U.S. patent application number 09/752975 was filed with the patent office on 2001-07-05 for gravitational wave generator utilizing submicroscopic energizable elements.
Invention is credited to Baker, Jr., Robert M. L..
Application Number | 20010006317 09/752975 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25028648 |
Filed Date | 2001-07-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010006317 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Baker, Jr., Robert M. L. |
July 5, 2001 |
Gravitational wave generator utilizing submicroscopic energizable
elements
Abstract
A gravitational wave generating device comprising an energizing
means which act upon energizable elements such as molecules, atoms,
nuclei or nuclear particles in order to create nuclear reactions or
collisions, the products of which can move in a single preferred
direction with an attendant impulse (jerk or harmonic oscillation)
of an ensemble of target nuclei or other energizable elements over
a very brief time period. The target nuclei or energizable elements
acting in concert generate a gravitational wave. A preferred
embodiment involves the use of a pulsed particle beam moving at the
local gravitational wave speed in a target mass, which is comprised
of target nuclei, to trigger a nuclear reaction and build up a
coherent gravitational wave as the particles of the beam move
through the target mass and impact target nuclei over very short
time spans. An information-processing device connected to a
computer, controls the particle beam's high-frequency, (GHz to THz)
pulse rate and the number of particles in each bunch comprising the
pulse in order to produce modulated gravitational waves that can
carry information. A gravitational wave generation device that
exhibits directivity. A gravitational wave detection device that
exhibits directivity and can be tuned. The utilization of a medium
in which the gravitational wave speed is reduced in order to effect
refraction of the gravitational wave.
Inventors: |
Baker, Jr., Robert M. L.;
(Playa del Rey, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CHRISTIE, PARKER & HALE, LLP
350 WEST COLORADO BOULEVARD
SUITE 500
PASADENA
CA
91105
US
|
Family ID: |
25028648 |
Appl. No.: |
09/752975 |
Filed: |
December 27, 2000 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09752975 |
Dec 27, 2000 |
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09616683 |
Jul 14, 2000 |
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09616683 |
Jul 14, 2000 |
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09443527 |
Nov 19, 1999 |
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6160336 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
310/301 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 70/30 20130101;
H02K 7/025 20130101; Y02E 60/16 20130101; Y02E 30/10 20130101; H02K
7/1823 20130101; G21K 1/00 20130101; H02N 11/006 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
310/301 |
International
Class: |
G21H 001/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gravitational wave generating device comprising: a plurality
of target nuclei aligned in a constrained state, a source of
submicroscopic particles directed at the target nuclei, a
computer-controlled logic system operatively connected to the
particle source for selectively propelling the particles toward the
target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction, and a containment
system for aligning the products of the nuclear reaction such that
the particles move in approximately the same direction, produce a
jerk or oscillation in the motion of the target nuclei and thereby
generate gravitational waves.
2. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target
nuclei are contained in a superconducting medium.
3. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target
nuclei comprises a gas.
4. A device according to claim 3 wherein the gas includes electron
gas.
5. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target
nuclei comprises a fluid.
6. A device according to claim 5 in which the fluid is a
superconducting fluid.
7. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target
nuclei are contained in a n electromagnetic field.
8. A device according to claim 7 in which the electromagnetic field
is external to the plurality of target nuclei.
9. A device according to claim 7 in which the electromagnetic field
is ferromagnetic.
10. A device according to claim 7 in which the electromagnetic
field is internal to the plurality of target nuclei.
11. A device according to claim 10 in which the electromagnetic
field comprises intermolecular forces.
12. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target
nuclei are aligned in a spin-polarized state.
13. A device according to claim 1 in which the source of particles
for producing nuclear-reaction products is a pulsed particle
beam.
14. A device according to claim 13 in which the particles
comprising the particle beam are photons.
15. A device for generating gravitational waves utilizing nuclear
reactions to produce physical motion of submicroscopic
particles.
16. A gravitational wave generating device comprising: a plurality
of target energizable elements, a plurality of energizing elements
that act on the energizable elements and generate gravitational
waves, and a computer controlled logic system operatively connected
to the energizing elements to control the action of the energizing
elements.
17. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are energized to produce a third time derivative of the
motion of the energizable elements or a jerk.
18. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are energized to produce a harmonic oscillation.
19. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are molecules.
20. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are atoms.
21. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are atomic nuclei.
22. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are nuclear particles.
23. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are an anisotropic particle beam.
24. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are an isotropic particle beam.
25. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
create a multiquantum vibrational event for the energizable
elements on a subpicosecond time scale and generate gravitational
waves.
26. A device according to claim 23 in which the beam particles
collide with the energizable elements and produce a jerk or
oscillation motion and generate gravitational waves.
27. A device according to claim 26 in which the beam particles
collide with the energizable elements to produce a nuclear
reaction.
28. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are microwaves.
29. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are one or more magnetic fields.
30. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are one or more electric fields.
31. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are aligned.
32. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
move in step to define a gravitational-wave front and energize the
energizable elements in sequential order to generate and accumulate
gravitational-wave energy as the gravitational-wave front
progresses.
33. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are photons of a laser.
34. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are electrons.
35. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are protons.
36. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are neutrons.
37. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are nuclear particles.
38. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are atomic nuclei.
39. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are molecules.
40. A device according to claim 39 in which the molecules are
ionized.
41. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizing
elements are current-carrying coils.
42. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizable
elements are one or more permanent magnets.
43. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizable
elements are one or more electromagnets.
44. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizing
elements are current-carrying electrical conductors.
45. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizable
elements are current-carrying electrical conductors.
46. A gravitational wave detection device in which collector
elements are interrogated in sequence according to an expected
gravitational wave frequency in order to be a tuned gravitational
wave receiver.
47. A device according to claim 46 in which the interrogations
continue as the gravitational wave phase is determined and locked
on by a control computer.
48. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements
are transducers.
49. A device according to claim 48 in which the transducers are
parametric transducers.
50. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements
are capacitors.
51. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements
are harmonic oscillators.
52. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector element's
signal can be measured by a superconducting quantum interference
device (SQUID).
53. A device according to claim 46 in which the signal from the
collector elements are sensed using quantum non-demolition (QND)
techniques.
54. A device according to claim 32 in which the gravitational waves
comprising the wave front are coherent.
55. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements
are interrogated in a pattern according to an expected incoming
gravitational wave direction in order to achieve directivity in GW
reception.
56. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are energized in a pattern in order to achieve directivity
in gravitational wave transmission.
57. A device according to claim 46 in which the directivity is
changed over time in order to scan for gravitational wave
transmissions.
58. A device according to claim 56 in which the directivity is
changed over time in order to control the direction of the
gravitational wave transmissions.
59. A device according to claim 56 in which the energizing elements
are energized in a pattern that will transmit gravitational waves
to a radiating gravitational wave transmitter in order to establish
a GW communications source.
60. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are harmonic oscillators.
61. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements
are an array of passive element sets or subsets.
62. A device according to claim 61 in which the collector element
sets or subsets are disposed in a spherical array.
63. A device according to claim 62 in which the spherical array of
collector element sets or subsets comprises a plurality of
piezoelectric crystals spread evenly over the surface of a
sphere.
64. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are capacitors.
65. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are an array of passive element sets or subsets.
66. A device according to claim 65 in which the energizable element
sets or subsets are disposed in a spherical array.
67. A device according to claim 66 in which the spherical array
comprises piezoelectric crystals spread evenly over the surface of
a sphere.
68. A device according to claim 66 in which the energizable element
sets or subsets comprise spherical piezoelectric crystals.
69. A device according to claim 68 in which electrodes are spread
evenly over the surface of the piezoelectric crystals and
operatively connected to a power source.
70. A device according to claim 62 in which the collector element
sets or subsets comprise spherical piezoelectric crystals.
71. A device according to claim 70 in which electrodes are spread
evenly over the surface of the piezoelectric crystals and
operatively connected to a computer.
72. A device according to claim 42 in which the permanent magnets
are submicroscopic.
73. A device according to claim 43 in which the electromagnets are
submicroscopic.
74. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements
are submicroscopic.
75. A device according to claim 46 in which the tuned gravitational
wave receiver receives gravitational waves refracted by a medium
positioned in front of the gravitational-wave receiver.
76. A device according to claim 75 in which the medium is a
superconducting medium.
77. A device according to claim 75 including a lens for
concentrating or focusing the gravitational waves.
78. A device according to claim 75 including a series of
gravitational-wave refracting media for concentrating or focusing
the gravitational waves.
79. A device according to claim 16 in which a refractive medium
concentrates or focuses the gravitational waves emitted by the
gravitational wave generator.
80. A device according to claim 46 in which the gravitational wave
frequency is generated by an extra terrestrial, astrophysical
event.
81. A device according to claim 56 in which the pattern produces
constructive interference among some of the gravitational
waves.
82. A device according to claim 56 in which the pattern produces
destructive interference among some of the gravitational waves.
83. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizable
elements are piezoelectric crystals.
84. A device according to claim 16, in which the energizable
elements are nanomachines.
85. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are
harmonic oscillators.
86. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are
nanomotors.
87. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are
solenoids.
88. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
89. A gravitational wave communications device comprising: a
plurality of target nuclei aligned in a constrained state, a source
of submicroscopic particles directed at the target nuclei, a
computer-controlled logic system operatively connected to the
particle source for selectively propelling the particles toward the
target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction, a containment system
for aligning the products of the nuclear reaction such that the
particles move in approximately the same direction, produce a jerk
or oscillation in the motion of the target nuclei and thereby
generate gravitational waves, and a transmitter operatively
connected to the containment system for modulating the
gravitational waves.
90. A device according to claim 89 wherein the transmitter includes
a modulator.
91. A device according to claim 90 in which the modulator imparts
information to the gravitational waves.
92. A device according to claim 91 including an antenna connected
to the modulator for directing the modulated gravitational waves to
a remote location.
93. A device according to claim 92 including a detector at a remote
location for receiving the modulated gravitational waves.
94. A device according to claim 93 including a demodulator
connected to the detector.
95. A device according to claim 94 including a presentation device
connected to the demodulator.
96. A gravitational wave communications device comprising: a
gravitational wave generator for producing gravity waves, a
modulator connected to the generator for imparting information to
the gravity waves, a detector for receiving the modulated gravity
waves, and a demodulator for extracting the information from the
gravitational waves and delivering it to a presentation device.
97. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements
are antiprotons.
98. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable
elements are antiprotons.
99. A gravitational wave propulsion system comprising: a
gravitational wave generator for producing coherent gravitational
waves, a housing for the gravitational wave generator for
channeling and directing the gravitational waves in a direction
opposed to the direction of propulsion, and refractive control
elements for altering the direction of the gravitational waves.
100. A gravitational wave propulsion system comprising: a
gravitational wave generator for producing coherent gravitational
waves, a housing for the gravitational wave generator for
channeling and directing the gravitational waves in a direction
opposed to the direction of propulsion, and refractive control
medial for focusing the gravitational waves.
101. A gravitational wave focusing system comprising: a source of
gravitational waves, a first medium for transmitting said
gravitational waves, and a second medium interposed in the
direction of travel of the gravitational waves for reducing the
speed of transmission therein.
102. A device according to 101 in which the second medium is a
superconductor.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of application
Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336, issue date Dec.
12, 2000.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to the generation, refraction and
detection of high-frequency gravitational waves that can be
modulated and utilized for communications, propulsion and for the
purpose of testing new physical theories, concepts, and
conjectures. More particularly the invention relates to the
generation of gravitational waves (GW) by the interaction of
submicroscopic energizing and energizable elements (molecules,
atoms, nuclei, nuclear particles, photons, antiprotons, etc.). The
invention also relates to the use of forces such as electromagnetic
or nuclear to impart a third-time derivative motion to a mass
consisting of a collection of energizable elements such as target
nuclei.
[0003] The nuclear forces, which are approximately one-hundred
times stronger than electromagnetic forces, are occasioned by the
interaction of an energizing mechanism such as a submicroscopic
particle beam with a mass consisting of a collection of energizable
elements such as target nuclei, which can be aligned with each
other, or with another particle beam whose particles can also be
aligned. Upon interaction with the particle beam or some other
energizing mechanism, some of the nuclei are triggered by the
impacting particles to produce a nuclear reaction thereby
generating an impulse, that is, undergo a reactive jerk or harmonic
oscillation. The resulting reactive jerk or harmonic oscillation of
the ensemble of target nuclei or other energizable elements acting
in concert in turn generates a gravitational wave (GW).
[0004] The general concept of the present invention is to simulate
or emulate GW generated by energizable astrophysical systems
(rotating binary stars, star explosions, collapse of black holes,
etc.) by the use of micro, terrestrial energizable systems. Such
terrestrial systems generate well over 40 orders of magnitude more
force intensity (nuclear or electromagnetic compared to
gravitational) and well over 12 orders of magnitude greater
frequency (THz compared to Hz) than the astrophysical systems.
Terrestrial energizable systems produce significant and useful GW
according to the various embodiments of the present invention, even
though they are orders of magnitude smaller than extraterrestrial,
astrophysical systems. In the various embodiments of the present
invention the large number of small energizable elements are
energized in a sequence or in concert by energizing elements
emulating the motion of a much larger and extended body in order to
enhance the generation of GW.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
[0005] Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. in application Ser. No. 09/616,683,
filed Jul. 14, 2000, entitled Gravitational Wave Generator, teaches
that a third time derivative or jerk of a mass generates
gravitational waves (GW) or produces a quadrupole moment (harmonic
oscillation) and that the GW energy radiates along the axis of the
jerk or oscillation or in a plane normal to the axis. The force
producing such a jerk or oscillation can be gravitational
attraction, centrifugal, electromagnetic, nuclear, or, in fact, any
force. The magnitude of the jerk or, more specifically, the
magnitude of the third time derivative of the moment of inertia of
the mass squared, determines the magnitude of the generated GW.
This latter quantity is approximately equal to the product of a
very small coefficient and the square of a kernel or fraction
consisting of the radius of gyration of the mass times the change
in force divided by the time interval required to create the force
change. The force energizing mechanism can be a particle beam. The
particle-beam frequency is that resulting from chopping the
particle beam into bunches. The magnitude of the GW power is
approximately proportional to the square of the kernel according to
the general theory of relativity as discussed in the Baker patent
application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000. Transmission
of modulated GW and subsequent detection enable use of GW in
communications applications.
[0006] A preferred embodiment of the invention relies on the use of
aligned target nuclei wherein the nuclear reaction attendant upon
the collision of the particle-beam particles with the nuclei
releases its products in a preferred direction in space so that all
target nuclei act in concert to produce a jerk or harmonic
oscillation of the target mass and accumulatively generate a GW.
Thus related to the GW generation process, but not the process
itself, is the containment system to produce nuclei alignment. That
system and process is described in three patents by Henry William
Wallace, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,626,605, 3,626,606, and 3,823,570 and
incorporated herein by reference. Applicable to the GW
communications applications is the ability to measure small
voltages and currents by a superconducting quantum interference
device or SQUID, that is described, for example, by Michael B.
Simmonds in U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,189 and incorporated herein by
reference. Another useful technique, termed quantum non-demolition,
or QND, is also applicable to the GW communications applications
and is described by Harry J. Kimble, et al. in U.S. Pat. No.
4,944,592 and incorporated herein by reference. QND facilitates the
communication application by avoiding quantum mechanical
difficulties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides the generation of
gravitational waves (GW) caused by the interaction of
submicroscopic (molecules, atoms, nuclei, nuclear particles,
photons, etc.) energizing and energizable elements. This
interaction involves electromagnetic forces or nuclear forces. The
important feature of the interaction is that the inertial mass of
the energizable elements, taken as a whole, is caused to jerk or
harmonically oscillate and thereby generate GW. A presently
preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes strong
nuclear forces that are attendant to a nuclear reaction triggered
or energized by the impact of a submicroscopic energizing particle,
such as a photon, electron, proton, neutron, antiproton, alpha
particle, etc. from a high-frequency pulsed particle beam incident
on a target mass composed of energizable elements such as atomic
nuclei. In the preferred embodiment, the nuclei are aligned or
constrained as to spin or some other nuclear condition by being
placed in an electromagnetic field, in a superconducting state,
spin polarized, etc. This results in the products of all of the
nuclear reactions being emitted in the same preferred direction.
Each emission results in a recoil impulse on the nuclei or a rapid
build up of force that jerks the nuclei or causes them to
harmonically oscillate and results in an emission of gravitational
waves or wave/particles also called "forceons" or "massons." The
particles in the beam are chopped into very small bunches, that is,
with GHz to THz frequency, so that a very rapid force build up or
jerk is produced in the target mass, that is, in the target nuclei,
resulting in a GW exhibiting the chopping frequency. The impulse
can also be accomplished without nuclei alignment by other means,
such as molecular beam particle collision with unaligned target
nuclei. Since gravitational waves in, for example, a superconductor
move significantly slower than light speed, the particles of the
beam can be accelerated to this GW speed and move through the
ensemble of target nuclei, which compose the target mass, in step
with the forward-moving or radially-moving gravitational wave.
Thus, the forward-moving or radially-moving gravitational wave (GW)
builds up amplitude as the particles of the beam move through the
target particles in concert to generate coherent GW and emulate a
much larger target mass. By varying the number of particles in each
bunch of particles in the particle beam and the chopping frequency,
both the beam and the gravitational waves produced by it can be
modulated and carry information. The target mass or collection of
target nuclei can be a solid, a liquid (including a superfluid such
as liquid helium II), a gas (including an electron gas) or other
particle collection.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1A is a diagram of the impact of a particle beam 1 with
a target mass 9 resulting in the generation of gravitational waves
having axis 21.
[0009] FIG. 1B is a diagram of bunches of particles 12 in a
particle beam interacting with another incoming particle bunch 13
resulting in the generation of gravitational waves having an axis
21.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram of GW 21, passing through a medium that
refract GW 34 and causes the GW to bend 35 as it traverses the
surface of the medium 38 and can be focused.
[0011] FIG. 3A is a diagram of an energizing particle 41 impacting
an energizable particle 40 resulting in the generation of a
cylindrical GW or GW ring 43.
[0012] FIG. 3B is a diagram of a subsequent impact with other
particles 44 resulting in GW 45 that reinforces the GW 43.
[0013] FIG. 3C is a diagram of another subsequent impact with other
particles 46 resulting in GW 47 that reinforces the GW 43 and
45.
[0014] FIG. 3D is a diagram of yet another subsequent impact with
other particles 48 resulting in GW 49 that reinforces the GW 43,
45, and 47.
[0015] FIG. 4 is a diagram of energizable particles 50, 54, 56 and
58 releasing linear GW 53, 55, 57, and 59 that result in a build up
or reinforcement of GW 62.
[0016] FIG. 5 is a diagram of a particle source 15 that can be
accelerated by an acceleration device 16, focused by a focusing
device 17 and separated into bunches by a chopping device 18. The
chopping device is controlled by a computer 19, an
information-processing device 20, and a transmitting device 71. The
particle bunches 1 energize target particles 9 and result in GW
having axis 21 and capable of being received by a receiving device
70.
[0017] FIG. 6A is a plan view of an array of energizable elements
such as 28 whose relative location is denoted by 27.
[0018] FIG. 6B is a diagram of an array of energizable elements,
members of which 26 are energized as the crest or front of a GW 25
passes by resulting in a reinforced GW having a directivity angle
of 180.degree..
[0019] FIG. 6C is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a
directivity angle is 135.degree..
[0020] FIG. 6D is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a
directivity angle is 90.degree..
[0021] FIG. 6E is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a
directivity angle is 45.degree..
[0022] FIG. 6F is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a
directivity angle is 0.degree..
[0023] FIG. 7 is a diagram of various elements 31 that are spread
out over a sphere 33 that results in either the generation or
detection of GW with directivity.
[0024] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a propulsion system utilizing a
gravitational wave generator according to the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0025] In FIG. 1A, in the preferred embodiment, an incoming
particle beam 1 impacts a target mass 9 through its containment
surface 23 resulting in a nuclear reaction or collision and the
generation of GW exhibiting an axis 21, which can propagate
radially or in either direction. The reaction or collision also
produces back scattered particles 2, nuclear reaction products 3
moving in the preferred direction of target nuclei alignment 22,
high-energy photons 4 (for example, x-ray emissions) also moving
primarily in the preferred direction 22, sputtered particles 7, and
recoil atoms 8. A typical target atom 11 when impacted by the
particle beam is jerked by the release of nuclear-reaction products
or by collision or by other means and produce GW similar to or in
simulation of a sub-microscopic star explosion or collapse. This
axis is described and illustrated co-pending patent application
Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000. The energizing process
can also result in harmonic oscillation or a quadrupole radiator.
In this case the GW propagates radially or cylindrically as
discussed by Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen (1937, Journal of the
Franklin Institute, 223, pp. 43-54). The target's characteristic
length, absorption depth, or approximate radius of gyration of the
extensive emulated target mass 10 is utilized in the quadrupole
approximation to compute the power of the GW that is generated.
[0026] In FIG. 1B, the particle bunches 12 are shown impacting or
colliding with an incoming particle bunch 13 of another particle
beam at a collision angle 14, which could be any value including
zero. In this case, the incoming target bunch is contemplated to be
spin-polarized noble gas, such as helium II or odd-nuclear isotopes
of xenon, etc. in order to exhibit a preferred direction in space
22.
[0027] In FIG. 2 is exhibited a medium in which the GW speed is
reduced 34, the new direction of GW 35 caused by the GW passing
through a boundary of a medium 38 at an oblique angle 36 with
respect to a normal to the surface of such a medium 37 produces GW
refraction. The back surface of the medium in which the GW speed is
again changed 39 is shown, but for clarity no refractive bending of
the GW is exhibited. Examples of suitable media are superconducting
media.
[0028] In FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are exhibited the build up or
accumulation of GW along the radially expanding cylindrical GW wave
fronts created by and normal to the motion direction 42 of the
energizable particle or quadrupole radiator axis. In FIG. 3A a
typical central target-mass particle 40 is energized by an incoming
particle 41 of the particle-beam bunch. The radially expanding GW
wave front 43 moves out at local GW speed.
[0029] In FIG. 3B, which is at a time .DELTA.t later, where
.DELTA.t is the time between the arrival of the first and second
particle bunch, that is, inversely proportional to the
beam-chopping frequency. In this case GW 43 emanating from the
first typical target-mass particle 40 is reinforced or
constructively interferes with the GW generated by other
target-mass particles 44 situated at the distance V.sub.GW.DELTA.t
radially out from target-mass particle 40, where V.sub.GW is the
local GW speed. For clarity only two particles 44 are exhibited out
of a ring of such target particles in the target mass in a plane
normal to the direction of the energizing motion. Their location
will be such as to cause their GW 45 to constructively interfere
with and reinforce the originally expanding GW 43.
[0030] In FIG. 3C, which is at time 2.DELTA.t later, the GW 43
emanating from the first particle 40 and the second particles 44
are reinforced by another set of particles 46 and their attendant
GW 47. FIG. 3D is at time 3.DELTA.t and typical target-mass
particles 48 add their GW 49 to the accumulating and radially
expanding GW. Each arriving beam bunch initiates additional
expanding rings of coherent GW until the target-mass particles are
exhausted or until their replacements are unavailable. There are
large numbers of energizable particle sites that are simultaneously
energized so that the GW permeates the target mass as the GW are
superimposed.
[0031] In the context of the previous application, Ser. No.
09/616,683, the typical target-mass, particles such as 40, 44, 46,
and 48 are considered to be energizable elements. Such elements can
be permanent magnets, electromagnets, current-carrying plates,
piezoelectric crystals, nanomachines including harmonic
oscillators, nanomotors and nanoselenoids or microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) in general,
etc.
[0032] The energizing elements in the context of the '683
application would include coils, current pulses moving in
conductors, biomolecular motors, etc. that operate under the
control of an Individual Independently Programmable Coil System
(IIPCS), described in the parent U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336 of which
the previous Application is a continuation-in-part, in order to
activate or energize the energizable elements in a sequence as the
ring of GW, whose propagation plane is normal to the direction of
the energizable elements quadrupole radiator axis, moves radially
out at local GW speed. In this case directivity can be achieved in
both the orientation of the GW ring's plane, the sector of that
expanding ring where the GW wave front is reinforced or
constructively interfered with by energizing the energizable
elements and/or by destructive interference of one GW with another
(as in the astrophysical case of a uniformly, isotropically
exploding or collapsing star). The collector elements, in the
context of the previous application, Ser. No. 09/611,683 would be
at the same locations as the energizable elements and interrogated
in a sequence by the IIPCS to detect or receive specific GW
frequencies, that is, tuned to the GW frequency.
[0033] In FIG. 4 the constructive interference or reinforcement or
amplification of a GW by energizable elements is over a linear
pattern 50, 54, 56, and 58 produced by a micro mass explosion or
collapse which simulate a macro star explosion or collapse, with GW
directed along its axis as predicted by Budge, ibid, 2000 is
illustrated. The reinforcement of GW is illustrated schematically
by the arrows 53, 55, 57, and 59. The GW builds up to a larger
amplitude 62 as the beam bunch and the GW crest or front move with
the same speed together through the particles comprising the target
mass and generate coherent GW pulses. The target particles or
energizable elements 50, 54, 56 and 58 are V.sub.GW .DELTA.t apart
where V.sub.GW is the GW speed and .DELTA.t is the time between
energization. Thus an extensive mass composed of all of the
energized target particles is emulated. In the context of the '683
application the typical target mass particles 50, 54, 56 and 58 are
considered to be energizable elements. As already discussed, such
elements can be magnets, conductors, piezoelectric crystals,
harmonic oscillators, nanomachines, etc. The collector elements, in
the context of '683, would be at the same locations as the
energizable elements and interrogated in a sequence by the IIPCS to
detect or receive GW having a particular frequency and phase.
[0034] In FIG. 5, of the preferred embodiment a particle source 15,
which could be a laser or a nuclear reaction, produces particles
that can be accelerated by an acceleration device 16 (unless the
particles are photons), focused by a focusing device 17 such as a
superconducting fluid and separated into bunches by a beam chopper
18. The target mass can be a solid, a liquid (including a
superfluid such as liquid helium II), a gas (including electron
gas), or another particle beam. Alternately, the beam can be
separated into bunches and modulated as to frequency and number of
particles in each bunch at the particle source 15. The particle
source is controlled by computer 19, an information-processing
device 20 and transmitter 71. The particle beam bunches 1 impact
the target particles 9 and produce a nuclear reaction, generating
GW 21, which can be received at receiving device 70. The
information processing device 20 can be, for example, a Kalman
filter and/or a table look up for identifying the element to be
energized.
[0035] In FIG. 6A, are illustrated a plan view of a typical stack
of elements or array of element sets or subsets, which could be GW
collectors or could be energizable elements such as target atoms or
nuclei. The indices, which describe the location or address of
these elements, 27 are denoted by i, j, .phi..sub.k. For example,
the very top element 28 has an index i=0 (0.sup.th column), j=4
(4.sup.th row), and .phi..sub.k represents the directivity of this
individual element, either produced by an active element or element
set alignment or by connecting a specific, k.sup.th member of an
underlying stack of elements, having the appropriate orientation
fixed, of which the figure shows only the top member. As another
example element 29 has an index i-1 (-1.sup.st column), j=1
(1.sup.st row), and .phi..sub.k.
[0036] In FIG. 6B the directivity angle to the preferred direction
22 is 180.degree. and the prior locations of the GW crests 61 are
behind the GW crest 25. The distance between the lines (or planes
comprising the GW wave crests) at elements in the GW direction 21
is 24. The elements 26 on the anticipated GW crest 25 of the GW 21
are connected to an information processing device, that is
interrogated (detection mode) or energized (generation mode). In
FIG. 6C the future locations of the GW crests 60 is in front of the
GW crest 25 and the directivity angle is 135.degree., in FIG. 6D it
is 90.degree., in FIG. 6E it is 45.degree. and in FIG. 6F it is
0.degree..
[0037] In FIG. 7 is illustrated a spherical set of element sets or
subsets or electrodes 31 comprising an element having directivity
angles .alpha..sub.k and .delta..sub.k for a k.sup.th member of the
element set or subset 32 distributed over a sphere 33.
[0038] A propulsion system utilizing a gravitational wave generator
is shown in block diagram form in FIG. 8. As shown therein, the
propulsion system provides a gravitational wave generator 67
disposed with a vehicle housing 75. The generator includes a
particle-beam source 69 and nuclear-reaction chamber 72. The
rearward moving gravitational waves 62 exit the rear of the vehicle
propelling the vehicle in the desired direction of travel 74. The
target-mass energizable elements in the nuclear-reaction chamber 72
build up, by constructive interference or reinforcement, the
coherent GW 62 as exhibited in FIG. 4. The system of energizable
elements comprising the target emulates a more extensive mass
having a longer effective radius of gyration 10 exhibited in FIG.
1A and, therefore, stronger GW and more momentum to cause the
forward motion in the desired direction of travel 74. The
forward-propelling portion of the GW generated by the jerks
associated with the energization of the elements comprising the
target mass is not coherent. This GW portion is the result of the
smaller actual radii of gyration of each individual energizable
element. Thus weaker GW is generated and far less momentum is
carried away to counter the propulsion in the desired forward
direction of travel so that forward propulsion dominates.
[0039] The present invention relies upon the fact that the rapid
movement or jerk or oscillation of a mass or collection of
submicroscopic particles such as nuclei will produce a quadrupole
moment and generate useful high-frequency, for example, up to
TeraHertz (THz), GW. The device described herein accomplishes GW
generation in several ways based upon the interaction of energizing
and energizable submicroscopic particles.
[0040] In a preferred embodiment a collection of target nuclei or
target-beam particles are jerked or otherwise set in motion, for
example, harmonic oscillatory motion, in concert, in response to
the impact of a particle beam, which is a directed flow of
particles or waves that carries energy and information. The
particle beam moves with the same speed as the local speed of the
gravitational waves. According to Douglas Torr and Ning Li (1992),
Physical Review B, Volume 64, Number 9, p. 5489, if the target is a
superconductor, then the GW are estimated to be two orders of
magnitude slower than the speed of GW in a vacuum or the speed of
light. The target will exhibit an absorption thickness, that is, a
length over which many of the impacting particles interact with the
target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction whose collision
products move in a preferred direction resulting in a jerk or
oscillation.
[0041] The particle beam is composed of bunches of particles
generated in a cylindrical beam pipe, each bunch enters the target
material and interacts with a cylinder of target nuclei or target
beam particles, comprising the target mass, having a length that is
associated with the radius of gyration of the emulated target mass.
The results of the interaction, in addition to the jerk or
oscillation imparted to the target mass by nuclear reaction or
collision, include back-scattered particles 5, secondary electrons
6, sputtered particles, forward-scattered particles (channeling)
and recoil atoms as well as ion implantation.
[0042] The jerk-producing or oscillation-producing collisions
involve elastic (single Coulomb) and inelastic (bresstrahlung)
scattering impacts on nuclei and particles and sometimes result in
a nuclear reaction, the products of which move out in a preferred
direction based upon the alignment of the target 22. The particle
beam bunch's front edge strikes the nuclei or particles in the
cylindrical target-mass volume at a speed equal to the local GW
speed. As each nucleus or other particle-beam target is impacted
and is jerked or otherwise set in motion by the reaction to a
nuclear products emission or collision, it generates GW in the
direction of or normal to the beam's velocity and/or the alignment
direction at the target nuclei and the GW grows in amplitude and
emulates a large target mass having an effective radius of gyration
larger than that of any single energizable element.
[0043] The GW can also be generated in the direction normal to a
quadrupole (harmonic-oscillator) axis or in the direction of a
jerk, so that the particle-beam directed GW builds up or
accumulates and generates a coherent GW as the beam particles
progress through the target nuclei and thereby, emulates an
extensive target mass. According to Douglas Torr and Ning Li
(1993), Foundation of Physics Letters, Volume 6, Number 4, p. 371 "
. . . the lattice ions, . . . must execute coherent localized
motion consistent with the phenomenon of superconductivity." Thus,
a preferred embodiment is to have the target nuclei constrained in
a cylindrical superconductivity state. As the particle-beam bunch
moves down the cylinder of target nuclei, it strikes one target
nuclei after another, creating a GW and adding to the
forward-moving or radially-directed GW's amplitude as it progresses
in step with the bunch's particles in direction 22 thereby
emulating an extensive target mass. The particle-beam bunches are
modulated by a particle-emission and/or chopper-control computer to
impart information by modulating the generated GW. In addition,
since the GW can be slowed by virtue of passing through a medium
such as a superconductor (Torr and Li, op. cit. 1991) and,
therefore, refracted by it, as in a lens, the GW can be focused and
intensified.
[0044] In another embodiment, electron transfer dynamics between
incident particle-beam-gas molecule energizing elements, for
example, nitric oxide, NO and a metal target surface composed of
energizable elements such as Au (111) has been discussed by Yuhui
Huang et al. (2000), Science, Volume 290, No. 5489, pp. 111-114.
The large-amplitude vibrational motion associated with the
energizable target molecules in high vibrational states strongly
modulates the energy driving force of the energizing
electron-transfer reaction. In this regard, although not discussed
in any connection with GW generation, according to Huang, et al.
(ibid, p. 113), " . . . the multiquantum vibrational transfer
occurs on the subpicosecond time scale."
[0045] In order to accomplish experiments or communication with a
GW generation or transmitter device, it is necessary to detect or
receive GW. In this regard application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed
Jul. 14, 2000, describes such a detection device in which the
collector elements replace the energizable elements of the present
invention. The GW receiver is oriented in a direction from which
the GW is known to be generated. The GW can be focused on the
detection device by means of a refractive medium exhibiting a lense
shape, as shown in FIG. 2, in order to amplify the GW intensity.
Furthermore, since the GW frequency is also known, the collector
elements of the GW receiver can be interrogated, that is,
selectively connected by the control computer to an
information-processing device, in a sequence at the anticipated
incoming GW frequency. Thus, as the incoming GW pass through the
ensemble of the GW receiver's collector elements, utilizing
piezoelectric crystals, or capacitors, or strain gauges, or
transducers, or parametric transducers, or nanomachines, etc.,
these elements are interrogated at the anticipated time of passage
of the GW crest past them.
[0046] The uncertainty is in the determination of the GW phases.
Within, for example, a subpicosecond time resolution, all of the
possible GW phases (or times that the GW crest hits the leading
rows of collector elements) are initially swept through by the
control computer to establish the phase that correlates best with
the maximum amplitude of the received GW signal, that is, tuned to
the GW signal. After this initialization the GW phase is tracked
by, say, a Kalman filtering technique described on pp. 384-392 of
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (1967) Astrodynamics, Applications and
Advanced Topics, Academic Press, New York. The small voltages and
currents produced by some of the alternative collector elements can
be measured, for example, by a superconducting quantum interference
device (SQUID) using Josephson junctions (described in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,403,189) and/or by quantum non-demolition (QND) techniques
utilized in optics but applied to the problem of reducing
quantum-noise limitations for high-frequency GW. The QND technique
was first suggested by Vladimir Braginsky of the Moscow State
University and published by A. M. Smith (1978) in "Noise Reduction
in Optical Measurement Systems," IEE Proceedings, volume 125,
Number 10, pp. 935-941.
[0047] Referring again to application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed
Jul. 14, 2000, it describes collector elements that can detect GW
through the same conductors as are attached to the energizable
elements for GW generation and are connected by an Individual
Independently Programmable Coil System (IIPCS), a device that acts
as a transceiver. The IIPCS is more fully described in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,610,336. Such a control computer can connect the collector
elements together and interrogate them in a pattern that will
effectively sense GW incoming from a specific direction and, in
like fashion, it can connect the energizer elements and energize
them in a pattern that will effectively direct the radially or
linearly propagating GW or steer them in a specific direction. It
is valuable, therefore, both to scan for GW from a given set of
directions, and to steer GW in a given set of directions, that is,
to provide for directivity in both reception and transmission of
GW. The control computer, acting in concert with the
information-processing device, establishes a communications link
between a GW receiver and a GW transmitters or, alternatively,
between GW transceivers and establishes point to multipoint
communication.
[0048] The aforementioned directivity can be best illustrated by
FIG. 6. FIG. 6A exhibits a plan view of a typical section of an
array of elements or element sets or subsets, the elements with
indices 27, i, j, .phi..sub.k. .phi..sub.k represents the
directivity angle, measured relative to some arbitrary fixed
direction in space 30, of an individual element, either produced by
active element alignment (by being in an electromagnetic field, in
a superconducting state, spin polarized, etc.) or being an element
set or subset, or by connecting to a specific member of an
underlying stack of elements having the appropriate orientation
fixed, of which the figures shows only the top member. In this
latter case the i, j element stack may, for example, be 180 members
high, each member offset from the next by one degree (k=1 to 180)
in the three-dimensional ensemble of elements. The central or
control computer function is, therefore, a table look up of the
indices that should be "on" for a given directivity and also
located on the crest of the specific GW of interest (incoming or
outgoing). An "on" element is one that is interrogated (for
reception) or energized (for transmission).
[0049] In FIG. 6B the directivity angle to the preferred direction
22 is 180.degree.. The elements on the anticipated GW crest 25 of
interest of the GW 21 are communicated to collectors and
interrogated (detection mode) or energized (generation mode). The
prior locations of the GW crests 61 are behind the crest 25. In
FIG. 6C the directivity angle is 135.degree., and the future
locations of the crests 60 are in front of the crest 25. In FIG. 6D
the directivity angle is 90.degree., in FIG. 6E it is 45.degree.,
and in FIG. 6F it is 0.degree.. A coordinate rotation will afford
directivity in three dimensions. In this latter regard, the
elements could be arrays of elements or element sets or subsets and
those arrays could be spherically isotropic in their activity as
either collectors or energizable elements. In one embodiment, the
element sets or subsets consist of piezoelectric crystals in a
spherical configuration or array. Thus, GW can be sensed or
generated in any direction. In this case, the piezoelectric
crystals would be spread out evenly over the surface of a sphere 33
exhibited in FIG. 7. In a preferred embodiment each element would
consist of a spherical piezoelectric crystal 33 with electrodes 31
spread out evenly over its surface and interrogated or energized in
opposite pairs to achieve directivity in detection or generation of
GW.
[0050] FIG. 7 illustrates the sphere 33 and the elements 31
(collectors or energizable) comprising the element sets or subsets.
A typical member of this element set or subset, 32, has its
directivity angles .alpha..sub.k and .delta..sub.k for the k.sup.th
member of the element sets or subsets defined by the notation
.phi..sub.k (.alpha..sub.k, .delta..sub.k). In one embodiment, the
elements are piezoelectric crystals. In a preferred embodiment the
elements are electrodes 31 attached to the surface 33 of a single,
spherical piezoelectric crystal. Thus the propagation of the GW can
be steered as opposite pairs of the electrodes are energized and
detected from specific directions as the opposite pairs of
electrodes, acting as collectors, are interrogated. Collectively
the myriad of such spherical piezoelectric crystals can generate or
detect a coherent GW by energizing or interrogating them in an
appropriate pattern or sequence as illustrated in FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D,
6E, and 6F.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
[0051] The specific relationship for GW generation by energizing
elements, such as particle-beam particles, colliding with
energizable elements, such as aligned target nuclei, will be an
outcome of the use of the present invention described herein. To
better understand that relationship, it is helpful to refer to the
standard quadrupole approximation, Eq. (110.16), p. 355 of L. C.
Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The Classical Theory of Fields, Fourth
Revised English Edition, Pergamon Press, 1975 or Eq. (1), p. 463 of
J. P. Ostriker, ("Astrophysical Source of Gravitational Radiation"
in Sources of Gravitational Radiation, Edited by L. L. Smarr,
Cambridge University Press, 1979) which gives the GW radiated power
(watts) as
P=-dE/dt=-(G/45c.sup.5)(d.sup.3D.sub.d.beta./.sub.dt.sup.3).sup.2
[watts] (1)
[0052] where
[0053] E=energy [joules],
[0054] t=time [s],
[0055] G=6.67423.times.10-.sup.11 [m.sup.3/kg-s.sup.2] (universal
gravitational constant, not the Einstein tensor),
[0056] c=3.times.10.sup.8 [m/s] (the speed of light), and
D.sub.d.beta.[kg-m.sup.2] is the quadrupole moment-of-inertia
tensor of the mass of the target particles, and the .delta. and
.beta. subscripts signify the tensor components and directions.
[0057] Equation (1) can also be expressed as:
P=-GK.sub.I3dot(d.sup.3I/dt.sup.3).sup.2/5(c/2).sup.2 [watts]
(2)
[0058] where I=.SIGMA.mr.sup.2 [kg-m.sup.2], the moment of
inertia,
[0059] .SIGMA.m=sum of the masses of the individual target nuclei
that are impacted by the particle beam, expel nuclear-reaction
products, and caused to jerk or recoil in unison, [kg], (or, at
least jerk or oscillate as the forward-moving GW front moves
by),
[0060] r=the effective radius of gyrations of the ensemble of
target nuclei that constitute the target mass [m], and
K.sub.IBdot=a dimensionless constant or function to be established
by experiment.
[0061] The third derivative of the moment of inertia is
d.sup.3I/dt.sup.3=.SIGMA.md.sup.3r.sup.2/dt.sup.3=2r.SIGMA.md.sup.3r/dt.su-
p.3+ . . . (3)
[0062] and d.sup.3r/dt.sup.3 is computed by noting that
2r.SIGMA.md.sup.2r/dt.sup.2=n2r.function..sub.n [N-m] (equation of
motion) (4)
[0063] where n is the number of beam particles, which interact with
target nuclei to emit nuclear-reaction products, and
.function..sub.n is the nuclear reactive force on a given target
nuclei caused by the release of nuclear-reaction products. The
third derivative is approximated by
d.sup.3I/dt.sup.3.congruent.n2r.DELTA..function..sub.n/.DELTA.t
(5)
[0064] in which .DELTA..function..sub.n is the nearly instantaneous
increase in the force on the ensemble of nuclei caused by the
release of nuclear-reaction products or the collision impulse over
the brief time interval, .DELTA.t. The .DELTA.t is the
nuclear-reaction time for a typical individual collision, taken
here to be 10.sup.-12 [s]. We will also take, for convenience of
calculation, the time between emission of particle bunches also to
be .DELTA.t. Thus the chopping frequency would be one TH.sub.z.
[0065] As a bunch of beam particles strike the target nuclei
material, the particles impact on the target nuclei, with, for
example, 10% of them causing a nuclear reaction. In this regard,
the characteristic length (or radius of gyration, r) of the target
mass could be considered to be the thickness of the target mass or
the distance that the particle-beam bunch moves at local GW speed
before the number of particles in a given bunch is reduced by half
or by some other measure of the effective radius of gyration of the
target mass as the ensemble of energized particles comprising the
target mass move in concert at local GW speed and emulate a
cohesive target mass. The target nuclei are held in place by
intermolecular forces that propagate at the local sound speed, that
is, during the .DELTA.t interval while the beam particles interact
with the target nuclei and create aligned nuclear-reaction
products, the particles move at a distance v.DELTA.t, where v is
the particle speed that is made equal to the local GW speed,
V.sub.GW, but the nuclei move more slowly and influence one another
at sound speed. Thus, alternative characteristic lengths could be
either v.DELTA.t or the distance local sound travels in .DELTA.t or
the length of the target-mass cylinder, or the absorption
thickness, etc. For the numerical example we will choose r=1
[cm]=0.01 [m] and the beam itself to have a cross-sectional area of
one square centimeter. Thus for the numerical example the target
mass is a cube one centimeter on a side and the generated GW rings
from harmonic oscillation that move out in a plate or slab one
centimeter thick.
[0066] With K.sub.I3dot=1, as in the case of the GW radiated by the
centrifugal-force jerk of a spinning rod, from Eq. (1), p. 90 of
Joseph Weber (1964), "Gravitational Waves" in Gravitation and
Relativity, Chapter 5, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York and
Introducing Eq. (5), Eq. (2) becomes
P=1.76.times.10.sup.-52(n2r.DELTA..function..sub.n/.DELTA.t).sup.2
[watts]. (6)
[0067] The number of particles in a typical bunch is estimated to
be approximately that of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) or
4.times.10" particles. It is estimated that 10% of the particles
impact target nuclei and result in nuclear reaction (that is, a 10%
harvest), so n=4.times.10.sup.10. Inserting these numbers into Eq.
(6) we have
P=1.76410.sup.-52(4.times.10.sup.9.times.2.times.0.01.DELTA..function..sub-
.n/.DELTA.t).sup.2 [watts] (7)
[0068] and, subject to further verification as to the mass defect
and impulsive nuclear force, that is verification of the magnitude
of the jerk, we take .DELTA..function..sub.n=1.times.10.sup.-6 [N]
and .DELTA.t=10.sup.-12 [s] resulting in
P=1.13.times.10.sup.-22 [watts].
[0069] The reference area is either the rim of a disk one
centimeter thick and one centimeter in diameter or
3.14.times.10.sup.-4 [m.sup.2] for a GW flux of
3.6.times.10.sup.-19 [watts/m.sup.2] for a harmonic oscillation or
one square centimeter for a linear jerk leading to a GW flux of
1.13.times.10.sup.-18 [watts/m.sup.2]. A lens system composed of a
media in which the GW is slowed (such as a superconducting media)
could concentrate or focus the GW from, say, a one square
centimeter, to (10 [micrometer]).sup.2 for an increase in GW flux
of 10.sup.6 to 1.13.times.10.sup.-12 [watts/m.sup.2]. Note that in
the refraction medium the GW wavelength is significantly smaller
than 10 [micrometers] at THz frequencies, so that GW diffraction,
if present, is not very significant. All of the foregoing
quadrupole equations are approximations to P. Due to the slowness
of the GW, one hundredth of light speed, the GW wavelength in the
superconducting target is about .lambda..sub.GW
0.01c.DELTA.t=3.times.10.sup.6.times.10.sup.-12=3.times.10.sup.-6
[m], but still larger than the radius of the target nuclei, beam
particles, or nuclear-reaction products, or r, so
.lambda..sub.GW>>r and also due to the slow propagation
speed, all speeds<<c. Thus the quadrupole approximation is
good, but still K.sub.I3dot will be further refined as will the
harvest and other details of the energizing and jerk-producing or
harmonic-oscillation-producing mechanism of the invention such as
.DELTA.f.sub.n and .DELTA.t. In fact, as noted by C. W. Misner, K.
S. Thorne, and J. A. Wheeler in Gravitation (1973), W. H. Freeman
and Company, New York, p. 989, Eq. (1) is " . . . perhaps
approximately (valid) for fast-moving or strong field sources."
[0070] Analysis of Binary Pulsar PSR 1913+16
[0071] As discussed in the Prior application Ser. No. 09/616,683,
since binary pulsar PSR 1913+16 represents the only experimental
confirmation of GW, the features and advantages of the present
invention will be better understood by a further analysis of this
double-star system. According to Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., p. 3 of
"Preliminary Tests of Fundamental Concepts Associated with
Gravitational-wave Spacecraft Propulsion," Paper No. 2000-5250 in
the CD-ROM proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics Space 2000 Conference and Exposition, AIAA Dispatch:
dispatch@lhl.lib.mo.us, or www.aiaa.org/publications, Sep. 19-21,
2000, the double star exhibits a mass of m=2.05.times.10.sup.30
[kg], a semi-major axis, a, of 2.05.times.10.sup.9 [m], and a mean
motion, n (or .omega.) of 2.25.times.10.sup.-4 [radians/s]. The
average centrifugal force component or force-vector component
subject to change during the star-pair's orbit, .DELTA.f.sub.cfx,y,
is
[0072]
man.sup.2=(5.56.times.10.sup.30)(2.05.times.10.sup.9)(2.25.times.10-
.sup.-4).sup.2=5.77.times.10.sup.32 [N]. (8)
[0073]
[0074] From Eq. (1), p. 90 of Joseph Weber, (op cit, 1964) and from
Eq. (2) herein one has for Einstein's formulation (1918,
Sitzungsberichte, Preussische Akademi der Wisserschaften, p. 154)
of the gravitational-wave (GW) radiated power of a rod spinning
about an axis through its midpoint, having a time-constant moment
of inertia, I [kg-m.sup.2], and an angular rate, .omega.
[radians/s]:
P=-32GI.sup.2.omega..sup.6/5c.sup.5=-G(I.omega..sup.3).sup.2/5(c/2).sup.5
[watts] (9)
[0075] or
P=-1.76.times.10.sup.-52(I.omega..sup.3).sup.2=-1.76.times.10.sup.-52(r[rm-
.omega..sup.2].omega.).sup.2 (10)
[0076] where [rm.omega..sup.2].sup.2 can be associated with the
square of the magnitude of the rod's centrifugal-force vector,
f.sub.cf, for a rod of mass, m, and radius of gyration, r. This
vector reverses every half period at twice the angular rate of the
rod (and a component's magnitude squared completes one complete
period in half the rod's period). Thus the GW frequency is 2.omega.
and the time-rate-of-change of the magnitude of, say, the
x-component of the centrifugal force, f.sub.cfx is
.DELTA.f.sub.cfx/.DELTA.t.varies.2f.sub.cfx.omega.. (11)
[0077] (Note that frequency, .upsilon.=.omega./2.pi..) The change
in the centrifugal-force vector itself (called a "jerk" when
divided by a time interval) is a differential vector at right
angles to f.sub.cf and directed tangentially along the arc that the
dumbbell or rod moves through. As previously mentioned, Equation
(9) is an approximation and only holds accurately for
r<<.lambda..sub.GW (wave length of the GW) and for speeds of
the GW generator far less than c (the speed of light).
[0078] Equation (9) is the same equation as that given for two
bodies on a circular orbit (also exhibiting a time-constant moment
of inertia) on p. 356 of Landau and Lifshitz, op cit, 1975,
(I=.mu.r.sup.2 in their notation) where .omega.=n, the orbital mean
motion.
[0079] As a validation of the use of a jerk to estimate
gravitational-wave power, let us utilize the jerk approach for
computing the gravitational-radiation power of PSR1913+16. We
computed in Equation (8) that each of the components of force
change, .DELTA.f.sub.cfx,y=5.77.time- s.10.sup.32 [N] (multiplied
by two since the centrifugal force reverses its direction each half
period) and .DELTA.t=(1/2)(7.75 hr.times.60 min.times.60
sec)=1.395.times.10.sup.4 [s]. Thus using the jerk approach:
P=-1.76.times.10.sup.-52{(2r.DELTA.f.sub.cfx/.DELTA.t).sup.2+(2r.DELTA.f.s-
ub.cfy/.DELTA.t).sup.2}=-1.76.times.10.sup.-52(2.times.2.05.times.10.sup.9-
.times.5.77.times.10.sup.32/1.395.times.10.sup.4).sup.2.times.2=-10.1.time-
s.10.sup.24 [watts] (12)
[0080] versus -9.78.times.10.sup.24 [watts] using Landau and
Lifshitz's (op cit, 1975, p. 356) more exact formulation given by
the analyses of Baker (op cit, 2000, p. 4) integrating using (more
correctly) the mean anomaly, not the true anomaly. The closeness of
the agreement is, of course, fortuitous since due to orbital
eccentricity there is no symmetry among the .DELTA.f.sub.cfx,y
components around the orbit. Nevertheless, the value of the jerk
approach is well demonstrated!
APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION TO COSMOLOGY
[0081] Since the present invention produces waves or ripples in the
conjectured spacetimeuniverse (STU) continuum or fabric (see U.S.
Pat. No. 6,160,336), it can be used to explore cosmological
conjectures and theories. According to a thumbnail sketch of
Einstein's theory of general relativity, time and space disappear
with material things. That is, matter (stars to atomic nuclei) are
inseparably connected to time and space and vice versa. "Things"
are all but hills, valleys, and holes in the fabric of Einstein's
spacetime.
[0082] It is conjectured that the equivalence of inertial and
attractive mass and the unification of all forces, gravitational,
centrifugal, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc. is that they are all
simply undulations in the multidimensional STU fabric. We may
consider a centrifugal force field to be a gravitational force
field and elastic, thrust, drag, etc., force fields to be
electromagnetic in origin. Thus force is a property of STU and vice
versa. Such a concept is similar to that expressed by Schrodinger
in 1946 (reported in Denis Brian's Einstein a life, 1996, John
Wiley & Sons, p. 351) in his theory that " . . . purely wave
theory, in which the structure of space-time would yield
gravitation, electromagnetism, and even a classical analog of
strong nuclear (forces)". In fact, the term "gravitational waves"
could be replaced by the term "force waves" or "inertia waves"
since it is the change in force, any force or attraction, or jerk
of an inertial mass that results in the waves or ripples in the STU
fabric.
[0083] Gravitational waves are related directly to an inertial mass
in motion (caused by either a change in attraction or force--a jerk
or harmonic oscillation) and not directly related to a
gravitational field. In this regard, the wave/particles for such a
force wave are proposed to be defined as "forceons" or "massons".
Such wave/particles would be analogous to photons associated with
electromagnetic waves, gravitons associated with gravitational
attraction, and gluons associated with strong nuclear forces. For
historical reasons the term gravitational waves should be retained,
whereas to avoid confusion with gravitons and the erroneous
association of GW exclusively with gravitational attraction the
term forceons or massons should be coined. (A less attractive term,
"jerkons" should be avoided even though it is a jerk that creates
the GW.)
[0084] There is a fundamental difference between photons,
gravitons, gluons, etc., and forceons or massons. The former are
manifested by the curvature of the multidimensional STU fabric
created by the attractions or forces associated with charge, mass,
nuclear particles, etc. (all conjectured to be similar to gravity,
that is, not really "forces", but motion along convergent or
divergent geodesics in the multidimensional STU), whereas the
latter is manifested by the rapid changes in the forces or jerk
associated with the former--like cracking a whip of STU to produce
ripples in the STU fabric. Thus all the properties of
wave/particles, like diffraction, may not be present in the
forceons or massons.
[0085] Continuing with the thumb-nail-sketch conjectures of the STU
continuum at the most elementary level, the equivalence of the
inability to define position and velocity simultaneously and the
inherent uncertainty in position and velocity is simply a
reflection of the fact that you can't "see" the entire STU panorama
from any one single vantage point. Thus there can be complete
determinism, cause and effect can prevail, and "God does not have
to play dice", because everything is in the STU fabric, for
example, in different universes at different times everything
cannot be "seen". A "line" cannot connect "points" in the STU
fabric, but the "points" are still there and their "motion" on the
fabric is predictable; but, unfortunately, they can't be "seen" or
predicted simultaneously. The more conventional spacetime continuum
is embedded in the multidimensional STU, which is a
multidimensional manifold.
[0086] As far as quantum mechanics is concerned, the detailed
surface of the STU fabric can be thought of as ribbed or like
steps--essentially quantum steps. According to this conjecture the
intractable frontier between " . . . a smooth spacial geometry . .
. " and " . . . the violent fluctuations of the quantum world on
short distances . . . the roiling frenzy of quantum foam." (Brian
Greene, 1999, the elegant universe, Norton, New York, p. 129) is
nothing more or less than the interface between osculating
universes on small scales in which entities shift back and forth at
will--actually smooth transitions with mass/energy and momentum
conserved and entropy constant. Thus the measurement of the
fundamental constants in a given universe are subject to a very
small variation depending upon "where" (or "when") they are
measured.
[0087] In this regard, "where" has a more global meaning. In the
STU "where" is similar to position in conventional space (but a
continuum of dimensions). On the other hand "where and what" are
time-like universe dimensions. In "our" universe its simply
"time-when." These extremely simplified general cosmological
conjectures would require very complicated mathematics in order to
obtain quantitative results and make them more than just
superficial fantasies. Thus the present invention would be useful
in obtaining experimental insights concerning the foregoing
conjectures and confirmation of quantitative cosmological theories
and predictions. Also the receiver aspect of the invention, as it
relates to the detection of high-frequency GW, would be useful in
studying the "Big Bang" information imprinted on GW background
between 10.sup.-25 and 10.sup.-12 [s] after its start.
* * * * *
References