U.S. patent application number 09/737292 was filed with the patent office on 2001-08-02 for traction drive fluid.
This patent application is currently assigned to Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation. Invention is credited to Ishida, Noboru, Matsui, Shigeki, Okawa, Tetsuo, Shirahama, Shinichi.
Application Number | 20010010293 09/737292 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27311569 |
Filed Date | 2001-08-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010010293 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ishida, Noboru ; et
al. |
August 2, 2001 |
Traction drive fluid
Abstract
A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 1 wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
and A is a naphthenic hydrocarbon group, a saturated polycyclic
hydrocarbon group, a naphthenic ester group, and a naphthenic
carbonate group.
Inventors: |
Ishida, Noboru;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Shirahama, Shinichi;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Okawa, Tetsuo; (Tokyo,
JP) ; Matsui, Shigeki; (Yokohama-shi, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
AKIN, GUMP, STRAUSS, HAUER & FELD, L.L.P.
ONE COMMERCE SQUARE
2005 MARKET STREET, SUITE 2200
PHILADELPHIA
PA
19103
US
|
Assignee: |
Nippon Mitsubishi Oil
Corporation
|
Family ID: |
27311569 |
Appl. No.: |
09/737292 |
Filed: |
December 15, 2000 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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09737292 |
Dec 15, 2000 |
|
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PCT/JP00/02460 |
Apr 14, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
208/19 ; 208/18;
585/2; 585/24; 585/25; 585/26; 585/27 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10M 2215/042 20130101;
C10M 169/04 20130101; C10M 171/002 20130101; C10M 2207/325
20130101; C10M 169/041 20130101; C10M 2203/02 20130101; C10M
2203/04 20130101; C10M 2209/084 20130101; C10N 2040/50 20200501;
C10M 2219/046 20130101; C10N 2040/00 20130101; C10M 2205/022
20130101; C10M 2207/2815 20130101; C10N 2030/06 20130101; C10M
169/044 20130101; C10M 2223/049 20130101; C10M 2203/022 20130101;
C10M 2207/026 20130101; C10M 2207/283 20130101; C10N 2010/04
20130101; C10N 2040/38 20200501; C10N 2040/44 20200501; C10M 105/04
20130101; C10M 2207/08 20130101; C10N 2030/02 20130101; C10N
2020/04 20130101; C10M 169/042 20130101; C10N 2040/30 20130101;
C10M 2215/04 20130101; C10N 2040/34 20130101; C10M 2203/024
20130101; C10N 2040/32 20130101; C10N 2040/42 20200501; C10M
2207/286 20130101; C10M 105/20 20130101; C10M 105/34 20130101; C10M
169/048 20130101; C10M 105/48 20130101; C10M 167/00 20130101; C10M
2207/281 20130101; C10M 2207/282 20130101; C10N 2040/40 20200501;
C10M 2205/0265 20130101; C10M 2205/028 20130101; C10N 2040/36
20130101; C10M 169/045 20130101; C10M 2203/045 20130101; C10M
2205/026 20130101; C10M 169/047 20130101; C10M 2205/028 20130101;
C10M 2205/022 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
208/19 ; 208/18;
585/2; 585/24; 585/25; 585/26; 585/27 |
International
Class: |
C10M 159/00; C10M
169/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 16, 1999 |
JP |
11-109842 |
Jul 29, 1999 |
JP |
11-215502 |
Aug 19, 1999 |
JP |
11-232661 |
Claims
1. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 60wherein R.sup.1is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
and A is a naphthenic hydrocarbon group, a saturated polycyclic
hydrocarbon group, a naphthenic ester group, and a naphthenic
carbonate group.
2. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 61wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
and B is an alkylene group or indicates the form of bond between
the two naphthenic rings selected from the group consisting of a
direct bond, an ester bond, and a carbonate bond.
3. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 62wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms.
4. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 63wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
and at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is an
alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms.
5. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 64wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
and at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is an
alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms.
6. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 65wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms.
7. A traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 66wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms.
8. A traction drive fluid comprising two or more naphthenic
compounds selected from the group consisting of those of formulae
(1) through (7).
9. The traction drive fluid according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
or 8, further comprising at least one member selected from the
group consisting of (A) a mineral oil and a synthetic oil having a
molecular weight of 150 to 800.
10. The traction drive fluid according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8 or 9, further comprising (B) an viscosity index improver.
11. The traction drive fluid according to claim 10, said viscosity
index improver(B) is an ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymer having a
molecular weight from 800 to 150,000 and the hydride thereof.
12. The traction drive fluid according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10 or 11, further comprising (C) an ashless dispersant and
(D) a phosphorus-containing additive.
13. The traction drive fluid according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, further comprising (E) a friction modifier
having its molecules at least one alkyl or alkenyl group having 6
to 30 carbon atoms but no hydrocarbon group having more than 30
carbon atoms.
14. The traction drive fluid according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13, further comprising a metallic detergent
having a total base value of 20 to 450 mgKOH/g.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to traction drive fluids. The
invention relates particularly to traction drive fluids which can
be used not only in driving force transmitting mechanisms but also
in hydraulic pressure controlling mechanisms and friction
characteristics controlling mechanism using a wet-type clutch, and
more particularly to traction drive fluids which are suitably used
in continuously variable transmissions of traction drive type of
automobiles.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] In the field of machinery for industrial use, traction drive
fluids have been used in force transmitting device of traction
drive type which form the thin film of the traction drive fluid and
transmit power via the film. Such traction drive fluids have been
demanded to be high in traction drive coefficient which indicates
the capability of transmitting driving force.
[0003] Recently, the research and development of traction drive
fluids have been progressed to utilize them in the continuously
variable transmissions of an automobile. When used for an
automobile, a traction drive fluid is used not only in the driving
force transmission mechanism but also in the hydraulic pressure
controlling mechanism and the friction characteristic controlling
mechanism of the wet-type clutch.
[0004] A lubricant known as automatic transmission fluid (ATF) has
been used for the hydraulic controlling mechanism of the
transmission and the friction characteristics controlling mechanism
of the wet-type clutch of an automobile. It is a well-known fact
that such ATF is required to be higher in a kinematic viscosity at
elevated temperatures than a certain level and superior in
flowability at low temperatures so as to perform the role of the
hydraulic controlling mechanism. It is also well known that an ATF
needs to be blended with additives having excellent friction
characteristics, particularly anti-shudder characteristics for
fulfilling the requirements in performing the role of the friction
characteristics controlling mechanism, particularly the controlling
mechanism having in addition slip controlling capability.
[0005] Therefore, when used in the continuous variable transmission
of traction drive type of an automobile, a traction drive fluid is
required to have its peculiar driving force transmitting capability
but also capabilities as a fluid for the hydraulic controlling and
friction characteristics controlling of a wet-type clutch, both of
which are required for ATF.
[0006] SANTOTRAC is a commercially available traction drive fluid
manufacture by Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation and widely known
to have an excellent power transmitting capability. However,
traction drive fluids to be used in automobile continuously
variable transmissions are required to have flowability at low
temperatures and other performances, but such traction drive fluids
have not been placed on the market yet.
[0007] In view of the current situations, the object of the present
invention is to provide a traction drive fluid which is superior
not only in power transmitting capability but also capabilities
required as a fluid for a hydraulic controlling mechanism, i.e.
flowability at low temperatures and capabilities required as a
fluid for a wet type friction controlling mechanism.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0008] Intensive research and efforts made to solve the foregoing
problems resulted in the development of a traction drive fluid
particularly suitable for use in continuous variable transmission
of traction drive type of automobiles, more specifically a traction
drive fluid which can be used not only in hydraulic controlling
mechanism and friction characteristic controlling mechanism of wet
clutches.
[0009] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 2
[0010] wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.4
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and A is a naphthenic
hydrocarbon group, a saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon group, a
naphthenic ester group, and a naphthenic carbonate group.
[0011] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a traction drive fluid comprising a naphthenic compound
represented by the formula 3
[0012] wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.8
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and B is an alkylene
group or indicates the form of bond between the two naphthenic
rings selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an ester
bond, and a carbonate bond.
[0013] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a naphthenic compound represented by the formula 4
[0014] wherein R.sup.1is an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene
ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each
independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
[0015] According to a forth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a naphthenic compound represented by the formula 5
[0016] wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.8
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and at least one of
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is an alkyl group, which may
have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
[0017] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a naphthenic compound represented by the formula 6
[0018] wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.8
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and at least one of
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is an alkyl group, which may
have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
[0019] According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a naphthenic compound represented by the formula 7
[0020] wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.8
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
[0021] According to a seventh aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a naphthenic compound represented by the formula
8
[0022] wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 through R.sup.8
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
[0023] Furthermore, a traction drive fluid according to the present
invention comprises a mixture of two or more compounds selected
from the group consisting of naphthenic compounds represented by
formulae (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7).
[0024] Still furthermore, a traction drive fluid according to the
present invention comprises one or more members selected from the
group consisting of naphthenic compounds represented by formulae
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) and (A) at least one member
selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil or a synthetic
oil having a molecular weight of 150 to 800.
[0025] These traction drive fluids are preferably blended with (B)
a viscosity index improver. The viscosity index improver (B) is
preferably a ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymer with a number
average molecular weight from 800 to 150,000 or a hydride
thereof.
[0026] These traction drive fluids are preferably blended with (C)
an ashless dispersant and (D) a phosphorus-containing additive.
[0027] These traction drive fluids are preferably blended with (E)
a friction modifier having in its molecules an alkyl or alkenyl
group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms but no hydrocarbon group having
31 or more carbon atoms.
[0028] These traction drive fluids are preferably blended with (F)
a metallic detergent having a total base number of 20 to 450
mgKOH/g.
[0029] The blend of the above additives (A) - (F) with an inventive
traction drive fluid results in enhanced low-temperature
flowability, viscosity-temperature characteristics, wear
resistance, oxidation stability, detergency, and friction
characteristics.
[0030] The present invention is hereinafter described in
detail.
[0031] An traction drive fluid according to the present invention
is a naphthenic compound represented by the formula 9
[0032] In formula (1), R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl
group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl. A is a naphthenic
hydrocarbon group, a saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon group, a
naphthenic ester group, and a naphthenic carbonate group.
[0033] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl)cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; and (alkyl)cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cycloheptyl
group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0034] A in formula (1) has the following specific structures:
[0035] (i) naphthenic hydrocarbon group represented by the
formulae: 10
[0036] In formulae (8) through (13), R.sup.9 through R.sup.44 are
each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
hydrogen or methyl.
[0037] Since no particular limitation is imposed on a method of
synthesizing a naphthenic compound of formula (1) in which A is the
above naphthenic hydrocarbon group (i), any suitably conventionally
known method is employed. For instance, a naphthenic compound of
formula (1) in which A is a naphthenic hydrocarbon group
represented by formula (8) may be synthesized by the following
condensation reaction or addition reaction.
[0038] Condensation or addition reaction
[0039] A cyclohexanol compound represented by formula (a-1) below
or a cyclohexene compound represented by formula (a-2) below is
reacted with an aromatic compound represented by formula (b-1) in
the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid,
methanesulfonic acid, terra abla, and a nonaqueous ion-exchange
resin such as Amberlite, at a temperature of 0 to 10.degree. C. The
resulting condensation or addition reaction product is subjected to
hydrogenation of the benzene nucleus in the presence of a metallic
hydrogenating catalyst such as nickel and platinum at a hydrogen
pressure of 30 to 70 MPa and a temperature of 120 to 170.degree.
C., thereby obtaining a naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein
A is a naphthenic hydrocarbon group of formula (8): 11
[0040] A naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein A is a
naphthenic hydrocarbon group represented by formula (12) may be
synthesized by the following condensation or addition reaction.
[0041] Condensation or addition reaction
[0042] A cyclohexanol compound represented by formula (a-1) above
or a cyclohexene compound represented by formula (a-2) above is
reacted with a compound represented by formula (b-2) or (b-3) below
in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid,
methanesulfonic acid, terra abla, and a nonaqueous ion-exchange
resin such as Amberlite, at a temperature of 0 to 10.degree. C. The
resulting condensation or addition reaction product is subjected to
hydrogenation of the benzene nucleus in the presence of a metallic
hydrogenating catalyst such as nickel and platinum at a hydrogen
pressure of 30 to 70 MPa and a temperature of 120 to 170.degree.
C., thereby obtaining a naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein
A is a naphthenic hydrocarbon group of formula (12): 12
[0043] A naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein A is a
naphthenic hydrocarbon group represented by formula (13) may be
synthesized by the following condensation or addition reaction.
[0044] Condensation or addition reaction
[0045] A cyclohexanol compound represented by formula (a-1) above
or a cyclohexene compound represented by formula (a-2) above is
reacted with a compound represented by formula (b-4) below in the
presence of an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic
acid, terra abla, and a nonaqueous ion-exchange resin such as
Amberlite, at a temperature of 0 to 10.degree. C. The resulting
condensation or addition reaction product is subjected to
hydrogenation of the benzene nucleus in the presence of a metallic
hydrogenating catalyst such as nickel and platinum at a hydrogen
pressure of 30 to 70 MPa and a temperature of 120 to 170.degree.
C., thereby obtaining a naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein
A is a naphthenic hydrocarbon group of formula (13): 13
[0046] (ii) Saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon groups represented by
formulae (14) and (15) 14
[0047] In formulae (14) and (15), R.sup.45 through R.sup.48 are
each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
hydrogen or methyl.
[0048] (iii) Naphthenic ester groups represented by formulae (16)
through (18) 15
[0049] In formulae (16) through (18), R.sup.49 through R.sup.60 are
each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
hydrogen or methyl.
[0050] Since no particular limitation is imposed on a method of
synthesizing a naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein A is a
naphthenic ester group (iii), various conventional known methods
may be employed. For instance, a naphthenic compound of formula (1)
wherein A is a naphthenic ester group may be synthesized by the
following esterification or ester interchange reaction.
[0051] Esterification reaction
[0052] A cyclohexanol compound represented by formula (c) below and
a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid compound represented by formula (d)
below are subjected to an esterification reaction using a
condensation catalyst such as phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid at
a temperature of 100 to 200.degree. C. thereby obtaining a
naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein A is a naphthenic ester
group represented by formula (16): 16
[0053] Ester interchange reaction
[0054] A cyclohexanol compound represented by the above formula (c)
and a cyclohexanecarboxylate compound represented by formula (e)
below is subjected to an ester interchange reaction using an
alkaline catalyst such as metallic sodium, sodium hydroxide, and
potassium hydroxide at a temperature of 100 to 200.degree.0 C.
thereby obtaining a naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein A is
a naphthenic ester group of formula (16): 17
[0055] (iv) Naphthenic carbonate groups represented by formula (19)
18
[0056] In formula (19), R.sup.53 through R.sup.56 are each
independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
hydrogen or methyl.
[0057] No particular limitation is imposed on a method of
synthesizing a naphthenic compound of formula (1) wherein A is a
naphthenic carbonate group (iv), various conventionally known
methods may be employed. For instance, a naphthenic compound of
formula (1) wherein A is a naphthenic carbonate group of formula
(19) is may be synthesized by the following ester interchange
reaction.
[0058] Ester interchange reaction
[0059] Diethyl carbonate represented by formula (f) below and
cyclohexanol compounds represented by formulae (c) above and
formula (g) below are subjected to an ester interchange reaction
using an alkaline catalyst such as metallic sodium, sodium
hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide at a temperature of 100 to
200.degree. C. thereby obtaining a naphthenic compound of formula
(1) wherein A is a naphthenic ester group of formula (19): 19
[0060] Specific examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms for R.sup.9 through R.sup.56 in formula (8) through (19) are
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups which may be straight or branched.
[0061] As described above, a traction drive fluid represented by
formula (1) encompasses compounds having the various structures.
Among these compounds, a traction drive fluid according to the
present invention is preferably a naphthenic compound represented
by formula (2) because of its excellent traction coefficient 20
[0062] In formula (2), R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4
carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl. R.sup.2 through R.sup.8
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
hydrogen or methyl. Amongst, both of R.sup.1 and R.sup.5 are
preferably alkyl groups, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1
to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably alkyl groups having 1 to 4
carbon atoms, and the most preferably methyl groups. B in formula
(2) is an alkylene group or indicates the form of bond between the
two naphthene rings selected from the group consisting of a direct
bond, an ester bond, and a carbonate bond.
[0063] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl)cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; and (alkyl)cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cycloheptyl
group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0064] Specific examples of B in formula (2) are as follows.
[0065] (i) Direct bond: a state in which the carbon atom bonding to
R.sup.1 bonds to the carbon atoms bonding to R.sup.5,
[0066] (ii) Alkylene group: groups represented by the formulae
21
[0067] In formulae (20) through (22), R.sup.57 through R.sup.68 are
each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
hydrogen or methyl. Specific examples of the alkyl group having 1
to 8 carbon atoms are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,
heptyl, and octyl groups, all of which may be straight or
branched.
[0068] (iii) Ester bond: bonding forms represented by the formula
22
[0069] (iv) Carbonate bond: bonding form represented by the formula
23
[0070] As described above, a traction drive fluid represented by
formula (2) encompasses compounds having the various structures.
Among these compounds, a traction drive fluid according to the
present invention is more preferably a naphthenic compound
represented by formula (3) because of its excellent traction
coefficient 24
[0071] In formula (3), R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl
group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl. Particularly, both R.sup.1
and R.sup.5 are preferably alkyl groups, which may have a naphthene
ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably alkyl groups
having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably methyl groups.
[0072] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl) cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; an d (alkyl) cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may
be straight or branched and located at any position of the
cycloheptyl group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0073] Furthermore, among the naphthenic compounds represented by
formula (3), preferred are those represented by formula (4) because
of their high traction coefficient 25
[0074] In formula (4), R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl
group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl. Preferably, at least one of
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is an alkyl group, which may
have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group
having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl. More
preferably, both R.sup.1 and R.sup.5 are alkyl groups, which may
have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkyl groups
having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl groups.
[0075] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl) cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; and (alkyl)cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cycloheptyl
group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0076] Among the naphthenic compounds represented by formula (3),
preferred are those represented by formula (5) because of their
viscosity at low temperatures 26
[0077] In formula (5), R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl
group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl. Preferably, at least one of
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is an alkyl group, which may
have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group
having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl. More
preferably, both R.sup.1 and R.sup.5are alkyl groups, which may
have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkyl groups
having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl groups.
[0078] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl)cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; and (alkyl)cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cycloheptyl
group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0079] Among the naphthenic compounds represented by formula (1),
preferred are those represented by formula (6) because of their
excellent traction coefficient 27
[0080] In formula (6), R.sup.1 is an alkylene group, which may have
a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl
group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0081] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl ) cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight
or branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group,
such as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and
methylcyclohexylmethyl groups; an d (alkyl) cycloheptylalkyl groups
whose alkyl group may be straight or branched and located at any
position of the cycloheptyl group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0082] More specifically, the compounds of formula (6) are
exemplified by those having structures represented by formulae (27)
and (28) 28
[0083] In formulae (27) and (28), R.sup.1 through R.sup.8 are the
same as those in formula (6). Therefore, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an
alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0084] Among these compounds of formulae (27) and (28), preferred
are those represented by formulae (29) and (30) because of their
excellent traction coefficient 29
[0085] In formulae (29) and (30), R.sup.1 through R.sup.8 are each
the same as those in formula (6). Therefore, R.sup.1 is an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably
methyl. R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or
an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8
carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4
carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0086] Particularly preferred are compounds of formula (29) wherein
R.sup.1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably
methyl; and R.sup.4, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are each hydrogen and all
of R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 are hydrogen, or
alternatively at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, and
R.sup.6 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably
methyl, and the others are each hydrogen. Particularly preferred
are compounds of formula (30) wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group
having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably methyl; and R.sup.4,
R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are each hydrogen and all of R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 are hydrogen or at least one of R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
preferably methyl and the others are hydrogen.
[0087] Among the compounds represented by formula (1), preferred in
terms of excellent traction coefficient are those represented by
formula (7) 30
[0088] In formula (7), R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl
group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl.
R.sup.2 through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl
group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0089] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethy- l, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl)cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; an d (alkyl) cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may
be straight or branched and located at any position of the
cycloheptyl group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0090] More specifically, the compounds of formula (7) are
exemplified by compounds having structures represented by formulae
(31) and (32) 31
[0091] In formulae (31) and (32), R.sup.1 through R.sup.8 are the
same as those in formula (7). Therefore, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl. R.sup.2
through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0092] Among these compounds, preferred are those represented by
formulae (33) and (34) because of their excellent traction drive
coefficient 32
[0093] In formulae (33) and (34), R.sup.1 through R.sup.8 are the
same as those in formula (7). Therefore, R.sup.1 is an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl. R.sup.2
through R.sup.8 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group,
which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,
preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0094] Particularly preferred are those of formula (33) wherein
R.sup.1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably
methyl, and R.sup.4, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8are each hydrogen while
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 are each hydrogen or at
least one of them is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or
methyl and the others are hydrogen. Particularly preferred are
those of formula (34) wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group having 1 to
4 carbon atoms, preferably methyl, and R.sup.4, R.sup.6, R.sup.7,
and R.sup.8 are each hydrogen while R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.5
are each hydrogen or at least one of them is an alkyl group having
1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably methyl and the others are
hydrogen.
[0095] In the present invention, one or more naphthenic compounds
of formulae (1) through (7) may be put in use as they are. However,
in order to enhance flowability at low temperatures and
viscosity-temperature characteristics, they may be blended with at
least one member selected from (A) a mineral oil and a synthetic
oil having a molecule weight of 150 to 800, preferably 150 to
500.
[0096] Specific examples of mineral oils which may be used include
paraffinic- and naphthenic- mineral oils which are produced by
subjecting lubricant fractions resulting from the vacuum
distillation of residues derived from the atmospheric distillation
of crude oil to refining processes such as solvent deasphalting,
solvent extraction, hydrocracking, solvent dewaxing, catalytic
dewaxing, hydrorefining, sulfuric acid washing, and clay treatment
in suitable combination; and n-paraffinic mineral oils. The
kinematic viscosity of these mineral oils are not limited but is
usually within the range of 1 to 10 mm.sup.2/s, preferably 2 to 8
mm.sup.2/s.
[0097] In the present invention, a synthetic oil has necessarily a
molecular weight of 150 to 800, preferably 150 to 500. Molecular
weight less than 150 would lead to an increase in evaporation loss,
while that greater than 800 would result in a deterioration in
flowability at low temperature.
[0098] Eligible synthetic oils include poly-.alpha.-olefins such as
1-octene oligomer, 1-decene olygomer, and ethylene-propylene
oligomer, and hydrides thereof, isoparaffin, alkylbenzene,
alkylnaphthalene, diesters such as ditridecyl glutarate,
di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, ditridecyl adipate,
and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate), polyol esters such as
trimethylolpropane caprylate, trimethylolpropane pelargonate,
pentaerythritol-2-ethyl hexanoate, and pentaerythritol pelargonate,
polyoxyalkylene glycol, dialkyldiphenyl ether, and
polyphenylether.
[0099] Among these synthetic oils, isobutene oligomer, hydrides
thereof and synthetic oils represented by formulae (35) through
(44) are particularly preferred because the synthetic oils with the
aforesaid naphthenic compound are contributive to the production of
a traction drive fluid which is enhanced in traction coefficient
and viscosity at elevated temperatures and excelled in flowability
at low temperatures and thus have totally excellent performances:
33
[0100] wherein R.sup.69 through R.sup.76 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 34
[0101] wherein R.sup.77 through R.sup.86 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 35
[0102] wherein R .sup.87 through R.sup.98 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 36
[0103] wherein R.sup.99 through R.sup.104 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 37
[0104] wherein R.sup.105 through R.sup.110 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 38
[0105] wherein R.sup.111 through R.sup.116 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 39
[0106] wherein both R.sup.117 and R.sup.118 are hydrogen or either
one of R.sup.117 and R.sup.118 is hydrogen and the other is a
methyl, and R.sup.119 and R.sup.120 are each independently hydrogen
or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8
carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4
carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 40
[0107] wherein both R.sup.121 and R.sup.122 are hydrogen or either
one of R.sup.121 and R.sup.122 is hydrogen and the other is an
alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon
atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; 41
[0108] wherein R.sup.125 through R.sup.127 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl; and
42
[0109] wherein R.sup.128 through R.sup.130 are each independently
hydrogen or an alkyl group, which may have a naphthene ring, having
1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1
to 4 carbon atoms, and more preferably hydrogen or methyl.
[0110] Specific examples of the alkyl group, which may have a
naphthene ring, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms for R.sup.69 through
R.sup.116, R.sup.110 through R.sup.120, and R.sup.122 through
R.sup.130 in formulae (35) through (44) are alkyl groups such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl
groups; (alkyl)cyclopentylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cyclopentyl
group, such as cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl,
cyclopentylpropyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, ethylcyclopentylmethyl,
dimethylcyclopentylmethyl, and methylcyclopentylethyl groups;
(alkyl)cyclohexylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be straight or
branched and located at any position of the cyclohexyl group, such
as cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and methylcyclohexylmethyl
groups; and (alkyl)cycloheptylalkyl groups whose alkyl group may be
straight or branched and located at any position of the cycloheptyl
group, such as cycloheptylmethyl.
[0111] When Component (A) is contained in a traction fluid
according to the present invention, no particular limitation is
imposed on the amount of Component (A). However, the weight ratio
of a naphthenic compound of formula (1) through (7) is within the
range of 1:99 to 99:1, preferably 5:95 to 95:5 in an effort to
impart the resulting composition with enhanced flowability and
viscosity-temperature characteristics.
[0112] A traction drive fluid according to the present invention
contains preferably a viscosity index improver hereinafter referred
to as Component (B).
[0113] Viscosity index improvers (Component (B)) which may be used
in the present invention are non-dispersion type and/or dispersion
type viscosity index improvers.
[0114] Specific examples of the non-dispersion type-viscosity index
improvers are (B-1) polymers or copolymers of one or more monomers
selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by
formulae (45), (46) and (47) below, and hydrides of the polymers or
the copolymers: 43
[0115] Specific examples of dispersion type-viscosity index
improvers are copolymers of two or more monomers selected from the
group consisting of compounds represented by formula (48) below;
ones obtained by introducing an oxygen-containing group into
hydrides of the copolymers; copolymers of one or more monomers
selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by
formulae (45), (46) and (47) above with one or more monomers (B-2)
selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by
formulae (48) and (49) below; and hydrides of the copolymers:
44
[0116] In formula (45), R.sup.131 is hydrogen or methyl, and
R.sup.132 is an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
[0117] Specific examples of alkyl groups for R.sup.132 are straight
or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,
pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl,
tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, and
octadecyl groups.
[0118] In formula (46), R.sup.133 is hydrogen or methyl, and
R.sup.134 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon
atoms.
[0119] Specific examples of hydrocarbon groups for R.sup.134 are
straight or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and
dodecyl groups; straight or branched alkenyl groups, the position
of which the double bond may vary, such as butenyl, pentenyl,
hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, and
dodecenyl groups; cycloalkyl groups having 5 to 7 carbon atoms,
such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl groups;
alkylcycloalkyl groups having 6 to 11 carbon atoms, the position of
which the alkyl group may vary, such as methylcyclopentyl,
dimethylcyclopentyl, methylethylcyclopentyl, diethylcyclopentyl,
methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, methylethylcyclohexyl,
diethylcyclohexyl, methylcycloheptyl, dimethylcycloheptyl,
methylethylcycloheptyl, and diethylcycloheptyl groups; aryl groups
such as phenyl and naphtyl groups; straight or branched alkylaryl
groups having 7 to 12 carbon groups, the position of which the
alkyl group may vary, such as tolyl, xylyl, ethylphenyl,
propylphenyl, butylphenyl, pentylphenyl, and hexylphenyl groups;
and phenylalkyl groups having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, whose alkyl
group may be straight or branched, such as benzyl, phenylethyl,
phenylpropyl, phneylbutyl, phenylpentyl, and phenylhexyl
groups.
[0120] In formula (47), D.sup.1 and D.sup.2 are each independently
hydrogen or a residue of an alkylalcohol having 1 to 18 carbon
atoms represented by the formula --OR.sup.135 wherein R.sup.135 is
an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or a residue of a
monoalkylamine having 1 to 18 carbon atoms represented by the
formula --NHR.sup.136 wherein R.sup.136 is an alkyl group having 1
to 18 carbon atoms.
[0121] In formula (48), R.sup.137 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sup.138
is an alkylene group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, E.sup.1 is an
amine residue or heterocyclic residue having 1 or 2 nitrogen and 0
to 2 oxygen, and a is an integer of 0 or 1.
[0122] Specific examples of alkylene groups for R.sup.138 are
straight or branched alkylene group such as ethylene, propylene,
butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene,
decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, tridecylene, tetradecylene,
pentadecylene, hexadecylene, heptadecylene, and octadecylene
groups.
[0123] Specific examples of E.sup.1 are dimethylamino,
diethylamino, dipropylamino, dibutylamino, anilino, toluidino,
xylidino, acetylamino, benzoilamino, morpholino, pyrolyl, pyridyl,
methylpydidyl, pyrolidinyl, piperidinyl, quinonyl, pyrrolidonyl,
pyrrolidono, imidazolino, and pyrazino groups.
[0124] In formula (49), R.sup.139 is hydrogen or methyl, and
E.sup.2 is an amino- or heterocyclic- residue having 1 or 2
nitrogen and 0 to 2 oxygen.
[0125] Specific examples of E.sup.2 are dimethylamino,
diethylamino, dipropylamino, dibutylamino, anilino, toluidino,
xylidino, acetylamino, benzoilamino, morpholino, pyrolyl, pyridyl,
methylpydidyl, pyrolidinyl, piperidinyl, quinonyl, pyrrolidonyl,
pyrrolidono, imidazolino, and pyrazino groups.
[0126] Preferred monomers for Component (B-1) are an alkylacrylate
having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkylmethacrylate having 1 to 18
carbon atoms, an olefin having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, styrene,
methylstyrene, maleic anhydride ester, maleic abhydride amide, and
mixtures thereof.
[0127] Preferred monomers for Component (B-2) are
dimethylaminomethylmetha- crylate, diethylaminomethylmethacrylate,
dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, Diethylaminoethylmethacrylate,
2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, morpholinomethylmethacrylate,
morpholinoethylmethacrylate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and mixtures
thereof.
[0128] When one or more monomers selected from compounds (B-1) is
copolymerized with one or more monomers selected from compounds
(B-2), the molar ratio of (B-1) to (B-2) is arbitrary selected but
is within the range of 80:20 to 95:5. Although no particular
limitation is imposed on the copolymerization method, such
copolymers are generally obtained by radical-solution
polymerization of Component (B-1) with Component (B-2) in the
presence of a polymerization initiator such as benzoyl
peroxide.
[0129] Specific examples of the viscosity index improvers are
non-dispersion type- and dispersion type-polymethacrylates,
non-dispersion type- and dispersion type- ethylene-.alpha.-olefin
copolymers and hydrides thereof, polyisobutylene and hydrides
thereof, styrene-diene hydrogenated copolymers, styrene-maleic
anhydrides copolymers, and polyalkylstyrene.
[0130] The addition of one or more compounds selected from
Components (B), i.e., viscosity index improvers make it possible to
enhance viscosity at elevated temperatures particularly required
for an automobile traction drive fluid and improve the balance of
the same with low-temperature flowability.
[0131] In general, the viscosity index improver is used together
with a solvent for synthesis thereof. In the present invention,
preferred solvents for synthesizing the viscosity index improver
are naphthenic compounds represented by formulae (1) through (7),
isobuten oligomer or hydrides thereof, and compounds represented by
formulae (35) through (44).
[0132] The molecular weight of Component (B) is preferably selected
in view of shear stability. Specifically, it is desired that the
dispersion type and non-dispersion type-polymethacrylates have a
molecular weight of 5,000 to 150,000, preferably 5,000 to 35,000.
It is also desired that the polyisobutylnes and hydrides thereof
have a molecular weight of 800 to 5,000, preferably 2,000 to 4,000.
Polyisobutylenes and hydrides thereof having a number average
molecular weight of less than 800 would reduce the thickening
characteristics and traction coefficient of the resulting traction
drive fluid, while those having a number average molecular weight
in excess of 5,000 would deteriorate the shear stability and
flowability at low temperatures of the resulting traction drive
fluid.
[0133] Ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymers and hydrides thereof
having a number average molecular weight of less than 800 would
reduce the thickening characteristics and traction coefficient of
the resulting traction drive fluid, while those having a number
average molecular weight in excess of 150,000 would deteriorate the
shear stability of the resulting traction drive fluid.
[0134] No particular limitation is imposed on the content of
ethylene component. However, the content of ethylene component is
within the range of preferably 30 to 80 percent by mole, and more
preferably 50 to 80 percent by mole. Eligible .alpha.-olefins are
propylene and 1-butene. The former is more preferred.
[0135] No particular limitation is imposed on the content of
Component (B). In general, it is contained in an amount of
preferably 0.1 to 20 percent by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 10
percent by mass, based on the total mass of a traction drive fluid.
The content of Component (B) in excess of 20 percent by mass would
reduce the traction coefficient of the resulting traction drive
fluid, while that less than 0.1 percent by mass would result in
poor effect.
[0136] A traction drive fluid according to the present invention
contains preferably an ashless dispersant hereinafter referred to
as Component (C) and a phosphorus-containing additive hereinafter
referred to as Component (D).
[0137] The addition of Components (C) and (D) can provide the
resulting traction drive fluid with wear resistance
characteristics, oxidation stability, and detergency which are
required for hydraulic pressure controlling mechanisms.
[0138] In the present invention, eligible ashless dispersants
(Component (C)) are nitrogen-containing compounds having at least
one alkyl or alkenyl group having 40 to 400 carbon atoms,
derivatives thereof, and modified products of alkenyl succinimides
having at least one alkyl or alkenyl group having 40 to 400 carbon
atoms. One or more members arbitrary selected from these compounds
are blended wit a traction drive fluid according to the present
invention.
[0139] The alkyl and alkenyl groups may be straight or branched.
Preferred are branched alkyl and alkenyl groups derived from
oligomers of olefins such as propylene, 1-butne, and isobutylene or
cooligomers of ethylene and propylene.
[0140] The alkyl and alkenyl groups have 40 to 400 carbon atoms,
preferably 60 to 350 carbon atoms. The alkyl and alkenyl groups
having fewer than 40 carbon atoms would result in a compound having
poor solubility to a lubricant base oil, those having over 400
carbon atoms would deteriorate the flowability at low temperatures
of the resulting traction drive fluid.
[0141] No particular limitation is imposed on the content of the
nitrogen-containing compound which is an example of Component (C).
However, the content is within the range of 0.01 to 10 percent by
mass, preferably 0.1 to 10 percent by mass.
[0142] Specific examples of Component (C) are one or more compounds
selected from the followings:
[0143] (C-1) succinimides having at least one alkyl or alkenyl
group having 40 to 400 carbon atoms and derivatives thereof;
[0144] (C-2) benzylamines having at least one alkyl or alkenyl
group having 40 to 400 carbon atoms and derivatives thereof;
and
[0145] (C-3) polyamines having at least one alkyl or alkenyl group
having 40 to 400 carbon atoms and derivatives thereof.
[0146] Specific examples of (C-1) succinimides are compounds
represented by the formulae 45
[0147] wherein R.sup.140 is an alkyl or alkenyl group having 40 to
400, preferably 60 to 350 carbon atoms, and b is an integer of 1 to
5, preferably 2 to 4; and 46
[0148] wherein R.sup.141 and R.sup.142 are each independently an
alkyl or alkenyl group having 40 to 400, preferably 60 to 350
carbon atoms, and c is an integer of 0 to 4, preferably 1 to 3.
[0149] Succinimides can be classified as mono-type succinimides, as
represented by formula (50), in which succinic anyhydride is added
to one end of a polyamine and bis-type succinimides, as represented
by formula (51), in which succinic anhydride is added to both ends
of a polyamine. Both types of succinimides and mixtures thereof are
eligible as Component (C).
[0150] Specific examples of (C-2) benzylamines are compounds
represented by the formula 47
[0151] wherein R.sup.143 is an alkyl or alkenyl group having 40 to
400, preferably 60 to 350 carbon atoms, and d is an integer of 2 to
4.
[0152] No particular limitation is imposed on a method for
producing benzylamines. For example, benzylamines may be produced
by reacting phenol with a polyolefin such as propylene oligomer,
polybutene, and ethylene-.alpha.-copolymer to obtain an alkyphenol
and then subjecting it to Mannich reaction with formaldhyde and a
polyamine such as diethyltriamine, triethylenetetraamine,
tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine.
[0153] Specific examples of (C-3) polyamines are compounds
represented by the formula 48
[0154] wherein R.sup.144 is an alkyl or alkenyl group having 40 to
400, preferably 60 to 350 carbon atoms, and e is an integer of 1 to
5, preferably 2 to 4.
[0155] No particular limitation is imposed on a method for
producing such polyamines. For Example, polyamines may be produced
by chloridizing a polyolefin such as propylene oligomer,
polybutene, and ethylene-.alpha.-copolymer and then reacting the
resulting product with ammonia or a polyamine such as
ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine,
tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine.
[0156] Derivatives of the nitrogen-containing compounds which is
one example of Component (C) may be (i) an acid-modified compound
obtained by allowing the above-described nitrogen-containing
compound to react with monocarboxylic acid having 2 to 30 carbon
atoms, such as fatty acid or polycarboxylic acid having 2 to 30
carbon atoms, such as oxalic acid, phthalic acid, trimellitic acid,
and pyromellitic acid to neutralize the whole or part of the
remaining amino and/or imino groups; (ii) a boron-modified compound
obtained by allowing the above-described nitrogen-containing
compound to react with boric acid to neutralize the whole or part
of the remaining amino and/or imino groups; (iii) a sulfur-modified
compound obtained by allowing the above-described
nitrogen-containing compound to react with a sulfuric compound; and
(iv) a modified compound obtained by two or more combination of
acid-, boric acid-, and sulfur-modifications of the above-described
nitrogen-containing compound.
[0157] No particular limitation is imposed on the content of
Component (C) in a traction drive fluid according to the present
invention. However, in general, Component (C) is contained in an
amount of preferably 0.01 to 10.0 percent by mass, and more
preferably 0.1 to 7.0 percent by mass, based on the total mass of a
traction drive fluid. The content of Component (C) less than 0.01
percent by mass would be less effective in detergency, while the
content in excess of 10.0 percent by mass would extremely
deteriorate flowability at low temperatures.
[0158] Phosphorus-containing additives (Component (D)) which may be
used in the present invention are alkyldithio zinc phosphate,
phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, monophosphates, diphosphates,
triphosphates, monophosphites, diphosphites, triphosphites, salts
of phosphates and phosphites, and mixtures thereof.
[0159] These exemplified compounds, besides phosphoric acid and
phosphorus acid, are compounds having a hydrocarbon group having 2
to 30, preferably 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
[0160] Specific examples of the hydrocarbon group having 2 to 30
are a straight or branched alkyl group, such as ethyl, propyl,
butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl,
dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl
and octadecyl groups; a straight or branched alkenyl group, the
position of which the double bond may vary, such as butenyl,
pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl,
dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl,
heptadecenyl and octadecenyl groups; a cycloalkyl group having 5 to
7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl
groups; an alkylcycloalkyl group having 6 to 11 carbon atoms, of
which the cycloalkyl group may possess an alkyl substituent at any
position, such as methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl,
methylethylcyclopentyl, diethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl,
dimethylcyclohexyl, methylethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl,
methylcycloheptyl, dimethylcycloheptyl, methylethylcycloheptyl and
diethylcycloheptyl groups; an aryl group such as phenyl and naphtyl
groups; an alkylaryl group having 7 to 18 carbon atoms, of which
the alkyl group may be straight or branched and of which the aryl
group may possess an alkyl substituent at any position, such as
tolyl, xylyl, ethylphenyl, propylphenyl, butylphenyl, pentylphenyl,
hexylphenyl, heptyl phenyl, octylphenyl, nonylphenyl, decylphenyl,
undecylphenyl and dodecylphenyl groups; an arylalkyl group having 7
to 12 carbon atoms, of which the alkyl group may be straight or
branched, such as benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl,
phenylpentyl and phenylhexyl groups.
[0161] Preferred compounds for Component (D) are phosphoric acid;
phosphorus acid; alkyl zinc dithiophosphate, of which the alkyl
group may be straight or branched, such as dipropyl zinc
dithiophosphate, dibutyl zinc dithiophosphate, dipentyl zinc
dithiophospahte, dihexyl zinc dithiophospahte, diheptyl zinc
dithiophospahte and dioctyl zinc dithiophospahte; monoalkyl
phosphate, of which the alkyl group may be straight or branched,
such as monopropyl phosphate, monobutyl phosphate, monopentyl
phosphate, monohexyl phosphate, monoheptyl phospahte and monooctyl
phosphate; mono(alkyl)aryl phosphate such as monophenyl phospahte
and monocresyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate, of which the alkyl
group may be straight or branched, such as dipropyl phosphate,
dibutyl phosphate, dipentyl phospahte, dihexyl phosphate, diheptyl
phosphate and dioctyl phospahte; di(alkyl)aryl phosphate such as
diphenyl phosphate and dicresyl phospahte; trialkyl phosphate, of
which the alkyl group may be straight or branched, such as
tripropyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tripentyl phosphate,
trihexyl phosphate, triheptyl phosphate and trioctyl phosphate;
tri(alkyl)aryl phosphate such as triphenyl phosphate and tricresyl
phosphate; monoalkyl phosphite, of which the alkyl group may be
straight or branched, such as monopropyl phosphite, monobutyl
phosphite, monopentyl phosphite, monohexyl phosphite, monoheptyl
phosphite and monooctyl phosphite; mono(alkyl)aryl phosphite such
as monophenyl phosphite and monocresyl phosphite; dialkyl
phosphite, of which the alkyl group may be straight or branched,
such as dipropyl phosphite, dibutyl phosphite, dipentyl phosphite,
dihexyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite and dioctyl phosphite;
di(alkyl)aryl phosphite such as diphenyl phosphite and dicresyl
phosphite; trialkyl phosphite, of which the alkyl group may be
straight or branched, such as tripropyl phosphite, tributyl
phosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexyl phosphite, triheptyl
phosphite and trioctyl phosphite; tri(alkyl)aryl phosphite, of
which the alkyl group may be straight or branched, such as
triphenyl phosphite and tricresyl phosphite; and mixtures
thereof.
[0162] Specific examples of the salts of phosphites are those
obtained by allowing monophosphate, diphosphate, monophosphite, or
diphosphite to react with a nitrogen-containing compound such as
ammonia or an amine compound having in its molecules only
hydrocarbon or hydroxyl-containing groups having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms so as to neutralize the whole or part of the remaining acid
hydrogen.
[0163] Specific examples of the nitrogen-containing compound are
ammonia; alkylamine, of which the alkyl group may be straight or
branched, such as monomethylamine, monoethylamine, monopropylamine,
monobutylamine, monopentylamine, monohexylamine, monoheptylamine,
monooctylamine, dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine,
methyipropylamine, ethylpropylamine, dipropylamine,
methylbutylamine, ethylbutylamine, propylbutylamine, dibutylamine,
dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine and dioctylamine; an
alkanolamine, of which the alkanol group may be straight or
branched, such as monomethanolamine, monoethanolamine,
monopropanolamine, monobutanolamine, monopentanolamine,
monohexanolamine, monoheptanolamine, monooctanolamine,
monononanolamine, dimethanolamine, methanolethanolamine,
diethanolamine, methanolpropanolamine, ethanolpropanolamine,
dipropanolamine, methanolbutanolamine, ethanolbutanolamine,
propanolbutanolamine, dibutanolamine, dipentanolamine,
dihexanolamine, diheptanolamine and dioctanolamine; and mixtures
thereof.
[0164] Components (D) may be blended alone or in combination with a
traction drive fluid of the present invention.
[0165] Phosphorus compounds referred hereinbelow to as Component
(E-2) having its molecules at least one alkyl or alkenyl group
having 6-30 carbon atoms but no hydrocarbon groups of more than 31
carbon atoms and derivatives thereof may be used as Component (D)
whereby a traction drive fluid according to the present invention
can be imparted not only with the aforesaid anti-wear
characteristics but also with optimized friction characteristics
for a wet clutch.
[0166] No particular limitation is imposed on the content of
Component (D) in a traction drive fluid according to the present
invention. However, in general, the content of Component (D) is
within the range of preferably 0.005 to 0.2 percent by mass on an
phosphorus element basis, based on the total mass of a traction
drive fluid. The content of Component (D) less than 0.005 percent
by mass would be less effective in anti-abrasion characteristics,
while that in excess of 0.2 percent by mass would deteriorate the
oxidation stability of the resulting traction drive fluid.
[0167] A traction drive fluid according to the present invention
contains preferably a friction modifier hereinafter referred to as
Component (E).
[0168] Component (E) may be various compounds having in their
molecules at least one alkyl or alkenyl group having 6 to 30 carbon
atoms but no hydrocarbon groups having 31 or more carbon atoms. The
addition of Component (E) is contributive to the production of a
traction drive fluid having optimized friction characteristics.
[0169] The alkyl or alkenyl groups of Component (E) may be straight
or branched but preferred compounds for Component (E) are those
having these groups of 6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms.
Departures from the range of the specified carbon number would
cause the deterioration of the friction characteristics of a
wet-type clutch.
[0170] Specific examples of the alkyl and alkenyl groups are a
straight or branched alkyl group such as hexyl, heptyl, octyl,
nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl,
hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, heneicosyl,
docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl, hexacosyl, heptacosyl,
octacosyl, nonacosyl and triacontyl groups; and a straight or
branched alkenyl group, the position of which double bond may vary,
such as hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl,
dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl,
heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosenyl,
docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, pentacosenyl, hexacosenyl,
heptacosenyl, octacosenyl, nonacosenyl and triacontenyl groups.
[0171] Friction modifiers containing a hydrocarbon group of 31 or
more carbon atoms are not preferred because they would cause the
deterioration of the friction characteristics of a wet-type
clutch.
[0172] Specific examples of Component (E) are one or more compounds
selected from the followings:
[0173] (E-1) an amine compound having in its molecules at least one
alkyl or alkenyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms and no
hydrocarbon group having 31 or more carbon atoms, and derivatives
thereof;
[0174] (E-2) a phosphorus compound having in its molecules at least
one alkyl or alkenyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms and no
hydrocarbon group having 31 or more carbon atoms, and derivatives
thereof; and
[0175] (E-3) an amide or metallic salt of a fatty acid having in
its molecules at least one alkyl or alkenyl group having 6 to 30
carbon atoms and no hydrocarbon group having 31 or more carbon
atoms.
[0176] Specific examples of (E-1) a amine compound are aliphatic
monoamines represented by the formula 49
[0177] or alkyleneoxide adducts thereof;
[0178] aliphatic polyamines represented by the formula 50
[0179] and imidazoline compounds represented by the formula 51
[0180] In formula (54), R.sup.145 is analkyloralkenyl group having
6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.146 and R.sup.147
are each independently ethylene or propylene, R.sup.148 and
R.sup.149 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group
having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, f and g are each independently an
integer of 0 to 10, preferably 0 to 6, and f+g=0 to 10, preferably
0 to 6.
[0181] In formula (55), R.sup.150 is an alkyl or alkenyl group
having 6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.151 is
ethylene or propylene, R.sup.152 and R.sup.153 are each
independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon
atoms, h is an integer of 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 4.
[0182] In formula (56), R.sup.154 is an alkyl or alkenyl group
having 6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.155 is
ethylene or propylene, R.sup.156 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group
having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and i is an integer of 0 to 10,
preferably 0 to 6.
[0183] The alkyl and alkenyl groups for R.sup.145, R.sup.150 and
R.sup.154 may be straight or branched ones but have 6 to 30,
preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms. Alkyl or alkenyl groups having
fewer than 6 carbon atoms or having 31 or greater carbon atoms are
not preferred because they cause the deterioration of the friction
characteristics of a wet clutch.
[0184] Specific examples of the alkyl or alkenyl groups for
R.sup.145, R.sup.150, and R.sup.154 are various alkyl and alkenyl
groups as described above. Particularly preferred are straight
alkyl or alkenyl groups having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, such as
laulyl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, and oleyl groups because an
excellent friction characteristics of a wet-type clutch can be
achieved.
[0185] Specific examples of the groups for R.sup.148, R.sup.149,
R.sup.152, R.sup.153, and R.sup.156 are hydrogen and a straight or
branched alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,
hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl,
tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl,
nonadecyl, eicosyl, heneicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl,
pentacosyl, hexacosyl, heptacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl and
triacontyl groups; a straight or branched alkenyl group, the
position of which the double bond may vary, such as butenyl,
pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl,
dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl,
heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosenyl,
docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, pentacosenyl, hexacosenyl,
heptacosenyl, octacosenyl, nonacosenyl and triacontenyl groups; a
cycloalkyl group having 5 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl,
cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl groups; an alkylcycloalkyl group having
6 to 11 carbon atoms, of which the cycloalkyl group may possess an
alkyl substituent at any position, such as methylcyclopentyl,
dimethylcyclopentyl, methylethylcyclopentyl, diethylcyclopentyl,
methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, methylethylcyclohexyl,
diethylcyclohexyl, methylcycloheptyl, dimethylcycloheptyl,
methylethylcycloheptyl and diethylcycloheptyl groups; an aryl group
such as phenyl and naphtyl groups; an alkylaryl group having 7 to
18 carbon atoms, of which the alkyl group may be straight or
branched and of which the aryl group may possess an alkyl
substituent at any position, such as tolyl, xylyl, ethylphenyl,
propylphenyl, butylphenyl, pentylphenyl, hexylphenyl, heptylphenyl,
octylphenyl, nonylphenyl, decylphenyl, undecylphenyl and
dodecylphenyl groups; and an arylalkyl group having 7 to 12 carbon
atoms, of which the alkyl group may be straight or branched, such
as benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl and
phenylhexyl groups.
[0186] Because of their good friction characteristics in a wet type
clutch, preferred aliphatic monoamines or alkyleneoxide adducts
thereof are those of formula (54) wherein R.sup.148 and R.sup.149
are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 6
carbon atoms, and f=g=0, and alkyleneoxide adducts of aliphatic
monoamines of formula (54) wherein both R.sup.148 and R.sup.149 are
hydrogen, and f and g are each independently an integer of 0 to 6
and f+g=1 to 6.
[0187] Because of the capability of providing a wet type clutch
with good friction characteristics, preferred aliphatic polyamines
are those of formula (55) wherein R.sup.152 and R.sup.153 are each
independently hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon
atoms.
[0188] Because of the capability of providing a wet type clutch
with good friction characteristics, preferred imidazoline compounds
are those of formula (56) wherein R.sup.156 is hydrogen or an alkyl
group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
[0189] Derivatives of amine compounds referred to as (E-1) may be
(i) an acid-modified compound obtained by allowing the
above-described amine compound of formula (54), (55) or (56) to
react with monocarboxylic acid (aliphatic acid) having 2 to 30
carbon atoms or polycarboxylic acid having 2 to 30 carbon atoms,
such as oxalic acid, phthalic acid, trimellitic acid, and
pyromellitic acid so as to neutralize the whole or part of the
remaining amino and/or imino groups; (ii) a boron-modified compound
obtained by allowing the above-described amine compound of formula
(54), (55) or (56) to react with boric acid so as to neutralize the
whole or part of the remaining amino and/or imino groups; (iii) a
salt of phosphate obtained by allowing the above-described amine
compound of formula (54), (55) or (56) to react with acid phosphate
or acid phosphite each having in its molecules one or two
hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 30 carbon atoms but no hydrocarbon
group having 31 or more carbon atoms and having at least one
hydroxyl group so as to neutralize the whole or part of the
remaining amino or imino groups; (iv) an alkyleneoxide adduct of an
amine compound obtained by allowing the amine compound of formula
(55) or (56) to react with an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide
and propylene oxide; and (v) a modified product of an amine
compounds obtained by subjecting an amine compound to two or more
of the aforesaid modifications.
[0190] In view of the capability to provide an excellent friction
characteristics in a wet clutch, specific examples of the amine
compound (E-1) and derivatives thereof are amine compounds such as
lauryl amine, lauryl diethylamine, lauryl diethanolamine,
dodecyldipropanolamine, palmitylamine, stearylamine,
stearyltetraethylenepentamine, oleylamine, oleylpropylenediamine,
oleyldiethanolamine, N-hydroxyethyloleylimidazolyn- e;
alkyleneoxide adducts of these amine compounds; salts of these
amine compounds and acid phosphate such as di-2-ethylhexylphosphate
or acid phosphite such as 2-ethylhexylphosphite; a boric
acid-modified product of these amine compounds, alkyleneoxide
adducts of these amine compounds or phosphites of these amine
compounds; and mixtures thereof.
[0191] Specific examples of the phosphorus compound (E-2) are
phosphates represented by formula (57) below and phosphites
represented by formula (58) below 52
[0192] In formula (57), R.sup.157 is an alkyl or alkenyl group
having 6 to 30, 9 to 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.158 and R.sup.159 are
each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30
carbon atoms, F.sup.1, F.sup.2, F.sup.3, and F.sup.4 are each
independently oxygen or sulfur, provided that at least one of
F.sup.1, F.sup.2, F.sup.3, and F.sup.4 is oxygen.
[0193] In formula (58), R.sup.160 is analkyloralkenyl group having
6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.161 and R.sup.162
are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to
30 carbon atoms, F.sup.5, F.sup.6, and F.sup.7 are each
independently oxygen or sulfur provided that at least one of
F.sup.5, F.sup.6, and F.sup.7 is oxygen.
[0194] The alkyl and alkenyl group for R.sup.157 and R.sup.160 may
be straight or branched ones having 6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24
carbon atoms.
[0195] Departures from the above-specified range of carbon number
would cause a deterioration in the friction characteristics of a
wet clutch.
[0196] Specific examples of the alkyl and alkenyl groups are the
above-described various alkyl and alkenyl groups among which
preferred are straight or branched alkyl and alkenyl groups having
12 to 18 carbon atoms, such as laulyl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl,
and oleyl groups in view of the capability of providing the
resulting traction drive fluid with an excellent friction
characteristics for a wet-type clutch.
[0197] Specific examples of the groups for R.sup.158, R.sup.159,
R.sup.161, and R.sup.162 are hydrogen; a straight or branched alkyl
group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl,
octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl,
pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl,
heneicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl, hexacosyl,
heptacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl and triacontyl groups; a straight
or branched alkenyl group, the position of which the double bond
may vary, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl,
decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl,
pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicocenyl, heneicocenyl,
dococenyl, tricocenyl, tetracocenyl, pentacocenyl, hexacocenyl,
heptacocenyl, octacocenyl, nonacocenyl and triacontenyl groups; a
cycloalkyl group having 5 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl,
cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl groups; an alkylcycloalkyl group having
6 toll carbon atoms, of which the cycloalkyl group may possess an
alkyl substituent at any position, such as methylcyclopentyl,
dimethylcyclopentyl, methylethylcyclopentyl, diethylcyclopentyl,
methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, methylethylcyclohexyl,
diethylcyclohexyl, methylcycloheptyl, dimethylcycloheptyl,
methylethylcycloheptyl and diethylcycloheptyl groups; an aryl group
such as phenyl and naphtyl groups; an alkylaryl group having 7 to
18 carbon atoms, of which the alkyl group may be straight or
branched and of which the aryl group may possess an alkyl
substituent at any position, such as tolyl, xylyl, ethylphenyl,
propylphenyl, butylphenyl, pentylphenyl, hexylphenyl, heptylphenyl,
octylphenyl, nonylphenyl, decylphenyl, undecylphenyl and
dodecylphenyl groups; and an arylalkyl group having 7 to 12 carbon
atoms, of which alkyl group may be straight or branched, such as
benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl and
phenylhexyl groups.
[0198] In view of the capability of providing the resulting
traction drive fluid with excellent friction characteristics for a
wet-type clutch, preferred phosphorus compounds as Component (E-2)
are acid phosphates represented by formula (57) wherein at least
one of R.sup.158 and R.sup.159 is hydrogen and acid phosphites
represented formula (58) wherein at least one of R.sup.161 and
R.sup.162 is hydrogen.
[0199] Specific examples of the derivatives of the phosphoric
compounds also referred to as Component (E-2) are salts obtained by
allowing an acid phosphite of formula (57) wherein at least one of
R.sup.158 and R.sup.159 is hydrogen or an acid phosphite of formula
(58) wherein at least one of R.sup.161 and R.sup.162 is hydrogen to
react with a nitrogen-containing compound such as ammonia or an
amine compound having in its molecules only hydrocarbon or
hydroxyl-containing groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms so as to
neutralize the whole or part of the remaining acid hydrogen.
[0200] Specific examples of such a nitrogen-containing compound are
ammonia; an alkylamine, of which the alkyl group may be straight or
branched, such as monomethylamine, monoethylamine, monopropylamine,
monobutylamine, monopentylamine, monohexylamine, monoheptylamine,
monooctylamine, dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine,
methylpropylamine, ethylpropylamine, dipropylamine,
methylbutylamine, ethylbutylamine, propylbutylamine, dibutylamine,
dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine and dioctylamine; an
alkanolamine, of which the alkanol group may be straight or
branched, such as monomethanolamine, monoethanolamine,
monopropanolamine, monobutanolamine, monopentanolamine,
monohexanolamine, monoheptanolamine, monooctanolamine,
monononanolamine, dimethanolamine, methanolethanolamine,
diethanolamine, methanolpropanolamine, ethanolpropanolamine,
dipropanolamine, methanolbutanolamine, ethanolbutanolamine,
propanolbutanolamine, dibutanolamine, dipentanolamine,
dihexanolamine, diheptanolamine and dioctanolamine; and mixtures
thereof.
[0201] In view of the capability to provide the resulting traction
drive fluid with excellent friction characteristics for a wet-type
clutch, particularly preferred phosphorus compounds as Component
(E-2) are monolauryl phosphate, dilauryl phosphate, monostearyl
phosphate, distearyl phosphate, monooleyl phosphate, dioleyl
phosphate, monolauryl phosphate, dilauryl phosphite, monostearyl
phosphite, distearyl phosphite, monooleyl phosphite,
dioleylphosphite, monolauryl thiophosphate, dilauryl thiophosphate,
monostearyl thiophosphate, distearyl thiophosphate, monooleyl
thiophosphate, dioleyl thiophosphate, monolauryl thiophosphate,
dilauryl thiophosphite, monostearyl thiophosphite, distearyl
thiophosphite, monooleyl thiophosphite, dioleyl thiophosphite;
amine salts of these phosphate such as mono2-ethylhexylamine salts,
phosphite, thiophosphate and thiophosphite; and mixtures
thereof.
[0202] The fatty acid amide or fatty metal salt referred to as
Component (E-3) may be straight or branched and saturated or
unsaturated fatty acid but the alkyl group or alkenyl group thereof
has 6 to 30, preferably 9 to 24 carbon atoms. Fatty acids having an
alkyl or alkenyl group having fewer than 6 or 31 or greater carbon
atoms are not preferred because they would cause the deterioration
of the friction characteristics for a wet-type clutch.
[0203] Specific examples of the fatty acid are straight or branched
saturated fatty acids such as heptanoic acid, octanonic acid,
nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid,
tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid,
hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid,
nonadecanoic acid, icosanoic acid, henicosanoic acid, docosanoic
acid, tricosanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, pentacosanoic acid,
hexacosanoic acid, heptacosanoic acid, octacosanoic acid,
nonacosanoic acid and triacontanoic acid; and straight or branched
unsaturated fatty acids, the position of which the double bond may
vary, such as heptanoic acid, octenoic acid, nonenoic aicd,
decenoic acid, undecenoic acid, dodecenoic acid, tridecenoic acid,
tetradecenoic acid, pentadecenoic acid, hexadecenoic acid,
heptadecenoic acid, octadecenoic acid, nonadecenoic acid,
eicosenoic acid, heneicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, tricosenoic
acid, tetracosenoic acid, pentasenoic acid, hexacosenoic acid,
heptacosenoic acid, octacosenoic acid, nonacosenoic acid and
triacontenoic acid.
[0204] In view of the capability of providing excellent friction
characteristics for a wet-type clutch, particularly preferred fatty
acids are straight fatty acids derived from various types of fats
and oils such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic
acid and oleic acid and mixtures of straight fatty acid and
branched fatty acid obtained by the oxo synthesis.
[0205] The fatty acid amide referred to as Component (E-3) may be
amides obtained by reacting a nitrogen-containing compound such as
ammonia and amine compound having its molecules only hydrocarbon or
hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 8 carbon
atoms.
[0206] Specific examples of such a nitrogen-containing compound are
ammonia; an alkylamine, of which the alkyl group may be straight or
branched, such as monomethylamine, monoethylamine, monopropylamine,
monobutylamine, monopentylamine, monohexylamine, monoheptylamine,
monooctylamine, dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine,
methylpropylamine, ethylpropylamine, dipropylamine,
methylbutylamine, ethylbutylamine, propylbutylamine, dibutylamine,
dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine and dioctylamine; and
alkanolamine, of which the alkanol group may be straight or
branched, such as monomethanolamine, monoethanolamine,
monopropanolamine, monobutanolamine, monopentanolamine,
monohexanolamine, monoheptanolamine, monooctanolamine,
monononanolamine, dimethanolamine, methanolethanolamine,
diethanolamine, methanolpropanolamine, ethanolpropanolamine,
dipropanolamine, methanolbutanolamine, ethanolbutanolamine,
propanolbutanolamine, dibutanolamine, dipentanolamine,
dihexanolamine, diheptanolamine and dioctanolamine.
[0207] In view of the capability to provide excellent friction
characteristics for a wet-type clutch, specific examples of the
fatty acid amides as Component (E-3) are lauric acid amide, lauric
acid diethanolamide, lauric monopropanolamide, myristic acid amide,
myristic acid diethanolamide, myristic acid monopropanolamide,
palmitic acid amide, palmitic acid ethanolamide, palmitic acid
monopropanolamide, stearic acid amide, stearic acid diethanolamide,
stearic acid monopropanolamide, oleic acid amide, oleic acid
diethanolamide, oleic acid monopropanol amide, coconut oil fatty
amide, coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide, coconut oil fatty
monopropanolamide, a synthetic mixed fatty amide having 12 to 13
carbon atoms, a synthetic mixed fatty diethanolamide having 12 to
13 carbon atoms, a synthetic mixed fatty monopropanolamide having
12 to 13 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
[0208] Specific examples of the fatty metallic acid also referred
to as Component (E-3) are an alkaline earth metal salt of any of
the above-exemplified fatty acids such as a magnesium salt and a
calcium salt or a zinc salt.
[0209] In view of the capability to provide excellent friction
characteristics for a wet-type clutch, particularly preferred fatty
acid metallic salts are calcium laurate, calcium myristate, calcium
palmitate, calcium stearate, calcium oleate, coconut oil fatty acid
calcium, a synthetic mixed fatty acid calcium having 12 to 13
carbon atoms, zinc laurate, zinc myristate, zinc palmitate, zinc
stearate, zinc oleate, coconut oil fatty zinc, a synthetic mixed
fatty zinc having 12 to 13 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
[0210] Any one or more members arbitrary selected from the
above-described Components (E) may be added to a traction drive
fluid of the present invention in any suitable amount as long as
they do not adversely affect the other performances of the
resulting fluid such as oxidation stability. In order to enhance
the durability of friction characteristics of the fluid, it is
necessary to avoid a deterioration in friction characteristics
caused by the deterioration of Component (E). The addition of large
amounts of Component (E) is effective in enhancing the durability
of the friction characteristics. However, too large amounts of
Component (E) would lead to a reduction in static friction
coefficient which is required to be high so as to maintain the
coupling or engagement of a wet-type clutch. The amount of
Component (E) is thus limited to some extent. Therefore, the
content of Component (E) is within the range of preferably
0.005-3.0 mass percent, preferably 0.01-2.0 mass percent, based on
the total mass of a traction drive fluid.
[0211] When there arises a necessity of adding Component (E) in an
amount exceeding such a limit so as to improve the durability of
friction characteristics, a traction drive fluid of the present
invention may be blended with an additive for enhancing friction
coefficient, hereinafter referred to as Component (G).
[0212] Compound (G) may be exemplified by the following
compounds:
[0213] (G-1) a compound having the same polar group as those of
Component (E) and a lipophilic group which is a hydrocarbon group
having fewer than 100 carbon atoms; and
[0214] (G-2) a nitrogen-containing compound such as succinimide-
and succinamide- compounds or a compound obtained by modifying the
nitrogen-containing compound with a boron compound such as boric
acid or a sulfur compound.
[0215] When Components (E) and (G) are used in combination in a
traction drive fluid according to the present invention, the
content of Component (G) is within the range of preferably 0.1 to
10.0 percent by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 3.0 percent by mass,
based on the total mass of a traction drive fluid. The contents of
Component (G) less than 0.1 percent by mass would be less effective
in increasing static friction coefficient, while those in excess of
10.0 percent by mass would cause the deterioration of flowability
at low temperatures and oxidation stability.
[0216] A traction drive fluid according to the present invention
contains preferably a metallic detergent hereinafter referred to as
Component (F). The addition of Component (F) makes it possible to
optimize the friction characteristics of a wet-type clutch and
restrict a reduction in strength thereof which reduction is caused
by pressure being applied repeatedly.
[0217] Preferred metallic detergents are basic metallic detergents
having a total base number of 20 to 450 mgKOH/g, preferably 50 to
400 mgKOH/g. The term "total base number" used herein denotes a
total base number measured by the perchloric acid potentiometric
titration method in accordance with section 7 of JIS K2501
"Petroleum products and lubricants-Determination of neutralization
number".
[0218] Metallic detergents having a total base number of less than
20 mgKOH/g would be less effective in inhibiting a wet-type clutch
from being reduced in strength due to the repeated compression
applied thereto, while those having a total base number in excess
of 450 mgKOH/g would be unstable in structure, leading to a
deterioration in the storage stability of the resulting
composition.
[0219] Component (F) may be one or more member selected from the
following metal detergents:
[0220] (F-1) alkaline earth metal sulfonates of 20-450 mgKOH/g in
total base number;
[0221] (F-2) alkaline earth metal phenates of 20-450 mgKOH/g in
total base number; and
[0222] (F-3) alkaline earth metal salicylates of 20-450 mgKOH/g in
total base number.
[0223] Specific examples of alkaline earth metal sulfonates
referred to as Component (F-1) are alkaline earth metal salts of
alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid obtained by sulfonating an alkyl
aromatic compound having a molecular weight of 100 to 1,500,
preferably 200 to 700. Particularly preferred are magnesium
sulfonates and/or calcium sulfonates.
[0224] The petroleum sulfonic acid may be mahogany acid obtained by
sulfonating the alkyl aromatic compound contained in the lubricant
fraction of mineral oil or by-produced upon the production of white
oil. The synthetic sulfonic acid may be those obtained by
sulfonating alkyl benzene having a straight or branched alkyl
group, which may be by-produced from a plant for producing alkyl
benzene used as material of detergents, or sulfonating
dinonylnaphthalene. Although not restricted, there may be used
fuming sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid as a sulfonating agent.
[0225] Specific examples of alkaline earth metal phenates referred
to as Component (F-2) are alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenol
having at least one straight or branched alkyl group of 4 to 30,
preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms, alkylphenolsulfide obtained by
reacting the alkylphenol with elementary sulfur or a product
resulting from Mannich reaction of the alkylphenol and
formaldehyde. Particularly preferred are magnesium phenates and/or
calcium phenates.
[0226] Specific examples of alkaline earth metal salicylates
referred to as Component (F-3) are alkaline earth metal salts of
alkyl salicylic acid having at least one straight or branched alkyl
group of 4 to 30, preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Particularly
preferred are magnesium salicylates and/or calcium salicylates.
[0227] Components (F-1), (F-2), and (F-3), as long as they have a
total base number of 20 to 450 mgKOH/g, may be (i) a neutral salt
produced directly by reacting a compound such as alkyl aromatic
sulfonic acid, alkylphenol, alkylphenol sulfide and the Mannich
reaction product of alkylphenol, and alkyl salicylic acid with an
alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide of magnesium and/or
calcium, or produced indirectly by converting such a compound into
an alkali metal salt such as sodium salt or potassium salt and then
substituting the alkali metal salt with an alkaline earth metal
salt; (ii) a basic salt obtained by heating such a normal salt and
an excess amount of an alkaline earth metal salt or an alkaline
earth metal hydroxide or oxide in the presence of water , and (ii)
overbased salts obtained by reacting the neutral salt with an
alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide in the presence of carbon
dioxide.
[0228] These reactions may be carried out in a solvent, for
example, an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent such as hexane, an
aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as xylene and a light lubricant
base oil. Commercially available metallic detergents are usually
diluted with a light lubricant base oil. It is preferred to use
metallic detergents containing metal in an amount of 1.0 to 20
percent by mass, preferably 2.0 to 16 percent by mass.
[0229] Although not restricted, the content of Component (F) in a
traction drive fluid according to the present invention is within
the range of 0.01 to 5.0 percent by mass, preferably 0.05 to 4.0
percent by mass, based on the total mass of the fluid. Contents
less than 0.05 mass percent would be less effective in inhibiting a
wet-type clutch from being reduced in strength due to repeatedly
applied compression, while contents greater than 5.0 mass percent
would reduce the oxidation stability of the resulting
composition.
[0230] The above-described Components (C), (D), (E) and (F) can
provide a traction drive fluid according to the present invention
with wear resistance, oxidation stability and detergency needed for
a hydraulic controlling mechanism and friction characteristics for
a wet-type clutch needed for a friction characteristics controlling
mechanism as well as the capability to provide the wet-type clutch
with strength against repeatedly applied compression force. For the
purpose of further enhancing these capabilities and improving the
resistance to corrosiveness of nonferrous metals such as copper
materials as well as durability of resins such as nylon, a traction
drive fluid according to the present invention may be added with
oxidation inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, corrosion
inhibitors, rubber swelling agents, antifoamers and colorants.
These additives may be used singlely or in combination.
[0231] Oxidation inhibitors may be phenol-based or amine-based
compounds such as alkylphenols such as
2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, bisphenols such as methylene-4,
4-bisphenol(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), naphtylamines such
as phenyl-.alpha.-naphtylamine, dialkyldiphenylamines, zinc
dialkyldithiophosphates such as zinc
di-2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, esters of
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl fatty acid (propionic acid) with
a mono- or poly-hydric alcohol such as methanol, octadecanol, 1,6
hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, triethylene
glycol or pentaerythritol.
[0232] One or more of these compounds is preferably added in an
amount of 0.01 to 5.0 percent by mass based on the total mass of a
traction drive fluid.
[0233] Extreme pressure additives may be sulfur-containing
compounds such as disulfides, olefin sulfides and sulfurized fats
and oils. One or more of these compounds is preferably added in an
amount of 0.1 to 5.0 percent by mass based on the total mass of a
traction drive fluid.
[0234] Corrosion inhibitors may be benzotriazoles, tolyltriazoles,
thiodiazoles and imidazoles. One or more of these compounds is
preferably added in an amount of 0.01 to 3.0 percent by mass based
on the total mass of a traction drive fluid.
[0235] Antifoamers may be silicones such as dimethylsilicone and
fluorosilicone. One or more of these compounds is preferably added
in an amount of 0.001-0.05 percent by mass based on the total mass
of a traction drive fluid.
[0236] Colorants may be added in an amount of 0.001-1.0 mass
percent.
Applicability in the industry
[0237] As described above, a traction drive fluid according to the
present invention has an excellent driving force transmitting
capability and can posses the capabilities as a fluid for a
hydraulic controlling mechanism and a friction characteristics
controlling mechanism for a wet-type clutch which the conventional
commercially available traction drive fluid do not have. Therefore,
a traction dive fluid according to the present invention can
satisfactorily exhibit its performances as a traction drive fluid
for an automobile.
[0238] The present invention will be further described by way of
the following examples which are provided for illustrative purposes
only.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0239] Fluids 1 and 2 according to the present invention were
prepared by the following procedures.
[0240] Fluid 1
[0241] 799 g (about 7.0 moles) of 1-methylcyclohexanol and 708 g
(about 7.0 moles) of triethylamine were charged into a 3 L 4-necked
flask and cooled to below 5.degree. C. in an ice bath, followed by
the addition of 1026 g (about 7.0 moles) of cyclohexanoic
carboxylic acid chloride in droplets over 5 hours. Thereafter, the
mixture was reacted for 2 hours. The reaction solution was
transferred into a 5 L separatory funnel to remove excess
triethylamine. 1 L of pure water was then added to the solution 5
times so as to dissolve and remove the by-products and other
impurities. The resulting solution was made acid with diluted
hydrochloric acid and then to the aqueous phase thereof was added 1
L of pure water until it was made neutral. After the separation of
the aqueous phase, the remaining was dehydrated with sodium sulfate
anhydride, followed by removal of the light fractions under at a
temperature of 100.degree. C. and pressure of 0.4 kPa (3 mmHg)
thereby obtaining about 1180 g of 1-methylcyclohexanolcyclohexanoic
carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula: 53
[0242] 940 g (about 12.0 mole) of benzene was charged into a 3 L
4-necked flask and cooled to below 5.degree. C. in an ice bath,
followed by the addition of 1080 g (about 10.5 moles) of 95
concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was further cooled until
the interior of the reaction vessel was cooled to below 5.degree.
C., followed by the addition of a mixture of 550 g (about 4.8
moles) of 2-methylcyclohexanol and 400 g (about 3.8 moles) of
benzene in droplets over 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction was
continued for 2 hours. The reaction solution was transferred into a
5 L separatory funnel to separate the sulfuric acid phase. 1 L of
pure water was then added to the solution 5 times so as to dissolve
and remove the by-products and other impurities. The resulting
solution was made alkali with 1% aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide, followed by the addition of 1 L of water until the
aqueous phase was made neutral. After the separation of the aqueous
phase, the remaining was dehydrated with sodium sulfate anhydride,
followed by removal of the light fractions and the excess benzene
under at a temperature of 100.degree. C. and pressure of 0.4 kPa (3
mmHg) thereby obtaining about 900 g of crude
1-phenyl-1-methylcyclohexane. This was subjected to vacuum
distillation thereby obtaining 800 g of a fraction having a boiling
point of 119.7 to 120.5.degree. C. at a pressure of 0.4 kPa
(3mmHg). The fraction was charged into a 2 L autoclave, followed by
the addition of 8 g of a nickel-based hydrogenating catalyst. The
reaction was carried out at a temperature of 150.degree. C. and at
a maximum pressure of 6.86.times.10.sup.6 Pa (70 kg/cm.sup.2) until
the absorption of hydrogen did not occurred. Thereafter, the
catalyst was removed thereby obtaining about 820 g of the targeted
product represented by the formula 54
[0243] Fluids 3 and 4 were also synthesized in accordance with the
similar procedures: 55
[0244] The traction coefficient and low-temperature viscosity at
-30 C., i.e., Brookfield viscosity of Fluids 1 through 4,
cyclohexanolcyclohexano- ic carboxylic acid ester (Comparative
fluid 1), and isobuten oligomer (Comparative fluid 2, number
average molecular weight (MN):350) were measured and the results
are shown in Table 1. The traction coefficient was measured using a
four-roller traction coefficient test apparatus under the following
conditions:
[0245] Peripheral speed: 5.23 m/s
[0246] Oil temperature: 60.degree. C.
[0247] Maximum Hertzian contact pressure: 1.10 Gpa
[0248] Slip ratio: 2%.
1 TABLE 1 Traction Brookfield Viscosity Sample Coefficient @
-30.degree. C. mPa .multidot. s Fluid 1 0.078 870 Fluid 2 0.079 100
Fluid 3 0.086 1,200 Fluid 4 0.084 310 Comparative Fluid 1 0.067 400
Comparative Fluid 2 0.071 4,500
[0249] Next, various mixed fluids were prepared using Fluids 1 and
4, Comparative fluid 2, and 2-methyl-2,4-dicyclohexylpentane
(Comparative fluid 3) which has been used in machines for
industrial use and reputed having high traction coefficient, in
accordance with the formulation shown in Table 2. The traction
coefficient and Brookfield viscosity at -30.degree. C. of each of
the resulting fluids were measured. The results were also shown in
Table 2.
2 TABLE 2 Composition (mass %) Brookfield Com- Com- Traction
Viscosity Fluid Fluid parative parative Coef- @ -30.degree. C. 1 4
Fluid-2 Fluid-3 ficient mPa .multidot. s Comparative -- -- -- 100
0.099 30,000 Fluid 3 Fluid 5 10 -- -- 90 0.097 20,000 Fluid 6 -- 10
-- 90 0.098 17,000 Comparative -- -- 10 90 0.096 24,000 Fluid 4
Fluid 7 50 -- -- 50 0.089 4,200 Fluid 8 -- 50 -- 50 0.092 2,200
Comparative -- -- 50 50 0.085 11,000 Example 5
[0250] As apparent form the results in Table 2, the low temperature
viscosity can be significantly improved by mixing the fluid of the
present invention with 2-methyl-2,4-dicyclohexylpentane
(Comparative fluid-2) which is the existing traction drive fluid,
with the traction coefficient almost unchanged.
[0251] Fluids 9-14 were prepared by mixing Fluids 1 and 4 with
polymethacrylate (PMA) having a number average molecular weight of
18,000, polyisobutylene (PIB) having a number average molecular
weight of 2,700, and a hydrogenated product of a copolymer of
ethylene-.alpha.-olefin (OCP) as viscosity index improvers (B).
Fluids 9-14 and Fluids 1 and 4 were measured in kinematic viscosity
at 100.degree. C. and low temperature viscosity at 30.degree. C.
(BF viscosity) and traction coefficient. The results were shown in
Table 3.
3 TABLE 3 Kinematic Brookfield Composition (mass %) Viscosity @
Viscosity @ Component B 100.degree. C. -30.degree. C. Traction
Fluid 1 Fluid 4 PMA PIB OCP mm.sup.2/s mPa .multidot. s Coefficient
Fluid 1 100 -- -- -- -- 2.2 870 0.078 Fluid 9 91.6 -- 8.4 -- -- 5.0
1,200 0.072 Fluid 10 92.4 -- -- 7.6 -- 5.0 2,100 0.077 Fluid 11
96.8 -- -- -- 3.2 5.0 1,400 0.076 Fluid 4 -- 100 -- -- -- 1.8 310
0.084 Fluid 12 -- 90.4 9.6 -- -- 5.0 400 0.076 Fluid 13 -- 91.2 --
8.8 -- 5.0 850 0.083 Fluid 14 -- 96.5 -- -- 3.5 5.0 570 0.082
[0252] As apparent from the results in Table 3, the viscosity at
high temperatures can be significantly increased by mixing
Component (B) without changing the traction coefficient and low
temperature viscosity too much.
[0253] Fluids 15-21 were prepared by mixing Fluid 1 with (B) a
viscosity index improver, (C) an ashless dispersant and (D) a
phosphorus-containing additive in accordance with the formulations
indicated in Table 4. Each of Fluids 15-21 was evaluated in
anti-wear characteristics and oxidation stability, respectively.
The results were shown in Table 4.
[0254] The anti-wear characteristics were evaluated by Shell four
ball test conducted under the conditions of 80.degree. C., 1,800
rpm, 294 N (30 kgf) for 60 minutes in accordance with ASTM D 2266
so as to measure the size of the scar caused by wear on the steel
ball. The oxidation stability was evaluated by conducting an
oxidation test under the conditions of 150.degree. C. and 96 hours
in accordance with JIS K 2514 "Lubricating Oil-Determination of
oxidation stability".
4TABLE 4 Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Composition
(mass %) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Base Oil Fluid 1 97.35 97.35 93.65
88.45 99.5 97.0 99.35 Component B OCP -- -- 3.2 -- -- -- -- PMA
Component C Ashless 1.5 -- 1.5 1.5 -- 1.5 -- Dispersant A Ashless
1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- Dispersant B Component D Phosphorus- 0.15
0.15 0.15 0.15 -- -- 0.15 Containing Additive A Other Oxidation
Inhibitor A -- -- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Shell Four Ball Test -- --
0.48 0.48 -- 1.96 0.65 Wear-scar Size, mm Oxidation Stability Test
Total Acid Value Increase, 0.49 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.52 -- 1.35 mg
KOH/g Lacquer Rating (deposit) none none none none medium -- dark
n-pentane insoluble, mass % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 -- 0.56 (1)
OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2) PMA: same as the one
shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A: alkenylsuccinimide
(bis-type, number average molecular weight 5,500) (4) Ashless
Dispersant B: borated succinimide (mono-type, number average
molecular weight 4,500) (5) Phosphorus-containing additive A:
diphenylhydrodienephosphite (6) Oxidation Inhibitor A: bisphenol-
based
[0255] Fluids 22-28 were prepared by mixing Fluid 4 instead of
Fluid 1 with (B) aviscosity index improver, (C) anashless
dispersant, and (D) a phosphorus-containing additive, in accordance
with the formulations indicated in Table 5. Fluids 22-28 were also
evaluated in anti-wear characteristics and oxidation stability with
the same procedures as described above. The results were shown in
Table 5.
5TABLE 5 Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Composition
(mass %) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Base Oil Fluid 4 97.35 97.35 93.35
87.25 99.5 97.0 99.35 Component B OCP -- -- 3.5 -- -- -- -- PMA --
-- -- 9.6 -- -- -- Component C Ashless 1.5 -- 1.5 1.5 -- 1.5 --
Dispersant A Ashless 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- Dispersant B
Component D Phosphorus- 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 -- -- 0.15 Containing
Additive A Other Oxidation Inhibitor A -- -- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Shell Four Ball Test -- -- 0.45 0.42 -- 1.65 0.54 Wear-scar Size,
mm Oxidation Stability Test Total Acid Value Increase, 0.52 0.51
0.49 0.45 0.62 -- 1.21 mg KOH/g Lacquer Rating (deposit) none none
none none medium -- Dark n-pentane insoluble, mass % 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.28 -- 0.51 (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2)
PMA: same as the one shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A:
same as the one shown in Table 4 (4) Ashless Dispersant B: same as
the one shown in Table 4 (5) Phosphorus-containing additive A: same
as the one shown in Table 4 (6) Oxidation Inhibitor A: the same as
the one shown in Table 4
[0256] As apparent from the results in Tables 4 and 5, the blend of
(C) an ashless dispersant and (D) a phosphorus-containing additive
in combination makes it possible to anti-abrasion characteristics,
oxidation stability, and detergency which are necessary for a
traction drive fluid.
[0257] Fluids 29-34 were prepared by mixing Fluid 1 with (B) a
viscosity index improver, (C) an ashless dispersant, (D) a
phosphorus-containing additive, (E) a friction modifier, and (F) a
metallic detergent in accordance with the formulations shown in
Table 6. The dependence of friction coefficient on slipping speed
of each Fluids 29-34 and Fluids 1 and 15 was measured using a low
velocity slip testing machine in accordance with JASO M349-95
"Automatic transmission fluid-determination of shudder inhibition
capability" under the following conditions. The dependence of
friction coefficient on slipping speed was expressed by the value
of (.mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm). If the value exceeds 1, the
dependence was graded as positive gradient. If the value is less
than 1, the dependence was graded as negative gradient.
[0258] Low velocity slipping test
[0259] (1) Test conditions : JASO M349-95 "Automatic transmission
fluid-determination of shudder inhibition capability"
[0260] (2) Oil amount: 0.2 L
[0261] (3) Oil temperature: 80 .degree. C.,
[0262] (4) Surface pressure: 0.98 Mpa
6TABLE 6 Composition (mass %) Fluid 29 Fluid 30 Fluid 31 Fluid 32
Fluid 33 Fluid 34 Fluid 1 Fluid 15 Base oil Fluid 1 99.85 99.85
99.5 99.5 93.5 88.3 100 97.35 Component OCP -- -- -- -- 3.2 -- --
-- B PMA -- -- -- -- -- 8.4 -- -- Component Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.5
1.5 -- 1.5 C Dispersant A Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0
Dispersant B Component Phosphorus- -- -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 -- 0.15 D
containing Additive A Component Friction 0.15 -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 --
-- E Modifier A Friction -- 0.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- Modifier B
Component Mg -- -- 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- F Sulfonate A Ca -- -- -- 0.5
0.5 0.5 -- -- Sulfonate B Low Velocity Slippage 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95
0.87 0.84 1.56 1.25 Test Positive Positive Positive Positive
Positive Positive Negative Negative .mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm)
Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient
Gradient (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2) PMA: same as
the one shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A: same as the one
shown in Table 4 (4) Ashless Dispersant B: same as the one shown in
Table 4 (5) Phosphorus-containing additive A: same as the one shown
in Table 4 (6) Friction modifier: ethoxylated oleylamine 56 (R:
oleyl group) (7) Friction Modifier B: oleylamine (8) Mg sulfonate
A: petroleum-based, total base number (perchloric method): 300 mg
KOH/g Mg content: 6.9 percent by mass (9) Ca sulfonate A:
petroleum-based, total base number (perchloric method): 300 mg
KOH/g Ca content: 12.0 percent by mass
[0263] Fluids 35-40 was prepared by mixing Fluid 4 instead of Fluid
1 with (B) aviscosity index improver, (C) anashless dispersant, (D)
a phosphorus-containing additive, (E) a friction modifier, and (F)
a metallic detergent in accordance with the formulations shown in
Table 7. Fluids 35-40 and Fluids 4 and 22 were subjected to the
same low velocity slipping test. The results were also shown in
Table 7.
7TABLE 7 Composition (mass %) Fluid 35 Fluid 36 Fluid 37 Fluid 38
Fluid 39 Fluid 40 Fluid 4 Fluid 22 Base oil Fluid 4 99.85 99.85
99.5 99.5 93.2 87.1 100 97.35 Component OCP -- -- -- -- 3.5 -- --
-- B PMA -- -- -- -- -- 9.6 -- -- Component Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.5
1.5 -- 1.5 C Dispersant A Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0
Dispersant B Component Phosphorus- -- -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 -- 0.15 D
containing Additive A Component Friction 0.15 -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 --
-- E Modifier A Friction -- 0.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- Modifier B
Component Mg -- -- 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- F Sulfonate A Ca -- -- -- 0.5
0.5 0.5 -- -- Sulfonate B Low Velocity Slippage 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.97
0.89 0.89 1.82 1.35 Test Positive Positive Positive Positive
Positive Positive Negative Negative .mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm)
Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient
Gradient (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2) PMA: same as
the one shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A: same as the one
shown in Table 4 (4) Ashless Dispersant B: same as the one shown in
Table 4 (5) Phosphorus-containing additive A: same as the one shown
in Table 4 (6) Friction modifier A: same as the one shown in Table
6 (7) Friction Modifier B: the same as the one shown in Table 6 (8)
Mg sulfonate A: the same as the one shown in Table 6 (9) Ca
sulfonate A: the same as the one shown in Table 6
[0264] As apparent from the results in Tables 6 and 7, the blend of
(E) a friction modifier and/or (F) a metallic detergent with a
traction drive fluids makes it possible to optimize friction
characteristics for a wet clutch such as a variable-speed clutch
and a slip-lock-up clutch.
Example 2
[0265] Fluid 41 according to the present invention was prepared by
the following procedures.
[0266] (Fluid 41)
[0267] 1,320 g (about 10.0 mole) of tetralin were charged into a 3
L 4-necked flask and cooled to below 5.degree. C. in an ice bath,
followed by the addition of 940 g (about 9.5 moles) of 95
concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was further cooled until
the interior of the reaction vessel was cooled to below 5.degree.
C., followed by the addition of a mixture of 550 g (about 4.8
moles) of 2-methylcyclohexanol and 340 g (about 3.0 moles) of
tetralin in droplets over 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction was
continued for 2 hours. The reaction solution was transferred into a
5 L separatory funnel to separate the sulfuric acid phase. 1 L of
pure water was then added to the solution 5 times so as to dissolve
and remove the by-products and other impurities. The resulting
solution was made alkali with 1% aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide, followed by the addition of 1 L of water until the
aqueous solution was made neutral. After the separation of the
aqueous phase, the remaining was dehydrated with sodium sulfate
anhydride, followed by removal of the light fractions at a
temperature of 100 .degree. C. and pressure of 0.4 kPa (3 mmHg).
The resulting product was subjected to vacuum distillation thereby
obtaining 800 g of a fraction having a boiling point of 119.7 to
120.5.degree. C. at a pressure of 0.4 kPa (3 mmHg). The fraction
was charged into a 2 L autoclave, followed by the addition of 8 g
of a nickel-based hydrogenating catalyst. The reaction was carried
out at a temperature of 150.degree. C. and at a maximum pressure of
6.86.times. 10.sup.6 Pa (70 kg/cm.sup.2) until the absorption of
hydrogen did not occurred. Thereafter, the catalyst was removed
thereby obtaining about 865 g of Fluid 41 which is a mixture of a
compound represented by formula (59) and a compound represented by
formula (60). The ratio of the compound of formula (59) to the
compound of formula (60) was 98: 2 percent by mass. 57
[0268] The traction coefficient and Brookfiled viscosity at
-30.degree. C., of Fluids 41 and 2-methyl-2,4-dicyclohexylpentane
(Comparative fluid 3) were measured and the results are shown in
Table 8.
8 TABLE 8 Traction Brookfield Viscosity Sample Coefficient @
-30.degree. C. mPa .multidot. s Fluid 41 0.104 53,000 Comparative
fluid 3 0.099 30,000
[0269] Next, various mixed fluids were prepared using Fluid 41 and
4, Comparative fluid 3, and
1-(3,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-1-methylcyclohexane, and isobutene
oligomer (Comparative fluid 2), in accordance with the formulation
shown in Table 9. The traction coefficient and Brookfield viscosity
at -30.degree. C. of each of the resulting fluids were measured.
The results were also shown in Table 9.
9 TABLE 9 Composition (mass %) Brookfield Com- Com- Traction
Viscosity Fluid parative Fluid parative Coef- @ -30.degree. C. 41
Fluid-3 4 Fluid-2 ficient mPa .multidot. s Fluid 41 100 -- -- --
0.104 53,000 Comparative -- 100 -- -- 0.099 30,000 Fluid 3 Fluid 42
90 -- 10 -- 0.102 27,000 Fluid 4 -- -- 100 -- 0.084 310 Fluid 43 65
-- -- 35 0.092 15,000 Comparative -- 70 -- 30 0.090 15,000 Fluid 4
Comparative -- -- -- 100 0.071 4,500 Fluid 2
[0270] Fluid 41 according to the present invention can be
significantly improved in low temperature viscosity characteristics
but not almost changed in traction coefficient by being blended
with a synthetic oil having a molecular weight of 150 to 800. The
effects achieved by Fluid 41 is much higher than those achieved by
2-methyl-2,4-dicyclohexylpentane (Comparative fluid 3) which is a
conventional traction fluid.
[0271] Fluids 44 through 46 were prepared by mixing Fluid 41 with
polymethacrylate (PMA), polyisobutylene (PIB), and a hydrogenated
product of a copolymer of ethylene-.alpha.-olefin (OCP) as
viscosity index improvers (B). Fluids 44-46 and Fluids 41 were
measured in kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. and low
temperature viscosity at 30.degree. C. (BF viscosity) and traction
coefficient. The results were shown in Table 10.
10 TABLE 10 Kinematic Brookfield Composition (mass %) Viscosity @
Viscosity @ Component B 100.degree. C. -30.degree. C. Traction
Fluid 41 PMA PIB OCP mm.sup.2/s mPa .multidot. s Coefficient Fluid
41 100 -- -- -- 3.7 53,000 0.104 Fluid 44 96.1 3.9 -- -- 5.0 73,000
0.100 Fluid 45 96.5 -- 3.5 -- 5.0 128,000 0.103 Fluid 46 98.5 -- --
1.5 5.0 85,000 0.102 (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2)
PIB: same as the one shown in Table 3 (3) PMA: same as the one
shown in Table 3
[0272] As apparent from the results in Table 10, the high
temperature viscosity can be significantly enhanced by blending (B)
a viscosity index improver, without changing the traction
coefficient and low temperature viscosity characteristics too
much.
[0273] Fluids 47-53 were prepared by mixing Fluid 41 with (B) a
viscosity index improver, (C) an ashless dispersant, and (D) a
phosphorus-containing additive in accordance with the formulation
shown in Table 11. Fluids 47-53 were evaluated in anti-abrasion
characteristics and oxidation stability. The results were shown in
Table 11.
11TABLE 11 Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Composition
(mass %) 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Base Oil Fluid 41 97.35 97.35 93.65
88.45 99.5 97.0 99.35 Component B OCP -- -- 3.2 -- -- -- -- PMA
Component C Ashless 1.5 -- 1.5 1.5 -- 1.5 -- Dispersant A Ashless
1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- Dispersant B Component D Phosphorus- 0.15
0.15 0.15 0.15 -- -- 0.15 Containing Additive A Other Oxidation
Inhibitor A -- -- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Shell Four Ball Test -- --
0.42 0.42 -- 1.58 0.53 Wear-scar Size, mm Oxidation Stability Test
Total Acid Value Increase, 0.49 0.45 0.52 0.47 0.62 -- 1.29 mg
KOH/g Lacquer Rating (deposit) none none none none medium -- dark
n-pentane insoluble, mass % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 -- 0.45 (1)
OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2) PMA: same as the one
shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A: same as the one shown in
Table 4 (4) Ashless dispersant B: same as the one shown in Table 4
(5) Phosphorus-containing additive A: same as the one shown in
Table 4 (6) Oxidation inhibitor A: same as the one shown in Table
4
[0274] As apparent from the results in Table 11, the blend of (C)
an ashless dispersant and (D) a phosphorus-containing additive in
combination makes it possible to provide anti-abrasion
characteristics, oxidation stability, and detergency which are
necessary for a traction drive fluid.
[0275] Fluids 54-59 were prepared by blending Fluid 41 with (B) a
viscosity index improver, (C) an ashless dispersant, (D) a
phosphorus-containing additive, (E) a friction modifier, and (F) a
metallic detergent, in accordance with the formulation shown in
Table 12. The dependence of friction coefficient on slipping speed
of each Fluids 54-59 and Fluids 41 and 47 was measured using a low
velocity slip testing machine in accordance with JASO M349-95
"Automatic transmission fluid-determination of shudder inhibition
capability" under the same conditions as the above. The dependence
of friction coefficient on slipping speed was expressed by the
value of (.mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm). If the value exceeds 1, the
dependence was graded as positive gradient. If the value is less
than 1, the dependence was graded as negative gradient.
12TABLE 12 Composition (mass %) Fluid 54 Fluid 55 Fluid 56 Fluid 57
Fluid 58 Fluid 59 Fluid 41 Fluid 47 Base oil Fluid 41 99.85 99.85
99.5 99.5 93.5 88.3 100 97.35 Component OCP -- -- -- -- 3.2 -- --
-- B PMA -- -- -- -- -- 8.4 -- -- Component Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.5
1.5 -- 1.5 C Dispersant A Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0
Dispersant B Component Phosphorus- -- -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 -- 0.15
containing Additive A Component Friction 0.15 -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 --
-- E Modifier C Friction -- 0.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- Modifier B
Component Mg -- -- 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- F Sulfonate A Ca -- -- -- 0.5
0.5 0.5 -- -- Sulfonate B Low Velocity Slippage 0.92 0.93 0.97 0.96
0.86 0.87 1.63 1.35 Test Positive Positive Positive Positive
Positive Positive Negative Negative .mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm)
Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient
Gradient (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2) PMA: same as
the one shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A: same as the one
shown in Table 4 (4) Ashless dispersant B: same as the one shown in
Table 4 (5) Phosphorus-containing additive A: same as the one shown
in Table 4 (6) Friction modifier C: ethoxylatedamine represented by
the formula 58 (R: isostearyl group) (7) Friction modifier B: same
as the one shown in Table 6 (8) Mg sulfonate A: same as the one
shown in Table 6 (9) Ca sulfonate A: same as the one shown in Table
6
[0276] As apparent from the results in Table 12, the blend of (E) a
friction modifier and/or (F) a metallic detergent with a traction
drive fluid makes it possible to optimize friction characteristics
for a wet clutch such as a variable-speed clutch and a slip-lock-up
clutch.
Example 3
[0277] Fluid 60 according to the present invention was prepared by
the following procedures.
[0278] (Fluid 60)
[0279] 1,420 g (about 12.0 mole) of indane were charged into a 3 L
4-necked flask and cooled to below 5.degree. C. in an ice bath,
followed by the addition of 1240 g (about 12.0 moles) of 95
concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was further cooled until
the interior of the reaction vessel was cooled to below 5.degree.
C., followed by the addition of 685 g (about 6.0 moles) of
2-methylcyclohexanol in droplets over 5 hours. Thereafter, the
reaction was continued for 2 hours. The reaction solution was
transferred into a 5 L separatory funnel to separate the sulfuric
acid phase. 1 L of pure water was then added to the solution 5
times so as to dissolve and remove the by-products and other
impurities. The resulting solution was made alkali with 1% aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide, followed by the addition of 1 L of
water until the aqueous phase was made neutral. After the
separation of the aqueous phase, the remaining was dehydrated with
sodium sulfate anhydride, followed by removal of the light
fractions at a temperature of 100.degree. C. and pressure of 0.4
kPa (3 mmHg). The resulting product was subjected to vacuum
distillation thereby obtaining 800 g of a fraction having a boiling
point of 133.1 to 134.4.degree. C. at a pressure of 266 Pa (2
mmHg). The fraction was charged into a 2 L autoclave, followed by
the addition of 8 g of a nickel-based hydrogenating catalyst. The
reaction was carried out at a temperature of 150.degree. C. and at
a maximum pressure of 6.86.times.10.sup.6 Pa (70 kg/cm.sup.2) until
the absorption of hydrogen did not occurred. Thereafter, the
catalyst was removed thereby obtaining about 865 g of Fluid 60
which is a mixture of a compound represented by formula (61) and a
compound represented by formula (62). The ratio of the compound of
formula (61) to the compound of formula (62) was 98:2 percent by
mass. 59
[0280] The traction coefficient and Brookfiled viscosity at
-30.degree. C., of Fluids 60 and isobutene oligomer (Comparative
fluid 2) were measured and the results are shown in Table 13.
13 TABLE 13 Traction Brookfield Viscosity Sample Coefficient @
-30.degree. C. mPa .multidot. s Fluid 60 0.091 3,200 Comparative
Fluid 2 0.071 4,500
[0281] Next, various mixed fluids were prepared using Fluid 60,
Comparative fluid 2, and 2-methyl-2,4-dicyclohexylpentane
(Comparative Fluid 3), in accordance with the formulation shown in
Table 14. The traction coefficient and Brookfield viscosity at
-30.degree. C. of each of the resulting fluids were measured. The
results were also shown in Table 14.
14 TABLE 14 Composition (mass %) Brookfield Com- Com- Viscosity
Fluid parative parative Traction @ -30.degree. C. 60 Fluid-2
Fluid-3 Coefficient mPa .multidot. s Comparative -- -- 100 0.099
30,000 Fluid 3 Fluid 61 10 -- 90 0.098 23,000 Comparative -- 10 90
0.096 24,000 Fluid 5 Fluid 62 50 -- 50 0.095 9,000 Comparative --
50 50 0.085 11,000 Fluid 6
[0282] Fluid 60 according to the present invention can be
significantly improved in low temperature viscosity characteristics
but not almost changed in traction coefficient by being blended
with 2-methyl-2,4-dicyclohexylpentane (Comparative fluid 3) which
is a conventional traction fluid.
[0283] Fluids 63-65 were prepared by mixing Fluid 60 with
polymethacrylate (PMA), polyisobutylene (PIB), and a hydrogenated
product of a copolymer of ethylene-.alpha.-olefin (OCP) as
viscosity index improvers (B). Fluids 63-65 and Fluid 60 were
measured in kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. and low
temperature viscosity at 30.degree. C. (BF viscosity) and traction
coefficient. The results were shown in Table 15.
15 TABLE 10 Kinematic Brookfield Composition (mass %) Viscosity @
Viscosity @ Component B 100.degree. C. -30.degree. C. Traction
Fluid 60 PMA PIB OCP mm.sup.2/s mPa .multidot. s Coefficient Fluid
60 100 -- -- -- 3.0 3,200 0.091 Fluid 63 94.0 6.0 -- -- 5.0 4,400
0.086 Fluid 64 94.6 -- 5.4 -- 5.0 7,800 0.090 Fluid 65 97.7 -- --
2.3 5.0 5,100 0.089 (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2)
PIB: same as the one shown in Table 3 (3) PMA: same as the one
shown in Table 3
[0284] As apparent from the results in Table 15, the high
temperature viscosity can be significantly enhanced by blending (B)
a viscosity index improver, with the traction coefficient and low
temperature viscosity characteristics almost unchanged.
[0285] Fluids 66-72 were prepared by mixing Fluid 60 with (B) a
viscosity index improver, (C) an ashless dispersant, and (D) a
phosphorus-containing additive in accordance with the formulation
shown in Table 16. Fluids 66-72 were evaluated in anti-wear
characteristics and oxidation stability. The results were also
shown in Table 16.
16TABLE 16 Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Composition
(mass %) 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Base Oil Fluid 60 97.35 97.35 94.55
90.85 99.5 97.0 99.35 Component B OCP -- -- 2.3 -- -- -- -- PMA --
-- -- 6.0 -- -- -- Component C Ashless 1.5 -- 1.5 1.5 -- 1.5 --
Dispersant A Ashless 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- Dispersant B
Component D Phosphorus- 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 -- -- 0.15 Containing
Additive A Other Oxidation Inhibitor A -- -- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Shell Four Ball Test -- -- 0.42 0.43 -- 1.52 0.51 Wear-scar Size,
mm Oxidation Stability Test Total Acid Value Increase, 0.42 0.45
0.51 0.53 0.49 -- 1.56 mg KOH/g Lacquer Rating (deposit) none none
none none medium -- dark n-pentane insoluble, mass % 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.19 -- 0.61 (1) OCP: same as the one shown in Table 3 (2)
PMA: same as the one shown in Table 3 (3) Ashless dispersant A:
same as the one shown in Table 4 (4) Ashless dispersant B: same as
the one shown in Table 4 (5) Phosphorus-containing additive A: same
as the one shown in Table 4 (6) Oxidation inhibitor A: the same as
the one shown in Table 4
[0286] As apparent from the results in Table 16, the blend of (C)
an ashless dispersant and (D) a phosphorus-containing additive in
combination makes it possible to provide anti-wear characteristics,
oxidation stability, and detergency which are necessary for a
traction drive fluid.
[0287] Fluids 73-78 were prepared by blending Fluid 60 with (B) a
viscosity index improver, (C) an ashless dispersant, (D) a
phosphorus-containing additive, (E) a friction modifier, and (F) a
metallic detergent, in accordance with the formulation shown in
Table 17. The dependence of friction coefficient on slipping speed
of each Fluids 73-78 and Fluids 60 and 66 was measured using a low
velocity slip testing machine in accordance with JASO M349-95
"Automatic transmission fluid-determination of shudder inhibition
capability" under the same conditions as the above. The dependence
of friction coefficient on slipping speed was expressed by the
value of (.mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm). If the value exceeds 1, the
dependence was graded as positive gradient. If the value is less
than 1, the dependence was graded as negative gradient.
17TABLE 17 Composition (mass %) Fluid 73 Fluid 74 Fluid 75 Fluid 76
Fluid 77 Fluid 78 Fluid 60 Fluid 66 Base oil Fluid 60 99.85 99.85
99.5 99.5 93.9 90.2 100 97.35 Component OCP -- -- -- -- 2.3 -- --
-- B PMA -- -- -- -- -- 6.0 -- -- Component Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.5
1.5 -- 1.5 C Dispersant A Ashless -- -- -- -- 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0
Dispersant B Component Phosphorus- -- -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 -- 0.15 D
containing Additive A Component Friction 0.15 -- -- -- 0.15 0.15 --
-- E Modifier A Friction -- 0.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- Modifier B
Component Mg -- -- 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- F Sulfonate A Ca -- -- -- 0.5
0.5 0.5 -- -- Sulfonate B Other Oxidation -- -- -- -- 0.5 0.5 -- --
Inhibitor A Low Velocity Slippage 0.82 0.89 0.95 0.93 0.89 0.9 1.49
1.23 Test Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive
Negative Negative .mu.(1 rpm)/.mu.(50 rpm) Gradient Gradient
Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient Gradient (1) OCP: same
as the one shown in Table 3 (2) PMA: same as the one shown in Table
3 (3) Ashless dispersant A: same as the one shown in Table 4 (4)
Ashless dispersant B: same as the one shown in Table 4 (5)
Phosphorus-containing additive A: same as the one shown in Table 4
(6) Friction modifier C: same as the one shown in Table 6 (7)
Friction modifier B: same as the one shown in Table 6 (8) Mg
sulfonate A: same as the one shown in Table 6 (9) Ca sulfonate A:
same as the one shown in Table 6
[0288] As apparent from the results in Table 17, the blend of (E) a
friction modifier and/or (F) a metallic detergent with a traction
drive fluid makes it possible to optimize friction characteristics
for a wet clutch such as a variable-speed clutch and a slip-lock-up
clutch.
* * * * *