U.S. patent number RE47,304 [Application Number 15/693,226] was granted by the patent office on 2019-03-19 for nozzle arrangement and method of making the same.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation. The grantee listed for this patent is Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation. Invention is credited to Timothy R. Conners, Preston A. Henne, Donald C. Howe.
United States Patent |
RE47,304 |
Conners , et al. |
March 19, 2019 |
Nozzle arrangement and method of making the same
Abstract
A nozzle arrangement is disclosed herein for use with a
supersonic jet engine that is configured to produce a plume of
exhaust gases. The nozzle arrangement includes, but is not limited
to, a nozzle having a trailing edge and a plug body partially
positioned within the nozzle. The plug body has an expansion
surface and a compression surface downstream of the expansion
surface. A protruding portion of the plug body extends downstream
of the trailing edge for a length greater than a conventional plug
body length. The plug body is configured to shape the exhaust gases
to flow substantially parallel to a free stream of air flowing off
of the trailing edge of the nozzle and to cause the plume of
exhaust gases to isentropically turn the free stream of air to move
in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plug
body.
Inventors: |
Conners; Timothy R. (Tucson,
AZ), Henne; Preston A. (Savannah, GA), Howe; Donald
C. (Savannah, GA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation |
Savannah |
GA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Gulfstream Aerospace
Corporation (Savannah, GA)
|
Family
ID: |
56235507 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/693,226 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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61525604 |
Aug 19, 2011 |
|
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Reissue of: |
13541495 |
Jul 3, 2012 |
9121369 |
Sep 1, 2015 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02K
3/02 (20130101); F02C 7/00 (20130101); F02C
7/04 (20130101); F02K 7/10 (20130101); F02K
3/02 (20130101); F02K 7/16 (20130101); F02K
1/04 (20130101); F02K 1/34 (20130101); F02C
7/045 (20130101); F02K 7/20 (20130101); F02K
7/00 (20130101); F02K 1/46 (20130101); B64D
33/02 (20130101); F02C 7/04 (20130101); F02K
1/04 (20130101); F02K 1/46 (20130101); B64D
33/02 (20130101); Y10T 137/0536 (20150401); F05D
2260/96 (20130101); F05D 2220/80 (20130101); B64D
2033/0286 (20130101); B64D 2033/026 (20130101); F05D
2250/70 (20130101); F05D 2210/12 (20130101); F05D
2230/60 (20130101); F05D 2220/323 (20130101); Y10T
29/49346 (20150115); B64D 2033/0273 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02K
1/46 (20060101); F02C 7/04 (20060101); F02K
1/04 (20060101); B64D 33/02 (20060101); F02K
3/02 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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2851228 |
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Apr 2016 |
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CA |
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101384486 |
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Mar 2009 |
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CN |
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1751698 |
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Sep 1957 |
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DE |
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977380 |
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Apr 1966 |
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DE |
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2001140697 |
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May 2001 |
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JP |
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2002226907 |
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Aug 2002 |
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JP |
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2003294504 |
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Oct 2003 |
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JP |
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WO 2009055041 |
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Apr 2009 |
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WO |
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2013062664 |
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May 2013 |
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WO |
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Other References
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Primary Examiner: Dawson; Glenn K
Attorney, Agent or Firm: LKGlobal | Lorenz & Kopf,
LLP
Parent Case Text
This application .Iadd.is a reissue application of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/541,495, filed 3 Jul. 2012 (now U.S. Pat.
No. 9,121,369), which .Iaddend.claims priority to previously filed
U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/525,604, filed Aug. 19,
2011, and entitled "Shaped Streamtube Nacelle For Reduced Sonic
Boom Strength" which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in
its entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A nozzle arrangement for use with a supersonic jet engine
configured to produce a plume of exhaust gases when the supersonic
jet engine is operating at a predetermined power setting and moving
at a predetermined Mach speed, the nozzle arrangement comprising: a
nozzle configured to exhaust the plume of exhaust gases, the nozzle
having a trailing edge; and a plug body partially positioned within
the nozzle .[.and coaxially aligned with the nozzle.]., the plug
body having an expansion surface and a compression surface
downstream of the expansion surface, a protruding portion of the
plug body extending downstream of the trailing edge, the protruding
portion of the plug body having a concave surface proximate a
terminus of the plug body, the plug body having contours and
dimensions configured to shape the plume of exhaust gases such that
the plume of exhaust gases flows substantially parallel to a
direction of a free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge
of the nozzle proximate the trailing edge of the nozzle when the
supersonic jet engine is operating at the predetermined power
setting and moving at the predetermined Mach speed and has further
contours and dimensions that are configured to cause the plume of
exhaust gases to isentropically turn the free stream of air flowing
off of the trailing edge of the nozzle at a location downstream of
the trailing edge of the nozzle such that the free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge moves in a direction parallel to a
longitudinal axis of the plug body when the supersonic jet engine
is operating at the predetermined power setting and moving at the
predetermined Mach speed.
2. The nozzle arrangement of claim 1, wherein the compression
surface comprises an isentropic compression surface.
3. The nozzle arrangement of claim 1, wherein a portion of the
expansion surface is upstream of the trailing edge of the
nozzle.
4. The nozzle arrangement of claim 1, wherein the plug body is
configured to cause the plume of exhaust gases to isentropically
turn the free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge of the
nozzle to the direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
plug body at a location downstream of a trailing edge of the plug
body.
5. The nozzle arrangement of claim 1, wherein the trailing edge of
the nozzle is substantially axisymmetric and wherein the trailing
edge of the nozzle and the expansion surface of the plug body
define an annular outlet of the nozzle.
6. The nozzle arrangement of claim 1, wherein the expansion surface
and the compression surface are contiguous with one another.
7. The nozzle arrangement of claim 6, wherein a surface of the plug
body is devoid of discrete discontinuities in a region where the
expansion surface transitions into the compression surface.
8. A nozzle arrangement for use with a supersonic jet engine
configured to produce a plume of exhaust gases when the supersonic
jet engine is operating at a predetermined power setting and moving
at a predetermined Mach speed, the nozzle arrangement comprising: a
nozzle configured to exhaust the plume of exhaust gases, the nozzle
having a trailing edge; a plug body partially positioned within the
nozzle .[.and coaxially aligned with the nozzle.].; and a bypass
wall disposed between the nozzle and the plug body configured to
direct a bypass airflow out of the nozzle, the plug body having an
expansion surface and a compression surface downstream of the
expansion surface, a protruding portion of the plug body extending
downstream of the trailing edge, the protruding portion of the plug
body having a concave surface proximate a terminus of the plug
body, the plug body having contours and dimensions configured to
shape the plume of exhaust gases and the bypass airflow such that
the plume of exhaust gases and the bypass airflow flow
substantially parallel to a direction of a free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle proximate the
trailing edge of the nozzle when the supersonic jet engine is
operating at the predetermined power setting and moving at the
predetermined Mach speed and has further contours and dimensions
that are configured to cause the plume of exhaust gases and the
bypass airflow to isentropically turn the free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle at a location
downstream of the trailing edge of the nozzle such that the free
stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge moves in a direction
parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plug body when the
supersonic jet engine is operating at the predetermined power
setting and moving at the predetermined Mach speed.
9. The nozzle arrangement of claim 8, wherein the compression
surface comprises an isentropic compression surface.
10. The nozzle arrangement of claim 8, wherein a portion of the
expansion surface is upstream of the trailing edge of the
nozzle.
11. The nozzle arrangement of claim 8, wherein the plug body is
configured to cause the plume of exhaust gases and the bypass
airflow to isentropically turn the free stream of air flowing off
of the trailing edge of the nozzle to the direction parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the plug body at a location downstream of a
trailing edge of the plug body.
12. The nozzle arrangement of claim 8, wherein the trailing edge of
the nozzle is substantially axisymmetric and wherein the trailing
edge of the nozzle and the expansion surface of the plug body
define an annular outlet of the nozzle.
13. The nozzle arrangement of claim 8, wherein the expansion
surface and the compression surface are contiguous with one
another.
14. The nozzle arrangement of claim 13, wherein a surface of the
plug body is devoid of discrete discontinuities in a region where
the expansion surface transitions into the compression surface.
15. A method of making a nozzle arrangement for use with a
supersonic jet engine configured to produce a plume of exhaust
gases when the supersonic jet engine is operating at a
predetermined power setting and moving at a predetermined Mach
speed, the .[.nozzle arrangement.]. .Iadd.method
.Iaddend.comprising: providing a nozzle configured to exhaust the
plume of exhaust gases, the nozzle having a trailing edge, and a
plug body having an expansion surface and a compression surface
downstream the expansion surface; positioning the plug body with
respect to the nozzle such that the plug body is partially
positioned within the nozzle .[.and coaxially aligned therewith
and.]. such that a protruding portion of the plug body extends
downstream of the trailing edge, wherein the protruding portion of
the plug body has a concave surface proximate a terminus of the
plug body, wherein the plug body has contours and dimensions
configured to shape the plume of exhaust gases such that the plume
of exhaust gases flows substantially parallel to a direction of a
free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle
proximate the trailing edge of the nozzle when the supersonic jet
engine is operating at the predetermined power setting and moving
at the predetermined Mach speed, and wherein the plug body has
further contours and dimensions that are configured to cause the
plume of exhaust gases to isentropically turn the free stream of
air flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle at a location
downstream of the trailing edge of the nozzle such that the free
stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge moves in a direction
parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plug body when the
supersonic jet engine is operating at the predetermined power
setting and moving at the predetermined Mach speed.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein providing the plug body having
.Iadd.an expansion surface and a .Iaddend.compression surface
.Iadd.downstream of the expansion surface .Iaddend.comprises
providing .Iadd.a .Iaddend.plug body wherein the compression
surface is an isentropic compression surface.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein providing the plug body having
.Iadd.an .Iaddend.expansion surface and .[.the.]. .Iadd.a
.Iaddend.compression surface .Iadd.downstream of the expansion
surface .Iaddend.comprises providing .Iadd.a .Iaddend.plug body
wherein the expansion surface is contiguous with .Iadd.the
.Iaddend.compression surface.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein providing the plug body
.[.having.]. .Iadd.wherein the .Iaddend.expansion surface
.[.that.]. is contiguous with the compression surface comprises
providing .Iadd.a .Iaddend.plug body .[.wherein the plug body
lacks.]. .Iadd.lacking .Iaddend.any discrete discontinuities
between the expansion surface and the compression surface.
19. A method of making a nozzle arrangement for use with a
supersonic jet engine configured to produce a plume of exhaust
gases when the supersonic jet engine is operating at a
predetermined power setting and moving at a predetermined Mach
speed, the .[.nozzle arrangement.]. .Iadd.method
.Iaddend.comprising: providing a nozzle configured to exhaust the
plume of exhaust gases, the nozzle having a trailing edge, and a
plug body having an expansion surface and a compression surface
downstream the expansion surface; positioning the plug body with
respect to the nozzle such that the plug body is partially
positioned within the nozzle .[.and coaxially aligned therewith
and.]. such that a protruding portion of the plug body extends
downstream of the trailing edge; providing a bypass wall and
positioning the bypass wall between the nozzle and the plug body,
wherein the protruding portion of the plug body has a concave
surface proximate a terminus of the plug body, wherein the plug
body has contours and dimensions configured to shape the plume of
exhaust gases and a bypass flow such that the plume of exhaust
gases and the bypass flow both flow substantially parallel to a
direction of a free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge
of the nozzle proximate the trailing edge of the nozzle when the
supersonic jet engine is operating at the predetermined power
setting and moving at the predetermined Mach speed, and wherein the
plug body has further contours and dimensions that are configured
to cause the plume of exhaust gases and the bypass flow to
isentropically turn the free stream of air flowing off of the
trailing edge of the nozzle at a location downstream of the
trailing edge of the nozzle such that the free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge moves in a direction parallel to a
longitudinal axis of the plug body when the supersonic jet engine
is operating at the predetermined power setting and moving at the
predetermined Mach speed.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention generally relates to aircraft and more
particularly relates to nozzle arrangements and methods of making
nozzle arrangements for use with supersonic jet engines.
BACKGROUND
Acoustic disturbances produced at supersonic flight speed by a
propulsion system's nacelle cowling surface, along with those from
the aerodynamic boundary surfaces of the inlet's captured stream
tube and the jet plume exhaust from the nozzle, all influence the
perceived loudness of an aircraft's sonic boom. A
traditionally-designed nacelle produces numerous shocks that
ultimately coalesce into the vehicle's overall sonic boom
footprint. The challenge in attenuating the strength of these shock
features lays in the inherent difficulty of rerouting flow
streamlines in a supersonic flowfield without producing a discrete
disturbance.
Spillage is an inlet characteristic that contributes strongly to
sonic boom strength. Spillage is excess flow that is unusable by
the propulsion system and naturally diverted (`spilled`) around the
sides of the intake through the inlet compression field. In a
typical design, spillage occurs through the terminal shock, the
only physical mechanism that can do so in a typical inlet design.
The more spillage required, due for instance to off-design engine
operation, the stronger the inlet's terminal shock automatically
becomes, and the more detrimental the influence on sonic boom.
Because it is a shock, this feature is discrete, overlaying an
impulse into the vehicle's acoustic field. And because of its
discrete nature, an impulse feature is difficult to attenuate or
cancel using other low sonic-boom design techniques.
The angling of the cowling surface in the stream-wise direction at
both the intake and nozzle exit contribute to sonic boom strength
as does cowl blistering or bulging used to fit the nacelle around
engine protuberances such as a gearbox. Intake cowl angle and
nacelle bulging create blockage features to oncoming supersonic
flow that generate compression shocks. In addition, the cowling
angle at the nozzle exit, along with the downstream surfaces of any
cowl bulging, produce expansion fans that tend to readapt to the
local flowfield through compression shocks.
Finally, in a typical design, the exhaust jet plume itself
aggravates the local acoustic field by generating strong
compression shock and expansion-reshock features along its shear
surface through flow-angle mismatch with the nacelle cowling and
mal-adaption of the exhaust outflow pressure to the exit area of
the nozzle. Off-design engine operation further aggravates this
flow-angle and pressure mismatch. These issues are illustrated in
FIGS. 1-3 which depict a conventional supersonic jet engine.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a prior art supersonic jet engine
20 having an inlet arrangement 22 and a nozzle arrangement 24
configured for operation at a predetermined Mach speed. Inlet
arrangement 22 includes a cowl 26 and a center body 28. Center body
28 is coaxially aligned with cowl 26. Cowl 26 includes a cowl lip
30 and center body 28 includes a compression surface 32 and an apex
34 (also referred to as a "leading edge"). Cowl lip 30 and
compression surface 32 together define an inlet 36 which admits air
to turbo machinery 38.
A protruding portion 38 (also known as a "spike") of center body 28
extends forward of cowl lip 30 by a distance L.sub.1. A supersonic
airflow (not shown) approaching prior art supersonic jet engine 20
will encounter protruding portion 38 prior to entering inlet 36.
The supersonic flow will initially encounter apex 34 resulting in
an initial shock (not shown) that will extend in a rearward
direction at an oblique angle that corresponds to, among other
factors, the Mach speed at which prior art supersonic jet engine 20
is traveling. Conventionally, it is desirable to give protruding
portion 38 a length that will result in an initial shock that
extends from apex 34 to cowl lip 30 when the aircraft is moving at
a predetermined Mach speed (also known as a "design speed" or a
"cruise speed"). The length of a protruding portion that causes the
initial shock to extend from apex 34 to cowl lip 30 when the
aircraft is moving at the predetermined Mach speed will be referred
to herein as a "conventional spike length".
Nozzle arrangement 24 includes a nozzle 40 having a trailing edge
42. Nozzle arrangement 24 further includes a plug body 44 having a
surface. Trailing edge 42 and surface 46 define an outlet 48. Plug
body 44 is configured to control the expansion of the exhaust gases
(referred to herein as the "exhaust plume") exhausted from turbo
machinery 38 during operation of prior art supersonic jet engine
20. As the exhaust plume travels downstream along plug body 44,
plug body 44 has a continually decreasing diameter which provides
space to accommodate the expanding gases of the exhaust plume. The
ability of plug body 44 to control the expansion of exhaust gases
of the exhaust plume ends at a trailing end 50 of plug body 44. At
a point downstream of trailing end 50, the exhaust gasses of the
exhaust plume will become fully expanded.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a protruding portion 52 of plug body 44
extends beyond trailing edge 42 of cowl 40 by a distance L.sub.2.
As is known in the art, the length L.sub.2 is selected by engine
designers to correspond with a point of intersection of Mach lines
propagating off an internal surface of trailing edge 42 when the
prior art supersonic jet engine 20 is operated at a power setting
that corresponds with the predetermined Mach number. The length of
a protruding portion that corresponds with the intersection point
of the Mach lines propagating off of an internal surface of
trailing edge 42 will be referred to herein as a "conventional plug
body length".
FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art supersonic jet engine 20 traveling
at the predetermined Mach speed. As prior art supersonic jet engine
20 travels down range, a free stream 52 of air approaches
protruding portion 38. A portion of free stream 52 has been
illustrated in phantom lines as forming a stream tube 54. Stream
tube 54 has a diameter that corresponds with a diameter at cowl lip
30 and has a length that corresponds with a discrete period of time
of operation of turbo machinery 38. All of the air within stream
tube 54 will have some interaction with inlet arrangement 22--a
portion of air within stream tube 54 will enter inlet 36 and the
remaining portion of air will be spilled out of inlet 36.
Interaction between free stream 52 and apex 34 gives rise to
initial shock 56. Interaction of free stream 52 with cowl lip 30
gives rise to a terminal shock 58 that propagates inwardly towards
compression surface 32. Interaction of free stream 52 with cowl lip
30 also gives rise to a cowl shock 60 that propagates outwardly
from prior art supersonic jet engine 20. The strength of cowl shock
60 corresponds, in part, with the angle at which cowl lip 30 is
canted with respect to the horizon. The greater the angle, the
stronger will be cowl shock 60.
Prior art supersonic jet engine 20 is configured to consume air at
a predetermined mass flow rate while traveling down range at the
predetermined Mach speed. As supersonic jet engine 20 moves down
range, it will consume a smaller volume of air than is available in
stream tube 54. Accordingly, a portion of the air within stream
tube 54 will enter inlet 36 and a portion of the air within stream
tube 54 will be spilled ("excess air"). The excess air within
stream tube 54 must move in a direction that is radially outward
with respect to inlet 36 in order to spill. However, the excess air
cannot move out of the way of the approaching inlet 36 until after
the excess air has passed through terminal shock 58. This is
because the pressure disturbances arising out of the movement of
the jet engine through the air towards stream tube 54 move only at
the speed of sound while the jet engine approaches stream tube 54
at speeds in excess of the speed of sound. Thus, the first
opportunity for the excess air to move out of the way of inlet 36
does not occur until after the excess air has passed through
terminal shock 58. This phenomenon is illustrated in FIG. 3
FIG. 3 illustrates an outer layer 62 of stream tube 54 as it
approaches inlet 36. Outer layer 62 represents the excess air,
i.e., the portion of stream tube 54 that will not be consumed by
turbo machinery 38 (See FIG. 2) and therefore will not enter inlet
36. Once outer layer 62 passes through terminal shock 58, it
encounters the pressure disturbances associated with movement of
prior art jet engine 20 through free stream 52. Outer layer 62 is
then pushed laterally aside and overflows around cowl lip 30 as
illustrated. This spilling of outer layer 62 out of the path of
inlet 36 and around cowl lip 30 causes cowl shock 60 to move
forward of cowl lip 30, thereby increasing its strength. The
stronger this shock is, the greater will be the noise disturbance
associated with it.
Returning to FIG. 2, an exhaust plume 63 is emitted from outlet 48.
In the illustrated example, exhaust plume 63 comprises a straight
cylinder of exhaust gas moving downstream away from nozzle
arrangement 24. A free stream of air 64 approaching trailing edge
42 of nozzle 40 is traveling at an angle with respect to the
straight cylinder formed by exhaust plume 63. As free stream of air
64 passes trailing edge 42 and encounters exhaust plume 63, the
shear layer created by exhaust plume 63 behaves like a solid
surface and causes free stream of air 64 to abruptly change
direction. This abrupt change of direction gives rise to a tail
shock 66. The encounter between free stream of air 64 and exhaust
plume 63 may cause the gases of exhaust plume 63 to also abruptly
change direction, causing the plume to generate additional shocks
downstream (not shown) The strength of tail shock 66 (and the
additional shocks in the plume) will depend upon the amount of
misalignment between free stream 64 and exhaust plume 63.
As exhaust plume 63 passes downstream of trailing end 50, exhaust
plume 63 will quickly reach a fully expanded condition. Starting
from the point where exhaust plume 63 is fully expanded and moving
downstream, exhaust plume 63 and free stream 64 will flow parallel
to one another and both will flow in a direction that is parallel
to a longitudinal axis of plug body 44. The transitional region,
which starts where free stream 64 initially encounters exhaust
plume 63 and which ends where exhaust plume 63 and free stream 64
flow parallel to a longitudinal axis of plug body 44, can give rise
to expansions and compressions that, due to their proximity to tail
shock 66, may contribute to the perceived loudness of sonic boom
resulting from movement of prior art supersonic jet engine 20 at
the predetermined Mach speed.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an inlet arrangement that
is configured to mitigate the concerns described above. In
addition, it is desirable to provide a method for assembling such
an inlet arrangement. Furthermore, other desirable features and
characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent summary
and detailed description and the appended claims, taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing
technical field and background.
BRIEF SUMMARY
A nozzle arrangement and a method of making a nozzle arrangement
for use with a supersonic jet engine configured to provide a plume
of exhaust gases when the engine is operating at a predetermined
power setting and moving at a predetermined Mach speed is disclosed
herein.
In a first, non-limiting embodiment, the nozzle arrangement
includes, but is not limited to a nozzle that is configured to
exhaust the plume of exhaust gases. The nozzle has a trailing edge
that is oriented at a predetermined angle with respect to an axial
direction of the nozzle. The nozzle arrangement further includes a
plug body that is partially positioned within the nozzle and that
is coaxially aligned with the nozzle. The plug body has an
expansion surface and a compression surface downstream of the
expansion surface. A protruding portion of the plug body extends
downstream of the trailing edge for a length greater than a
conventional plug body length. The protruding portion of the plug
body has a substantially circular cross section along substantially
an entire longitudinal length of the protruding portion of the plug
body. The plug body is configured to shape the plume of exhaust
gases such that the plume of exhaust gases flows substantially
parallel to a direction of a free stream of air flowing off of the
trailing edge of the nozzle proximate the trailing edge of the
nozzle and further configured to cause the plume of exhaust gases
to isentropically turn the free stream of air flowing off of the
trailing edge of the nozzle at a location downstream of the
trailing edge of the nozzle such that the free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge moves in a direction parallel to a
longitudinal axis of the plug body.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the nozzle arrangement
includes, but is not limited to, a nozzle that is configured to
produce the plume of exhaust gases. The nozzle has a trailing edge
that is oriented at a predetermined angle with respect to an axial
direction of the nozzle. The nozzle arrangement further includes a
plug body that is partially positioned within the nozzle and
coaxially aligned with the nozzle. The nozzle arrangement further
includes, but is not limited to, a bypass wall disposed between the
nozzle and the plug configured to direct a bypass airflow out of
the nozzle. The plug body has an expansion surface and a
compression surface downstream of the expansion surface. A
protruding portion of the plug body extends downstream of the
trailing edge for a length greater than a conventional plug body
length. The protruding portion of the plug body has a substantially
circular cross section along substantially an entire longitudinal
length of the protruding portion of the plug body. The plug body is
configured to shape the plume of exhaust gases and the bypass
airflow such that the plume of exhaust gases and the bypass air
flow substantially parallel to a direction of a free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle proximate the
trailing edge of the nozzle and further configured to cause the
plume of exhaust gases and the bypass airflow to isentropically
turn the free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge of the
nozzle at a location downstream of the trailing edge of the nozzle
such that the free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge
moves in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plug
body.
In a third non-limiting embodiment, the method includes, but is not
limited to the step of providing a nozzle and a plug body. The
nozzle is configured to exhaust the plume of exhaust gases. The
nozzle has a trailing edge that is oriented at a predetermined
angle with respect to an axial direction of the nozzle. The plug
body has an expansion surface and a compression surface downstream
of the expansion surface. The method further includes, but is not
limited to, positioning the plug body with respect to the nozzle
such that the plug body is partially positioned within the nozzle
and coaxially aligned therewith and such that a protruding portion
of the plug body extends downstream of the trailing edge for a
length greater than a conventional plug body length. The protruding
portion of the plug body has a substantially circular cross-section
along substantially an entire longitudinal length of the protruding
portion of the plug body. The plug body is configured to shape the
plume of exhaust gases such that the plume of exhaust gases flows
substantially parallel to direction of the free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle proximate the
trailing edge of the nozzle. The plug body is further configured to
cause the plume of exhaust gases to isentropically turn the free
stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle at a
location downstream of the trailing edge of the nozzle such that
the free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge moves in a
direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plug body.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction
with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote
like elements, and
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a prior art jet engine;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view illustrating the prior art jet engine of
FIG. 1 moving through a free stream at a predetermined Mach
number;
FIG. 3 is an expanded view of a portion of the prior art jet engine
of FIG. 2 illustrating the spillage of air around a cowl lip of an
inlet;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating a portion of a jet engine
and depicting the air that the jet engine will consume and the
fully expanded exhaust plume that the jet engine will produce;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating an embodiment of a jet
engine having an inlet arrangement and a nozzle arrangement made in
accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is an axial view of the inlet arrangement of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is an axial view of the nozzle arrangement of FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the jet engine of FIG. 5 traveling
through a free stream at a predetermined Mach speed;
FIG. 9 is an expanded view of a portion of the inlet arrangement of
FIG. 5;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the jet engine of FIG. 5
illustrating a technique for designing the plug body of the nozzle
arrangement;
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method
for making an inlet arrangement in accordance with the teachings of
the present disclosure; and
FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method
for making a nozzle arrangement in accordance with the teachings of
the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature
and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and
uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be
bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or the
following detailed description.
An inlet arrangement is disclosed herein that substantially
eliminates the spillage of excess air from a stream tube when the
stream tube encounters a supersonic jet engine inlet moving at
supersonic speeds. In an embodiment, the inlet arrangement includes
a lengthened center body having an extended protruding portion that
pre-spills the air from the stream tube before the stream tube
encounters the inlet and/or the terminal shock. The length of the
center body is increased such that length L.sub.1 (see FIG. 1)
exceeds a conventional spike length. In addition, the protruding
portion has contours and is dimensioned so as to cause
substantially all of the excess air to be pushed out of the path of
the approaching inlet as the stream tube passes over the protruding
portion. As a result, the air of the stream tube that remains in
the path of the inlet will have a mass flow rate that matches the
consumption rate of the turbo machinery of the jet engine when the
jet engine is moving at a predetermined Mach speed and operating at
a predetermined power setting. This substantially eliminates
spillage at the inlet and permits the cowl shock to rest
substantially directly on the cowl lip. This greatly diminishes the
strength of the cowl shock and, as a result, diminishes the
perceived noise associated with the cowl shock.
Additionally, in accordance with at least one embodiment, the inlet
arrangement disclosed herein permits the cowl to have a
substantially lower cowl angle as compared with conventional inlet
arrangements. Although lowering the cowl angle will cause the inlet
to have a larger diameter, by dimensioning and configuring the
protruding portion appropriately, the stream tube approaching the
inlet can be lofted to whatever height is necessary to meet the
increased diameter of the inlet. Furthermore, because of the
extended length of the protruding portion, the stream tube
approaching the inlet can not only be lofted, but can also be
turned to align more closely with a longitudinal axis of the center
body to more closely align with the lower cowl angle. The reduced
cowl angle will further diminish the strength of the cowl shock
and, in turn, reduce the perceived noise associated with the cowl
shock.
A nozzle arrangement is disclosed herein that substantially
eliminates the misalignment between the free stream of air flowing
past the trailing edge of the nozzle and the exhaust plume. In
accordance with one embodiment, the nozzle arrangement includes a
lengthened plug body having an extended protruding portion such
that the length L.sub.2 (see FIG. 1) exceeds the conventional plug
body length. Furthermore, the plug body .Iadd.has an isentropic
compression surface and .Iaddend.is configured to cause the exhaust
plume to exit the nozzle in a direction that is substantially
aligned with the direction of the free stream of air flowing past
the trailing edge of the nozzle. Such alignment will reduce or
eliminate the shock that would otherwise form from a sudden change
in direction of the free stream when encountering a misaligned
exhaust plume.
Furthermore, in accordance with a further embodiment, by
lengthening L.sub.2, the full expansion of exhaust plume gases can
be delayed until the jet engine has moved further down range as
compared with a conventional jet engine having a conventional plug
body. This extends the transitional phase of the exhaust plume and
provides an opportunity to isentropically turn the free stream to a
direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the jet engine,
thereby eliminating any shock that might otherwise be provoked by
such a change of direction of the free stream. In yet another
embodiment, the plug body can further be configured to permit the
trailing edge of the nozzle to have a reduced angle as compared
with the angle of the trailing edge of a nozzle on a conventional
jet engine.
As set forth above, both the inlet arrangement and the nozzle
arrangement disclosed herein permit their respective cowl lip and
nozzle trailing edge to have relatively shallow angles with respect
to a free stream of air as compared with the cowl lip and nozzle
trailing edge of a conventional inlet arrangement and nozzle
arrangement. The shallowness of these angles substantially reduces
the cross-sectional profile of the inlet arrangement and nozzle
arrangement with respect to the free stream during supersonic
flight. Consequently, the inlet arrangement and the nozzle
arrangement of the present disclosure each greatly diminish the
drag acting on a supersonic jet engine equipped with either or both
the inlet arrangement and the nozzle arrangement disclosed
herein.
A greater understanding of the solutions described above and of the
method for implementing these solutions may be obtained through a
review of the illustrations accompanying this application together
with a review of the detailed description that follows.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating a generic supersonic jet
engine 70 having an inlet 72 and a nozzle 74. For simplification,
generic supersonic jet engine 70 has been drawn without a center
body disposed in inlet 72 and without a plug body disposed in
nozzle 74. Generic supersonic jet engine 70 includes turbo
machinery 76 configured to consume air at a predetermined rate and
to produce exhaust gases at a predetermined rate and pressure while
turbo machinery 76 is operating at a predetermined power setting
and moving at a predetermined speed.
A stream tube 78 is positioned ahead of generic supersonic jet
engine 70. Stream tube 78 has a diameter that corresponds to the
diameter of inlet 72 and represents the air in the free stream that
lies on a path that will be taken by inlet 72 as generic supersonic
jet engine 70 travels upstream. Accordingly, all of the air
included in stream tube 78 will interact in some way with inlet 72.
Some of that air will pass through inlet 72 while the remaining air
will spill over the cowl lip of inlet 72 because turbo machinery 76
cannot consume it.
A remaining stream tube 80 is illustrated within stream tube 78.
Remaining stream tube 80 represents the air within stream tube 78
that will be consumed by turbo machinery 76 of generic supersonic
jet engine 70. All air within stream tube 78 other than remaining
stream tube 80 will spill around the cowl lip of inlet 72 when
stream tube 78 encounters inlet 72. One goal of the inlet
arrangement of the present disclosure is to push all air other than
the air contained within remaining stream tube 80 out of the path
of inlet 72 before stream tube 78 encounters inlet 72.
An exhaust plume 82 is positioned downstream of generic supersonic
jet engine 70. Exhaust plume 82 represents the volume of gases that
will be exhausted by turbo machinery 76 when generic supersonic jet
engine 70 is operated at a predetermined power setting and is
moving at a predetermined speed. As illustrated, exhaust plume 82
has a diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the nozzle 74.
However, when the exhaust gases exit nozzle 74, their outer
periphery will have a diameter equal to the diameter of nozzle 74.
After the exhaust gasses move downstream and are free of the
influence of a plug body, their diameter will shrink until the
exhaust gases are fully expanded and their static pressure has
equalized with the static pressure of the free stream surrounding
exhaust plume 82. One goal of the nozzle arrangement of the present
disclosure is to ensure that the free stream air flowing past an
external portion of nozzle 74 changes direction isentropically
(i.e., without shocks) as it coalesces with a fully expanded
exhaust plume 82.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating a supersonic jet engine 90
including an inlet arrangement 92 and a nozzle arrangement 94 made
in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure.
Supersonic jet engine 90 further includes turbo machinery 96 which
is configured to consume air at a predetermined rate and to exhaust
gases at a predetermined rate and pressure when supersonic jet
engine 90 is moving at a predetermined speed and operating at a
predetermined power setting. It should be understood that although
inlet arrangement 92 is depicted as having an axisymmetric inlet
configuration, in other embodiments, other configurations are
possible.
Inlet arrangement 92 includes a cowl 98 having a cowl lip 100, and
a center body 102 positioned at least partially within cowl 98 and
coaxially aligned therewith. Center body 102 includes a protruding
portion 104 having a length that exceeds a conventional spike
length. For comparison purposes, a protruding portion 106 having a
conventional spike length has been illustrated in phantom and
overlaid on top of center body 102. The length of protruding
portion 104 will correspond with the desired use and/or
specifications for supersonic jet engine 90 and may be determined
based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the
smoothness characteristics of the streamtube required to meet a
desired sonic boom loudness metric, and the amount of on-design
pre-shock spillage required to match and hold the inlet to low
post-shock spillage at off-design conditions.
Center body 102 is an exemplary center body that is compatible with
the teachings of the present disclosure and includes an apex 108,
an initial compression surface 110, an expansion surface 112, and a
final compression surface 114. In other embodiments, center body
102 may omit an intermediate expansion surface (expansion surface
112). Cowl lip 100 is spaced apart from final compression surface
114 to define an inlet 116 through which air may pass for
consumption/use by turbo machinery 96. As illustrated, apex 108 is
positioned well upstream of inlet 116 and consequently can have an
impact on a stream tube approaching supersonic jet engine 90 well
before that stream tube encounters inlet 116.
When a stream tube encounters apex 108, the air of the stream tube
will be diverted in a direction radially outwardly from center body
102. As a result of this outward movement, a portion of the
diverted air will be moved out of the pathway of inlet 116. Because
protruding portion 104 has a diameter that increases in the
downstream direction, as the stream tube continues to move towards
inlet 116, an increasing amount of air will be diverted out of the
pathway of inlet 116. Method of Characteristics may be used to
determine the contour of center body 102. Method of Characteristics
is well known in the art and uses classical gas dynamic
relationships and equation marching methods for rapid preliminary
analysis of promising supersonic shapes and bodies. Using Method Of
Characteristics, the precise contour and dimensions of center body
102 and of protruding portion 104 can be selected such that the air
of the stream tube that remains in the pathway of inlet 116 will
substantially match the predetermined rate of air consumption by
turbo machinery 96. As a result, substantially all of the remaining
air that passes through the terminal shock will be consumed by
turbo machinery 96 and substantially no spillover of air will occur
at cowl lip 100. When using Method of Characteristics to generate
an appropriate surface configuration, a desired surface curve is
first selected for the captured streamtube that defines a
continuously smooth, isentropic lofting of the streamtube surface
into the intake's cowl lip. Method of characteristics is then used
to design the curvature of the protruding surface 104 of the
centerbody that produces the supersonic compression and expansion
field that results in the desired streamtube shape (i.e. an
`inverse design` approach). Additional important parameters that
method of characteristics uses in this instance include freestream
Mach number, level of relaxed isentropic compression desired, and
Mach number distribution along the terminal shock. Using this
information, Method Of Characteristics could be used to generate an
appropriate surface geometry for center body 102.
To ensure that the divergence of air by initial compression surface
110 does not generate a shock, in some embodiments, initial
compression surface 110 may be configured to be an isentropic
compression surface. As is known in the art, isentropic compression
surfaces have a continuously curved shape that is devoid of any
discrete discontinuities that would otherwise give rise to discrete
shocks. Once the air of the stream tube has been diverted by
initial compression surface 110, it may be desirable to turn the
stream tube back in a direction more aligned with a longitudinal
axis of supersonic jet engine 90. This is accomplished by expansion
surface 112 which, due to its curvature, causes the stream tube to
turn back in an axial direction. This allows cowl lip 100 to have a
very shallow angle with respect to the local free stream which, in
turn, substantially reduces the strength of the cowl shock
generated by cowl lip 100.
Final compression surface 114 serves the same purpose served by
conventional compression surfaces of conventional supersonic jet
engines, i.e., reducing the speed of the oncoming stream tube
before the stream tube encounters the terminal shock and before the
stream tube enters the inlet. As known in the art, a supersonic
airflow can be slowed using a curved surface to turn the direction
of the airflow. Again, it is desirable to avoid generating any
shocks during this final compression stage. Accordingly, in some
embodiments, an isentropic compression surface may be used. In
other embodiments, it may be desirable to configure final
compression surface 114 to have a relaxed isentropic compression
configuration. A relaxed isentropic compression surface is known in
the art and is disclosed and described in pending U.S. patent
application Ser. Nos. 11/639,339; 13/338,005; and 13/338,010, each
of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety. By configuring final compression surface 114 to have a
relaxed isentropic compression configuration, the airflow
approaching inlet 116 will undergo a reduced amount of turning from
the axial direction of supersonic jet engine 90 as compared with
the amount of turning caused by a traditional isentropic
compression surface. This contributes to cowl lip 100 having a
relatively small angle with respect to the axial direction of
supersonic jet engine 90, and thus contributes to a reduction in
the strength of any resulting cowl shock.
Supersonic jet engine 90 further includes a bypass 118. Bypass 118
is an alternate flow pathway through supersonic jet engine 90 that
is commonly used to route turbulent air having relatively high
pressure distortions around and past turbo machinery 96 rather than
permitting such turbulent air to pass through turbo machinery 96. A
bypass, such as bypass 118, further contributes to cowl lip 100
having a relatively shallow angle with respect to a longitudinal
axis of supersonic jet engine 90. This, in turn, further reduces
the strength of the cowl shock formed by cowl lip 100. The use of
the bypass in a supersonic jet engine is known in the art. For
example, a bypass is disclosed and described in U.S. Provisional
Patent Application 60/960,986 and also in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 12/000,066, each of which are hereby Incorporated herein
by reference in their entirety.
Inlet arrangement 92 includes a bypass splitter 120. Bypass
splitter 120 is a physical structure which divides (splits) the air
entering inlet 116, causing a portion of the air to travel along
bypass 118 and causing another portion of the air to follow a path
122 that leads to turbo machinery 96. Turbo machinery 96 will pass
through multiple power settings as the aircraft accelerates to the
pre-determined Mach speed. At each power setting, turbo machinery
96 will consume air at a corresponding mass flow rate which will
differ from the predetermined mass flow rate at the predetermined
Mach speed. As set forth above, center body 102 and protruding
portion 104 are configured to pre-spill an amount of air that will
cause the amount of air entering inlet 116 to substantially match
the mass flow rate at the predetermined Mach speed and the
predetermined power setting. To the extent that there is any
mismatch between the air entering inlet 116 and the air that will
be consumed by turbo machinery 96 when operating at the
predetermined power setting and moving at the predetermined Mach
speed and to the extent that such mismatch leads to spillage, that
spillage will occur over bypass splitter 120, not cowl lip 100.
Spillage over bypass splitter 120 will not impact the strength of
the cowl shock. For other Mach speeds and for other power settings,
the rate of air entering inlet 116 may not match the rate at which
turbo machinery 96 consumes air. For those Mach speeds and power
settings, the excess air that enters inlet 116 will spill over
bypass splitter 120 and into bypass 118. In this manner, bypass 118
serves as an overflow pathway for air that cannot be consumed by
turbo machinery 96.
Nozzle arrangement 94 includes a nozzle 124 having a trailing edge
126, and a plug body 128 that is positioned at least partially
within the nozzle 124 and coaxially aligned therewith. Plug body
128 includes a protruding portion 130 having a length that exceeds
a conventional plug body length. For comparison purposes, a
protruding portion 132 having a conventional plug body length has
been illustrated in phantom and overlaid on top of plug body 128.
The length of protruding portion 130 will correspond with the
desired use and/or specifications for supersonic jet engine 90 and
may be determined based on a number of factors including, but not
limited to, the smoothness characteristic of the streamtube
required to meet a desired sonic boom loudness metric, the jet exit
pressure and Mach number, and the maximum practical length from a
design standpoint.
Plug body 128 includes a trailing end 134, an expansion surface 136
and a compression surface 138. .Iadd.As illustrated in the
embodiment presented in FIG. 5, compression surface 138 has a
concave configuration. See also, FIGS. 8 and 10. .Iaddend.Expansion
surface 136 is spaced apart from trailing edge 126 to define an
outlet 140 through which exhaust gases pass and are formed into an
exhaust plume. The exhaust gases are produced by turbo machinery 96
at a predetermined mass flow rate when turbo machinery 96 is
operated at a predetermined power setting. Consequently, the size
and shape of outlet 140 can be configured to obtain a desired
amount of thrust.
The exhaust plume expelled from nozzle 124 will have a
predetermined static pressure that corresponds with the exit area
of outlet 140 and that further corresponds with the mass flow rate
of the exhaust gases flowing out of turbo machinery 96 when turbo
machinery 96 is operating at the predetermined power setting and
when supersonic jet engine 90 is moving at the predetermined Mach
speed. Trailing edge 126 has a smaller angle with respect to an
axial direction of supersonic jet engine 90 as compared with a
traditional nozzle on a conventional supersonic jet engine. The
smaller trailing edge angle gives rise to less drag as the free
stream flows over an outer surface of the nozzle 124 and causes the
free stream to have a shallower angle as it flows past trailing
edge 126.
The presence of bypass 118 contributes to nozzle 124 having a very
shallow angle with respect to an axial direction of supersonic jet
engine 90. To accommodate the presence of bypass 118, nozzle
arrangement 94 includes bypass wall 141. Air flowing through bypass
118 will flow past bypass wall 141 and will join together with the
exhaust gases expelled by turbo machinery 96 to form the exhaust
plume. Despite the illustration in FIG. 5 of an embodiment of a
supersonic jet engine that includes a bypass, it should be
understood that the teachings disclosed herein are compatible with
supersonic jet engines that do not include a bypass.
As will be discussed below, nozzle 124 has an annular
configuration. Consequently, the exhaust plume emitted from nozzle
124 also has an annular configuration. Nozzle arrangement 94
enables the exhaust plume to remain in an annular configuration for
a longer distance than a conventional nozzle arrangement would
because protruding portion 130 has a length that exceeds a
conventional plug body length. Accordingly, plug body 128 is
configured to enable the exhaust plume to remain in an annular
configuration (albeit a shrinking annular configuration) as it
moves in a downstream direction rather than immediately collapsing
down to the fully expanded exhaust plume depicted in FIG. 4. By
extending the distance over which the exhaust plume remains in an
annular configuration, the distance over which the free stream
turns to align with a longitudinal axis of supersonic jet engine 90
is extended. This helps to prevent a shock from forming.
By providing a plug body 128 with a protruding portion 130 that
exceeds a conventional plug body length, the shape and contour of
the annular exhaust plume can be controlled well after it has been
expelled from nozzle 124 and it can be conformed to flow
tangentially with the free stream moving past trailing edge 126. By
configuring plug body 128 to have a surface geometry that causes
the exhaust plume to have a static pressure that is substantially
equal to the static pressure of the free stream flowing past
trailing edge 126, plug body 128 can control the rate at which the
free stream turns towards an axial direction of supersonic jet
engine 90. As will be discussed below, the contour and
configuration of plug body 128 and protruding portion 130 can be
determined using Method of Characteristics.
FIG. 6 illustrates an axial view of inlet arrangement 92 in
accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, inlet arrangement
92 has an axisymmetric configuration. Apex 108 is positioned on a
longitudinal axis of supersonic jet engine 90. Center body 102 is
coaxially aligned on the same longitudinal axis and with bypass
splitter 120 which, in turn, is coaxially aligned with the cowl lip
100. In other embodiments, inlet arrangement 92 need not be
axisymmetric but may have other configurations.
FIG. 7 illustrates an axial view of the nozzle arrangement 94 in
accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, nozzle arrangement
94 has an axisymmetric configuration. Trailing end 134 is
positioned on a longitudinal axis of supersonic jet engine 90. Plug
body 128 is coaxially aligned with bypass wall 141 which, in turn,
is coaxially aligned with trailing edge 126.
FIG. 8 is a schematic view illustrating supersonic jet engine 90
while traveling at the predetermined Mach speed and while turbo
machinery 96 is operating at the predetermined power setting. A
cowl shock 142 and a terminal shock 144 are illustrated propagating
outwardly and inwardly, respectively, from cowl lip 100. Stream
tube 78 is positioned upstream of supersonic jet engine 90 and has
a diameter equal to the diameter of inlet 116. Remaining stream
tube 80 is illustrated within stream tube 78 and represents the
volume of air that will be consumed by turbo machinery 96.
When stream tube 78 encounters apex 108, the air of stream tube 78
begins to divert in a radially outward direction. This movement
will push a portion of the air of stream tube 78 out of the path of
inlet 116. As stream tube 78 continues to move towards inlet 116,
the air of stream tube 78 is continuously pushed in a radially
outward direction by the surface of center body 102 which has an
increasing diameter in the downstream direction. The movement of
the excess air of stream tube 78 out of the path of inlet 116 is
depicted by arrow 143. The radial expansion of the outer diameter
of remaining stream tube 80 is depicted by arrow 145. By the time
that remaining stream tube 80 travels from the position initially
shown in FIG. 8 to a position immediately upstream of inlet 116,
the outer diameter of remaining stream tube 80 has expanded such
that it is equal to the diameter of inlet 116.
Because of the contour and dimensions of center body 102 and, in
particular, the contour and dimensions of protruding portion 104
(see FIG. 5), the volume of air of remaining stream tube 80 is
substantially equal to the rate at which turbo machinery 96
consumes air over a predetermined period of time. As a result,
substantially all of the air of remaining stream tube 80 will enter
inlet 116 and will be consumed by turbo machinery 96 after passing
through terminal shock 144. This enables terminal shock 144 to
remain attached to cowl lip 100. Furthermore, center body 102 is
configured to control and direct the flow of air of remaining
stream tube 80 such that the flow of air enters inlet 116 at a very
shallow angle as compared with the angle at which the flow of air
enters a conventional supersonic jet engine. This allows cowl lip
100 to have a relatively shallow angle and, consequently, a
relatively weak cowl shock.
At nozzle 124, exhaust gases are expelled from outlet 140 at a
predetermined mass flow rate and static pressure that is
determined, in part, by the area and shape of outlet 140 and also
by the rate and pressure at which turbo machinery 96 expels gas. As
the exhaust gases move past trailing edge 126, they are no longer
constrained by the walls of the nozzle 124. Accordingly, the
natural tendency of the exhaust gases would be to expand outwardly
in a direction transverse to the downstream direction as they move
in the downstream direction. Movement of the exhaust gases in the
direction transverse to the downstream direction is opposed by the
static pressure of the free stream flowing past trailing edge 126.
Similarly, movement of the free stream moving past trailing edge
126 in the direction transverse to the downstream direction is
opposed by the static pressure of the exhaust gases. Consequently,
at the point where the free stream and the exhaust gases move past
trailing edge 126, they will encounter and oppose one another. If
one flow has a greater static pressure than the other, then both
flows will turn towards the flow having the weaker static
pressure.
Nozzle arrangement 94 is configured such that the exhaust gases
will have a static pressure that matches the local free stream at
the nozzle exit. Because of this and because of the contour and
configuration of plug body 128, the two flows will not turn in the
direction of the free stream. At outlet 140, plug body 128 has a
contour that presents an expansion surface (expansion surface 136,
see FIG. 5) to the exhaust gases, allowing the exhaust gases to
expand in a direction away from the free stream. By selecting a
particular contour and configuration for plug body 128 and
protruding portion 130 (see FIG. 5), the exhaust gases can be
allowed to expand radially inwardly at a rate that allows their
outer periphery to provide an appropriate amount of static pressure
to the free stream such that the free stream and the exhaust gases
will flow tangentially to one another at their shear surface
without either flow experiencing an immediate change in
direction.
As the exhaust gases continue to move in a downstream direction
away from outlet 140, they continue to expand in a radially inward
direction and are permitted to do so by the diminishing diameter of
protruding portion 130 (see FIG. 5). At some point along the
surface of plug body 128, the exhaust gases will move off of
expansion surface 136 (see FIG. 5) and onto compression surface 138
(see FIG. 5). Now faced with a compression surface, the exhaust
gases will have a diminished ability to expand in a radially inward
direction and, consequently, the exhaust gases will begin to return
to an axially aligned flow. By giving protruding portion 130 (see
FIG. 5) an appropriate contour and configuration, protruding
portion 130 will cause the exhaust gases to have a static pressure
at their periphery during their outward expansion that causes the
free stream to turn isentropically.
Eventually, the exhaust gases will move past trailing end 134, at
which point plug body 128 will have no further influence on the
expansion of the exhaust gases. Shortly thereafter, the exhaust
gases will reach a fully expanded state wherein the static pressure
of the exhaust gas will be equal to the static pressure of the free
stream. From this point on, the exhaust gasses (exhaust plume 82)
and the free stream will flow parallel to one another in the
downstream direction.
The effect that plug body 128 has on the free stream can be
summarized as follows. The free stream is turned from a direction
that is tangential to the outer walls of trailing edge 126 to a
direction that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of supersonic
jet engine 90. During this transitional phase, the free stream is
turned as a result of the static pressure exerted by the exhaust
gases. The contour of plug body 128 controls the static pressure of
the exhaust gases. Thus, by selecting an appropriate contour and
configuration for plug body 128, the free stream can be turned
isentropically without shock.
FIG. 9 illustrates a portion of an inlet arrangement 92 in an
expanded view. This view compares a conventional supersonic jet
engine having a conventional center body 146 (shown in phantom)
with a supersonic jet engine 90 equipped with center body 102. The
conventional supersonic jet engine has a conventional cowl 148 and
a conventional bypass splitter 150 while supersonic jet engine 90
has cowl 98 and a bypass splitter 120. As can be seen, cowl 98 has
a much shallower angle than conventional cowl 148 with respect to a
free stream direction. This reduction in cowl angle is made
possible by center body 102 which, as set forth above, has a
protruding portion that has a length that exceeds a conventional
spike length. The additional length of center body 102 provides
center body 102 with an opportunity to turn the direction of the
free stream flowing over center body 102 in a direction that is
more axially aligned with a longitudinal axis of supersonic jet
engine 90. The angle of bypass splitter 120 has also been changed
to accommodate the oncoming flow of air entering inlet 116 across
terminal shock 144 which has a more longitudinal flow direction. By
permitting such a sharp reduction in the cowl angle, center body
102 contributes to a substantial reduction in the strength of the
cowl shock produced by cowl lip 100.
FIG. 10 provides a visual depiction of a technique for designing
plug body 128. Depending upon the anticipated use of supersonic jet
engine 90, a designer will select a downstream location where it is
desirable for the exhaust gases to reach a fully expanded state and
begin to flow parallel to the direction of the free stream. In FIG.
10, this location is identified by arrow heads 152. Arrowheads 152
are spaced apart by a distance equal to the diameter of exhaust
plume 82 (see FIG. 8) which corresponds with the known output of
turbo machinery 96. Although the location of arrowheads 152 in the
longitudinal direction may vary based on design criteria, their
distance from one another in the lateral direction is fixed based
on the power setting of turbo machinery 96.
Once the designer has selected the location for arrowheads 152, the
next step is to determine the location for trailing end 134 of plug
body 128. The location of trailing end 134 is determined based on
the well-known principle of Mach line propagation. Mach lines will
propagate off of a surface in a supersonic flow at an angle .beta.
which is determined by the following equation:
.beta.=arcsine(1/Mach number)
Accordingly, for a known Mach speed of the exhaust gases traveling
past trailing end 134, a Mach line 154 will propagate off of
trailing end 134 at angle .beta.. Using both angle .beta. and the
location of the arrow heads, the location of trailing end 134 can
be determined by positioning an end of each Mach line 154 on each
arrowhead 152 and, looking in an upstream direction, determining
where the Mach lines intersect. That point of intersection is the
location where trailing end 134 will be located. Once the location
of trailing end 134 is determined, the overall length of body plug
128 can be determined.
Next, a desired curvature is selected for the turning of the free
stream. This curvature is represented by phantom line 155 and is
selected by the nozzle designer. One criteria may be to choose a
curvature that will result in an isentropic change in direction of
the free stream. Once the desired curvature is selected, the
contours and configuration of plug body 128 can be determined using
Method of Characteristics. When utilizing Methods of
Characteristics, phantom line 155 is considered to be a boundary
condition and the contours and configuration of plug body 128 is
calculated by selecting a curvature for plug body 128 that will
cause the exhaust gases to conform to phantom line 155. Other
techniques such as the use of computational fluid dynamics software
may also be utilized when determining the geometry of plug body
128.
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 156 for making an
inlet arrangement for use with a supersonic jet engine that is
configured to consume air at a predetermined mass flow rate when
the supersonic jet engine is operating at a predetermined power
setting and moving at a predetermined Mach speed.
At step 158, a cowl, a center body and a bypass splitter are
provided. In some embodiments, the supersonic engine may not
include a bypass. For such embodiments, this step would not include
providing a bypass splitter. The cowl has a cowl lip. The center
body has an apex, a first compression surface located downstream of
the apex, and a second compression surface located downstream of
the first compression surface.
At step 160, the center body is positioned with respect to the cowl
such that the center body is coaxial with the cowl, a protruding
portion of the center body extends upstream of the cowl lip for a
length that is greater than a conventional spike length, and the
second compression surface is spaced apart from the cowl lip such
that the second compression surface and the cowl lip define an
inlet.
At step 162, for supersonic engines that are configured with a
bypass splitter, the bypass splitter is positioned between the cowl
and the center body to form a bypass that is configured to receive
air at a second predetermined mass flow rate when the supersonic
jet engine is operating at the predetermined power setting and
moving at the predetermined Mach speed.
When properly implemented, method steps 158-162 will yield an inlet
arrangement where the protruding portion of the center body is
configured to divert a flow of air that is located in a path of the
inlet out of the path of the inlet such that a remaining flow of
air that approaches and enters the inlet is not greater than the
predetermined mass flow rate when the jet engine is operating at
the predetermined power setting and moving at the predetermined
Mach speed. For embodiments of the supersonic jet engine that
include the bypass, the center body is configured to divert the
flow of air that is located in the path of the inlet out of the
path of the inlet such that the remaining flow of air approaching
and entering the inlet is not greater than the first predetermined
mass flow rate (i.e., the predetermined rate at which air is
consumed by the turbo machinery of the supersonic jet engine) and
the second predetermined mass flow rate (i.e., the rate at which
the by-pass routes airflow around the turbo machinery) combined
when the jet engine is operating at the predetermined power setting
and moving at the predetermined Mach speed.
FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 164 for making a
nozzle arrangement for use with a supersonic jet engine that is
configured to produce a plume of exhaust gases when the engine is
operating at a predetermined power setting and moving at a
predetermined Mach speed.
At step 166 a nozzle, a plug body, and a bypass wall are provided.
In some embodiments, a bypass will not be utilized. For such
embodiments, a bypass wall will not be provided. The nozzle is
configured to exhaust the plume of exhaust gases and has a trailing
edge oriented at a predetermined angle with respect to an axial
direction of the nozzle. The plug body has an expansion surface and
a compression surface downstream of the expansion surface.
At step 168, the plug body is positioned with respect to the nozzle
such that the plug body is partially positioned within the nozzle
and coaxially aligned therewith and such that a protruding portion
of the plug body extends downstream of the trailing edge for a
length greater than a conventional plug body length.
At step 170, for embodiments that utilize a bypass, the bypass wall
will be positioned between the nozzle and the plug body.
When properly implemented, method steps 166-170 will yield a nozzle
arrangement wherein the protruding portion of the plug body will
have a substantially circular cross-section along substantially an
entire longitudinal length of the protruding portion of the plug
body. The plug body will be configured to shape the plume of
exhaust gases such that the plume of exhaust gases flows
substantially parallel to a direction of the free stream of air
flowing off of the trailing edge of the nozzle proximate the
trailing edge of the nozzle and wherein the plug body is further
configured to cause the plume of exhaust gases to isentropically
turn the free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge of the
nozzle at a location downstream of the trailing edge of the nozzle
such that the free stream of air flowing off of the trailing edge
moves in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plug
body. In embodiments that utilize a bypass, the plug body will be
configured to cause the plume of exhaust gases and a bypass airflow
to isentropically turn the free stream of air flowing off of the
trailing edge of the nozzle to the direction parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the plug body at a location downstream of a
trailing end of the plug body.
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the
foregoing detailed description of the disclosure, it should be
appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also
be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary
embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the
scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way.
Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those
skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an
exemplary embodiment of the invention. It being understood that
various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of
elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing
from the scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended
claims.
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