U.S. patent number RE47,301 [Application Number 15/653,860] was granted by the patent office on 2019-03-19 for process for preparing an a2a-adenosine receptor agonist and its polymorphs.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Gilead Sciences, Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Gilead Sciences, Inc.. Invention is credited to Elfatih Elzein, Travis Lemons, Robert Seemayer, Jeff Zablocki.
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United States Patent |
RE47,301 |
Zablocki , et al. |
March 19, 2019 |
Process for preparing an A2A-adenosine receptor agonist and its
polymorphs
Abstract
Disclosed is a synthesis suitable for large scale manufacture of
an A.sub.2A-adenosine receptor agonist, and also relates to
polymorphs of that compound, and to methods of isolating a specific
polymorph.
Inventors: |
Zablocki; Jeff (Los Altos,
CA), Elzein; Elfatih (Mountain House, CA), Seemayer;
Robert (Belmont, CA), Lemons; Travis (Los Gatos,
CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Gilead Sciences, Inc. |
Foster City |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Foster
City, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
1000003464058 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/653,860 |
Filed: |
July 19, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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13333872 |
Dec 21, 2011 |
8524833 |
|
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12765623 |
Apr 22, 2010 |
8106183 |
|
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|
11701699 |
Feb 2, 2007 |
7732595 |
|
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60801857 |
May 18, 2006 |
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60765114 |
Feb 3, 2006 |
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Reissue of: |
13970372 |
Aug 19, 2013 |
9085601 |
Jul 21, 2015 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07H
19/167 (20130101); A61P 9/08 (20180101); C07H
19/167 (20130101); A61P 43/00 (20180101); C07H
19/16 (20130101); C07H 19/16 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A01N
43/04 (20060101); C07H 19/167 (20060101); A61K
31/70 (20060101); C07H 19/16 (20060101); C07H
19/00 (20060101); C07H 19/173 (20060101) |
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WO 2010/037122 |
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Apr 2010 |
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WO |
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|
Primary Examiner: Johnson; Jerry D
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sheppard Mullin Richter &
Hampton LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 13/333,872, filed Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,524,883,
issued on Sep. 3, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/765,623, filed Apr. 22, 2010, now U.S. Pat.
No. 8,106,183, issued on Jan. 31, 2012, which is a continuation of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/701,699, filed Feb. 2, 2007,
now U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,595, issued on Jun. 8, 2010, which claims
priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/801,857,
filed May 18, 2006, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
60/765,114, filed Feb. 3, 2006, which are hereby incorporated by
reference in their entirety.
Claims
We claim:
.[.1. A pharmaceutical composition prepared from a crystalline
monohydrate form of the compound
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide by adding at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier..].
.[.2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
monohydrate is substantially free of 2-hydrazinoadenosine..].
.[.3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the
monohydrate is substantially free of other hydrates or amorphous
form..].
.[.4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the
monohydrate has a purity of at least about 99.6%..].
.[.5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the
monohydrate exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having
peaks at diffraction angle 2.theta. (.degree.) of about 6, about 9,
about 11, about 13, about 14.5, about 16.5, and about 18 as
measured by Cu-K.alpha.1 X-ray powder diffractometry..].
.Iadd.6. A pharmaceutical composition of an A.sub.2A-adenosine
receptor agonist produced by a process comprising the following
step: dissolving a crystalline monohydrate form of the compound
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide that is substantially
free of 2-hydrazinoadenosine in a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier..Iaddend.
.Iadd.7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate is substantially free of other hydrates or
amorphous forms..Iaddend.
.Iadd.8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate has a purity of at least about
99.6%..Iaddend.
.Iadd.9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction
pattern having peaks at diffraction angle 2.theta. (.degree.) of
about 6, about 9, about 11, about 13, about 14.5, about 16.5, and
about 18 as measured by Cu-K.alpha.1 X-ray powder
diffractometry..Iaddend.
.Iadd.10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate has an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown
in FIG. 3..Iaddend.
.Iadd.11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline
monohydrate form of the compound
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide that is substantially
free of 2-hydrazinoadenosine; and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier..Iaddend.
.Iadd.12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate is substantially free of other hydrates or
amorphous forms..Iaddend.
.Iadd.13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate has a purity of at least about
99.6%..Iaddend.
.Iadd.14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction
pattern having peaks at diffraction angle 2.theta. (.degree.) of
about 6, about 9, about 11, about 13, about 14.5, about 16.5, and
about 18 as measured by Cu-K.alpha.1 X-ray powder
diffractometry..Iaddend.
.Iadd.15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate has an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown
in FIG. 3..Iaddend.
.Iadd.16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the
crystalline monohydrate is dissolved in the pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier..Iaddend.
.Iadd.17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising 99.6% pure
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide dissolved in a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier..Iaddend.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process for the large scale
preparation of an A.sub.2A-adenosine receptor agonist, and also
relates to polymorphs of that compound, and to methods of isolating
a specific polymorph.
BACKGROUND
Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside, which exerts its
biological effects by interacting with a family of adenosine
receptors known as A.sub.1, A.sub.2A, A.sub.2B, and A.sub.3, all of
which modulate important physiological processes. One of the
biological effects of adenosine is to act as a coronary
vasodilator; this result being produced by interaction with the
A.sub.2A adenosine receptor. This effect of adenosine has been
found to be useful as an aid to imaging of the heart, where
coronary arteries are dilated prior to administration of an imaging
agent (for example thallium 201), and thus, by observation of the
images thus produced, the presence or absence of coronary artery
disease can be determined. The advantage of such a technique is
that it avoids the more traditional method of inducing coronary
vasodilation by exercise on a treadmill, which is clearly
undesirable for a patient that has a coronary disease.
However, administration of adenosine has several disadvantages.
Adenosine has a very short half life in humans (less than 10
seconds), and also has all of the effects associated with A.sub.1,
A.sub.2A, A.sub.2B, and A.sub.3 receptor agonism. Thus the use of a
selective A.sub.2A adenosine receptor agonist would provide a
superior method of producing coronary vasodilation, particularly
one with a longer half life and few or no side effects.
A class of compounds possessing these desirable properties was
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,567, the complete disclosure of
which is hereby incorporated by reference. In particular, one
compound disclosed in this patent,
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]--
6-aminopurin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide, has been shown
to be a highly selective A.sub.2A-adenosine receptor agonist, and
is presently undergoing clinical trials as a coronary vasodilator
useful in cardiac imaging.
Given the heightened interest in this and similar compounds, it has
become desirable to find new methods of synthesis that provide a
convenient method for making large quantities of the material in
good yield and high purity. The patent that discloses the compound
of interest (U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,567) provides several methods for
preparing the compound. However, although these methods are suited
to small scale syntheses, all synthetic methods disclosed in the
patent utilize protecting groups, which is undesirable for large
scale syntheses.
Additionally, it was discovered that the desired product (that is
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide) is capable of existing
in at least three different crystalline forms, the most stable of
which is a monohydrate. This polymorph is stable under relative
humidity stress conditions, up to its melting point. Accordingly,
it is desirable that the final product produced in the new
syntheses is obtained as the stable monohydrate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Thus, it is an object of this invention to provide convenient
syntheses for the large scale preparation of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide, and polymorphs
thereof, preferably as its monohydrate. Accordingly, in a first
aspect, the invention relates to the preparation of a compound of
the Formula I:
##STR00001## comprising: contacting a compound of the formula
(3):
##STR00002## with methylamine.
In one embodiment the reaction is conducted in an aqueous solution
of methylamine, initially at a temperature of about 0-5.degree. C.,
followed by warming to about 50-70.degree. C. Alternatively, the
reaction is conducted as above but in a sealed pressure
reactor.
In a second embodiment, the product is isolated as the pure
monohydrate by dissolving the product in a solvent, for example
dimethylsulfoxide, addition of purified water, filtering the slurry
thus formed, washing the contents of the filter with water followed
by ethanol, and drying the solid that remains under vacuum at a
temperature that does not exceed 40.degree. C.
In a second aspect, the invention relates to the preparation of a
compound of the formula (3):
##STR00003## comprising: contacting a compound of the formula
(2):
##STR00004## with ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxopropionate.
In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted in ethanol, at a
temperature of about 80.degree. C., with about 1.1 molar
equivalents of ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxopropionate.
In a third aspect, the invention relates to the preparation of a
compound of the formula (2):
##STR00005## comprising: contacting a compound of the formula
(1):
##STR00006## with hydrazine.
The above described synthesis is suitable for the large scale
synthesis of the desired product, which is provided in good yield,
although one minor impurity is seen in the final product. This
impurity has been shown to be unchanged intermediate of the formula
(2); that is, the compound of the formula:
##STR00007## Although this impurity can be removed from the final
product by crystallization, it was decided to seek an alternative
synthesis that had all of the advantages of the above synthesis but
did not give the compound of formula (2) as an impurity in the
final product.
Thus, in a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method of
synthesizing
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide by contacting a
compound of the formula (4):
##STR00008## with methylamine.
In one embodiment the reaction is conducted in an aqueous solution
of methylamine, initially at a temperature of about 0-5.degree. C.,
followed by warming to about 50-70.degree. C. Preferably, the
reaction is conducted in a sealed pressure reactor.
In a second embodiment, the product is isolated as the pure
monohydrate by dissolving the product in a solvent, for example
dimethylsulfoxide, addition of purified water, filtering the slurry
thus formed, washing the contents of the filter with water followed
by ethanol, and drying the solid that remains under vacuum at a
temperature that does not exceed 40.degree. C.
In a fifth aspect, the invention relates to a method of
synthesizing a compound of the formula (4):
##STR00009## comprising contacting a compound of the formula
(2):
##STR00010## with an excess of ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxopropionate,
preferably about a 2-10 fold excess, more preferably about a 5-10
fold excess.
In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted in ethanol, at a
temperature of about 80.degree. C. The ethyl
2-formyl-3-oxopropionate is present in a 5-10 fold excess.
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PARAMETERS
FIG. 1 is a .sup.1H NMR spectrum of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide monohydrate (Form
A).
FIG. 2 shows the thermal analysis of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide monohydrate.
FIG. 3 shows the X-Ray diffraction pattern for
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide monohydrate.
FIG. 4 shows the X-Ray diffraction pattern for
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide Form B.
FIG. 5 shows the X-Ray diffraction pattern for
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide Form C as compared to
Form A.
As used in the present specification, the following words and
phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth
below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used
indicates otherwise.
"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described
event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the
description includes instances where said event or circumstance
occurs and instances in which it does not.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount
of a compound of Formula I that is sufficient to effect treatment,
as defined below, when administered to a mammal in need of such
treatment. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending
upon the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight
and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the
manner of administration and the like, which can readily be
determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The term "treatment" or "treating" means any treatment of a disease
in a mammal, including: (i) preventing the disease, that is,
causing the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop; (ii)
inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development of
clinical symptoms; and/or (iii) relieving the disease, that is,
causing the regression of clinical symptoms.
As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any
and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and
antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the
like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active
substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any
conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active
ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is
contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be
incorporated into the compositions.
The term "polymorph" is intended to include amorphous and solvates
of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide.
It has been discovered that this compound is capable of existing in
at least three different crystalline forms, referred to herein as
Form A, Form B, Form C, and an amorphous product.
Form A:
This polymorph can be produced by crystallizing
1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminopu-
rin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide from protic solvents,
for example ethanol or ethanol/water mixtures, or from a polar
solvent, for example dimethylsulfoxide/water. Form A has been shown
to be a monohydrate, and is the most stable of the various
polymorphs at ambient temperatures. It is stable under relative
humidity stress conditions up to its melting point.
Form B:
This polymorph is produced by evaporating under vacuum a solution
of
1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminopu-
rin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide in trifluoroethanol at
ambient temperatures. The X-ray analysis of the crystals was
distinctly different from any other polymorph (see FIG. 4), but it
was difficult to determine its constitution, as the X-ray analysis
gave disordered broad peaks, and the polymorph contained varying
amounts of water. It was found to be difficult to reliably
reproduce the preparation of this polymorph.
Form C:
This polymorph is produced by slurrying
1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminopu-
rin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide in acetonitrile for a
long period of time at 60.degree. C. The X-ray analysis of the
crystals was distinctly different from any other polymorph (see
FIG. 5). Polymorph C was shown to be a variable hydrate, which, at
elevated temperatures, desolvates to an unstable form.
Amorphous Material:
This polymorph is produced by heating Form A polymorph at a
temperature of up to 200.degree. C. This polymorph is unstable in
the presence of atmospheric moisture, forming variable
hydrates.
Techniques for Analysis of Forms A, B, C and Amorpheous
Material
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analyses were carried out on a
Shimadzu XRD-6000 X-ray powder diffractometer using Cu K.alpha.
radiation. The instrument was equipped with a fine focus X-ray
tube, and the tube voltage and amperage were set to 40 kV and 40 mA
respectively. The divergence and scattering slits were set at 1''
and the receiving slit was set at 0.15 mm. Diffracted radiation was
detected by a NaI scintillation detector. A theta-two theta
continuous scan at 3.degree./min (0.4 sec/0.02.degree. step) from
2.5-40.degree. 2.theta. was used. A silicon standard was used to
check the instrument alignment. Data were collected and analyzed
using XRD-6000 v.4.1 software.
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analyses were also performed using
an Inel XRG-3000 diffractometer equipped with a CPS (Curved
Position Sensitive) detector with a 28 range of 120.degree.. The
instrument calibration was performed using a silicon reference
standard. The tube voltage and amperage were set to 40 kV and 30
mA, respectively. The monochromator slit was set at 5 mm by 80
.mu.m. Samples were placed in an aluminum sample holder with a
silicon insert or in glass XRPD-quality capillaries. Each capillary
was mounted onto a goniometer head that is motorized to permit
spinning of the capillary during data acquisition. Real time data
were collected using Cu-K.alpha. radiation at a resolution of
0.03.degree. 20. Typically, data were collected over a period of
300 seconds. Only the data points within the range of
2.5-40.degree. 20 are displayed in the plotted XRPD patterns.
Thermal Analyses
Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were carried out on a TA
Instruments 2050 or 2950 thermogravimetric analyzer. The
calibration standards were nickel and Alumel.TM.. Samples were
placed in an aluminum sample pan, inserted into the TG furnace, and
accurately weighed. The samples were heated in nitrogen at a rate
of 10.degree. C./min to either 300 or 350.degree. C. Unless stated
otherwise, samples weights were equilibrated at 25.degree. C. in
the TGA furnace prior to analysis.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were carried out
on a TA Instruments differential scanning calorimeter 2920.
Accurately weighed samples were placed in either crimped pans or
hermetically sealed pans that contained a pinhole to allow for
pressure release. Each sample was heated under nitrogen at a rate
of 10.degree. C./min to either 300 or 350.degree. C. Indium metal
was used as the calibration standard. Temperatures were reported at
the transition maxima.
Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared spectra were acquired on Magna 860.RTM. Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer (Nicolet Instrument Corp.)
equipped with an Ever-Glo mid/far IR source, an extended range
potassium bromide beamsplitter, and a deuterated triglycine sulfate
(DTGS) detector. Unless stated otherwise, a Spectra-Tech, Inc.
diffuse reflectance accessory (the Collector.TM.) was used for
sampling. Each spectrum represents 256 co-added scans at a spectral
resolution of 4 cm.sup.-1. Sample preparation for the compound
consisted of placing the sample into a microcup and leveling the
material with a frosted glass slide. A background data set was
acquired with an alignment mirror in place. The spectra represent a
ratio of the sample single-beam data set to the background single
beam data set. Wavelength calibration of the instrument was
performed using polystyrene.
NMR Spectroscopy
Solution phase .sup.1H NMR spectra of the were acquired at ambient
temperature on a Bruker model AM-250 spectrometer operating at 5.87
T (Larmor frequency: 'H=250 MHz). Time-domain data were acquired
using a pulse width of 7.5 ps and an acquisition time of 1.6834
second over a spectral window of 5000 Hz. A total of 16,384 data
points were collected. A relaxation delay time of 5 seconds was
employed between transients. Each data set typically consisted of
128 coaveraged transients. The spectra were processed utilizing
GRAMS132 A1 software, version 6.00. The free induction decay (FID)
was zero-filled to four times the number of data points and
exponentially multiplied with a line-broadening factor of 0.61 Hz
prior to Fourier transformation. The 'H spectra were internally
referenced to tetramethylsilane (0 ppm) that was added as an
internal standard.
Alternatively, NMR analysis was carried out as described in Example
4.
Moisture Sorption/Desorption Analyses
Moisture sorption/desorption data were collected on a VTI SGA-100
Vapor Sorption Analyzer. Sorption and desorption data were
collected over a range of 5% to 95% relative humidity (RK) at 10%
RH intervals under a nitrogen purge. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and
polyvinyllpyrrolidone (PVP) were used as the calibration standards.
Equilibrium criteria used for analysis were less than 0.0100%
weight change in 5 minutes, with a maximum equilibration time of
180 minutes if the weight criterion was not met. The plotted data
have not been corrected for the initial moisture content.
NOMENCLATURE
The structure of the compound
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide is as follows:
##STR00011##
Synthesis of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide
One method for the large scale synthesis of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide is shown in Reaction
Scheme I.
##STR00012## Step 1--Preparation of Formula (2)
The compound of formula (2) is prepared from the compound of
formula (1) by reaction with hydrazine monohydrate in the absence
of a solvent. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of about
40.degree. C. plus/minus 5.degree. C. When the reaction is
complete, the product of formula (2) is isolated by stirring with a
protic solvent in which the compound of formula (2) has limited
solubility, for example ethanol or isopropanol. The mixture is
stirred for about 1-5 hours, and then filtered. The solid is
purified by stirring with water, filtering, and washing with water
followed by isopropanol and dried under vacuum, which is taken to
the next step without purification.
Step 2--Preparation of Formula (3)
The compound of formula (2) is then converted to a compound of
formula (3) by reacting with about 1-1.2 molar equivalents of ethyl
2-formyl-3-oxopropionate. The reaction is conducted in a protic
solvent, preferably ethanol, at about reflux temperature, for about
2-4 hours. After cooling, to about 0.degree. C., the solid is
filtered off, washed with cold ethanol, and dried under reduced
pressure. The product of formula (3) is taken to the next step
without purification.
Step 3--Preparation of Final Product
The final product is prepared from the compound of formula (3) by
reacting with methylamine, preferably aqueous methylamine. The
reaction is carried out at about room temperature, for about 4
hours. The product of Formula I is isolated by conventional means,
for example by filtration, washing the solid with cold ethanol, and
drying under reduced pressure.
Preparation of Starting Materials
(4S,2R,3R,5R)-2-(6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-
-diol is used as a starting material in step 1. This compound is
commercially available.
Ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxopropanoate is used as a starting material in
step 2. It is commercially available, or may be made as shown in
Reaction Scheme II.
##STR00013##
Ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropionate is reacted with ethyl formate in the
presence of a strong base, preferably sodium hydride. The reaction
is carried out at about 0-5.degree. C., for about 24 hours. The
product is isolated by conventional means, for example by the
addition of water and extraction of impurities with a conventional
solvent, for example t-butylmethyl ether, acidification of the
aqueous phase with, for example, hydrochloric acid, followed by
extraction with a solvent such as dichloromethane, and removing the
solvent from the dried extract under reduced pressure.
A preferred method for the large scale synthesis of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide is shown in Reaction
Scheme III.
##STR00014## Step 1--Preparation of Formula (2)
The compound of formula (2) is prepared from the compound of
formula (1) by reaction with hydrazine monohydrate in the absence
of a solvent. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of about
45-55.degree. C. plus/minus 5.degree. C. When the reaction is
complete, the product of formula (2) is isolated by stirring with a
protic solvent in which the compound of formula (2) has limited
solubility, for example ethanol or isopropanol. The mixture is
stirred for about 1-5 hours, and then filtered. The solid is
purified by stirring with water, filtering, and washing with water
followed by ethanol or isopropanol and dried under vacuum, which is
taken to the next step without purification.
Step 2--Preparation of Formula (4)
The compound of formula (2) is then converted to a compound of
formula (4) by reacting with an excess of ethyl
2-formyl-3-oxopropionate, for example a 2-10 fold excess,
preferably about 5-10 fold excess. The reaction is conducted in a
protic solvent, for example ethanol, at about reflux temperature,
for about 2-4 hours. After cooling, to about 0.degree. C., the
solid is filtered off, washed with cold ethanol, and dried under
reduced pressure, and the product of formula (4) is taken to the
next step without purification.
The compound of formula (4) is drawn as a (2E) alkene derivative,
as this is the major isomer formed in this reaction. However, it
should be noted that a significant amount of the (2Z) alkene
derivative may also be formed in this reaction; that is:
##STR00015## named as ethyl
(2Z)-3-({9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-oxolan-2-yl]-2--
[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrazolyl]purin-6-yl}amino)-2-formylprop-2-enoate.
Accordingly, although the compound of formula (4) is represented as
the (2E) alkene derivative only, the term "compound of formula (4)"
is intended to include both the instance where it is solely the
(2E) isomer, and the instance where the major portion of the
product is the (2E) isomer and a minor portion of the (2Z) isomer
is also present. The conversion of the compound of formula (4) to
the final product by reaction with methylamine as described in Step
3 proceeds in the same manner whether the compound of formula (4)
is present as the (2E) isomer or as a mixture of the (2E) isomer
and the (2Z) isomer.
Step 3--Preparation of Final Product
The final product is prepared from the compound of formula (4) by
reacting with methylamine, preferably aqueous methylamine. The
reaction is initially carried out at about 0-5.degree. C. for about
8 hours, preferably in a pressure reactor, followed by raising the
temperature to 50-60.degree. C. over about 1 hour, and maintaining
the temperature for 15-30 minutes. The product is isolated by
conventional means, for example by cooling to 0-5.degree. C. and
maintaining a vacuum for about 1 hour, thus removing the
methylamine. The vacuum is removed, and the remaining contents held
at 0-5.degree. C. for at least 30 minutes, followed by filtration.
The solid thus obtained is washed with water followed by ethanol,
and dried under reduced pressure.
This process provides
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide as its monohydrate.
This polymorph can be further purified by dissolving in
dimethylsulfoxide, filtering any solid impurities from the
solution, and precipitating the monohydrate from solution by
addition of water.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Ethyl-2-formyl-3-oxopropionate
##STR00016##
A three- or four-neck round bottom flask equipped with magnetic
stir bar, thermocouple, digital thermometer, gas inlet and outlet
and addition funnel was flushed with argon. Ethyl
3,3-diethoxypropionate (64.5 g) in tetrahydrofuran were charged to
the addition funnel. Sodium hydride (21.2 g of a 60% dispersion)
was charged to the reaction flask followed by tetrahydrofuran. The
contents of the flask were cooled to 0-5.degree. C. in an ice-bath,
and ethyl formate (257 g) was added. The mixture was cooled to
0-5.degree. C. and the contents of the addition funnel added
dropwise, maintaining an internal temperature of less than
5.degree. C. The ice-bath was removed and the contents allowed to
warm to ambient temperature. Consumption of ethyl
3,3-diethoxypropionate was monitored by TLC analysis. The reaction
was quenched by addition of ice-water (10.6 vol), and extracted
three times with methyl t-butyl ether (5.4 vol each), and the
organic layers discarded. The aqueous phase was acidified with
conc. hydrochloric acid to a pH of 1 to 1.5. The acidified aqueous
layer was extracted three times with dichloromethane and the
combined organic layers dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was
removed under reduced pressure, and the residue distilled under
vacuum, to provide ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxopropionate, 27.92 g, 70%
yield.
EXAMPLE 2
A. Preparation of 2-Hydrazinoadenosine (2)
##STR00017##
A flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, gas inlet, gas outlet
and thermocouple was flushed with argon. 2-Chloroadenosine
hemihydrate (53.1 g) was added, followed by hydrazine monohydrate
(134 g). The mixture was stirred while heating to 40-45.degree. C.
for 2 hours. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC
analysis. When the reaction was complete, the heat source was
removed and ethanol (800 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred for
2 hours at ambient temperature, then the precipitate collected by
filtration. The filter cake was washed with ethanol and dried under
reduced pressure for 30 minutes. The solids were transferred to a
clean flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and water (300 ml)
was added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 18
hours, and the solids isolated by filtration. The filter cake was
washed with ice-cold water (300 ml) followed by a wash with
ice-cold ethanol (300 ml). The solid was dried under reduced
pressure to provide 2-hydrazinoadenosine (41.38 g, 81.4% yield,
99.3% purity).
B. Alternative Preparation of 2-Hydrazinoadenosine (2)
A reaction vessel containing hydrazine hydrate (258 g, 250 ml) was
heated to 40-50.degree. C. To the warm mixture 2-chloroadenosine
hemihydrate (100 g) was added in portions, maintaining the
temperature between 45-55.degree. C. The temperature was kept at
this temperature for two hours, and then deionized water (500 ml)
was added over a period of 30 minutes, maintaining the temperature
at 45-55.degree. C. The mixture was then gradually cooled to
0-5.degree. C. over a period of 3 hours, then stirred at this
temperature for a further 30 minutes. The solid was then filtered
off, and washed with cold (2-5.degree. C.) deionized water (200
ml), followed by ethanol (400 ml). The solid was dried under vacuum
for 12 hours, to provide 2-hydrazinoadenosine.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of Ethyl
1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminopu-
rin-2-yl}pyrazole-4-carboxylate (3)
##STR00018##
Ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxopropionate (23.93 g, 0.17 mol) was placed in a
flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, gas inlet, gas outlet and
reflux condenser. 2-Propanol was added to the flask followed by
2-hydrazinoadenosine (44.45 g, 0.15 mol). The mixture was heated to
reflux under stirring for 2-4 hours, following the progress of the
reaction by TLC analysis. When the reaction was judged complete,
the heat source was removed and the mixture cooled to room
temperature. The suspension was cooled under stirring in an
ice-bath for 1.5 to 2 hours. The solids were isolated by vacuum
filtration, and washed with ice-cold 2-propanol. The product, ethyl
1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminopu-
rin-2-yl}pyrazole-4-carboxylate, was dried under reduced pressure
to a constant weight. Yield 54.29 g, purity (by HPLC) 96.6%.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide
##STR00019##
A mixture of ethyl
1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminopu-
rin-2-yl}pyrazole-4-carboxylate (46.4 g) and methylamine (40% in
water, 600 ml) was stirred at ambient temperature for about 4
hours, following the progress of the reaction by HPLC analysis. The
majority of the excess methylamine was removed under reduced
pressure, and the remaining mixture cooled at 0.degree. C. for 2
hours. The solid material was filtered off, washed with ice-cold
200 proof ethanol, and dried under reduced pressure, to provide
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide as its monohydrate,
36.6 g, purity 99.6%.
The structure of the material was confirmed by .sup.1H NMR (see
FIG. 1 and below). Thermal analysis (see FIG. 2) provided results
consistent with the presence of one molecule of water. X-Ray powder
diffraction patterns were obtained (FIG. 3)
##STR00020## .sup.1H and .sup.13C NMR spectra were obtained in the
following manner. Two samples of the material obtained above were
weighed out and dissolved in d.sub.6-DMSO--5.3 mg was used for the
.sup.1H spectra, and 20.8 mg was used for .sup.13C spectra. All
spectra were acquired at ambient temperature on a JEOL
Eclipse.sup.+ 400 spectrometer operating at 400 MHz for .sup.1H and
100 MHz for .sup.13C.
TABLE-US-00001 Multiplicity, Label .sup.13C shift (ppm) .sup.1H
shift (ppm) splitting (Hz) 2 150.5 or 150.3 -- 4 156.4 -- 4a 117.9
-- 6 140.0 8.41 s 7a 150.5 or 150.3 -- 1' 86.9 5.94 D, 6.2 2' 73.7
4.62 m 2'-OH -- 5.50 D, 6.2 3' 70.5 4.17 m 3'-OH -- 5.23 D, 4.7 4'
85.7 3.96 m 5' 61.5 3.67, 3.57 m 5'-OH -- 5.02 D, 5.7 A 140.9 8.07
D, 0.8 B 120.2 -- C 129.6 8.95 D, 0.8 D 161.7 -- E 25.6 2.76 D, 4.6
NH.sub.2 -- 7.77 br s NH -- 8.35 Q, 4.6
Purification of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide monohydrate
A solution of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide monohydrate (100 g) in
dimethylsulfoxide (300 ml) was filtered through a 0.6 to 0.8 micron
prefilter and a 0.2 micron filter to remove any solid impurities.
The filtrate was then slowly added over a period of 1 hour to
deionized water (1 liter) with stirring, and the slurry thus
produced stirred for not less than 1 hour. The solid was filtered
off, washed with deionized water (2.times.1 liter), and dried under
vacuum for not less than 1 hour. The dried product was then
slurried again with deionized water (1.5 liter) for not less than 2
hours, filtered off, and washed with deionized water (1 liter)
followed by absolute ethanol (750 ml). The purified product was
dried under vacuum at a temperature of not more than 40.degree. C.
for not less than 12 hours, to provide
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide monohydrate free of any
2-hydrazinoadenosine impurity.
EXAMPLE 5
Preparation of Ethyl
(2E)-3-({9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-oxolan-2-yl]-2--
[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrazolyl]purin-6-yl}amino)-2-formylprop-2-enoate
##STR00021##
A mixture of 2-hydrazinoadenosine (100 g, 0.34 mol), ethyl
2-formyl-3-oxopropionate (242 g, 1.7 mol) and absolute ethanol were
charged to a reactor, and the mixture heated to reflux for 2 hours.
When the reaction was judged complete, the heat source was removed
and the mixture gradually cooled to 5-10.degree. C. over a period
of 3 hours. The slurry was stirred for 30 minutes at this
temperature, and the mixture filtered. The solid material was
washed with cold (5-10.degree. C.) absolute ethanol, and then dried
under vacuum at a temperature that did not exceed 40.degree. C., to
provide ethyl
(2E)-3-({9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-[-
4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-pyrazolyl]purin-6-yl}amino)-2-formylprop-2-enoate.
An elemental analysis gave the following results: C, 48.75%; H,
4.86%; N, 18.05%; O, 27.57. Theoretical: C, 49.72%; H, 4.74%; N,
18.45%; O, 27.09. The analysis corresponds within experimental
error limits to the hemihydrate of the desired product. (C, 48.89%;
H, 4.81%; N, 18.1%; O, 28.12)
.sup.1H and .sup.13C NMR spectra were obtained in the following
manner. 20.2 mg of the compound of formula (4) was dissolved in
-0.75 ml of DMSO-d6, and the spectra obtained at ambient
temperature on a JEOL ECX-400 NMR spectrometer operating at 400 MHz
for .sup.1H and 100 MHz for .sup.13C. The chemical shifts were
referenced to the DMSO solvent, 2.50 ppm for .sup.1H and 39.5 ppm
for .sup.13C.
Results
The .sup.1H and .sup.13C chemical shifts are listed in Table 1. Two
isomers in a ratio of .about.60/30 were observed in both the
.sup.1H and the .sup.13C spectra, labeled as major and minor in the
table.
TABLE-US-00002 .sup.13C Chemical .sup.1H Chemical
Multiplicity.sup.b, Atom.sup.a Shift (ppm) Shift (ppm) Splitting
(Hz) 21(major) 192.4 9.96 d, 3.6 21(minor) 187.6 9.83 S 22(minor)
167.1 -- -- 22(major) 165.2 -- -- 15(minor) 161.8 -- 15(major)
161.7 -- -- 6(major) 153.1 -- -- 6(minor) 152.9 -- -- 2(minor)
149.4 -- -- 2(major) 149.3 -- -- 19(minor) 148.0 9.22 d, 13.0
4(minor) 147.9 -- -- 4(major) 147.8 -- -- 19(major) 147.5 9.26 d,
12.4, d, 3.6 8(major) 144.9 8.87 s 8(minor) 144.7 8.85 s 12 143.1
8.20-8.23 m 14(minor) 132.8 9.20 d, ~0.7 14(major) 132.6 9.12 d,
~0.7 5(major) 120.7 -- -- 5(minor) 120.6 -- -- 13 116.7 -- --
20(minor) 107.2 -- -- 20(major) 106.1 -- -- 1' (major) 87.9 6.07 d,
5.3 1' (minor) 87.9 6.06 d, 5.3 4' 85.8 4.02 q, 3.9 2'(minor) 74.1
4.62 q, ~5.4 2'(major) 74.1 4.61 q, ~5.4 3' 70.1 4.22 q, 4.2 5'
61.0 3.62, 3.73 m 23, 16 60.3-60.8 4.25-4.39 m 17, 24 14.1-14.2
1.28-1.38 m 18(major) -- 12.51 d, 12.4 18(minor) -- 11.47 d, 13.0
2'-OH (major) -- 5.63 d, 6.1 2'-OH (minor) -- 5.62 d, 6.1 3'-OH --
5.30 d, 5.1 5'-OH -- 5.08 t, 5.5
The compound of formula (4) was confirmed to be a mixture of the
following two isomers:
##STR00022##
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide from Compound (4)
##STR00023##
Aqueous 40% methylamine solution (1300 ml) was placed in a pressure
reactor, cooled to 0-5.degree. C., and the product of Example 5
(ethyl
(2E)-3-({9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-[-
4-(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrazolyl]purin-6-yl}amino)-2-formylprop-2-enoate
(100 g) added. The mixture was stirred at 0-5.degree. C. for at
least 8 hours, monitoring the reaction for completion. When
complete, the mixture was warmed, maintaining the temperature
between 50 and 60.degree. C. for 1 hour, and then cooled to less
than 30.degree. C. over a period of 1 hour. When the temperature
was below 30.degree. C., the mixture was degassed using a pressure
of 100-150 mm Hg, allowing the temperature to decrease to
0-5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at 0-5.degree. C. for at
least 1 hour, maintaining the pressure at 100-150 mm Hg. The vacuum
was then discontinued and replaced by nitrogen, maintaining the
temperature at 0-5.degree. C. for not less than 30 minutes. The
solid product was then filtered off, washed with water (3.times.500
ml), then with absolute ethanol (625 ml). The product was dried
under vacuum, not allowing the temperature to exceed 40.degree. C.,
to provide
(1-{9-[(4S,2R,3R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6-aminop-
urin-2-yl}pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide as its monohydrate.
.sup.1H and .sup.13C NMR spectra were obtained in the following
manner. Two samples of the material obtained above were weighed out
and dissolved in d.sub.6DMSO--5.3 mg was used for the .sup.1H
spectra, and 20.8 mg was used for .sup.13C spectra. All spectra
were acquired at ambient temperature on a JEOL Eclipse.sup.+ 400
spectrometer operating at 400 MHz for .sup.1H and 100 MHz for
.sup.13C.
TABLE-US-00003 Multiplicity, Label .sup.13C shift (ppm) .sup.1H
shift (ppm) splitting (Hz) 2 150.5 or 150.3 -- 4 156.4 -- 4a 117.9
-- 6 140.0 8.41 s 7a 150.5 or 150.3 -- 1' 86.9 5.94 D, 6.2 2' 73.7
4.62 m 2'-OH -- 5.50 D, 6.2 3' 70.5 4.17 m 3'-OH -- 5.23 D, 4.7 4'
85.7 3.96 m 5' 61.5 3.67, 3.57 m 5'-OH -- 5.02 D, 5.7 A 140.9 8.07
D, 0.8 B 120.2 -- C 129.6 8.95 D, 0.8 D 161.7 -- E 25.6 2.76 D, 4.6
NH.sub.2 -- 7.77 br s NH -- 8.35 Q, 4.6
An elemental analysis gave the following results: C, 43.96%; H,
4.94%; N, 27.94. Theoretical: C, 44.12%; H, 4.94%; N, 27.44%; O,
27.09. The analysis corresponds within experimental error limits to
the monohydrate.
* * * * *
References