content in the internal atmosphere (after the deployment of the
FirePASS) should be between 12% and 14%.
[0122] Smoke and fire detectors 98 installed in the home will
initiate the Home FirePASS in the suppressive mode (in the
prevention mode fire ignition is impossible). All detection and
control equipment is available on the market and will not be
described further.
[0123] The storage container 97 can contain hypoxic air under a
pressure of approximately 100 bar (or higher), when a smaller tank
is desired. The container 97 should be installed outside of the
home 91, preferably in protective housing. High-pressure gas
storage containers and compressors are readily available in the
market. The hypoxic generator 92 for the Home FirePASS is available
from Hypoxico Inc.
[0124] The working principle of the system can be described as
follows. The hypoxic generator 92 draws in fresh outside air the
through the intake 93, and supplies hypoxic air into a
high-pressure container 97 through a built-in compressor.
Recommended storage pressure in the tank is approximately 100
bar.
[0125] The system has two operating modes: preventative mode and
suppressing mode. When the home is left uninhabited (during working
hours or vacations), a fire-preventive mode is initiated by
pressing a button on the main control panel (not shown). This
initiates the system by starting the hypoxic generator and allowing
the slow release of hypoxic air from the container 97 into the
distribution piping 94. Nozzles 95 are located in every room in the
house. Consequently, a fire-preventive environment (with an oxygen
content of 16%) can be established in approximately 15 minutes. In
addition, a hypoxic environment can be created with an oxygen
concentration below 10%. This is a very effective deterrent against
intruders, as it is an extremely uncomfortable environment to be
in. When people return home, they can quickly establish a normoxic
atmosphere by opening windows or using a ventilating system (not
shown). When the fire-preventive environment is created, the
generator 92 will refill the container 97 with hypoxic air.
[0126] If desired, a hypoxic atmosphere can be permanently
established, making the container 97 obsolete. In the preventive
mode, the generator 92 of the Home FirePASS will constantly provide
a human friendly normbaric hypoxic environment with oxygen content
of 16%. This corresponds to an altitude of 2200 m above sea level.
This atmosphere provides a number of health benefits (described on
www.hypoxico.com) and excludes the possibility of combustion (even
smoking inside house 91 will be impossible). For cooking purposes,
electric appliances must be used. Household heating appliances that
run on gas or liquid fuel can be made operational by installing an
air supply duct that allows outside air to be drawn for
combustion.
[0127] The system's fire suppression mode is tied directly to smoke
or thermal detectors 98, installed in each room of the house. A
signal from a smoke detector 98 is transmitted to the main control
panel, which opens an automatic release valve (not shown). This
results in the rapid introduction of the hypoxic gas mixture from
the container 97. Release nozzles 95 can be equipped with small
air-powered sirens that are activated upon the release of hypoxic
air. It is recommended that hypoxic gas should be released into all
rooms simultaneously.
[0128] However, in order to reduce the size of container 97, the
release of hypoxic air can be limited to the room in which smoke
was detected. Given FirePASS's reaction time of less than one
second, this should be more than sufficient to suppress a localized
fire.
[0129] To reduce costs, the Home FirePASS can operate in
suppression mode without the installation of generator 92. In this
case the system will consist of a high-pressure tank 97, gas
delivery piping 94 and a detection and control system 98. A local
service company can provide the requisite maintenance and refilling
of the gas storage tanks 97.
[0130] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a multilevel building 101
with the Building FirePASS installed in suppressive mode.
[0131] A larger FirePASS block (available from Hypoxico inc.)
installed on the roof of the building 101 has a hypoxic generator
102 providing hypoxic air through the extraction of oxygen from
ambient air. The generator 102 communicates with a compressor 103,
delivering hypoxic air at high pressure to the storage container
104. Once there, it is maintained under a constant pressure of
approximately 200 bar (or higher).
[0132] As shown in FIG. 10, a vertical gas delivery pipe 105 having
discharge nozzles 106 on each floor can be installed throughout the
entire building, either externally or in an elevator shaft.
Discharge nozzles 106 are installed with silencers to reduce the
noise created by the release of high-pressure gas.
[0133] When fire is detected, a signal from a central control panel
initiates the opening of a release valve 107 forcing stored hypoxic
air into the distribution pipe 105. Given the FirePASS's rapid
response time, the creation of a fire-suppressive environment on
the affected floor should be sufficient. However, as an added
precaution, hypoxic air should be released to the adjacent floors.
The Building FirePASS will release sufficient hypoxic air (with
oxygen content of approximately 15%). to the desired floors.
[0134] The positive pressure of the hypoxic atmosphere will
guarantee its penetration into all apartments and will instantly
suppress a fire in any room. In addition, by establishing a hypoxic
environment on the adjacent floors, a fire will be unable to spread
to the upper portion of the building. A key advantage of this
system is that it can be incorporated into the
fire-sensing/fire-extinguishing equipment that is currently in
place (such as employed by a sprinkler system, gas-suppression
system, etc.)
[0135] Separate floors may have an individual fire detection system
connected to an individual Floor FirePASS, as shown on the bottom
of FIG. 10. High-pressure hypoxic gas containers 108 can release
hypoxic air throughout the floor via distribution piping 109 with
discharge nozzles in each room. In order to reduce the storage
pressure and the size of container, a very low oxygen concentration
may be used in the stored gas, provided that a safe breathable
atmosphere will be established in each room with oxygen content of
about 15%. Freestanding fire-extinguishing units can be used in
selected rooms in the building. Such units are described later in
connection to FIG. 12.
[0136] FIG. 11 presents a schematic view of an industrial building
110. The ground floor has no separating walls and can be open to
the outside atmosphere, e.g. for unloading, etc. In this case,
FirePASS should include separating partitions, or curtains 115,
that can be dropped down in case of fire.
[0137] The Hypoxic generator/compressor block 111 and gas storage
container 112 are installed on the roof or outside of the building
110. The Building FirePASS delivers hypoxic air through
distribution piping 113 and discharge nozzles 114. In the case of a
localized fire (in a room or on an upper floor), the FirePass will
instantly discharge hypoxic air in an amount that is sufficient to
establish the Hypoxic Threshold, but comfortable enough for human
breathing (14-15% recommended, or 10-14% for some
applications).
[0138] When smoke and/or fire are detected on the ground floor,
curtains 115 (which are stored in curtain holders 116) are released
thereby separating the floor into localized areas. This will block
the ventilation and movement of air. When fire is detected, the
building's ventilation system should be immediately shut down.
Hypoxic air is then instantly released into the affected area (and
the adjacent area), causing the fire to be rapidly
extinguished.
[0139] Curtains 115 should be made from a fire-resistant synthetic
material that is soft and clear. Vertical flaps of the curtains 115
will allow for the quick exit of people who are trapped in the
affected area.
[0140] FirePASS system can establish a hypoxic environment below
Hypoxic Threshold on a specific floor or throughout an entire
building. If required, this fully breathable, fire-suppressive
atmosphere can be maintained indefinitely, providing a lifeline to
people that are trapped inside. This embodiment is suitable for
providing fire-preventive and fire-suppressive environments for
numerous applications.
[0141] For example, nuclear power plants could be maintained in a
fire-preventive state. If an accident does occur, than the oxygen
content should be reduced to approximately 10%. This extreme
hypoxic environment is still safe for a minimum of 20 minutes,
giving trapped people time to escape. When lower oxygen
concentrations are used, breathing can be further stimulated by
adding carbon dioxide to the gas mixture.
[0142] Both Home FirePASS, and Building FirePASS, can be installed
in a strictly preventive mode. In this case, storage containers 97,
104 and 112 become optional, as the generator will be constantly
pumping hypoxic air into the distribution piping. This creates a
permanent fire-preventative environment.
[0143] Another cost effective solution would be to provide each
room with its own automatic fire suppression apparatus. FIG. 12
shows a freestanding fire-extinguishing unit 121 having a gas
storage container 122 inside. A release valve 123 (preferably burst
disk type) can be opened by an electro-explosive initiator 124 that
is initiated by a thermal/smoke-detecting device on the control
block 125. When smoke or fire is detected, a signal from the
control block 125 actuates the initiator 124. This causes the valve
123 to open and release the hypoxic composition through discharge
nozzles 126 in each room. An extended-life battery, with an
optional AC power connection can power the control block 125.
[0144] Storage container 122 contains the appropriate quantity of
hypoxic air (or nitrogen) under high pressure. When released, it
will provide a fire-suppressive atmosphere at or slightly below the
Hypoxic Threshold. The amount of hypoxic fire-suppressive agent in
the container 122 can be easily adjusted for each room by changing
the gas storage pressure.
[0145] Carbon dioxide can be added to the fire-suppressive agent in
quantities up to 30%, thereby replacing the corresponding part of
nitrogen. This will stimulate the breathing process if the hypoxic
atmosphere having an oxygen content below 14%.
[0146] The container 122 is surrounded by protective filling 127
that cushions it against impact and provides it with thermal
protection. Discharge nozzles 126 are equipped with silencers or
noise traps in order to reduce the noise from discharging gas.
[0147] Units 121 can be temporarily installed and are an excellent
alternative to costly fire suppression systems that require
permanent installation.
[0148] FIG. 13 demonstrates the unique abilities of a mobile
FirePASS system for industrial applications. For example, a broken
tank or vessel 130 having a hatch 131 can be welded in a hypoxic
environment. This is not feasible using current suppression systems
as an empty container may still contain explosive vapors.
[0149] A Mobile FirePASS unit 132, producing approximately 2 cubic
meters of hypoxic air per minute would quickly reduce the tank's
130 oxygen content to 14%. This hypoxic composition will be heavier
than the explosive vapors in the ambient air. Consequently, it will
act like a blanket, covering the surface of the inflammable liquid.
Therefore a completely safe working environment will be created
inside the tank 130. Lower oxygen concentrations can be used if the
welder has a dedicated breathing supply. In this case, the welder
will expire air with an oxygen content of approximately 16.5%. This
level is close to the hypoxic threshold and will not negatively
influence the surrounding environment.
[0150] In this environment all types of cutting or welding can be
safely employed, including electric welding and oxygen-acetylene
torches. Even if a spark, or molten metal touches the kerosene,
ignition will not occur.
[0151] Similar mobile FirePASS units can be used in numerous
applications where repair work must be done in an explosive or fire
hazardous environment, e.g. inside a sea tanker, an underground
gasoline vessel, a crude oil pipe etc.
[0152] FIG. 14 presents a schematic view of an underground military
installation 140 being maintained in a constant hypoxic
environment. This is provided by a special FirePASS system. Ambient
air is taken in via a ventilation intake 141, which is installed at
a remote location. It is then delivered through a ventilation shaft
142 into the hypoxic generator module 143. An upstream
side-filtering unit 144 purifies the air, eliminating chemical and
bacteriological contaminants.
[0153] Hypoxic air having an oxygen content of approximately 15% is
delivered from a generator 143 into ventilation ducts 145 with
openings 146 evenly distributed throughout the facility 140. This
provides each room with a self-contained breathable atmosphere at a
slightly positive barometric pressure. Excessive hypoxic gas exits
the underground facility 140 via an elevator shaft 147 with a
protected one-way ventilation opening on top (not shown). When the
exit cover 148 of the shaft 147 slides open, the positive pressure
and higher density of the hypoxic air prevents outside air from
rushing in, which provides additional important feature of the
system. This fire-preventive atmosphere provides additional
protection from an explosion (e.g. from a penetrating bomb or
internal accident) by stopping fire from propagate inside the
facility.
[0154] FIG. 15 presents a schematic view of the Tunnel FirePASS
system for automobile tunnels. This fire suppression system is
self-adjustable and fully automatic.
[0155] A high-pressure pipe 152 runs throughout the length of the
tunnel 151. It can be installed alongside a wall 151 or below the
ceiling. The pipe 152 is connected to a high-pressure container 153
outside the tunnel 151. The result of this configuration is a fully
enclosed high-pressure gas circuit 152-153. For longer tunnels it
is advisable to have separate systems on each end. Additional
systems can be added, if necessary. For example, a 25 km tunnel
recently opened in Norway would require at least 10 additional
FirePASS units installed throughout its length.
[0156] Gas discharge nozzles 154 are distributed evenly throughout
the full length of the tunnel. Each nozzle 154 services a separate
section of the tunnel, e.g. A, B, C, etc. A ventilation system of
the tunnel is not shown on this drawing in order to simplify this
presentation. In case of a fire, each sector can be separated with
soft flap curtains 155, held normally in curtain-holders 156.
[0157] A Hypoxic generator 157 is installed outside the tunnel and
communicates with a high-pressure vessel 153 through the compressor
block 158. High-pressure container 153 and a pipe 152 contain
breathable hypoxic air with an oxygen content ranging from 12% to
15%. Generated by the hypoxic generator 157 and delivered into a
container 153 via the compressor block 158, this air is at a
barometric pressure of approximately 200-300 bar. Longer tunnels
require the installation of multiple Tunnel FirePASS units as shown
in FIG. 15.
[0158] The working principle of this embodiment can be explained as
follows. If a fire occurs in section C it will be immediately
detected by heat/smoke detectors 159 which are distributed at
5-meter intervals throughout the tunnel. The curtain holders 156
located between sections A, B, C, D and E will release flexible,
transparent curtains. This will separate the fire in section C from
the rest of the tunnel.
[0159] As shown in FIG. 16, the curtains 155 will be made from a
synthetic material and have soft transparent flaps. These curtains
155 can be instantly inflated by a high-pressure gas cartridge or a
pyrotechnic cartridge 161. These cartridges will be similar to
those used in inflatable automobile bags. The cartridge will be
initiated by a signal from the smoke/fire detectors 159. Suitable
detection equipment is available from numerous manufacturers.
[0160] Simultaneously, the tunnels internal ventilation system will
shut down and a discharge nozzle 154 in section C will release
hypoxic air under high pressure. This hypoxic air is stored in the
pipe 152 and the container 153. The volume of hypoxic air released
into section C will exceed the volume of section C by several
times. Therefore, sections B, C and D will undergo complete air
exchange, ensuring the quick establishment of a fire suppressive
environment. In shorter tunnels (under 1000 m) the volume of
hypoxic air should be sufficient to fill the entire tunnel.
[0161] To calculate the amount of the hypoxic fire-extinguishing
composition that needs to be released from the circuit 152-153 into
sections B, C and D, a final concentration of 13% to 15% oxygen
should be used in the atmosphere where it should be released. This
corresponds to an altitude between 2700 and 3800 meters, which is
still suitable for human breathing. This hypoxic environment will
instantly suppress any fire: This includes chemical fires,
electrical fires, fires induced by inflammable liquids and fires
from gas detonations. In addition, this environment will instantly
suppress a fire from an explosion. This provides significant
protection against a terrorist attack.
[0162] Nozzles 154 are equipped with special silencers to reduce
the noise resulting from the high-pressure gas release. To alarm
people both inside and outside the tunnel, it is also recommended
that air sirens be attached to the silencers. In addition, as the
oxygen content drops below Hypoxic Threshold, the combustion
engines of the trapped automobiles will become inoperable.
Consequently, there will be sufficient breathable air for many
hours.
[0163] Gas release from the nozzles 154 is initiated by a signal
from an automated system of fire detectors 159. It is recommended
that the volume of hypoxic air in the system 152-153 be sufficient
to fill the entire tunnel. If this is not feasible, then the volume
should be great enough to fill the affected section and those
adjacent to it.
[0164] In some applications the pipe 152 can be kept at standard
pressure, thereby reducing its weight. This can be accomplished by
keeping the high-pressure hypoxic air strictly in the vessel 153.
It is then released into the pipe 152 in case of fire.
Consequently, a lighter and less expensive discharge mechanism at
nozzles 154 can be used. However, this requires the installation of
a computerized fire detection and gas release system that
automatically opens the release valve from the vessel 153 and feeds
the hypoxic air into the pipe 152, which is then released through
the nozzle 154 into the required sections.
[0165] If a fire breaks inside the tunnel then localizing drop
curtains 155 would be released throughout the entire tunnel
(preferably every 50 to 100 meters). This will establish
fire-suppressive hypoxic environment throughout the tunnel and
prevent any ventilation. In addition, accidents will be avoided as
the hypoxic environment prevents combustion in automobile
engines.
[0166] After the appropriate personnel declare the tunnel safe, the
nozzles 154 will be closed and the curtains 155 will be retracted
into the curtain holders 156. The ventilation system of the tunnel
151 will then be reopened, bringing in fresh air.
[0167] The oxygen content inside the tunnel will rapidly increase
to 20.9% (the normal ambient concentration), allowing combustion
engines to resume normal operations.
[0168] Pressure monitoring transducers installed at the vessel 153
will turn on the hypoxic generator 157 and the compressor block 158
if pressure drops, which may occur during maintenance or fire
emergency. This automatic refill ensures that the system will
always be ready to suppress a fire.
[0169] The Hypoxic generator 157 intakes ambient air from the
outside atmosphere and extract from it a part of oxygen. It then
directs the oxygen-depleted air to the compressor block 158. Once
there it is compressed to a barometric pressure of approximately
200 bar and then delivered into the vessel 153, communicating
directly (or through a release valve) with the pipe 152.
[0170] As previously stated, curtains should be made from synthetic
material. They should be soft, transparent and filly inflatable.
They should have long vertical flaps, which overlap each other
horizontally (as shown on FIG. 16).
[0171] These specifications insure the easy passage of vehicles
through the curtains 155, as their transparent nature will not
obstruct a driver's view. They will provide sufficient
sector-separation, even if a truck stops directly beneath them.
Similar curtains have been successfully used by Hypoxico Inc.'s
Hypoxic Room System to separate the hypoxic environment from the
outside atmosphere.
[0172] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a cylindrical tunnel
151, focusing on the preferred embodiment of the curtain deployment
system.
[0173] The curtain 155 is folded inside the curtain holder 156. A
signal from a smoke/fire detection system initiates a high-pressure
or pyrotechnic cartridge 161, which results in the release of gas.
This causes the curtain 155 to inflate. The inflating curtain 155
pushes open the cover 162 of the curtain holder 156 and drops down
to the pavement. Separate cartridges 161 may be installed above
each traffic line.
[0174] Additional separating segments 163 are installed at both
sides of the curtain, above and under the pavement, allowing
communication cables and pipes to pass through. Segments 163 are
installed only at places where curtains 155 are installed. This
combination provides a substantial air obstruction between
separated sections, preventing natural ventilation. However, the
curtains 155 do not prevent hypoxic air released by the FirePASS to
pass through them Vertical segments 163 should be made from a soft
plastic material in order to prevent damage to vehicles.
[0175] Electronic switches, thermal/smoke detectors, valves and
monitors that are installed inside the tunnel will release hypoxic
air. These components are widely available so they will not be
described further. Various models of hypoxic generators 157 are
offered solely by Hypoxico Inc. of New York. Various oxygen
extraction devices can be used for this application including but
not limited to: pressure-swing absorbers, membrane separators, and
units using electric current swing adsorption technologies.
Multiple stage compressors 158 that compress air up to 200 bar or
higher are also available from numerous manufacturers throughout
the world.
[0176] In certain cases, calculated amounts of pure nitrogen can be
used to fill the high-pressure system. This will reduce the size,
and weight of the system. When released, the exact amount of
nitrogen would provide hypoxic environment with oxygen content of
15%, or lower, if needed.
[0177] FIG. 17 presents a schematic view of a cost-effective Tunnel
FirePASS for electric powered trains and other vehicles that do not
use combustion engines. This embodiment allows the inside of the
tunnel 171 to be maintained in a fire preventive environment, at or
below the Hypoxic Threshold. However, this embodiment is not
suitable for automobile tunnels, as combustion engines will not
operate in such hypoxic environment.
[0178] The tunnel 171 is equipped with two separating doors 172 in
the closed position, one on each end. When a train approaches the
tunnel 171, the first door 172 opens, allowing the train to pass,
and closes thereafter. As the train approaches the end of the
tunnel, the second door opens, allowing the train to exit. One or
more hypoxic generators 173 that have been installed outside the
tunnel supply hypoxic air to the interior of the tunnel 171.
Hypoxic air with an oxygen content between 14 and 15% is created by
the generator and then delivered inside the tunnel 171 through
piping 174 and nozzles 175 This maintains a constant
fire-preventive environment in the tunnel and transmits it inside
the train, since its interior becomes ventilated with the hypoxic
air.
[0179] The doors 172 can be made in different shapes, e.g. a slide,
swing or folding doors being opened vertically or horizontally.
Such doors are available by numerous manufacturers. Doors should be
installed approximately 10 to 20 meters inside the tunnel to
prevent them from being blocked by snow or ice. The electric
contact cable 176 can be interrupted at the doors 172 or other
joints and obstacles.
[0180] FIG. 18 shows a frontal view of the tunnel's entry with a
closed door 172.
[0181] FIG. 19 presents a schematic view of a ski train tunnel 171
similar to the one in Kaprun, Austria (where 159 people died in
fire in November of 2000). With a length of 3.3 km, this
3.6-meter-diameter tunnel has an average gradient of 39.degree..
This caused a "chimney effect" which sucked air from the bottom of
the tunnel, thereby fanning the flames.
[0182] Doors 192 will prevent such a draft, keeping the
fire-preventive environment inside the tunnel 191. Through a pipe
194 and evenly distributed (every 50 meters) discharge nozzles 195,
a hypoxic generator 193 will provide the tunnel with the breathable
fire-extinguishing composition at 15-16% oxygen content. Automatic
doors 192 open when the train approaches, similar to doors 172 in
the previous embodiment.
[0183] In addition, the oxygen-enriched fraction produced during
the extraction process can be forwarded to wastewater treatment
plants, fisheries, metallurgy plants, paper bleaching and food
processing plants, and other businesses, providing great benefit to
the local economy.
[0184] FIG. 20 shows a schematic view of an On-Board FirePASS
system for passenger trains, buses, subway cars and other passenger
vehicles.
[0185] This embodiment presents the installation of a fire
suppression system inside a railroad passenger car 201. A
high-pressure storage container 202 is mounted under the ceiling or
on the roof of the car 201. A container 202 is equipped with a
discharge valve connected to distribution piping 203. Hypoxic air
is then discharged through discharge nozzles 204.
[0186] When fire is detected, a burst disc discharge valve (not
shown) will be initiated by an electro-explosive initiator. Burst
disc discharge valves and electro-explosive initiators are
available from Kidde-Fenwal Inc. in the U.S.A. Suitable containers,
piping and nozzles are also available from numerous
manufacturers.
[0187] Hypoxic air with oxygen content below the hypoxic threshold
is stored in container 202 under a barometric pressure of 100 bar.
Much lower oxygen concentrations can be used (from 0.01 to 10% O2)
since in is easy to calculate the volume that is necessary upon
release in order to create a breathable fire-suppressive
environment at Hypoxic Threshold. This lower oxygen content reduces
both the volume and weight of the high-pressure storage container
202.
[0188] For instance: in order to achieve fire-suppression at an
oxygen concentration of 16%, a car interior with a volume of 200 m3
would require approximately 75 m3 of a 2% oxygen hypoxic gas
mixture. At 100 atm pressure it would require only 700-liter
storage container or seven 100-liter containers. The latter
container would be substantially easier to install in a car 201.
Pure nitrogen can be used as well, as long as it is released
through multiple nozzles for better distribution. In this case, the
oxygen content in the interior of the car must remain above 16%.
This would require only 60 m3 of nitrogen. This can be stored in
600-liter container at 100 atm (or 300 liter container at 200 atm
pressure).
[0189] All nozzles must be equipped with silencers, to reduce the
noise that is created by the release of high-pressure gas.
[0190] The On Board FirePASS can be installed on buses, ferries,
funiculars and other passenger vehicles. Personal automobile
fire-suppression systems can also be built using the same
solution.
[0191] Successfully suppressing a fire on board an in-flight
aircraft is extremely difficult, as the majority of theses fires
are caused by electrical defects inside the aircraft.
[0192] In order to save on weight, an airplane's construction is
not strong enough to be pressurized at sea level. Consequently, all
passenger aircraft are pressurized at altitudes ranging from 2 to 3
km. This reduces the pressure differential between the internal and
external atmosphere while the plane is in flight. As a result of
this the plane's internal atmosphere has a lower partial pressure
of oxygen. However, the internal atmosphere still has an oxygen
content of 20.94%. Therefore, to achieve a fire preventative state
(Hypoxic Threshold) an atmosphere corresponding to an altitude of
approximately 4 km would have to be created. This would be too
uncomfortable for most passengers. This unfortunate condition
restricts the use of the FirePASS system in the preventive
mode.
[0193] FIG. 21 shows the implementation of the FirePASS technology
into the ventilation system of a passenger airliner 211. All such
airplanes depend on the outside atmosphere for fresh air. This
requires a complicated air-intake system that will not be described
here. A ventilation system with distribution piping 212 and nozzles
213 provides a normal mixture of recycled air (along with a small
amount of fresh air). The piping 212 communicates with a
high-pressure storage container 214 that is filled up with hypoxic
fire-suppressive agent or nitrogen. The container 214 is equipped
with a release valve, which is initiated by an electro-explosive
device described in the previous embodiment shown in FIG. 20.
[0194] In case of fire, the on-board fire/smoke detection system
provides a signal that initiates the actuation of the burst disc
valve by an electro-explosive device. Nitrogen or hypoxic agent is
released into the ventilation system and is evenly distributed
throughout the plane. The upper portion of FIG. 21 shows the
movement of hypoxic air throughout the plane. The amount of hypoxic
agent or nitrogen that is released must provide a hypoxic threshold
throughout the entire airplane. The signal from the fire/smoke
detection system will also close the intake valves that allow fresh
air to enter the plane. A storage container (or multiple containers
214) containing hypoxic air at a barometric pressure at
approximately 50 bar should be equipped with a gradual release
valve and silencer.
[0195] Excessive gas mixture is released from the airplane through
a pressure-sensitive check valve 215 that is initiated by pressure
increase inside the aircraft. This will provide sufficient air
change inside the aircraft, removing smoke or toxic fumes from the
fire source. The atmosphere aboard the aircraft will now be at the
Hypoxic Threshold and will be suitable for breathing for a limited
period of time, even for the sick and elderly. This limited
breathing time will be sufficient, as a fire will be suppressed in
a matter of seconds. However, if exposure to the hypoxic
environment must be prolonged, the simultaneous release of oxygen
masks will allow passengers to remain comfortable.
[0196] This method of fire suppression will immediately squelch any
fire. Even smoke that may be produced by residual glowing will be
eliminated. Consequently, the safety of the people aboard the
aircraft will be guaranteed.
[0197] FIG. 22 presents the FirePASS system aboard the next
generation of airplanes that will fly above Earth's atmosphere
(including spaceships). These vehicles, which are similar to NASA's
Space Shuttle, do not depend on the intake of fresh air, as they
are equipped with autonomous air-regeneration systems.
Consequently, these vehicles are pressurized at sea level.
[0198] For decades, researchers from NASA (along with other space
agencies) have been trying to find a human-friendly solution to
suppress fires on board space vehicles (and space stations). The
most advanced fire-suppression technology currently available uses
carbon dioxide as the fire-suppressant. The advantage of using
carbon dioxide is that it can easily be removed from the enclosed
atmosphere by absorbers utilized in life-support systems. However,
the main drawback of carbon dioxide is that upon its release, the
atmosphere becomes non-breathable.
[0199] The implementation of the FirePASS system on such an
aircraft (or space shuttle 221) requires the initial establishment
and maintenance of the hypoxic threshold in the atmosphere on board
of the vehicle. On the ground the vehicle 221 has been ventilated
through with hypoxic air supplied by the mobile FirePASS generator
222. Passengers can board the vehicle at the same time through an
antechamber-type gate.
[0200] Upon the completion of full air exchange, the atmosphere
will be at the Hypoxic Threshold. The door of the vehicle 221 can
now be closed and the cabin can be pressurized. The internal
atmosphere will now be recycled by an autonomous air-regeneration
system 223. This system 223 contains a special chemical absorber (a
complex composition of lithium and potassium super oxides) that
absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. The control system is
set to maintain oxygen content at the desired level (15%
recommended).
[0201] One of the key benefits of the FirePASS technology is the
ease in which it can be installed in vehicles of this nature, as no
hardware modifications will be necessary. The environment can be
altered by increasing the nitrogen content of the internal
atmosphere. The air control system can be reprogrammed to maintain
the Hypoxic Threshold. This hypoxic gas composition will provide a
healthy, comfortable environment with 100% protection against
fire.
[0202] Other inert gases such as argon and xenon etc. (or mixtures
thereof) can also be used in as fire-extinguishing ballast.
However, the hypoxic threshold will be different for each gas
mixture.
[0203] The same fire-preventive composition is suitable for all
hermetic objects including space stations, interplanetary colonies,
and underwater/underground facilities. In the future, most of
buildings will contain an artificial atmosphere that can be
protected against fire by establishing a hypoxic environment with
an oxygen content below 16.2%.
[0204] FIG. 23 shows a hermetic object with an artificial
atmosphere. The on board life support system (not shown)
incorporates the autonomous air-regeneration system 231,
maintaining a healthy comfortable environment at the Hypoxic
Threshold.
[0205] The regeneration block 232 collects expired air through air
intakes 233 and piping 234. The equipment on this block 232 removes
a portion of the water and sends it to the water regeneration block
of the main life-support system. Dehumidified air is sent into the
block's regenerative absorber 232 where excessive carbon dioxide is
absorbed. In addition, an appropriate amount of oxygen is added,
thereby insuring that the internal atmosphere is maintained at the
Hypoxic Threshold. A computerized control unit 235 maintains the
temperature, the humidity, and the oxygen/carbon dioxide balance in
the air-supply system 237. Nozzles 238 are distributed evenly
throughout the enclosed space, or in each enclosed compartment.
Supplemental oxygen (and nitrogen, if needed) is stored in
containers 239. However, once nitrogen is introduced into the
internal atmosphere, it will remain there without needing further
regeneration.
[0206] The same fire-preventive composition with can be used in
submarines, underwater stations, space and interplanetary
stations.
[0207] These environments have one thing in common: they cannot
rely on the outside atmosphere for ventilation or air exchange.
Fires in such environments are extremely dangerous and difficult to
suppress. Oxygen is typically generated through chemical,
biological or electrolytic means. In a spaceship (or space station)
oxygen must be stored onboard the vehicle prior to liftoff.
[0208] If the maintenance of a constant hypoxic environment (fire
preventive mode) is not feasible, then the system can be maintained
in its fire-suppression mode. It can then be introduced when
required. Depending on the size of the environment, the vehicle can
be divided into fire-suppression zones. Localization can be
achieved by separating different sectors of the environment with
inflatable air curtains, hermetic doors or hatches. In case of fire
the necessary amount of nitrogen will be introduced into the
localized sector, instantly creating a hypoxic environment under
the Hypoxic Threshold.
[0209] FIG. 24 shows the implementation of the FirePASS technology
into the autonomous air-regenerative system of a military vehicle.
The tank 241 has a hermetically sealed environment with an internal
atmosphere under the hypoxic threshold. The working principle of
this system is identical to the one that was described in the
previous embodiment (FIG. 23).
[0210] The air-regeneration system 242 employs a chemical absorbent
that adsorbs carbon dioxide and releases the appropriate amount of
oxygen. This maintains the internal atmosphere of the vehicle below
the Hypoxic Threshold (preferably from 12 to 13%). Military
personnel can easily adapt to this environments by sleeping in a
Hypoxic Room System (or Hypoxic Tent System) manufactured by
Hypoxico Inc.
[0211] The same concept applies to military aircraft, submarines
and other vehicles. One of the key advantages of employing a
hypoxic, fire-extinguishing composition in military vehicles is
that it provides a fire-safe internal environment for the soldier,
even if the vehicle is penetrated by ammunition.
[0212] Hypoxic fire-prevention compositions and methods employing
FirePASS technology guarantee that a fire will not get started
under any circumstances.
[0213] FIG. 25 is a schematic view of a space station 251 employing
hypoxic fire-preventive composition as its permanent internal
atmosphere. The air-regeneration system 252 continuously collects
expired air from the station's inhabitants. It then provides a
comfortable fire-preventive atmosphere with oxygen content at or
below the Hypoxic Threshold (12-15% range recommended). The working
principle of this system is shown schematically in FIG. 23.
[0214] The greatest advantage to implementing a breathable,
fire-preventive composition into a hermetic, human-occupied
environment is its ability to automatically maintain the Hypoxic
Threshold. Once introduced, the inert nitrogen gas will always be
present in such artificial atmosphere in its original
concentration--no refill or regeneration will be required. It
cannot be consumed by the inhabitants or adsorbed by an
air-regeneration system. This factor automatically maintains the
Hypoxic Threshold (or a lower level of oxygen in a breathable
range) in a hermetic artificial atmosphere being maintained at
constant barometric pressure.
[0215] FIG. 26 presents a schematic view of a marine vessel 261
such as a tanker, a cargo ship, a cruise ship or a military vessel.
A ship cannot be completely protected by a fire-preventive
atmosphere, as some rooms must be frequently ventilated with
normoxic air Consequently, the Marine FirePASS must be installed in
dual mode. The Fire Pass (operating in its suppression mode) can
protect rooms that are frequently ventilated. The following is a
brief list of the appropriate operating mode of operation in a
given area:
[0216] fire-suppression circuit (e.g. machine and upper deck
personnel rooms)
[0217] fire-prevention circuit (e.g. liquid or dry cargo area,
arsenal, computer center and hardware storage rooms on board of a
military vessel).
[0218] The Marine FirePASS consists of a hypoxic generator 262 that
takes in ambient air, and supplies the hypoxic fire-preventive
composition through the fire-prevention circuit 263. Discharge
nozzles 264 are located in each cargo or military hardware
compartment. The system constantly maintains a fire-preventive
atmosphere through the continuous supply of air with oxygen content
below the hypoxic threshold. Excessive air exits through simple
ventilation openings or pressure equalization valves (not
shown).
[0219] The fire-suppression circuit of the Marine FirePASS consists
of a high-pressure container 265, a compressor 266 and distribution
piping 267. Nozzles 268 are located in each room, plus any
additional areas covered by the circuit.
[0220] The working principle of the Marine FirePASS is shown
schematically on FIG. 27. The generator 262 takes in ambient air,
extracts oxygen, and then supplies the oxygen-depleted fraction to
the fire-preventive circuit 271. The covered area 272 is constantly
ventilated with fresh hypoxic air that exits the protected
environment 272 through a ventilation hole 273.
[0221] The fire-suppressive composition is maintained under high
pressure by a compressor 266 in a storage container 265. In case of
fire, an electro-explosive initiator described earlier actuates a
release valve 274. This causes the hypoxic fire-suppressive
composition from the container 265 to replace (or dilute) the
atmosphere in the fire-suppression circuit area 275. Consequently,
a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere with an oxygen content
under the Hypoxic Threshold (preferably between 10% and 14%) is
established throughout the circuit.
[0222] The Hypoxic FirePASS can be used in any human occupied
facility, including but not limited to: rooms for data processing,
telecommunication switches, process control and Internet servers;
banks/financial institutions, museums, archives, libraries;
military and marine facilities, aircraft, space vehicles/stations,
underground/underwater facilities; marine vessels; facilities
operating with inflammable/explosive materials, transportation
tunnels, private homes, apartment and office complexes, and all
other enclosed environments that require the prevention and
suppression fire hazards. More information will be provided on the
Internet at: www.firepass.com.
* * * * *
References