U.S. patent application number 09/767675 was filed with the patent office on 2001-08-02 for athletic footwear sole construction enabling enhanced energy storage, retrieval and guidance.
Invention is credited to Russell, Brian.
Application Number | 20010010129 09/767675 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25416994 |
Filed Date | 2001-08-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010010129 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Russell, Brian |
August 2, 2001 |
Athletic footwear sole construction enabling enhanced energy
storage, retrieval and guidance
Abstract
Athletic footwear has an upper and sole. The sole has heel and
midfoot regions and metatarsel and toe regions which include a
foundation layer of semi-flexible material attached to the upper
and defining a plurality of stretch chambers, a stretch layer
attached to the foundation layer and having portions of elastic
stretchable material underlying the stretch chambers of the
foundation layer, and a thrustor layer attached to the stretch
layer and having portions of stiff material underlying and aligned
with the stretch chambers of the foundation layer and with the
portions of the stretch layer disposed between the thrustor layer
and foundation layer such that interactions can occur between the
foundation layer, stretch layer and thrustor layer in response to
compressive forces applied thereto upon contact of the heel and
midfoot regions and metatarsel and toe regions of the sole with a
support surface so as to convert and temporarily store energy
applied to heel and midfoot regions and metatarsel and toe regions
of the sole by a wearer's foot into mechanical stretching of the
portions of the stretch layer into the stretch chambers. The stored
applied energy is thereafter retrieved in the form of rebound of
the stretched portions of the stretch layer and portions of the
thrustor layer therewith. Whereas components of the heel and
midfoot regions of the heel provide temporary storage and retrieval
of applied energy at central and peripheral sites underlying the
heel and midfoot of the wearer's foot, components of the metatarsel
and toe regions of the sole provide temporary storage and retrieval
of applied energy at independent sites underlying the individual
metatarsals and toes of the wearer's foot.
Inventors: |
Russell, Brian; (Littleton,
CO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP
620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE
SIXTEENTH FLOOR
NEWPORT BEACH
CA
92660
US
|
Family ID: |
25416994 |
Appl. No.: |
09/767675 |
Filed: |
January 23, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09767675 |
Jan 23, 2001 |
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09375110 |
Aug 16, 1999 |
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6195915 |
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09375110 |
Aug 16, 1999 |
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08903130 |
Jul 30, 1997 |
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5937544 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
36/27 ; 36/129;
36/28 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A43B 21/26 20130101;
A43B 7/1435 20130101; A43B 7/1445 20130101; A43B 7/144 20130101;
A43B 13/185 20130101; A43B 13/143 20130101; A43B 13/12 20130101;
A43B 7/145 20130101; A43B 13/145 20130101; A43B 13/18 20130101;
A43B 7/1425 20130101; A43B 7/223 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
36/27 ; 36/28;
36/129 |
International
Class: |
A43B 013/28; A43B
013/18; A43B 005/00 |
Claims
I claim:
1. In an athletic footwear having an upper and sole, said sole
having heel and midfoot regions and metatarsel and toe regions
wherein said sole comprises: (a) a foundation layer of
semi-flexible material attached to said upper and defining a
plurality of stretch chambers; (b) a stretch layer attached to said
foundation layer and having portions of elastic stretchable
material underlying the stretch chambers of said foundation layer;
and (c) a thrustor layer attached to said stretch layer and having
portions of stiff material underlying and aligned with said stretch
chambers of said foundation layer and with said portions of said
stretch layer disposed between said thrustor layer and foundation
layer such that interactions can occur between said foundation
layer, stretch layer and thrustor layer in response to compressive
forces applied thereto upon contact of said heel and midfoot
regions and said metatarsel and toe regions of said sole with a
support surface so as to convert and temporarily store energy
applied to said heel and midfoot regions and said metatarsel and
toe regions of said sole by a wearer's foot into mechanical
stretching of said portions of said stretch layer into said stretch
chambers, said stored applied energy thereafter being retrieved in
the form of rebound of said stretched portions of said stretch
layer and portions of said thrustor layer therewith.
2. The sole of claim 1 wherein said stretch chambers of said heel
and midfoot regions of said sole are so located to provide said
temporary storage and retrieval of applied energy at central and
peripheral sites underlying the heel and midfoot of a wearer's
foot.
3. The sole of claim 2 wherein said stretch chambers of said
metatarsel and toe regions of said sole are so located to provide
said temporary storage and retrieval of applied energy at
independent sites underlying the individual metatarsals and toes of
a wearer's foot.
4. The sole of claim 1 wherein said stretch chambers of said
metatarsel and toe regions of said sole are so located to provide
said temporary storage and retrieval of applied energy at
independent sites underlying the individual metatarsals and toes of
a wearer's foot.
5. In an athletic footwear having an upper and a sole, said sole
having heel and midfoot regions wherein said sole comprises: (a) a
foundation layer made of a semi-flexible material, attached to said
upper, and defining a plurality of peripherally-located stretch
chambers underlying a heel and midfoot of a wearer's foot; (b) a
stretch layer attached to said foundation layer and having portions
made of elastic stretchable material underlying said
peripherally-located stretch chambers of said foundation layer; and
(c) a thrustor layer attached to said stretch layer and having
thrustor portions made of stiff material underlying and aligned
with said peripherally-located stretch chambers of said foundation
layer and with said portions of said stretch layer disposed between
said thrustor layer and said foundation layer such that
interactions can occur between said upper layer, stretch layer and
thrustor layer in response to compressive forces applied thereto
upon contact of said heel and midfoot regions of said sole with a
support surface so as to convert and temporarily store energy
applied to said heel and midfoot regions of said sole by a wearer's
foot into mechanical stretching of said portions of said stretch
layer into said peripherally-located stretch chambers, said stored
applied energy being thereafter retrieved in the form of rebound of
said stretched portions of said stretch layer and said thrustor
portions of said thrustor layer therewith.
6. The sole of claim 5 wherein said peripherally-located stretch
chambers are defined by a plurality of elongated slots formed in a
spaced apart end-to-end generally U-shaped arrangement in said
foundation layer.
7. The sole of claim 6 wherein said stretch layer include a
flexible substantially flat stretchable body and a plurality of
compressible lugs formed on and projecting downwardly from said
flat stretchable body at the periphery thereof to said thruster
layer.
8. The sole of claim 6 wherein said thrustor layer includes a
substantially flat support plate and a plurality of
stretch-generating thrustor lugs formed on and projecting upwardly
from said support plate at the periphery thereof and defining said
thrustor portions of said thrustor layer, said stretch-generating
thrustor lugs being disposed in a spaced apart end-to-end
arrangement corresponding to and in alignment with said slots in
said foundation plate and thus with said peripherally-located
stretch chambers defined by said slots such that upon compression
of said foundation layer and thrustor layer toward one another from
a relaxed condition toward a loaded condition as occurs upon impact
of said heel and midfoot regions of said sole of said footwear with
a support surface, spaced portions of said flat stretchable body
are forceably stretched by movement of said thrustor lugs upwardly
toward and into said peripherally-located stretch chambers.
9. The sole of claim 8 wherein said thrustor lugs having a
footprint size smaller than that of said slots so as to enable said
thrustor lugs together with said stretchable portions of said flat
stretchable body to move and penetrate and stretch upwardly through
said slots and into said peripherally-located stretch chambers.
10. The sole of claim 8 wherein said compressible lugs of said
stretch layer are located in alignment with said support plate
outside of said thrustor lugs and projecting downwardly toward said
support plate such that compressive force applied to said
foundation layer and thrustor layer causes compression of said
compressible lugs from an uncompressed condition into a compressed
condition in balancing resistance and rebound qualities of said
heel and midfoot regions of said heel.
11. The sole of claim 8 wherein said stretch-generating thrustor
lugs are generally greater in height at a heel portion of said
support plate than at a midfoot portion thereof so as to produce a
wedge shape from said heel region to said midfoot region of said
sole for effectively generating and guiding a forward and upward
thrust for the user's foot.
12. In an athletic footwear having an upper and a sole, said sole
having heel and midfoot regions wherein said sole comprises: (a) a
foundation layer made of a semi-flexible material, attached to said
upper, and defining a centrally-located stretch chamber underlying
a heel of a wearer's foot; (b) a stretch layer attached to said
foundation layer and having a central portion made of elastic
stretchable material underlying said centrally-located stretch
chamber of said foundation layer; and (c) a thrustor layer attached
to said stretch layer and having a central thrustor portion made of
stiff material underlying and aligned with said centrally-located
stretch chamber of said foundation layer and with said central
portion of said stretch layer disposed between said thrustor layer
and said foundaton layer such that interaction can occur between
said foundation layer, stretch layer and thrustor layer in response
to compressive forces applied thereto upon contact of said heel and
midfoot regions of said sole with a support surface so as to
convert and store energy applied to said heel and midfoot regions
of said sole by a wearer's foot into mechanical stretching of said
central portion of said stretch layer into said centrally-located
stretch chamber, said stored applied energy being thereafter
retrieved in the form of rebound of said stretched central portion
of said stretch layer and said thrustor portion of said thrustor
layer therewith.
13. The sole of claim 12 wherein said foundation layer has a
central hole defined therein providing an entrance to a space
constituting said centrally-located stretch chamber.
14. The sole of claim 13 wherein said stretch layer is in the form
of a flexible thin substantially flat stretchable sheet attached to
a bottom surface of said foundation layer and extending across said
central hole defined therein.
15. The sole of claim 14 wherein said thrustor layer is disposed
below said flat stretchable sheet and includes a thrustor plate
having a peripheral profile matching that of said central hole of
said foundation layer and attached to a bottom surface of a central
portion of said stretchable sheet in alignment with said central
hole in said foundation layer such that upon compression of said
thrustor layer toward said foundation layer from a relaxed
condition toward a loaded condition of said sole, as occurs upon
impact of said heel and midfoot regions of said sole of said
footwear with the support surface during normal activity, said
central portion of said stretchable sheet is forceably stretched by
said thrustor layer upwardly into said centrally-located stretch
chamber.
16. The sole of claim 15 wherein said thrustor layer further
includes a thrustor cap attached on a bottom surface of said
thrustor plate and made of a flexible material, said thrustor cap
having a thickness selected to at least partially determine depth
of penetration and length of drive and rebound of said thrustor
plate.
17. The sole of claim 16 wherein said thrustor cap has a ground
engaging surface generally of domed shape and presenting a smaller
footprint than that of said thrustor plate.
18. The sole of claim 15 wherein said thrustor layer further
includes a retainer ring surrounding said thrustor plate and
thrustor cap, said retainer ring being attached to a bottom surface
of said stretchable sheet outside of said periphery of and
surrounding said thrustor plate so as to increase the stretch
resistance of said central portion of said stretchable sheet and
stabilize said lower thrustor layer in a horizontal plane reducing
the potential of binding of said thrustor plate as it stretches
said central portion of said stretchable sheet through said central
hole in said foundation layer of said thrustor layer and into said
centrally-located stretch chamber.
19. In an athletic footwear having an upper and a sole, said sole
having heel and midfoot regions wherein said sole comprises: (a) a
footbed layer made of a semi-flexible material, attached to said
upper, and defining a plurality of peripherally-located stretch
chambers underlying a heel and midfoot of a wearer's foot; (b) an
upper stretch layer attached to said footbed layer and having
portions made of elastic stretchable material underlying said
peripherally-located stretch chambers of said footbed layer; (c) an
upper thrustor layer attached to said upper stretch layer and
having peripheral portions made of stiff material underlying and
aligned with said peripherally-located stretch chambers of said
footbed layer and with said portions of said upper stretch layer
disposed between said upper thrustor layer and said footbed layer,
said upper thrustor layer also having a central hole formed therein
defining a centrally-located stretch chamber underlying the heel of
the wearer's foot; (d) a lower stretch layer attached to said upper
thrustor layer and having a central portion made of elastic
stretchable material and underlying said centrally-located stretch
chamber of said upper thrustor layer; and (e) a lower thrustor
layer attached to said lower stretch layer and having a central
thruster portion made of stiff material underlying and aligned with
said centrally-located stretch chamber of said upper thrustor layer
and with said central portion of said lower stretch layer disposed
between said lower thrustor layer and said upper thrustor layer
such that interaction in said heel and midfoot regions of said sole
between said upper thrustor layer, lower stretch layer and lower
thrustor layer occur concurrently with interactions between said
footbed layer, upper stretch layer and upper thrustor layer in
response to compressive forces applied thereto upon contact of said
heel and midfoot regions of said sole with a support surface so as
to convert and store energy applied to said heel and midfoot
regions of said sole by a wearer's foot into concurrent mechanical
stretching of said central portion of said lower stretch layer and
of said spaced portions of said upper stretch layer respectively in
said centrally-located and peripherally-located stretch chambers,
said stored applied energy is thereafter retrieved in the form of
concurrent rebound of said stretched central portion of said lower
stretch layer and said central thrustor portion of said lower
thrustor layer and of said stretched spaced peripheral portions of
said upper stretch layer and said peripheral thrustor portions
therewith.
20. The sole of claim 19 wherein said footbed layer, upper stretch
layer, upper thrustor layer, lower stretch layer and lower thrustor
layer are provided in the aforesaid sequence in vertically stacked
arrangement with said footbed layer located closest to said upper
of said footwear and said lower thrustor layer located farthest
from said upper of said footwear.
21. In an athletic footwear having an upper and sole, said sole
having metatarsel and toe regions wherein said sole comprises: (a)
a pair of foundation layers each made of semi-flexible material,
attached to said upper and defining a plurality of stretch chambers
respectively underlying metatarsels and toes of a wearer; (b) a
common stretch layer attached to each of said foundation layers and
having portions of elastic stretchable material underlying said
stretch chambers of a respective one of said foundation layers; and
(c) a pair of thrustor layers each attached to said stretch layer
and having portions of stiff material underlying and aligned with a
respective one of said pluralities of said stretch chambers of said
foundation layers and with said portions of said stretch layer
disposed between said thrustor layers and foundation layers such
that interactions can occur between said respective ones of said
foundation layers, stretch layers, and thrustor layers of said
metatarsel and toe regions of said sole in response to compressive
forces applied thereto upon contact of said metatarsel and toe
regions of said sole with a support surface that convert and
temporarily store energy applied to said metatarsel and toe regions
of said sole by a wearer's foot into mechanical stretching of said
portions of said respective stretch layers into said stretch
chambers, said stored applied energy thereafter being retrieved in
the form of rebound of said stretched portions of said respective
stretch layers and portions of said respective thrustor layers
therewith.
22. The sole of claim 21 wherein said respective stretch chambers
of said metatarsel and toe regions of said sole are so located to
provide said temporary storage and retrieval of applied energy at
independent sites underlying the individual metatarsals and toes of
a wearer's foot.
23. The sole of claim 21 wherein said sole further comprises: a
pair of articulated plates each substantially flat and made of a
stiff material, each of said plates having a plurality of laterally
spaced slits formed therein extending from a forward edges
rearwardly to midway between said forward edges and rearward edges
of said articulated plates, said pluralities of spaced slits
defining independent deflectable appendages on said respective
articulated plates that correspond to the individual metatarsels
and toes of the wearer's foot and overlie the respective
independent stetch chambers for temporary storage and retrieval of
the applied energy at the individual metatarsals and toes of the
wearer's foot.
24. The sole of claim 23 wherein said articulated plates,
foundation layers, common stretch layer and thrustor layers are
provided in the aforesaid sequence in respective vertically stacked
arrangements in said metatarsel and toe regions of said sole with
said articulated plates located closest to said upper of said
footwear and said thrustor layer located farthest from said upper
of said footwear.
25. The sole of claim 21 wherein said plurality of stretch chambers
are interconnected interior slots formed in said foundation layer
and having portions matched to the metatarsels and toes of the
wearer's foot.
26. The sole of claim 21 wherein each of said thrustor layers
includes a thrustor plate having a peripheral profile matching that
of said interconnected interior slots in a respective one of said
foundation layers and attached to a bottom surface of a respective
central portion of said common stretch layer in alignment with said
interior slots in said respective one foundation layer such that
upon compression of said thrustor layers toward said foundation
layers from a relaxed condition toward a loaded condition of said
sole, as occurs upon impact of said metatarsel and toe regions of
said sole of said footwear with the support surface during normal
activity, said central portions of said common stretch layer are
forceably stretched by said thrustor plates upwardly into said
stretch chambers underlying said metatarsels and toes of the
wearer's foot.
27. The sole of claim 26 wherein each of said thrustor layers
further includes a thrustor cap attached on a bottom surface of
said thrustor plate and made of a flexible material, said thrustor
cap having a thickness selected to at least partially determine
depth of penetration and length of drive and rebound of said
respective thrustor plates.
28. The sole of claim 27 wherein each of said thrustor layers
further includes a retainer ring surrounding said respective
thrustor plate and thrustor cap, said retainer ring being attached
to a bottom surface of said common stretch layer outside of said
periphery of and surrounding said thrustor plate so as to increase
the stretch resistance of said respective central portion of said
common stretch layer and stabilize said thrustor layers in a
horizontal plane reducing the potential of binding of said thrustor
plates as they stretch said respective central portions of said
common stretch layer through said slots in said respective
foundation layers and into said stretch chambers underlying the
metatarsels and toes of the wearer's foot.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention generally relates to athletic footwear
and, more particularly, is concerned with an athletic footwear sole
construction having a combination of structural features enabling
enhanced storage, retrieval and guidance of wearer muscle energy in
a manner that complements and augments performance of participants
in recreational and sports activities.
[0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0004] The increasing popularity of athletic endeavors has been
accompanied by an increasing number of shoe designs intended to
meet the needs of the participants in the various sports. The
proliferation of shoe designs has especially occurred for the
participants in athletic endeavors involving walking and running.
In typical walking and running gaits, it is well understood that
one foot is on the ground in a "stance mode" while the other foot
is moving through the air in a "swing mode". Furthermore, in the
stance mode, the respective foot "on the ground" travels through
three successive basic phases; heel strike, mid stance and toe
off.
[0005] Current shoe designs fail to adequately address the needs of
the participant's foot and ankle system during each of these
successive stages. Current shoe designs cause the participant's
foot and ankle system to lose a significant proportion, by some
estimates at least thirty percent, of its functional abilities
including its abilities to absorb shock, load musculature and
tendon systems, and to propel the runner's body forward. This is
because the soles of current walking and running shoe designs fail
to address individually the muscles and tendons of a participant's
foot. The failure to individually address these foot components
inhibits the flexibility of the foot and ankle system, interferes
with the timing necessary to optimally load the foot and ankle
system, and interrupts the smooth and continuous transfer of energy
from the heel to the toes of the foot during the three successive
basic phases of the "on the ground" foot travel.
[0006] Historically, manufacturers of modern running shoes added
foam to cushion a wearer's foot. Then, gradually manufacturers
developed other alternatives to foam-based footwear for the reason
that foam becomes permanently compressed with repeated use and thus
ceases to perform the cushioning function. The largest running shoe
manufacturer, Nike Inc. of Beaverton, Oreg., has utilized bags of
compressed gas as the means to cushion the wearer's foot. A German
manufacturer, Puma AG, has proposed a foamless shoe in which
polyurethane elastomer is the cushioning material. Another running
shoe manufacturer, Reebok International of Stoughton, Mass.,
recently introduced a running shoe which has two layers of air
cushioning. Running shoe designers heretofore have sought to strike
a compromise between providing enough cushioning to protect the
wearer's heel but not so much that the wearer's foot will wobble
and get out of sync with the working of the knee. The Reebok shoe
uses air that moves to various parts of the sole at specific times.
For example, when the outside of the runner's heel touches ground,
it lands on a cushion of air. As the runner's weight bears down,
that air is pushed to the inside of the heel, which keeps the foot
from rolling inward too much while another air-filled layer is
forcing air toward the forefoot. When the runner's weight is on the
forefoot, the air travels back to the heel.
[0007] However, no past shoe designs, including the specific ones
cited above, are believed to adequately address the aforementioned
needs of the participant's foot and ankle system during walking and
running activities in a manner that augments performance. The past
approaches, being primarily concerned with cushioning the impact of
the wearer's foot with the ground surface, fail to even recognize,
let alone begin to address, the need to provide features in the
shoe sole that will enhance the storage, retrieval and guidance of
a wearer's muscle energy in a way that will complement and augment
the wearer's performance during the walking, running and jumping
activities.
[0008] Consequently, a pressing need still remains for improvements
in sole construction for athletic footwear that will provide
features that will enhance energy utilization.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention provides an athletic foowear sole
construction designed to satisfy the aforementioned needs. The
athletic footwear sole of the present invention provides a
combination of structural features under the heel, midfoot, and
forefoot regions of the wearer's foot that enable enhanced storage,
retrieval and guidance of muscle energy in a manner that
complements and augments wearer performance in sports and
recreational activities. The sole construction of the present
invention enables athletic footwear for walking, running and
jumping to improve and enhance performance by complementing,
augmenting and guiding the natural flexing actions of the muscles
of the foot. The combination of structural features incorporated in
the sole construction of the present invention provides unique
control over and guidance of the energy of the wearer's foot as it
travels through the three successive basic phases of heel strike,
mid stance and toe off.
[0010] Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an
athletic footwear having an upper and sole with the sole having
heel, midfoot, metatarsel, and toe regions wherein the sole
comprises a foundation layer of stiff material attached to the
upper and defining a plurality of stretch chambers, a stretch layer
attached to the foundation layer and having portions of elastic
stretchable material underlying the stretch chambers of the
foundation layer, and a thrustor layer attached to the stretch
layer and having portions of stiff material underlying and aligned
with the stretch chambers of the foundation layer and with the
portions of the stretch layer disposed between the thrustor layer
and foundation layer. Given the above-defined arrangment,
interactions occur between the foundation layer, stretch layer and
thrustor layer in response to compressive forces applied thereto
upon contact of the heel and midfoot regions and metatarsel and toe
regions of the sole with a support surface so as to convert and
temporarily store energy applied to heel and midfoot regions and
metatarsel and toe regions of the sole by a wearer's foot into
mechanical stretching of the portions of the stretch layer into the
stretch chambers of the foundation layer. The stored applied energy
is thereafter retrieved in the form of rebound of the stretched
portions of the stretch layer and portions of the thrustor layer
therewith. Whereas components of the heel and midfoot regions of
the sole provide temporary storage and retrieval of applied energy
at central and peripheral sites underlying the heel and midfoot of
the wearer's foot, components of the metatarsel and toe regions of
the sole provide the temporary storage and retrieval of applied
energy at independent sites underlying the individual metatarsals
and toes of the wearer's foot.
[0011] These and other features and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a
reading of the following detailed description when taken in
conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described
an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] In the following detailed description, reference will be
made to the attached drawings in which:
[0013] FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of an athletic footwear
sole construction of the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of the sole
construction.
[0015] FIG. 3 is an exploded top perspective view of heel and
midfoot regions of the sole construction of the present
invention.
[0016] FIG. 4 is an exploded bottom perspective view of heel and
midfoot regions of the sole construction.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a rear end view of the heel region of the sole
construction shown in a relaxed condition.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a vertical transverse sectional view of the sole
construction of FIG. 5.
[0019] FIG. 7 is a rear end view of the heel region of the sole
construction shown in a loaded condition.
[0020] FIG. 8 is a vertical transverse sectional view of the sole
construction of FIG. 7.
[0021] FIG. 9 is an exploded top perspective view of the metatarsel
and toe regions of the sole construction of the present
invention.
[0022] FIG. 10 is a vertical transverse sectional view of the
metatarsel region of the sole construction shown in a relaxed
condition.
[0023] FIG. 11 is a vertical transverse sectional view of the
metatarsel region of the sole construction shown in a loaded
condition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Referring to the drawings and particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2,
there is illustrated an article of athletic footwear for walking,
running, and/or jumping, being generally designated 10. The
footwear 10 includes an upper 12 and a sole 14 having heel and
midfoot regions 14A, 14B and metatarsel and toe regions 14C, 14D
wherein are provided the structural features of the sole 14
constituting the present invention. The sole 14 incorporating the
construction of the present invention improves the walking, running
and jumping performance of a wearer of the footwear 10 by providing
a combination of structural features which complements and
augments, rather than resist, the natural flexing actions of the
muscles of the foot to more efficiently utilize the muscular energy
of the wearer.
[0025] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3 to 8, the heel and midfoot
regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14 basically includes the stacked
combination of a footbed layer 16, an upper stretch layer 18, an
upper thrustor layer 20, a lower stretch layer 22, and a lower
thrustor layer 24. The footbed layer 16 of the sole 14 serves as a
foundation for the rest of the stacked components of the heel and
midfoot regions 14A, 14B. The footbed layer 16 includes a
substantially flat foundation plate 26 of semi-rigid semi-flexible
thin stiff material, such as fiberglass, whose thickness is chosen
to predetermine the degree of flexion (or bending) it can undergo
in respose to the load that will be applied thereto.
[0026] The foundation plate 26 has a heel portion 26A and a midfoot
portion 26B. The foundation plate 26 has a continuous interior lip
26C encompassing a central opening 28 formed in the foundation
plate 26 which provides its heel portion 26A with a generally
annular shape. The flat foundation plate 26 also has a plurality of
continuous interior edges 26D encompassing a corresponding
plurality of elongated slots 30 formed in the foundation plate 26
arranged in spaced apart end-to-end fashion so as to provide a
U-shaped pattern of the slots 30 starting from adjacent to a
forward end 26E of the foundation plate 26 and extending rearwardly
therefrom and around the central opening 28. The slots 30 are
slightly curved in shape and run along a periphery 26F of the
foundation plate 26 but are spaced inwardly from the periphery 26F
thereof and outwardly from the central opening 28 thereof so as to
leave solid narrow borders respectively adjacent to the periphery
26F and the central opening 28 of the foundation plate 26. The
slots 30 alone or in conjunction with recesses 32 of corresponding
shape and position in the bottom of the shoe upper 12 define a
corresponding plurality of peripheral stretch chambers 34 in the
foundation plate 26.
[0027] The upper stretch layer 18 is made of a suitable elastic
material, such as rubber, and includes a flexible substantially
flat stretchable body 36 and a plurality of compressible lugs 38
formed on and projecting downwardly from the bottom surface 36A of
the flat stretchable body 36 at the periphery 36B thereof. The
peripheral profile of the flat stretchable body 36 of the upper
stretch layer 18 generally matches that of the flat foundation
plate 26 of the footbed layer 16. In the exemplary embodiment shown
in FIGS. 1, 3, and 5 to 8, the compressible lugs 38 are arranged in
a plurality of pairs thereof, such as six in number, spaced apart
along opposite lateral sides of the flat stretchable body 36. Other
arrangements of the compressible lugs 38 are possible so long as it
adds stability to the sole 14. For ease of manufacture, the
compressible lugs 38 are preferably integrally attached to the flat
stretchable body 36.
[0028] The upper thrustor layer 20 disposed below and aligned with
the upper stretch layer 18 includes a substantially flat support
plate 40 preferably made of a a relatively incompressible,
semi-rigid semi-flexible thin stiff material, such as fiberglass,
having a construction similar to that of the flat foundation plate
26 of the footbed layer 16. The flat support plate 40 has a heel
portion 40A and a midfoot portion 40B. The support plate 40 also
has a continuous interior rim 40C surrounding a central hole 42
formed through the support plate 40 which provides its heel portion
40A with a generally annular shape. The central hole 42 provides an
entrance to a space formed between the flat stretchable body 36 of
the upper stretch layer 18 and the flat support plate 40 spaced
therebelow which space constitutes a main central stretch chamber
44 of said sole 14. The peripheral profile of the upper thrustor
layer 20 generally matches the peripheral profiles of the footbed
layer 16 and upper stretch layer 18 so as to provide the sole 14
with a common profile when these components are in an operative
stacked relationship with one on top of the other.
[0029] The upper thrustor layer 20 also includes a plurality of
stretch-generating thrustor lugs 46 made of a relatively
incompressible flexible material, such as plastics, and being
mounted on the top surface 40D of the flat support plate 40 and
projecting upwardly therefrom so as to space the flat support plate
40 below the flat stretchable body 36 of the upper stretch layer
18. The thrustor lugs 46 are arranged in a spaced apart end-to-end
fashion which corresponds to that of the slots 30 in the foundation
plate 26 so as to provide a U-shaped pattern of the thrustor lugs
46 starting from adjacent to a forward end 40E of the flat support
plate 40 and extending rearward therefrom and around the central
opening 42. The thrustor lugs 46 run along a periphery 40F of the
support plate 40 but are spaced inwardly therefrom and outwardly
from the central opening 42 of the support plate 40 so as to leave
solid narrow borders respectively adjacent to the periphery 40F and
the central opening 42 of the support plate 40. The
peripherally-located thrustor lugs 46 thus correspond in shape and
position to the peripherally-located slots 30 in the flat
foundation plate 26 of the footbed layer 16 defining the
peripherally-located stretch chambers 34. For ease of manufacture
the thrustor lugs 46 are attached to a common thin sheet which, in
turn, is adhered to the top surface 40D of the flat support plate
40.
[0030] The flat support plate 40 of the upper thrustor layer 20
supports the thrustor lugs 46 in alignment with the slots 30 and
thus with the peripheral stretch chambers 34 of the foundation
plate 26 and upper 12 of the shoe 10. However, the flat stretchable
body 36 of upper stretch layer 18 is disposed between the
stretch-generating thrustor lugs 46 and flat foundation plate 26.
Thus, with the footbed layer 16, upper stretch layer 18 and upper
thrustor layer 20 disposed in the operative stacked relationship
with one on top of the other in the heel and midfoot regions 14A,
14B of the sole 14, spaced portions 36C of the flat stretchible
body 36 of the upper stretch layer 18 overlie top ends 46A of the
stretch-generating thrustor lugs 46 and underlie the peripheral
stretch chambers 34. Upon compression of the footbed layer 16 and
upper thrustor layer 20 toward one another from a relaxed condition
shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 toward a loaded condition shown in FIGS. 7
and 8, as occurs upon impact of the heel and midfoot regions 14A,
14B of the sole 14 of the shoe 10 with a support surface, the
spaced portions 36A of the flat stretchable body 36 are forceably
stretched by the upwardly movement of the top ends 46A of the
thrustor lugs 46 upwardly past the interior edges 26D of the
foundation plate 26 surrounding the slots 30 and into the stretch
chambers 34. This can occur due to the fact that the thrustor lugs
46 are enough smaller in their footprint size than that of the
slots 30 so as to enable their top ends 46A together with the
portions 36A of the flat stretchable body 36 stretched over the top
ends 46A of the thrustor lugs 46 to move and penetrate upwardly
through the slots 30 and into the peripheral stretch chambers 34,
as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
[0031] The compressible lugs 38 of the upper stretch layer 18 are
located in alignment with the solid border extending along the
periphery 26F of the foundation plate 26 outside of the thrustor
lugs 46. The compressible lugs 38 project downwardly toward the
support base 40. The compressive force applied to the foundation
plate 26 of the footbed layer 16 and to the support plate 42 of the
upper thrustor layer 20, which occurs during normal use of the
footwear 10, causes compression of the compressible lugs 38 from
their normal tapered shape assumed in the relaxed condition of the
sole 14 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, into the bulged shape taken on in
the loaded condition of the sole 14 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. In
addition to adding stability, the function of the compressible lugs
38 is to provide storage of the energy that was required to
compress the lugs 38 and thereby to quicken and balance the
resistance and rebound qualities of the sole 14.
[0032] As can best be seen in FIGS. 1 and 3, the stretch-generating
thrustor lugs 46 are generally greater in height at the heel
portion 40A of the support plate 40 than at the midfoot portion 40B
thereof. This produces a wedge shape through the heel and midfoot
regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14 from rear to front, that
effectively generates and guides a forward and upward thrust for
the user's foot as it moves through heel strike to mid stance
phases of the foot's "on the ground" travel.
[0033] Referring to FIGS. 2, 3, and 8, the lower stretch layer 22
is in the form of a flexible thin substantially flat stretchable
sheet 48 of resilient elastic material, such as rubber, attached in
any suitable manner, such as by gluing, to a bottom surface 40G of
the flat support plate 40 of the upper thruster layer 20. The lower
thrustor layer 24 disposed below the flat stretchable sheet 48 of
the lower stretch layer 22 includes a thrustor plate 50, a thrustor
cap 52 and a retainer ring 54. The thrustor plate 50 preferably is
made of a suitable semi-rigid semi-flexible thin stiff material,
such as fiberglass. The thrustor plate 50 is bonded to the bottom
surface of a central portion 48A of the stretchable sheet 48 in
alignment with the central hole 42 in the support plate 40 of the
upper thrustor layer 20. In operative stacked relationsip of the
stretchable sheet 48 of the lower stretch layer 22 between the
stretch-generating thrustor plate 50 of the lower thrustor layer 24
and the support plate 40 of the upper thrustor layer 20, the
periphery 48B of the central portion 48A of the stretchable sheet
48 overlies the peripheral edge 50A of the stretch-generating
thrustor plate 50 and underlie the rim 40C of the support plate
40.
[0034] Upon compression of the lower thrustor layer 24 toward the
upper thrustor layer 20 from a relaxed condition shown in FIGS. 5
and 6 toward a loaded condition shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, as occurs
upon impact of the heel and midfoot regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14
of the shoe 10 with a support surface during normal activity, the
periphery 48B of the stretchable sheet 48 is forceably stretched by
the peripheral edge 50A of the thrustor plate 50 upwardly past the
rim 40C surrounding the central hole 42 and into the main central
stretch chamber 44. This can occur due to the fact that the
thrustor plate 50 is enough smaller in its footprint size than that
of the central hole 42 in the support plate 40 so as to enable the
thrustor plate 50 together with the periphery 48B of the central
portion 48A of the stretchable sheet 48 stretched over the thrustor
plate 50 to move and penetrate upwardly through the central hole 42
and into the main centrally-located stretch chamber 44, as shown in
FIGS. 7 and 8.
[0035] The rigidity of the thrustor plate 50 of the lower thrustor
layer 24 encourages a stable uniform movement and penetration of
the thrustor plate 50 and resultant stretching of the periphery 48B
of the central portion 48A of the stretchable sheet 48 into the
main central stretch chamber 44 in response to the application of
compressive forces. The thrustor cap 52 is bonded on the bottom
surface 50A of the thrustor plate 50 and preferably is made of a
flexible plastic or hard rubber and its thickness partially
determines the depth of penetration and length of drive or rebound
of the thrustor plate 50. The ground engaging surface 52A of the
thrustor cap 52 is generally domed shape and presents a smaller
footprint than that of the thrustor plate 50. The retainer ring 54
is preferably made of the same material as the thrustor plate 50
and surrounds the thrustor plate 50 and thrustor cap 52. The
retainer ring 54 is bonded on the bottom surface of the stretchable
sheet 48 in alignment with the central hole 42 in the support plate
40 and surrounds the thrustor plate 50 so as to increase the
stretch resistance of the central portion 48A of the stretchable
sheet 48 and stabilize the lower thrustor layer 24 in the
horizontal plane reducing the potential of jamming or binding of
the thrustor plate 50 as it stretches the periphery 48B of the
central portion 48A of the stretchable sheet 48 through the central
hole 42 in the flat support plate 40 of the upper thrustor layer
20.
[0036] The above-described centrally-located interactions in the
heel and midfoot regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14 between the
support plate 40 of the upper thrustor layer 20, the flat
stretchable sheet of the lower stretch layer 22 and flat thrustor
plate of the lower thrustor layer 24 of the heel and midfoot
regions 14A, 14B occur concurrently and interrelatedly with the
peripherally-located interactions between footbed layer 16, the
flat stretchable body 36 of the upper stretch layer 18 and the
thrustor lugs 46 of the upper thrustor layer 20. These interrelated
central and peripheral interactions convert the energy applied to
the heel and midfoot regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14 by the
wearer's foot into mechanical stretch. The applied energy is thus
temporarily stored in the form of concurrent mechanical stretching
of the central portion 48A of the lower stretchable sheet 48 of the
lower stretch layer 22 and of the spaced portions 36C of the upper
stretchable body 36 of the upper stretch layer 18 at the respective
sites of the centrally-located and peripherally-located stretch
chambers 44, 34. The stored applied energy is thereafter retrieved
in the form of concurrent rebound of the stretched portions 36C of
the upper stretchable body 36 and the thrustor lugs 46 therewith
and of the stretched portion 48A of the lower stretchable sheet 48
and the thrustor plate 40 therewith. The resistance and speed of
these stretching and rebound interactions is determined and
controlled by the size relationship between the retainer ring 54
and the rim 40C about the central hole 42 of the support plate 49
and between the top ends 46A of the thrustor lugs 46 and the
continuous interior edges 26D encompassing the slots 30 of the
foundation plate 26. The thickness and elastic qualities
preselected for the lower stretchable sheet 48 of the lower stretch
layer 22 and the upper stretchable body 36 of the upper stretch
layer 18 influence and mediate the resistance and speed of these
interactions. The stretching and rebound of the lower stretchable
sheet 48 also causes a torquing of the support plate 40. The
torquing can be controlled by the thickness of the support plate 40
as well as by the size and thickness of the retainer ring 54.
[0037] Referring to FIG. 3, the midfoot region 14B of the sole 14
of the present invention also includes a curved midfoot piece 56
and a compression midfoot piece 58 complementary to the curved
midfoot piece 56. The midfoot portion 26B of the foundation plate
26 terminates at the forward end 26E which has a generally V-shaped
configuration. The curved midfoot piece 56 preferably is made of
graphite and is provided as a component separate from the
foundation plate 26. The curved midfoot piece 56 has a
configuration which is complementary to and fits with the forward
end 26E of the foundation plate 26. The forward end 26E of the
foundation plate 26 cradles the number five metatarsal bone of the
forefoot as the curved midfoot piece 56 couples the heel and
forefoot portions 14A, 14B of the sole 14 so as to load the bones
of the forefoot in an independent manner. The peripheral profiles
of the upper stretch layer 18 and compression midfoot piece 58 are
generally the same as those of the foundation plate 26 and curved
midfoot piece 56.
[0038] Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2, and 9 to 11, the metatarsel and
toe regions 14C, 14D of the sole 14 basically include the stacked
combinations of metatarsel and toe articulated plates 60A, 60B,
metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B, a common metatarsel
and toe stretch layer 64, and metatarsel and toe thrustor layers
65A, 65B. The metatarsel and toe thrustor layers 65A, 65B include
metatarsel and toe plates 66A, 66B, metatarsel and toe thrustor
caps 68A, 68B and metatarsel and toe retainer rings 70A, 70B.
Except for a common stretch layer 64 serving both metatarsel and
toe regions 14C, 14D of the sole 14, there is one stacked
combination of components in the metatarsel region 14C of the sole
14 that underlies the five metatarsals of the wearer's foot and
another separate stacked combination of components in the toe
region 14D of the sole 14 that underlies the five toes of the
wearer's foot. Except for the upper articulated plates 60A, 60B,
the above-mentioned stacked combinations of components of the
metatarsel and toe regions 14C, 14D of the sole 14 interact
(stretching and rebound) generally similarly to the above-described
interaction (stretching and rebound) of the stacked combination of
components of the heel and midfoot regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14.
However, whereas the stacked combination of components of the heel
and midfoot regions 14A, 14B provide interrelated main and
peripheral sites for temporary storage and retrieval of the applied
energy, the stacked combination of components of the metatarsel and
toe regions 14C, 14D provide a plurality of relatively independent
sites for temporary storage and retrieval of the applied energy at
the individual metatarsals and toes of the wearer's foot. The
additional components, namely, the articulated plates 60A, 60B, of
the metatarsel and toe regions 14C, 14D each has a plurality of
laterally spaced slits 72A, 72B formed therein extending from the
forward edges 74A, 74B rearwardly to about midway between the
forward edges 74A, 74B and rearward edges 76A, 76B of the
articulated plates 60A, 60B. These pluralities of spaced slits 72A,
72B define independent deflectable or articulatable appendages 78A,
78B on the metatarsel and toe articulated plates 60A, 60B that
correspond to the individual metatarsels and toes of the wearer's
foot and overlie and augment the independent characteristic of the
respective sites of temporary storage and retrieval of the applied
energy at the individual metatarsals and toes of the wearer's
foot.
[0039] More particularly, the metatarsel and toe articulated plates
60A, 60B are substantially flat and made of a suitable semi-rigid
semi-flexible thin stiff material, such as graphite, while the
metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B disposed below the
metatarsel and toe articulated plates 60A, 60B are substantially
flat and made of a incompressible flexible material, such as
plastic. Each of the metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B
has a continuous interior edge 80A, 80B defining a plurality of
interconnected interior slots 82A, 82B which are matched to the
metatarsels and toes of the wearer's foot. The continuous interior
edges 80A, 80B are spaced inwardly from located inwardly from the
peripheries 84A, 84B of the metatarsel and toe foundation plates
62A, 62B so as to leave continous solid narrow borders 86A, 86B
respectively adjacent to the peripheries 84A, 84B. The metatarsel
and toe portions of the borders 86A, 86B encompassing or outlining
the locations of the separate metatarsels and toes of the wearer's
foot and of the appendages 78A, 78B on the articulated plates 60A,
60B are also separated by narrow slits 88A, 88B. The pluralities of
interconnected interior slots 82A, 82B define corresponding
pluralities of metatarsel and toe stretch chambers 90A, 90B in the
respective metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B.
[0040] The common metatarsel and toe stretch layer 64 is made of a
suitable elastic stretchable material, such as rubber, and is
disposed below the metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B.
The peripheral profile of the common stretch layer 64 generally
matches the peripheral profiles of the articulated plates 60A, 60B
and of the foundation plates 62A, 62B so as to provide the sole 14
with a common profile when these components are in an operative
stacked relationship with one on top of the other. The common
stretch layer 64 is attached at its upper surface 64A to the
respective continuous bordens 86A, 86B of the foundation plates
62A, 62B between their respective continuous interior edges 80A,
80B and peripheries 84A, 84B.
[0041] The metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B are disposed
below and aligned with the common stretch layer 64 and the
pluralities of interconnected interior slots 82A, 82B in foundation
plates 62A, 62B forming the metatarsel and toe stretch chambers
90A, 90B. The metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B are made
of semi-rigid semi-flexible thin stiff material, such as
fiberglass. The metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B are
bonded to the lower surface 64B of the common stretch layer 64 in
alignment with the pluralities of interconnected interior slots
82A, 82B of forming the metatarsel and toe stretch chambers 90A,
90B of the foundation plates 62A, 62B. In the operative stacked
relationsip of the common stretch layer 64 between the
stretch-generating metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B and
the respective metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B,
portions 92A, 92B of the common stretch layer 64 overlie the
peripheral edges 94A, 94B of the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates
66A, 66B and underlie the continuous interior edges 80A, 80B of the
metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B.
[0042] Upon compression of the lower metatarsel and toe thrustor
plates 66A, 66B toward the upper metatarsel and toe foundation
plates 62A, 62B from a relaxed condition shown in FIG. 13 toward a
loaded condition shown in FIG. 14, as occurs upon impact of the
metatarsel and toe regions 14C, 14D of the sole 14 of the shoe 10
with a support surface during normal activity, the portions 92A,
92B of the common stretch layer 64 are forceably stretched by the
peripheries 94A, 94B of the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A,
66B upwardly past the continuous interior edges 80A, 80B of the
metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B into the metatarsel
and toe stretch chambers 90A, 90B. This can occur due to the fact
that the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B are enough
smaller in their respective footprint sizes than the sizes of the
slots 82A, 82B in the metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B
so as to enable the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B
together with the portions 92A, 92B of the common stretch layer 64
stretched over the respective thrustor plates 66A, 66B to move and
penetrate upwardly through the slots 82A, 82B and into the
metatarsel and toe stretch chambers 90A, 90B, as shown in FIG.
14.
[0043] The rigidity of the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A,
66B encourages a stable uniform movement and penetration of the
thrustor plates 66A, 66B and resultant stretching of the portions
92A, 92B of the common stretch layer 64 into the metatarsel and toe
stretch chambers 90A, 90B in response to the application of
compressive forces. The metatarsel and toe thrustor caps 68A, 68B
are bonded respectively on the bottom surfaces 96A, 96B of the
metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B and preferably is made
of a flexible plastic or hard rubber and their respective
thicknesses partially determine the depth of penetration and length
of drive or rebound of the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A,
66B. The metatarsel and toe retainer rings 70A, 70B are preferably
made of the same material as the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates
66A, 66B and surround the respective thrustor plates 66A, 66B and
thrustor caps 68A, 68B. The metatarsel and toe retainer rings 70A,
70B are bonded on the lower surface 64B of the common stretch layer
64 in alignment with the interior slots 82A, 82B and surround the
thrustor plates 66A, 66B so as to increase the stretch resistance
of the portion 92A, 92B of the common stretch layer 64 and
stabilize the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B in the
horizontal plane reducing the potential of jamming or binding of
the thrustor plates 66A, 66B as they stretch the peripheries of the
portions 92a, 92B of the common stretch layer 64 into the
metatarsel and toe stretch chambers 90A, 90b in the metatarsel and
toe foundation plates 62A, 62B.
[0044] The above-described plurality of stretching interactions
between the metatarsel and toe foundation plates 62A, 62B, common
stretch layer 64 and metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B of
the metatarsel and toe regions 14C, 14D in their stacked
relationship converts the energy applied to the metatarsels and
toes by the wearer's foot into mechanical stretch. The applied
energy is stored in the form of mechanical stretching of the
metatarsel and toe portions 92A, 92B of the common stretch layer 64
at the respective sites of the metatarsel and toe stretch chambers
90A, 90B. The applied energy is retrieved in the form of rebound of
the stretched portions 92A, 92B of the common stretch layer 64 and
the thrustor plates 66A, 66b therewith. The resistance and speed of
these stretching interactions is determined and controlled by the
size relationship between the retainer rings 70A, 70B and the
continuous interior edges 80A, 80B in the metatarsel and toe
foundation plates 62A, 62B. The thickness and elastic qualities
preselected for the common stretch layer 64 influence and mediate
the resistance and speed of these interactions. The peripheral
profiles of the metatarsel and toe thrustor plates 66A, 66B are
generally the same. The previously described midfoot pieces 56, 58
also provide a bridge between the components of the heel and
midfoot regions 14A, 14B of the sole 14 and the components of the
metatarsel and toe regions 14C, 14D of the sole 14.
[0045] Preliminary experimental treadmill comparative testing of a
skilled runner wearing prototype footwear 10 having soles 14
constructed in accordance with the present invention with the same
runner wearing premium quality conventional footwear, has
demonstrated a significantly improved performance of the runner
while wearing the prototype footwear in terms of the runner's
oxygen intake requirements. The prototype footwear 10 compared to
the conventional footwear allowed the runner to use from ten to
twenty percent less oxygen running at the same treadmill speed. The
dramatically reduced oxygen intake requirement can only be
attributed to an equally dramatic improvement of the energy
efficiency that the runner experienced while wearing the footwear
10 having the heel construction of the present invention. It is
reasonable to expect that this dramatic improvement in energy
efficiency will translate into dramatic improvement in runner
performance as should be reflected in elapsed times recorded in
running competitions.
[0046] It is thought that the present invention and its advantages
will be understood from the foregoing description and it will be
apparent that various changes may be made thereto without departing
from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of
its material advantages, the form hereinbefore described being
merely preferred or exemplary embodiment thereof.
* * * * *