U.S. patent application number 09/419946 was filed with the patent office on 2001-07-19 for multilayer polymer film with additional coatings or layers.
This patent application is currently assigned to 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY. Invention is credited to JONZA, JAMES M..
Application Number | 20010008700 09/419946 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23964389 |
Filed Date | 2001-07-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010008700 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
JONZA, JAMES M. |
July 19, 2001 |
MULTILAYER POLYMER FILM WITH ADDITIONAL COATINGS OR LAYERS
Abstract
A multilayer polymer film has an optical stack including a
plurality of alternating polymer layers with skin layers having
mechanical, optical, or chemical properties differing from those of
the layers in the optical.
Inventors: |
JONZA, JAMES M.; (ST PAUL,
MN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
STEPHEN W BUCKINGHAM
3M OFFICE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COUNS
EL
P O BOX 33427
ST PAUL
MN
551333427
|
Assignee: |
3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES
COMPANY
|
Family ID: |
23964389 |
Appl. No.: |
09/419946 |
Filed: |
October 18, 1999 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09419946 |
Oct 18, 1999 |
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08910660 |
Aug 13, 1997 |
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08910660 |
Aug 13, 1997 |
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08494416 |
Jun 26, 1995 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/480 ; 359/12;
359/15; 359/485.01; 428/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B 5/208 20130101;
Y10T 428/24975 20150115; Y10S 428/91 20130101; Y10T 428/31786
20150401; B32B 2551/00 20130101; G02B 5/305 20130101; B32B 2367/00
20130101; B32B 27/08 20130101; Y10T 428/28 20150115; G02B 5/287
20130101; Y10T 428/24942 20150115; B32B 27/36 20130101; B32B
2307/5825 20130101; G02B 5/26 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/480 ;
428/212; 359/12; 359/15; 359/483; 359/494; 359/500 |
International
Class: |
B32B 027/36; G02B
005/32 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A multilayer layer film including an optical stack comprising
layers of a semi-crystalline polymer having an average thickness of
not more than 0.5 microns and layers of a second polymer having an
average thickness of not more than 0.5 microns wherein said optical
stack has been stretched in at least one direction to at least
twice that direction's unstretched dimension, said optical stack
having first and second major surfaces, each of said layers having
indices of refraction n.sub.x and n.sub.y in a plane of said layer
and n.sub.z normal to a plane of said layer all of said indices of
refraction being selected to provide desired optical properties,
said film further comprising a first additional layer adhered to
said first major surface, said additional layer being of a material
selected for its mechanical properties, said mechanical properties
differing from mechanical properties of said layers of said optical
stack.
2. The multilayer film of claim 1 further comprising a second
additional layer adhered to said second major surface.
3. A multilayer optical film having layers of first and second
polymers, said first and second polymers differing in composition,
each of said layers having a thickness of no more than 0.5 microns,
said layers of said first polymer having indices of refraction of
n.sub.1x and n.sub.1y in planes of said layers of said first
polymer and n.sub.1z normal to said planes of said layers of said
first polymer and said layers of said second polymer having indices
of refraction of n.sub.2x and n.sub.2y in planes of said layers of
said second polymer and n.sub.2z normal to said planes of said
layers of said second polymer layer all of said indices of
refraction being selected to provide desired optical properties,
said optical stack having first and second major surfaces, said
first major surface having adhered thereto a first tear resistant
layer.
4. The multilayer optical film of claim 3 wherein said second major
surface has adhered thereto a second tear resistant layer.
5. The multilayer optical film of claim 4 wherein each of said tear
resistant layers has a thickness greater than 5 percent of the
thickness of said optical stack.
6. The multilayer optical film of claim 5 wherein each of said tear
resistant layers has a thickness in the range of 5 percent to 60
percent of the thickness of said optical stack.
7. The multilayer optical film of claim 6 wherein each of said tear
resistant layers has a thickness in the range of 30 percent to 50
percent of the thickness of said optical stack.
8. The multilayer optical film of claim 5 wherein said tear
resistant layers have a composition that is substantially the same
as the composition of said second polymers.
9. The multilayer optical film of claim 8 wherein said first
polymer is polyethylene naphthalate and said second polymer is a
copolyester comprising naphthalate and terephthalate units.
10. The multilayer optical film of claim 3 wherein said first
polymer has a positive stress coefficient.
11. A multilayer layer film including an optical stack comprising
layers of a semi-crystalline polymer having an average thickness of
not more than 0.5 microns and layers of a second polymer having an
average thickness of not more than 0.5 microns wherein said optical
stack has been stretched in at least one direction to at least
twice that direction's unstretched dimension, said optical stack
having first and second major surfaces, each of said layers having
indices of refraction nx and ny in a plane of said layer and nz
normal to a plane of said layer all of said indices of refraction
being selected to provide desired optical properties, said film
further comprising a first additional layer adhered to said first
major surface, said additional layer being of a material selected
for its chemical properties, said chemical properties differing
from chemical properties of said layers of said optical stack.
12. The multilayer film of claim 11 further comprising a second
additional layer adhered.
13. A multilayer layer film including an optical stack comprising
layers of a semi-crystalline polymer having an average thickness of
not more than 0.5 microns and layers of a second polymer having an
average thickness of not more than 0.5 microns wherein said optical
stack has been stretched in at least one direction to at least
twice that direction's unstretched dimension, said optical stack
having first and second major surfaces, each of said layers having
indices of refraction n.sub.x and n.sub.y in a plane of said layer
and n.sub.z normal to a plane of said layer all of said indices of
refraction being selected to provide desired optical properties,
said film further comprising a first additional layer adhered to
said first major surface, said additional layer being of a material
selected for its optical properties, said optical properties
differing from optical properties of said layers of said optical
stack.
14. The multilayer film of claim 13 further comprising a second
additional layer adhered.
15. The multilayer film of claim 1 further having a second
additional layer adhered to said first additional layer, said
second additional layer having mechanical properties differing from
those of said layers of said optical stack and those of said first
additional layer.
16. The multilayer film of claim 15 wherein said first additional
layer is a tear resistant layer and said second additional layer is
an abrasion resistant layer.
17. The multilayer film of claim 1 wherein said second additional
layer is an abrasion resistant layer.
18. The multilayer film of claim 1 wherein said first additional
layer includes a slip agent.
19. The multilayer film of claim 13 wherein said first additional
layer includes an electromagnetic absorbing material.
20. The multilayer film of claim 19 wherein said electromagnetic
absorbing material absorbs ultraviolet radiation.
21. The multilayer film of claim 13 wherein said first additional
layer includes a fluorescent material.
22. The multilayer film of claim 13 wherein said first additional
layer includes a holographic image.
23. The multilayer film of claim 13 wherein said first additional
layer includes a holographic diffuser.
24. A multilayer layer film including an optical stack comprising
layers of a semi-crystalline polymer having an average thickness of
not more than 0.5 microns and layers of a second polymer having an
average thickness of not more than 0.5 microns wherein said optical
stack has been stretched in at least one direction to at least
twice that direction's unstretched dimension, said optical stack
having first and second major surfaces, each of said layers having
indices of refraction nx and ny in a plane of said layer and nz
normal to a plane of said layer all of said indices of refraction
being selected to provide desired optical properties, said film
further comprising a first additional layer adhered to said first
major surface, said additional layer being of a pressure sensitive
adhesive.
25. A multilayer layer film including an optical stack comprising
layers of a semi-crystalline polymer having an average thickness of
not more than 0.5 microns and layers of a second polymer having an
average thickness of not more than 0.5 microns wherein said optical
stack has been stretched in at least one direction to at least
twice that direction's unstretched dimension, said optical stack
having first and second major surfaces, each of said layers having
indices of refraction n.sub.x and n.sub.y in a plane of said layer
and n.sub.z normal to a plane of said layer all of said indices of
refraction being selected to provide desired optical properties,
said film further comprising a first additional layer adhered to
said first major surface, said additional layer being of a material
selected for its mechanical properties, said mechanical properties
differing from mechanical properties of said layers of said optical
stack wherein said additional layer is a tear resistant layer in
the range of 5 percent to 60 percent of the thickness of said
optical stack has a composition that is substantially the same as
the composition of said second polymers.
26. The multilayer optical film of claim 25 wherein said first
polymer is polyethylene naphthalate and said second polymer is a
copolyester comprising naphthalate and terephthalate units.
27. A multilayer layer film including an optical stack comprising
layers of a semi-crystalline polymer having an average thickness of
not more than 0.5 microns and layers of a second polymer having an
average thickness of not more than 0.5 microns wherein said optical
stack has been stretched in at least one direction to at least
twice that direction's unstretched dimension, said optical stack
having first and second major surfaces, each of said layers having
indices of refraction n.sub.x and n.sub.y in a plane of said layer
and n.sub.z normal to a plane of said layer all of said indices of
refraction being selected to provide desired optical properties,
said film further comprising a first additional layer adhered to
said first major surface, said additional layer being of a material
selected for its mechanical properties, said mechanical properties
differing from mechanical properties of said layers of said optical
stack wherein said additional layer is glass.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 08/910,660, filed Aug.
13, 1997, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 08/494,416 filed Jun. 26, 1995.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Multilayer optical stacks are well-known for providing a
wide variety of optical properties. Such multilayer stacks may act
as reflective polarizers or mirrors, reflecting light of all
polarizations. They may also function as wavelength selective
reflectors such as "cold mirrors" that reflect visible light but
transmit infrared or "hot mirrors" that transmit visible and
reflect infrared. Examples of a wide variety of multilayer stacks
that may be constructed are included in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 08/402,041 filed Mar. 10, 1995.
[0003] A problem with multilayer stacks as known in the art is that
the stacks themselves may not have all of the physical, chemical,
or optical properties desired. Some way of otherwise supplying
these desirable properties would therefore be useful.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] According to one embodiment of the invention a multilayer
film has adhered to one or both of its major surfaces at least one
additional layer selected for mechanical, chemical, or optical
properties that differ from the properties of the materials of the
layers of the optical stack.
[0005] According to another embodiment of the invention a
multilayer film has adhered to one or both of its surfaces an
additional layer that will protect the multilayer optical
stack.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2 show the preferred multilayer optical
film;
[0007] FIGS. 3 through 8 show transmission spectra for the
multilayer optical films of Examples 1 through 6;
[0008] FIG. 9 shows a multilayer film of the invention having an
additional layer adhered to one of its major surfaces;
[0009] FIG. 10 shows a multilayer film according to the invention
having additional layers adhered to both of its major surfaces;
and
[0010] FIG. 11 shows a multilayer film having one additional layer
adhered to one of its major surfaces and two additional layers
adhered to its other major surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Multilayer Optical Film
[0012] The advantages, characteristics and manufacturing of
multilayer optical films are most completely described in the
above-mentioned copending and commonly-assigned U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/402,041, filed Mar. 10, 1995, titled
OPTICAL FILM, which is incorporated herein by reference. The
multilayer optical film is useful, for example, as highly efficient
mirrors and/or polarizers. A relatively brief description of the
properties and characteristics of the multilayer optical film is
presented below followed by a description of illustrative
embodiments of backlight systems using the multilayer optical film
according to the present invention.
[0013] Multilayer optical films as used in conjunction with the
present invention exhibit relatively low absorption of incident
light, as well as high reflectivity for off-axis as well as normal
light rays. These properties generally hold whether the films are
used for pure reflection or reflective polarization of light. The
unique properties and advantages of the multilayer optical film
provides an opportunity to design highly-efficient backlight
systems which exhibit low absorption losses when compared to known
backlight systems.
[0014] An exemplary multilayer optical film of the present
invention as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B includes a multilayer
stack 10 having alternating layers of at least two materials 12 and
14. At least one of the materials has the property of stress
induced birefringence, such that the index of refraction (n) of the
material is affected by the stretching process. FIG. 1A shows an
exemplary multilayer stack before the stretching process in which
both materials have the same index of refraction. Light ray 13
experiences relatively little change in index of refraction and
passes through the stack. In FIG. 1B, the same stack has been
stretched, thus increasing the index of refraction of material 12.
The difference in refractive index at each boundary between layers
will cause part of ray 15 to be reflected. By stretching the
multilayer stack over a range of uniaxial to biaxial orientation, a
film is created with a range of reflectivities for differently
oriented plane-polarized incident light. The multilayer stack can
thus be made useful as reflective polarizers or mirrors.
[0015] Multilayer optical films constructed according to the
present invention exhibit a Brewster angle (the angle at which
reflectance goes to zero for light incident at any of the layer
interfaces) which is very large or is nonexistent for the polymer
layer interfaces. In contrast, known multilayer polymer films
exhibit relatively small Brewster angles at layer interfaces,
resulting in transmission of light and/or undesirable iridescence.
The multilayer optical films according to the present invention,
however, allow for the construction of mirrors and polarizers whose
reflectivity for p polarized light decrease slowly with angle of
incidence, are independent of angle of incidence, or increase with
angle of incidence away from the normal. As a result, multilayer
stacks having high reflectivity for both s and p polarized light
over a wide bandwidth, and over a wide range of angles can be
achieved.
[0016] FIG. 2 shows two layers of a multilayer stack, and indicates
the three dimensional indices of refraction for each layer. The
indices of refraction for each layer are n1x, n1y, and n1z for
layer 102, and n2x, n2y, and n2z for layer 104. The relationships
between the indices of refraction in each film layer to each other
and to those of the other layers in the film stack determine the
reflectance behavior of the multilayer stack at any angle of
incidence, from any azimuthal direction. The principles and design
considerations described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
08/402,041 can be applied to create multilayer stacks having the
desired optical effects for a wide variety of circumstances and
applications. The indices of refraction of the layers in the
multilayer stack can be manipulated and tailored to produce the
desired optical properties.
[0017] Referring again to FIG. 1B, the multilayer stack 10 can
include tens, hundreds or thousands of layers, and each layer can
be made from any of a number of different materials. The
characteristics which determine the choice of materials for a
particular stack depend upon the desired optical performance of the
stack. The stack can contain as many materials as there are layers
in the stack. For ease of manufacture, preferred optical thin film
stacks contain only a few different materials.
[0018] The boundaries between the materials, or chemically
identical materials with different physical properties, can be
abrupt or gradual. Except for some simple cases with analytical
solutions, analysis of the latter type of stratified media with
continuously varying index is usually treated as a much larger
number of thinner uniform layers having abrupt boundaries but with
only a small change in properties between adjacent layers.
[0019] The preferred multilayer stack is comprised of low/high
index pairs of film layers, wherein each low/high index pair of
layers has a combined optical thickness of 1/2the center wavelength
of the band it is designed to reflect. Stacks of such films are
commonly referred to as quarterwave stacks. For multilayer optical
films concerned with the visible and the near infrared wavelengths,
a quarterwave stack design results in each of the layers in the
multilayer stack having an average thickness of not more than 0.5
microns.
[0020] In those applications where reflective films (e.g. mirrors)
are desired, the desired average transmission for light of each
polarization and plane of incidence generally depends upon the
intended use of the reflective film. One way to produce a
multilayer mirror film is to biaxially stretch a multilayer stack.
For a high efficiency reflective film, average transmission along
each stretch direction at normal incidence over the visible
spectrum (380-750 nm) is desirably less than 10 percent
(reflectance greater than 90 percent), preferably less than 5
percent (reflectance greater than 95 percent), more preferably less
than 2 percent (reflectance greater than 98 percent), and even more
preferably less than 1 percent (reflectance greater than 99
percent). The average transmission at 60 degrees from the normal
from 380-750 nm is desirably less than 20 percent (reflectance
greater than 80 percent), preferably less than 10 percent
(reflectance greater than 90 percent), more preferably less than 5
percent (reflectance greater than 95 percent), and even more
preferably less than 2 percent (reflectance greater than 98
percent), and even more preferably less than 1 percent (reflectance
greater than 99 percent).
[0021] In addition, asymmetric reflective films may be desirable
for certain applications. In that case, average transmission along
one stretch direction may be desirably less than, for example, 50
percent, while the average transmission along the other stretch
direction may be desirably less than, for example 20 percent, over
a bandwidth of, for example, the visible spectrum (380-750 nm), or
over the visible spectrum and into the near infrared (e.g., 380-850
nm).
[0022] Multilayer optical films can also be designed to operate as
reflective polarizers. One way to produce a multilayer reflective
polarizer is to uniaxially stretch a multilayer stack. The
resulting reflective polarizers have high reflectivity for light
with its plane of polarization parallel to one axis (in the stretch
direction) for a broad range of angles of incidence, and
simultaneously have low reflectivity and high transmissivity for
light with its plane of polarization parallel to the other axis (in
the non-stretch direction) for a broad range of angles of
incidence. By controlling the three indices of refraction of each
film, nx, ny and nz, the desired polarizer behavior can be
obtained.
[0023] For many applications, the ideal reflecting polarizer has
high reflectance along one axis (the so-called extinction axis) and
zero reflectance along the other (the so-called transmission axis),
at all angles of incidence. For the transmission axis of a
polarizer, it generally desirable to maximize transmission of light
polarized in the direction of the transmission axis over the
bandwidth of interest and also over the range of angles of
interest.
[0024] The average transmission at normal incidence for a polarizer
in the transmission axis across the visible spectrum (380-750 nm
for a bandwidth of 300 nm) is desirably at least 50 percent,
preferably at least 70 percent, more preferably at least 80
percent, and even more preferably at least 90 percent. The average
transmission at 60 degrees from the normal (measured along the
transmission axis for p-polarized light) for a polarizer from
380-750 nm is desirably at least 50 percent, preferably at least 70
percent, more preferably at least 80 percent, and even more
preferably at least 90 percent.
[0025] The average transmission for a multilayer reflective
polarizer at normal incidence for light polarized in the direction
of the extinction axis across the visible spectrum (380-750 nm for
a bandwidth of 300 nm) is desirably at less than 50 percent,
preferably less than 30 percent, more preferably less than 15
percent, and even more preferably less than 5 percent. The average
transmission at 60 degrees from the normal (measured along the
transmission axis for p-polarized light) for a polarizer for light
polarized in the direction of the extinction axis from 380-750 nm
is desirably less than 50 percent, preferably less than 30 percent,
more preferably less than 15 percent, and even more preferably less
than 5 percent.
[0026] For certain applications, high reflectivity for p-polarized
light with its plane of polarization parallel to the transmission
axis at off-normal angles are preferred. The average reflectivity
for light polarized along the transmission axis should be more than
20 percent at an angle of at least 20 degrees from the normal.
[0027] In addition, although reflective polarizing films and
asymmetric reflective films are discussed separately herein, it
should be understood that two or more of such films could be
provided to reflect substantially all light incident on them
(provided they are properly oriented with respect to each other to
do so). This construction is typically desired when the multilayer
optical film is used as a reflector in a backlight system according
to the present invention.
[0028] If some reflectivity occurs along the transmission axis, the
efficiency of the polarizer at off-normal angles may be reduced. If
the reflectivity along the transmission axis is different for
various wavelengths, color may be introduced into the transmitted
light. One way to measure the color is to determine the root mean
square (RMS) value of the transmissivity at a selected angle or
angles over the wavelength range of interest. The percent RMS
color, C.sub.RMS 1, can be determined according to the equation: 1
C RMS = 1 2 ( ( T - T _ ) 2 ) 1 / 2 T _
[0029] where the range 11 to 12 is the wavelength range, or
bandwidth, of interest, T is the transmissivity along the
transmission axis, and {overscore (T)} 2 is the average
transmissivity along the transmission axis in the wavelength range
of interest. For applications where a low color polarizer is
desirable, the percent RMS color should be less than 10 percent,
preferably less than 8 percent, more preferably less than 3.5
percent, and even more preferably less than 2 percent at an angle
of at least 30 degrees from the normal, preferably at least 45
degrees from the normal, and even more preferably at least 60
degrees from the normal.
[0030] Preferably, a reflective polarizer combines the desired
percent RMS color along the transmission axis for the particular
application with the desired amount of reflectivity along the
extinction axis across the bandwidth of interest. For polarizers
having a bandwidth in the visible range (400-700 nm, or a bandwidth
of 300 nm), average transmission along the extinction axis at
normal incidence is desirably less than 40 percent, more desirably
less than 25 percent, preferably less than 15 percent, more
preferably less than 5 percent and even more preferably less than 3
percent. Materials Selection and Processing With the design
considerations described in the above mentioned U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/402,041, one of ordinary skill will readily
appreciate that a wide variety of materials can be used to form
multilayer reflective films or polarizers according to the
invention when processed under conditions selected to yield the
desired refractive index relationships. The desired refractive
index relationships can be achieved in a variety of ways, including
stretching during or after film formation (e.g., in the case of
organic polymers), extruding (e.g., in the case of liquid
crystalline materials), or coating. In addition, it is preferred
that the two materials have similar rheological properties (e.g.,
melt viscosities) such that they can be co-extruded.
[0031] In general, appropriate combinations may be achieved by
selecting, as the first material, a crystalline or
semi-crystalline, or liquid crystalline material, preferably a
polymer. The second material, in turn, may be crystalline,
semi-crystalline, or amorphous. The second material may have a
birefringence opposite to or the same as that of the first
material. Or, the second material may have no birefringence. It
should be understood that in the polymer art it is generally
recognized that polymers are typically not entirely crystalline,
and therefore in the context of the present invention, crystalline
or semi-crystalline polymers refer to those polymers that are not
amorphous and includes any of those materials commonly referred to
as crystalline, partially crystalline, semi-crystalline, etc. The
second material may have a birefringence opposite to or the same as
that of the first material. Or, the second material may have no
birefringence.
[0032] Specific examples of suitable materials include polyethylene
naphthalate (PEN) and isomers thereof (e.g., 2,6-, 1,4-, 1,5-,
2,7-, and 2,3-PEN), polyalkylene terephthalates (e.g., polyethylene
terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and
poly-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate), polyimides (e.g.,
polyacrylic imides), polyetherimides, atactic polystyrene,
polycarbonates, polymethacrylates (e.g., polyisobutyl methacrylate,
polypropylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, and
polymethylmethacrylate), polyacrylates (e.g., polybutylacrylate and
polymethylacrylate), syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), syndiotactic
poly-alpha-methyl styrene, syndiotactic polydichlorostyrene,
copolymers and blends of any of these polystyrenes, cellulose
derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose
propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose nitrate),
polyalkylene polymers (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,
polybutylene, polyisobutylene, and poly(4-methyl)pentene),
fluorinated polymers (e.g., perfluoroalkoxy resins,
polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers,
polyvinylidene fluoride, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene),
chlorinated polymers (e.g., polyvinylidene chloride and
polyvinylchloride), polysulfones, polyethersulfones,
polyacrylonitrile, polyamides, silicone resins, epoxy resins,
polyvinylacetate, polyether-amides, ionomeric resins, elastomers
(e.g., polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and neoprene), and
polyurethanes. Also suitable are copolymers, e.g., copolymers of
PEN (e.g., copolymers of 2,6-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 2,7-, and/or
2,3-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, or esters thereof, with (a)
terephthalic acid, or esters thereof; (b) isophthalic acid, or
esters thereof; (c) phthalic acid, or esters thereof; (d) alkane
glycols; (e) cycloalkane glycols (e.g., cyclohexane dimethane
diol); (f) alkane dicarboxylic acids; and/or (g) cycloalkane
dicarboxylic acids (e.g., cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid)),
copolymers of polyalkylene terephthalates (e.g., copolymers of
terephthalic acid, or esters thereof, with (a) naphthalene
dicarboxylic acid, or esters thereof; (b) isophthalic acid, or
esters thereof; (c) phthalic acid, or esters thereof; (d) alkane
glycols; (e) cycloalkane glycols (e.g., cyclohexane dimethanel
diol); (f) alkane dicarboxylic acids; and/or (g) cycloalkane
dicarboxylic acids (e.g., cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid)), and
styrene copolymers (e.g., styrene-butadiene copolymers and
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers), 4,4'-bibenzoic acid and ethylene
glycol. In addition, each individual layer may include blends of
two or more of the above-described polymers or copolymers (e.g.,
blends of sPS and atactic polystyrene). The coPEN described may
also be a blend of pellets where at least one component is a
polymer based on naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and other components
are other polyesters or polycarbonates, such as a PET, a PEN or a
coPEN.
[0033] Particularly preferred combinations of layers in the case of
polarizers include PEN/coPEN, polyethylene terephthalate
(PET)/coPEN, PEN/sPS, PET/sPS, PEN/Estar, and PET/Estar, where
"coPEN" refers to a copolymer or blend based upon naphthalene
dicarboxylic acid (as described above) and Estar is
polycyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate commercially available
from Eastman Chemical Co.
[0034] Particularly preferred combinations of layers in the case of
reflective films include PET/Ecdel, PEN/Ecdel, PEN/sPS, PEN/THV,
PEN/co-PET, and PET/sPS, where "co-PET" refers to a copolymer or
blend based upon terephthalic acid (as described above), Ecdel is a
thermoplastic polyester commercially available from Eastman
Chemical Co., and THV is a fluoropolymer commercially available
from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul,
Minn.
[0035] The number of layers in the film is selected to achieve the
desired optical properties using the minimum number of layers for
reasons of film thickness, flexibility and economy. In the case of
both polarizers and reflective films, the number of layers is
preferably less than 10,000, more preferably less than 5,000, and
even more preferably less than 2,000.
[0036] As discussed above, the ability to achieve the desired
relationships among the various indices of refraction (and thus the
optical properties of the multilayer film) is influenced by the
processing conditions used to prepare the multilayer film. In the
case of organic polymers which can be oriented by stretching, the
films are generally prepared by co-extruding the individual
polymers to form a multilayer film and then orienting the film by
stretching at a selected temperature, optionally followed by
heat-setting at a selected temperature. Alternatively, the
extrusion and orientation steps may be performed simultaneously. In
the case of polarizers, the film is stretched substantially in one
direction (uniaxial orientation), while in the case of reflective
films the film is stretched substantially in two directions
(biaxial orientation).
[0037] The film may be allowed to dimensionally relax in the
cross-stretch direction from the natural reduction in cross-stretch
(equal to the square root of the stretch ratio); it may simply be
constrained to limit any substantial change in cross-stretch
dimension; or it may be actively stretched in the cross-stretch
dimension. The film may be stretched in the machine direction, as
with a length orienter, or in width using a tenter.
[0038] The pre-stretch temperature, stretch temperature, stretch
rate, stretch ratio, heat set temperature, heat set time, heat set
relaxation, and cross-stretch relaxation are selected to yield a
multilayer film having the desired refractive index relationship.
These variables are interdependent; thus, for example, a relatively
low stretch rate could be used if coupled with, e.g., a relatively
low stretch temperature. It will be apparent to one of ordinary
skill how to select the appropriate combination of these variables
to achieve the desired multilayer film. In general, however, a
stretch ratio in the range from 1:2 to 1:10 (more preferably 1:3 to
1:7) in the stretch direction and from 1:0.2 to 1:10 (more
preferably from 1:0.2 to 1:7) orthogonal to the stretch direction
is preferred.
[0039] Suitable multilayer films may also be prepared using
techniques such as spin coating (e.g., as described in Boese et
al., J. Polym. Sci.: Part B, 30:1321 (1992) for birefringent
polyimides, and vacuum deposition (e.g., as described by Zang et.
al., Appl. Phys. Letters, 59:823 (1991) for crystalline organic
compounds; the latter technique is particularly useful for certain
combinations of crystalline organic compounds and inorganic
materials.
[0040] Exemplary multilayer reflective mirror films and multilayer
reflective polarizers will now be described in the following
examples.
EXAMPLE 1
(PEN:THV 500, 449, Mirror)
[0041] A coextruded film containing 449 layers was made by
extruding the cast web in one operation and later orienting the
film in a laboratory film-stretching apparatus. A Polyethylene
naphthalate (PEN) with an Intrinsic Viscosity of 0.53 dl/g (60
weight percent phenol/40 weight percent dichlorobenzene) was
delivered by one extruder at a rate of 56 pounds per hour and THV
500 (a fluoropolymer available from Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing Company) was delivered by another extruder at a rate
of 11 pounds per hour. The PEN was on the skin layers and 50
percent of the PEN was present in the two skin layers. The
feedblock method was used to generate 57 layers which was passed
through three multipliers producing an extrudate of 449 layers. The
cast web was 20 mils thick and 12 inches wide. The web was later
biaxially oriented using a laboratory stretching device that uses a
pantograph to grip a square section of film and simultaneously
stretch it in both directions at a uniform rate. A 7.46 cm square
of web was loaded into the stretcher at about 100 degrees C and
heated to 140 degrees C in 60 seconds. Stretching then commenced at
10 percent/sec (based on original dimensions) until the sample was
stretched to about 3.5.times.3.5. Immediately after the stretching
the sample was cooled by blowing room temperature air at it.
[0042] FIG. 3 shows the transmission of this multilayer film. Curve
(a) shows the response at normal incidence for light polarized in
the transmission direction, while curve (b) shows the response at
60 degrees for p-polarized light polarized in the transmission
direction.
EXAMPLE 2
(PEN:PMMA, 601, Mirror)
[0043] A coextruded film containing 601 layers was made on a
sequential flat-film-making line via a coextrusion process.
Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) with an Intrinsic Viscosity of 0.57
dl/g (60 weight percent phenol/40 weight percent dichlorobenzene)
was delivered by extruder A at a rate of 114 pounds per hour with
64 pounds per hour going to the feedblock and the rest going to
skin layers described below. PMMA (CP-82 from ICI of Americas) was
delivered by extruder B at a rate of 61 pounds per hour with all of
it going to the feedblock. PEN was on the skin layers of the
feedblock. The feedblock method was used to generate 151 layers
using the feedblock such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,801,429, after the feedblock two symmetric skin layers were
coextruded using extruder C metering about 30 pounds per hour of
the same type of PEN delivered by extruder A. This extrudate passed
through two multipliers producing an extrudate of about 601 layers.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,565,985 describes similar coextrusion multipliers.
The extrudate passed through another device that coextruded skin
layers at a total rate of 50 pounds per hour of PEN from extruder
A. The web was length oriented to a draw ratio of about 3.2 with
the web temperature at about 280 degrees F. The film was
subsequently preheated to about 310 degrees F in about 38 seconds
and drawn in the transverse direction to a draw ratio of about 4.5
at a rate of about 11 percent per second. The film was then
heat-set at 440 degrees F with no relaxation allowed. The finished
film thickness was about 3 mil.
[0044] As seen in FIG. 4, curve (a), the bandwidth at normal
incidence is about 350 nm with an average in-band extinction of
greater than 99 percent. The amount of optical absorption is
difficult to measure because of its low value, but is less than 1
percent. At an incidence angle of 50 percent from the normal both s
(curve (b)) and p-polarized (curve (c)) light showed similar
extinctions, and the bands were shifted to shorter wavelengths as
expected. The red band-edge for s-polarized light is not shifted to
the blue as much as for p-polarized light due to the expected
larger bandwidth for s-polarized light, and due to the lower index
seen by the p-polarized light in the PEN layers.
EXAMPLE 3
(PEN:PCTG, 449, Polarizer)
[0045] A coextruded film containing 481 layers was made by
extruding the cast web in one operation and later orienting the
film in a laboratory film-stretching apparatus. The feedblock
method was used with a 61 layer feedblock and three (2.times.)
multipliers. Thick skin layers were added between the final
multiplier and the die. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) with an
intrinsic viscosity of 0.47 dl/g (60 weight percent phenol/40
weight percent dichlorobenzene) was delivered to the feedblock by
one extruder at a rate of 25.0 pounds per hour. Glycol modified
polyethylene dimethyl cyclohexane terephthalate (PCTG 5445 from
Eastman) was delivered by another extruder at a rate of 25.0 pounds
per hour. Another stream of PEN from the above extruder was added
as skin layers after the multipliers at a rate of 25.0 pounds per
hour. The cast web was 0.007 inches thick and 12 inches wide. The
web was layer uniaxially oriented using a laboratory stretching
device that uses a pantograph to grip a section of film and stretch
it in one direction at a uniform rate while it is allowed to freely
relax in the other direction. The sample of web loaded was about
5.40 cm wide (the unconstrained direction) and 7.45 cm long between
the grippers of the pantograph. The web was loaded into the
stretcher at about 100 degrees C and heated to 135 degrees C for 45
seconds. Stretching was then commenced at 20 percent/second (based
on original dimensions) until the sample was stretched to about 6:1
(based on gripper to gripper measurements). Immediately after
stretching, the sample was cooled by blowing room temperature air
at it. In the center, the sample was found to relax by a factor of
2.0.
[0046] FIG. 5 shows the transmission of this multilayer film where
curve a shows transmission of light polarized in the non-stretch
direction at normal incidence, curve b shows transmission of
p-polarized light polarized in the non-stretched direction at 60
degree incidence, and curve c shows the transmission of light
polarized in the stretch direction at normal incidence. Average
transmission for curve a from 400-700 nm is 89.7 percent, average
transmission for curve b from 400-700 nm is 96.9 percent, and
average transmission for curve c from 400-700 nm is 4.0 percent.
Percent RMS color for curve a is 1.05 percent, and percent RMS
color for curve b is 1.44 percent.
EXAMPLE 4
(PEN:CoPEN, 601, Polarizer)
[0047] A coextruded film containing 601 layers was made on a
sequential flat-film-making line via a coextrusion process. A
Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.54
dl/g (60 weight percent Phenol plus 40 weight percent
dichlorobenzene) was delivered by on extruder at a rate of 75
pounds per hour and the coPEN was delivered by another extruder at
65 pounds per hour. The coPEN was a copolymer of 70 mole percent
2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylate methyl ester, 15 percent dimethyl
isophthalate and 15 percent dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene
glycol. The feedblock method was used to generate 151 layers. The
feedblock was designed to produce a stack of films having a
thickness gradient from top to bottom, with a thickness ratio of
1.22 from the thinnest layers to the thickest layers. The PEN skin
layers were coextruded on the outside of the optical stack with a
total thickness of 8 percent of the coextruded layers. The optical
stack was multiplied by two sequential multipliers. The nominal
multiplication ratio of the multipliers were 1.2 and 1.27,
respectively. The film was subsequently preheated to 310 degree F
in about 40 seconds and drawn in the transverse direction to a draw
ratio of about 5.0 at a rate of 6 percent per second. The finished
film thickness was about 2 mils.
[0048] FIG. 6 shows the transmission for this multilayer film.
Curve a shows transmission of light polarized in the non-stretch
direction at normal incidence, curve b shows transmission of
p-polarized light at 60 degree incidence, and curve c shows
transmission of light polarized in the stretch direction at normal
incidence. Note the very high transmission of p-polarized light in
the non-stretch direction at both normal and 60 degree incidence
(80-100 percent). Also note the very high reflectance of light
polarized in the stretched direction in the visible range (400-700
nm) shown by curve c. Reflectance is nearly 100 percent between 500
and 650 nm.
EXAMPLE 5
(PEN:sPS, 481, Polarizer)
[0049] A 481 layer multilayer film was made from a polyethylene
naphthalate (PEN) with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.56 dVg measured
in 60 weight percent phenol and 40 weight percent dichlorobenzene
purchased from Eastman Chemicals and a syndiotactic polystyrene
(sPS) homopolymer (weight average molecular weight=200,000 Daltons,
sampled from Dow Corporation). The PEN was on the outer layers and
was extruded at 26 pounds per hour and the sPS at 23 pounds per
hour. The feedblock used produced 61 layers with each of the 61
being approximately the same thickness. After the feedblock three
(2.times.) multipliers were used. Equal thickness skin layers
containing the same PEN fed to the feedblock were added after the
final multiplier at a total rate of 22 pounds per hour. The web was
extruded through a 12 inch wide die to a thickness of about 0.011
inches (0.276 mm). The extrusion temperature was 290 degrees C.
[0050] This web was stored at ambient conditions for nine days and
then uniaxially oriented on a tenter. The film was preheated to
about 320 degrees F (160 degrees C) in about 25 seconds and drawn
in the transverse direction to a draw ratio of about 6:1 at a rate
of about 28 percent per second. No relaxation was allowed in the
stretched direction. The finished film thickness was about 0.0018
inches (0.046 mm).
[0051] FIG. 7 shows the optical performance of this PEN:sPS
reflective polarizer containing 481 layers. Curve a shows
transmission of light polarized in the non-stretch direction at
normal incidence, curve b shows transmission of p-polarized light
at 60 degree incidence, and curve c shows transmission of light
polarized in the stretch direction at normal incidence. Note the
very high transmission of p-polarized light at both normal and 60
degree incidence. Average transmission for curve a over 400-700 nm
is 86.2 percent, the average transmission for curve b over 400-700
nm is 79.7 percent. Also note the very high reflectance of light
polarized in the stretched direction in the visible range (400-700
mn) shown by curve c. The film has an average transmission of 1.6
percent for curve c between 400 and 700 nm. The percent RMS color
for curve a is 3.2 percent, while the percent RMS color for curve b
is 18.2 percent.
EXAMPLE 6
(PEN:CoPEN, 603, Polarizer)
[0052] A reflecting polarizer comprising 603 layers was made on a
sequential flat-film making line via a coextrusion process. A
polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.47
dl/g (in 60 weight percent phenol plus 40 weight percent
dichlorobenzene) was delivered by an extruder at a rate of 83
pounds (38 kg) per hour and the CoPEN was delivered by another
extruder at 75 pounds (34 kg) per hour. The CoPEN was a copolymer
of 70 mole percent, 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylate methyl ester, 15
mole percent dimethyl terephthalate, and 15 mole percent dimethyl
isophthalate with ethylene glycol. The feedblock method was used to
generate 151 layers. The feedblock was designed to produce a stack
of films having a thickness gradient from top to bottom, with a
thickness ratio of 1.22 from the thinnest layers to the thickest
layers. This optical stack was multiplied by two sequential
multipliers. The nominal multiplication ratio of the multipliers
was 1.2 and 1.4, respectively. Between the final multiplier and the
die, skin layers were added composed of the same CoPEN described
above, delivered by a third extruder at a total rate of 106 pounds
(48 kg) per hour. The film was subsequently preheated to 300
degrees F (150 degrees C) in about 30 seconds and drawn in the
transverse direction to a draw ratio of approximately 6 at an
initial rate of about 20 percent per second. The finished film
thickness was approximately 0.0035 inch (0.089 mm).
[0053] FIG. 8 shows the optical performance of the polarizer of
Example 6. Curve a shows transmission of light polarized in the
non-stretch direction at normal incidence, curve b shows
transmission of p-polarized light in the nonstretch direction at 50
degree angle of incidence, and curve c shows transmission of light
polarized in the stretch direction at normal incidence. Note the
very high transmission of light polarized in the non-stretch
direction. Average transmission for curve a over 400-700 nm is 87
percent. Also note the very high reflectance of light polarized in
the stretched direction in the visible range (400-700 nm) shown by
curve b. The film has an average transmission of 2.5 percent for
curve b between 400 and 700 nm. In addition, the percent RMS color
of this polarizer is very low. The percent RMS color for curve b is
5 percent.
[0054] While the multilayer optical stacks, as described above, can
provide significant and desirable optical properties, other
properties, which may be mechanical, optical, or chemical, are
difficult to provide in the optical stack itself without degrading
the performance of the optical stack. Such properties may be
provided by including one or more layers with the optical stack
that provide these properties while not contributing to the primary
optical function of the optical stack itself. Since these layers
are typically provided on the major surfaces of the optical stack,
they are often known as "skin layers."
[0055] A skin layer may be coextruded on one or both major surfaces
of the multilayer stack during its manufacture to protect the
multilayer stack from the high shear along the feedblock and die
walls, and often an outer layer with the desired chemical or
physical properties can be obtained by mixing an additive, such as,
for example, a UV stabilizer, into the polymer melt that makes up
the skin layer, and coextruding the skin layer with altered
properties onto one or both sides of the multilayer optical stack
during manufacture. Alternately, additional layers may be
coextruded on the outside of the skin layers during manufacture of
the multilayer film; they may be coated onto the multilayer film in
a separate coating operation; or they may be laminated to the
multilayer film as a separate film, foil, or rigid or semi-rigid
reinforcing substrate such as polyester (PET), acrylic (PMMA),
polycarbonate, metal, or glass. Adhesives useful for laminating the
multilayer polymer film to another surface include both optically
clear and diffuse adhesives and include both pressure sensitive and
non-pressure sensitive adhesives. Pressure sensitive adhesives are
normally tacky at room temperature and can be adhered to a surface
by application of, at most, light finger pressure, while
non-pressure sensitive adhesives include solvent, heat, or
radiation activated adhesive systems. Examples of adhesives useful
in the present invention include those based on general
compositions of polyacrylate; polyvinyl ether; diene-containing
rubber such as natural rubber, polyisoprene, and polyisobutylene;
polychloroprene; butyl rubber; butadiene-acrylonitrile polymer;
thermoplastic elastomer;. block copolymers such as styrene-isoprene
and styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers,
ethylene-propylene-diene polymers, and styrene-butadiene polymer;
poly-alpha-olefin; amorphous polyolefin; silicone;
ethylene-containing copolymer such as ethylene vinyl acetate,
ethylacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate; polyurethane; polyamide;
epoxy; polyvinylpyrrolidone and vinylpyrrolidone copolymers;
polyesters; and mixtures of the above. Additionally, the adhesives
can contain additives such as tackifiers, plasticizers, fillers,
antioxidants, stabilizers, pigments, diffusing particles,
curatives, biocides, and solvents. Preferred adhesives useful in
the present invention include VITEL 3300, a hot melt adhesive
available from Shell Chemical Co. (Akron, Ohio), or an acrylic
pressure sensitive adhesive such as a 90/10 IOA/AA acrylic adhesive
from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn.
When a laminating adhesive is used to adhere the multilayer film to
another surface, the adhesive composition and thickness are
preferably selected so as not to interfere with the optical
properties of the multilayer stack. For example, when laminating
additional layers to a multilayer polymer polarizer or mirror
wherein a high degree of transmission is desired, the laminating
adhesive should be optically clear in the wavelength region that
the polarizer or mirror is designed to be transparent.
[0056] FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate multilayer stacks having
respectively one and two additional layers, respectively. FIGS. 10
and 11 will be used below to describe a variety of additional
layers that could be applied.
[0057] One area in which a skin layer having differing mechanical
properties is desirable relates particularly to uniaxially oriented
multilayer optical stacks, such as reflective polarizers. Such
stacks often tend to show a low tear resistance in the principal
draw direction. This can lead to reduced yields during the
manufacturing process or to subsequent breakage of the film during
handling. In order to resist this, tear resistant layers may be
adhered to the outer major surfaces of the optical stack. These
tough layers may be of any appropriate material and could even be
the same as one of the materials used in the optical stack. Factors
to be considered in selecting a material for a tear resistant layer
include percent elongation to break, Young's modulus, tear
strength, adhesion to interior layers, percent transmittance and
absorbance in an electromagnetic bandwidth of interest, optical
clarity or haze, refractive indices as a function of frequency,
texture and roughness, melt thermal stability, molecular weight
distribution, melt rheology and coextrudability, miscibility and
rate of inter-diffusion between materials in the tough and optical
layers, viscoelastic response, relaxation and crystallization
behavior under draw conditions, thermal stability at use
temperatures, weatherability, ability to adhere to coatings and
permeability to various gases and solvents. Of course, as
previously stated, it is important that the material chosen not
have optical properties deleterious to those of the optical stack.
They may be applied during the manufacturing process or later
coated onto or laminated to the optical stack. Adhering these
layers to the optical stack during the manufacturing process, such
as by a coextrusion process, provides the advantage that the
optical stack is protected during the manufacturing process.
[0058] Using FIG. 10 to illustrate this aspect of the invention, a
multilayer optical stack having tear resistant layers 400 is shown.
Film 400 includes an optical stack 410. Optical stack 410 includes
alternating layers 412 and 414 of two polymers having differing
optical properties. Attached to the major surfaces of optical stack
410 are tear resistant layers 416 and 418. It should be noted that,
although layers 416 and 418 are shown in FIG. 10 as thicker than
layers 412 and 414, FIG. 10 is not to scale for a generally
preferred embodiment. In general it is desirable that each of
layers 416 and 418 have a thickness greater than 5 percent of the
thickness of the optical stack. It is preferred that each of layers
416 and 418 have a thickness in the range of 5 percent to 60
percent of the thickness of the optical stack to provide tear
resistance without unnecessarily increasing the amount of material
used. Thus, if the optical stack has 600 layers, in such a
preferred embodiment the thickness of each of tear resistant layers
416 and 418 would be equal to the thickness of 30 to 360 of the
layers of the stack. In a more preferred embodiment each of the
tear resistant layers 416 and 418 would have a thickness in the
range of 30 percent to 50 percent of that of the optical stack.
[0059] In a particularly desirable embodiment, tear resistant outer
layers may be of one of the same materials used in alternating
layers 412 and 414. In particular, it has been discovered that in a
reflective polarizer comprising alternating layers of PEN and
coPEN, tear resistant outer layers of coPEN may be coextruded
during the manufacturing process.
EXAMPLE 7
[0060] A multilayered composite of alternating PEN and coPEN layers
to form a reflective polarizer was coextruded with thick skin
layers of coPEN to form a tear resistant reflective polarizer. A
coextruded film containing 603 layers was made on a sequential
flat-film extruder. A polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) with an
intrinsic viscosity of 0.47 dl/g (in 60 weight percent phenol plus
40 weight percent dichlorobenzene) was delivered by an extruder at
a rate of 86 pounds per hour and the coPEN was delivered by another
extruder at 78 pounds per hour. The coPEN was a copolymer of 70
mole percent, 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylate methyl ester and 30
percent dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol. The feedblock
extruded 151 layers. The feedblock was designed to produce a stack
of films having a thickness gradient from top to bottom, with a
thickness ratio of 1.22 from the thinnest layers to the thickest
layers. This optical stack was multiplied by two sequential
multipliers. The nominal multiplication ratio of the multipliers
was 1.2 and 1.27, respectively. Between the final multipliers and
the die, composed of coPEN as described above, layers were added.
These layers were charged and delivered by a third extruder at a
total rate of 187 pounds per hour. The film with the additional
coPEN outer layers was preheated to 320 degrees F in about 40
seconds and drawn in the transverse direction to a draw ratio of
approximately 6 at an initial rate of about 20 percent per second.
The finished film had a thickness of approximately 100 .mu.m
including an inner multilayered optical stack of about 50 .mu.m
thickness and two exterior outer layers (one on each side of the
film) of about 25 .mu.m thickness, each. Tear resistance improved
over the case without skins allowing the creation of wound rolls of
tough reflective polarizer. Specifically, tear resistance was
measured on films made according to this example and on film made
under similar conditions but without coPEN skin layers using a
trouser tear test along the principal draw direction, according to
ASTM D-1938. Average film thicknesses were 100 .mu.m and 48 .mu.m,
respectively. The average tear force values were 60.2 and 2.9 grams
force, with standard deviations of 4.44 and 0.57 grams force,
respectively. Analysis of the coPEN skin layers showed low
orientation with indices of refraction of 1.63, 1.62, and 1.61 at
633 nm. Good interlayer adhesion was demonstrated by the difficulty
of cleanly separating the construction. For further comparison a 48
.mu.m optical stack having 3.8 .mu.m outer layers of PEN was tested
and found to have an average tear force of 2.8 grams with a
standard deviation of 1.07.
[0061] The appearance and/or performance of a film may be altered
by including a skin layer having a dye or pigment that absorbs in
one or more selected regions of the spectrum. This can include
portions or all of the visible spectrum as well as ultraviolet and
infrared. Of course, if all of the visible spectrum is absorbed,
the layer will be opaque. These can be selected in order to change
the apparent color of light transmitted or reflected by the film.
They can also be used to compliment the properties of the film,
particularly where the film transmits some frequencies while
reflecting others. The use of an UV absorptive material in a cover
layer is particularly desirable because it may be used to protect
the inner layers that may be unstable when exposed to UV radiation.
Thus, FIG. 9 illustrates such a film with layer 316 representing a
layer containing an electromagnetic absorbing material.
[0062] Similar to the electromagnetic absorbing materials described
above, a fluorescent material could be incorporated in layer 316 of
FIG. 9 or one or both of layers 416 and 418 of FIG. 9. Fluorescent
materials absorb electromagnetic energy in the ultraviolet region
of the spectrum and reemit in the visible. Desirable fluorescent
materials include hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and are
described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
08/345,608, filed Nov. 28, 1994, the disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
[0063] Pressure sensitive adhesives form another desirable class of
materials that may be applied to a multilayer stack as layer 316 of
FIG. 9 or one of layers 416 or 418 of FIG. 10. Generally pressure
sensitive adhesives may be applied when the optical stack is
intended for later lamination to another material, such as a glass
or metal substrate.
[0064] Another material that could be incorporated in a skin layer
such as layer 316 or one of layers 416 or 418 would be a slip
agent. A slip agent will make the film easier to handle during the
manufacturing process. Typically a slip agent would be used with a
mirror film rather than a film intended to transmit a portion of
the light striking it. The side including the slip agent would
typically be the side intended to be laminated to a supporting
substrate in order to prevent the slip agent from increasing haze
associated with the reflection.
[0065] Another type of additional layer that could be used is a
protective layer. Such a layer could be abrasion resistant or
resistant to weathering and/or chemical action. Such coatings would
be particularly useful in situations where the multilayer film is
to be exposed to a harsh or corrosive environment. Examples of
abrasion-resistant or hard coatings include acrylic hardcoats such
as Acryloid A-11 and Paraloid K-120N, available from Rohm &
Haas; urethane acrylates, such as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,249,011 and those available from Sartomer Corp.; and urethane
hardcoats such as those obtained from reacting an aliphatic
polyisocyanate such as Desmodur N-3300, available from Miles, Inc.
with a polyester such as Tone Polyol 0305, available from Union
Carbide. Such layers could also provide protection against
transmission of gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide or water
vapor through the film. Again this could be a single layer as shown
in FIG. 9 or layers on both sides as shown in FIG. 10.
[0066] Other layers that could be added include layers containing
holographic images, holographic diffusers, or other diffusing
layers. Such layers could be in a hard polymer or in an
adhesive.
[0067] FIG. 11 shows alternative multilayer film 500 having
alternating layers 512 and 514 with protective layers 516, 518, and
520. Thus, multiple additional layers could be provided adjacent a
single major surface of the multilayer optical stack. An example of
a use for a structure of the type shown in FIG. 11 would be one in
which protective layers 516 and 518 were tear resistant structures,
as described above, and layer 520 was abrasion resistant.
[0068] The foregoing has been examples of various coatings that
could be applied to the exterior of a multilayer stack to alter its
properties. In general, any additional layers could be added that
would have different mechanical, chemical, or optical properties
than those of the layers of the stack itself.
* * * * *