U.S. patent number RE45,306 [Application Number 13/436,710] was granted by the patent office on 2014-12-30 for image processing method and device thereof.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Novatek Microelectronics Corp.. The grantee listed for this patent is Chang-Lun Chen, Tsui-Chin Chen, Chui-Hsun Chiu, Hsiao-Ming Huang, Dze-Chang Wang, Ho-lin Wang. Invention is credited to Chang-Lun Chen, Tsui-Chin Chen, Chui-Hsun Chiu, Hsiao-Ming Huang, Dze-Chang Wang, Ho-lin Wang.
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United States Patent |
RE45,306 |
Chen , et al. |
December 30, 2014 |
Image processing method and device thereof
Abstract
An image processing method and device thereof are provided. The
device includes a capture device and a processor. The capture
device is adopted for receiving a plurality of frames and comparing
at least two adjacent frames to obtain an area selection signal
according to a differential value there-between. The processor is
connected to the capture device for receiving the area selection
signal and to separate each of the adjacent frames into at least
two areas. Each of the areas of the adjacent frames is performed by
an image processing step respectively, and then the images of the
areas are combined to obtain a resulted frame.
Inventors: |
Chen; Tsui-Chin (Hsinchu,
TW), Wang; Dze-Chang (Hsinchu, TW), Huang;
Hsiao-Ming (Kaohsiung, TW), Chen; Chang-Lun
(Hsinchu, TW), Wang; Ho-lin (Taoyuan County,
TW), Chiu; Chui-Hsun (Taoyuan County, TW) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Chen; Tsui-Chin
Wang; Dze-Chang
Huang; Hsiao-Ming
Chen; Chang-Lun
Wang; Ho-lin
Chiu; Chui-Hsun |
Hsinchu
Hsinchu
Kaohsiung
Hsinchu
Taoyuan County
Taoyuan County |
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A |
TW
TW
TW
TW
TW
TW |
|
|
Assignee: |
Novatek Microelectronics Corp.
(Hsinchu, TW)
|
Family
ID: |
37234047 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/436,710 |
Filed: |
March 30, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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Reissue of: |
11161529 |
Aug 8, 2005 |
7688388 |
Mar 30, 2010 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Apr 27, 2005 [TW] |
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94113398 A |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
348/701; 348/452;
348/97 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N
21/4884 (20130101); H04N 21/44008 (20130101); H04N
5/445 (20130101); H04N 7/0112 (20130101); H04N
5/44 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04N
5/14 (20060101); H04N 5/253 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;348/97,700-701,500,441,439,450-453,558,456,459,607 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1994-3201 |
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Feb 1994 |
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KR |
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2001-90466 |
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Oct 2001 |
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KR |
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Primary Examiner: Tran; Trang U
Attorney, Agent or Firm: J.C. Patents
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An image processing method adapted to an image processing
device, the image processing method comprising: receiving a
plurality of frames; comparing at least two adjacent frames to
obtain an area selection signal; separating each of the frames to
at least two areas according the area selection signal, wherein the
area selection signal is used for indicating a position of one of
the two areas; respectively performing an image process step to
each of the areas; and combining the corresponding processed areas
to obtain a resulted frame.
2. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein the method of
respectively performing the image process step to each of the areas
comprises: according to the area selection signal, an inverse
telecine (IVTC) process mode is performed to the area when one of
the areas is created by a pull down mode.
3. The image processing method of claim 2, wherein the inverse
telecine process mode comprises performing an inverse process mode
of the pull down mode.
4. The image processing method of claim 2, wherein one of the areas
created by the pull down mode comprises a frame which is created
from a frame of film mode by the pull down mode.
5. The image processing method of claim 2, wherein the pull down
mode comprises 2:2 pull down mode, 3:2 pull down mode or pull down
modes with any proportion.
6. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein the method of
respectively performing the image process step to each of the areas
comprises: according to the area selection signal, a motion
adaptive process mode is performed to the area when one of the
areas is created by an interlace mode.
7. The image processing method of claim .[.1.]. .Iadd.6.Iaddend.,
wherein the .[.progressive.]. .Iadd.motion adaptive
.Iaddend.process mode comprises combining each of the two adjacent
frames to obtain a complete frame.
8. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein one of the areas
created by the interlace mode comprises a running caption.
9. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein a method of
comparing at least two frames of the adjacent frames comprises:
scanning each corresponding vertical line of at least the two
frames of the adjacent frames; subtracting each corresponding
pixels in at least two of the corresponding vertical lines; and
detecting distribution situation of saw-tooth images.
10. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein a method of
comparing at least two frames of the adjacent frames comprises:
scanning each corresponding horizontal line of at least the two
frames of the adjacent frames; comparing change of image position
of the corresponding horizontal line in at least the two adjacent
frames; and detecting distribution situation of saw-tooth
image.
11. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein a method of
comparing at least the two adjacent frames comprises: scanning each
corresponding specific area block of at least the two frames of the
adjacent frames; subtracting each corresponding pixel in at least
two of the corresponding specific area blocks; and recording
distribution situation of saw-tooth image in each of the specific
area blocks.
12. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein a method of
obtaining the area selection signal comprises: after comparing at
least the two frames of the adjacent frames, deciding the area
selection signal according to the distribution situation of saw
tooth image.
13. An image processing device, comprising: a capture device, for
receiving a plurality of frames, comparing at least two adjacent
frames to obtain an area selection signal according to the
distribution situation of saw tooth image; and a processor,
connecting to the capture device, for receiving the area selection
signal, separating each of the frames of at least the two adjacent
frames to at least two areas according to the area selection signal
which is used for indicating a position of one of the two areas,
respectively performing an image process step to each of the areas,
and combining the areas correspondingly processed to obtain a
resulted frame.
14. The image processing device of claim 13, wherein the image
process step comprises: according to the area selection signal, a
inverse telecine (IVTC) process mode is performed to the area when
one of the areas is created by a pull down mode.
15. The image processing device of claim 14, wherein the inverse
telecine process mode comprises performing an inverse process mode
of the pull down mode.
16. The image processing device of claim 14, wherein one of the
areas created by the pull down mode comprises a frame which is
created from a frame of film mode by the pull down mode.
17. The image processing device of claim 14, wherein the pull down
mode comprises 2:2 pull down mode, 3:2 pull down mode or pull down
modes with any proportion.
18. The image processing device of claim 13, wherein the method of
respectively performing the image process step to each of the areas
comprises: according to the area selection signal, a motion
adaptive process mode is performed to the area when one of the
areas is created by an interlace mode.
19. The image processing device of claim 18, wherein the motion
adaptive process mode comprises combining each two of the adjacent
frames to obtain a complete frame according to the pixel value
difference of each corresponding pixel.
20. The image processing device of claim 18, wherein one of the
areas created by the interlace mode comprises a running caption.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application
serial no. 94113398, filed on Apr. 27, 2005. All disclosure of the
Taiwan application is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to an image processing method and
device thereof, and especially to an image processing method and
device thereof for processing images with running captions.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional film mode, for example, a common record mode of a
movie film, has 24 complete frames per second; therefore, the frame
rate is 24 frame/s (or the frequency of the play is 24 Hz). Some
other film mode records 30 complete frames per second, or the
frequency of the play is 30 Hz. And the conventional broadcasting
methods of visual signals, such as cable television and wireless
television etc., generally comprise the broadcasting modes of NTSC
(National Television System Committee) and PAL (Phase Alternative
Line) etc. The broadcasting frequency of the NTSC is 60 Hz which
means 60 interlaced frames per second are received at the end-user
terminal from the television station. The broadcasting frequency of
the PAL is 50 Hz. Wherein, the interlaced frames are, for example,
in the odd-number frames, only the scan lines 1,3,5 . . . etc. (so
called as the odd-number scan lines) display images. The
even-number scan lines do not display any images. In the
even-number frames, only the scan lines 2,4,6 . . . etc. (so called
the even-number scan lines) display images; the odd-number scan
lines do not have images; vice versa.
Therefore, for a film of 30 Hz or 24 Hz film mode, in order to
transmit via the NTSC standard at 60 Hz, the processes of 2:2 pull
down or 3:2 pull down should be performed before the transmission.
FIG. 1 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
frame converting format of a 30 Hz film mode with 2:2 pull down. As
shown in FIG. 1, each frame 101,102 to 130 represents a complete
image frame with 30 frames per second. Frame 101 is divided into an
image frame 101e, which only even-number scan lines appear on the
image, and a frame 101o, which only odd-number scan lines appears
on the image. Other frames are processed with the same way.
Therefore, 60 interlaced frames per second of 101e, 101o, 102e,
102o to 130e and 130o etc. are achieved. Wherein, the frames with
suffix "e" represent that only even-number scan lines appear on the
images, and the frames with suffix "o" represent that only
odd-number scan lines appear on the images (the following uses the
same presentations). Thus, the NTSC standard at broadcasting
frequency 60 Hz can be accorded.
FIG. 2 is a drawing schematically showing a view of conventional
frame converting format of 24 Hz film mode with 3:2 pull down. As
shown in FIG. 2, the frames 201, 202, 203 to 224 represent the
complete image frames with 24 frames per second. Wherein, the first
frame 201 is divided into the interlaced frames 201e and 201o.
Further, the second frame 202 is divided into frames 202e, 202o and
202e etc. Furthermore, the third frame 202 is divided into frames
203e and 203o etc. The other frames are processed with the same
way. Thus, 60 frames per second of 201e, 201o, 202e, 202o to 224e
and 224o etc. are achieved, and the NTSC standard at broadcasting
frequency 60 Hz can be accorded.
Besides, an original film at the film mode of 24 Hz, in order to
transmit with the PAL standard at 50 Hz, the process of 2:2 pull
down should be performed before the transmission. FIG. 3 is a
drawing schematically showing a view of the conventional frame
converting format of a 24 Hz film mode with 2:2 pull down. As shown
in FIG. 3, the frames 301, 302 to 324 represent the complete image
frames with 24 frames per second. The first frame 301 is divided
into the interlaced frames 301e and 301o. The other frames are
processed with the same way. Therefore, frames 301e, 301o, 302e,
302o to 324e and 324o etc. of 48 frames per second are achieved;
and with other processes, the PAL standard at broadcasting
frequency 50 Hz can be accorded.
Currently, a higher quality playback mode of an image playback
device of an end-user terminal, for example, a High Definition TV
(HDTV), in order to get better display definition, will first
detect whether the received frames are the interlaced frames
processed with 2:2 pull down or 3:2 pull down; further, by the
Inverse Telecine (IVTC) process, the interlaced frames will be
converted into complete frames before they are played back. For
example, after receiving the interlaced frames 201e to 224o shown
in FIG. 2, the frames 201e and 201o are combined to get the
complete frame 201; the frames 202e and 202o are combined to get
the complete frame 202; and other frames are processed with the
same way. Accordingly, complete frames 201, 201 to 204 of 24 frames
per second are achieved. FIG. 4 is a drawing schematically showing
a view of a conventional playback mode of a film after the IVTC
process performed with 3:2 pull down. Further, according to the
mode of FIG. 4, the complete frame 201 as described is played two
times to obtain the frames 201p and 201p; the frame 202 is played
three times to obtain the frames 202p, 202p and 202p; and other
frames are processed with the same way. Finally, 60 frames per
second can be played with the playback mode as shown in FIG. 4.
Comparing with the playback mode of a conventional TV which 60
interlaced frames per second are played, the frames played with the
playback mode as shown in FIG. 4 are smooth without the effects of
drop frame, image displacement or image delay.
However, in the conventional broadcasting mode of the visual
signal, running captions are frequently added. In general, the
running captions are added directly to the interlaced broadcasting
frames, for example, added directly to the interlaced frames 101e,
101o, 102e, 102o to 130e and 130o as shown in FIG. 1, or added
directly to the interlaced frames as shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 3.
Next, the interlaced frames with the added running captions are
transmitted to the end-user terminal.
FIG. 5 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
frame process mode with an interlace mode after adding running
captions. As shown in FIG. 5, when the interlaced frames received
by an image playback device of an end-user terminal are, for
example, the interlaced frames 201e to 224o as shown in FIG. 2 with
addition of the running captions 501e, 501o to 530e and 530o, the
conventional image playback device will combine the interlaced
frames 201e and 201o to a complete frame 551, and combine the
interlaced frames 201o and 202e to a complete frame 552, and the
other frames are processed with the same way. Accordingly, 60
frames per second frames 551 to 580 can be achieved. It can be
noted that the display quality of the running captions achieved by
the mode is excellent. However, the definition of the whole frame
is deteriorated. For example, the complete frame 552 is composed of
the interlaced frames 201o and 202e which are belonged to two
different complete frames 201 and 202 as shown in FIG. 2.
Consequently, many images with ragged saw tooth are occurred at the
intersections of the images in the frame 552. Therefore, a more
suitable process method and device for processing the frames with
added running captions is imminent and necessary.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide an image
processing method, for separating the received frame to at least
two different areas, further respectively performing different
image processes to the different areas, to obtain a better resulted
frame.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image
processing device, for separating the received frame to at least
two different areas, further separately performing different image
processes to the different areas, to obtain a better resulted
frame.
The present invention provides an image processing method, which
comprises the following steps. First, a plurality of frames is
received. Further, at least two adjacent frames are compared to
obtain an area selection signal. Further, each of the frames is
separated to at least two areas according the area selection
signal. Next, an image process is performed respectively to each of
the areas. Finally, the corresponding processed areas are combined
to obtain a resulted frame.
According to an embodiment, the present invention provides an image
processing device comprising, for example, a capture device and a
processor. The capture device is adopted for receiving a plurality
of frames, and for comparing at least two adjacent frames to obtain
an area selection signal according to a differential value
there-between. The processor is connected to the capture device for
receiving the area selection signal and to separate each of the
adjacent frames into at least two areas according to the area
selection signal. Each of the areas is performed by an image
processing step respectively. Moreover, the corresponding processed
areas are combined to obtain a resulted frame.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the
image processing step comprises that, for example, according to the
area selection signal, an inverse telecine (IVTC) process mode is
performed to the area, when one of the areas is created by a pull
down mode. Further, the inverse telecine process mode comprises,
for example, performing an inverse process mode of the pull down
mode. Further, one of the areas obtained by the pull down mode
comprises a frame which is created from a frame of film mode by the
pull down mode. Further, the pull down mode comprises 2:2 pull down
mode, 3:2 pull down mode or other pull down modes with any
proportion.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the
method of respectively performing the image processing steps to
each of the areas comprises that, for example, according to the
area selection signal, a motion adaptive process mode is performed
to the area when one of the areas is created by an interlace mode.
Further, the motion adaptive process mode comprises combining each
two of the adjacent frames to obtain a complete frame. Further, one
of the areas, which is created by the interlace mode, comprises a
running caption.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method
of comparing at least two adjacent frames comprises: each
corresponding vertical line of the two adjacent frames is scanned;
further, the changes of the image positions of the corresponding
vertical lines in the two adjacent frames are compared to obtain an
area selection signal.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a
method of comparing at least two frames of the adjacent frames
comprises: each corresponding specific area block of the two frames
of the adjacent frames is scanned; further, the changes of the
corresponding image positions of the corresponding specific area
blocks are compared to obtain an area selection signal.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a
method of obtaining the area selection signal comprises: after
comparing at least the two frames of the adjacent frames, the area
selection signal is decided according to a differential value of
the frames.
The above is a brief description of some deficiencies in the prior
art and advantages of the present invention. Other features,
advantages and embodiments of the invention will be apparent to
those skilled in the art from the following description,
accompanying drawings and appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
frame converting format of 30 Hz film mode with 2:2 pull down.
FIG. 2 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
frame converting format of 24 Hz film mode with 3:2 pull down.
FIG. 3 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
frame converting format of 24 Hz film mode with 2:2 pull down.
FIG. 4 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
playback mode an IVTC process performed with 3:2 pull down.
FIG. 5 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a conventional
frame process mode with interlace mode after adding running
captions.
FIG. 6 is a drawing schematically showing a flow chart of an image
processing method according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 7 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a detecting
frame mode according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a frame
processing mode according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 9 is a drawing schematically showing a view of an image
processing device according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 6 is a drawing schematically showing a flow chart of an image
processing method according to an embodiment of the present
invention. FIG. 7 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a
detecting frame mode according to an embodiment of the present
invention. As shown in FIG. 6, first a plurality of (?) frames is
received (step 602). Next, two or more adjacent frames are compared
(step 604). As shown in FIG. 7, for example, when an image area 712
and an added running caption area 714 exist in the received frame
702, an area selection signal 732 can be obtained from the
comparing result (step 606) to indicate the position of the running
caption area 714. Further, in step 608, according to the area
selection signal 732, the received frame 702 is divided into two
areas, for example, an image area 722 and a running caption area
724.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the
method of comparing two or more frames of the adjacent frames
comprises, for example, a scanning method. The scanning method, for
example, includes horizontal scanning, vertical scanning or area
block scanning etc. In an embodiment of the present invention, the
vertical scanning method comprises: first, each corresponding
vertical line of at least two frames of the adjacent frames is
scanned; a subtraction is performed between each corresponding
pixel of the corresponding vertical lines; the differential values
obtained from the subtraction of each pixel in each vertical line
are accumulated; the differential value of the accumulated value of
each vertical line is compared.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the
horizontal scanning method comprises: first, each corresponding
horizontal line of at least two frames of the adjacent frames is
scanned; a subtraction is performed between each corresponding
pixel in the corresponding horizontal lines; the differential
values obtained from the subtraction of the each pixel in each
vertical line are accumulated; the differential value of the
accumulated value of each horizontal line is compared.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the
area block scanning method comprises: first, each corresponding
specific area block of at least two frames of the adjacent frames
is scanned; a subtraction is performed between each corresponding
pixel in the corresponding specific area blocks; the differential
values obtained from the subtraction of each pixel in each specific
area block are accumulated; the differential value of the
accumulated value of each specific area block is compared.
When the differential value obtained from any of the above
mentioned scanning methods is beyond a predetermined value, for
example, an area selection signal 732 can be obtained as shown in
FIG. 7. Therefore, the frame can be separated to two areas
according to the area selection signal 732. Further, in step 610,
different image processes can be performed to different areas.
Furthermore, in step 612, the processed areas are combined to
obtain a complete resulted frame.
FIG. 8 is a drawing schematically showing a view of a frame
processing method according to an embodiment of the present
invention. As shown in FIG. 8, for example, the frames received in
the present invention are the interlaced frames, 201e to 224o, as
shown in FIG. 2 with the running captions 501e and 501o to 530e and
530o. By the image process method as shown in FIG. 6, the area
selection signal 732 is obtained as shown in FIG. 7, for which the
frame area and the running caption area are separated. Further, a
motion adaptive mode will be applied to the running caption area;
for example, the running captions 501e and 501o are combined to a
running caption 531, the running captions 501o and 502e are
combined to a running caption 532, and so on. Ultimately, high
definition running captions 531 to 580 of 60 frames per second can
be obtained.
Further, as shown in FIG. 8, for the image area, the present
invention detects that the interlaced frames 201e to 224o are
formed by 3:2 pull down mode. An inverse telecine (IVTC) mode can
be utilized to combine the frames 201e and 201o to a complete frame
801; the frames 202e and 202o are combined to a complete frame 802;
and other frames are processed with the same way. Thus, complete
frames 801, 802 to 824 of 24 frames per second can be obtained.
Next, in accordance with 3:2 pull down mode, the obtained complete
frame 801 is repeated two times, the frame 802 is repeated three
times, and other frames are processed with the same way. Further,
the image frames 801, 801, 802, 802, 802 to 824, 824, 824 and the
running captioned frames 531 to 580 are combined to obtain complete
frames 831 to 880 of 60 frames per second.
Therefore, the image processing method of the present invention not
only maintains high definition of film mode in the original frame,
but also obtains clearly and easily distinguishable running
captions. In addition, the effects of the saw-tooth phenomenon
occurred in each frame or at the intersection areas between the
running captions and the frames can be avoided.
It is important to note that although the illustrated embodiment
herein refers to the explanation of the present invention, it is to
be understood that the embodiment is presented by way of example
and not by way of limitation. In other embodiments of the present
invention, for example, the frame is not necessarily separated to
two areas. In contrast, according to the resource mode, the
received frame can be separated to at least two different areas,
for example, to at least the image areas formed by the pull down
mode and the running caption area formed by the interlace mode;
further, the different image processes are respectively performed
to the areas formed by different modes.
Further, in accordance with another embodiment of the present
invention, for example, when all the received images are formed
with one same mode as show in FIG. 2 which are formed with 3:2 pull
down mode without the running caption area, the area selection
signal 732 as shown in FIG. 7 will not be obtained by the image
processing method of the present invention. Therefore, in FIG. 8,
the processing mode for the running area will not be performed;
only the inverse telecine process will be performed to the image
area. Further, the complete frame is played by the corresponding
pull down mode.
Further, in accordance with another embodiment of the present
invention, for example, when the received images are formed with
other modes, for example, as show in FIG. 1 or FIG. 3 or other
modes, and added with the running caption, the area selection
signal 732 as shown in FIG. 7 will be obtained first by the image
processing method of the present invention. Further, with the
similar manner as shown in FIG. 8, a step-by-step process is
performed to the running caption area, and the inverse telecine
process mode and the corresponding pull down mode are performed to
the image area. Furthermore, the image area and the running caption
area are combined to obtain a relatively high definition frame.
Further, the present invention provides an image processing device.
FIG. 9 is a drawing schematically showing a view of an image
processing device according to an embodiment of the present
invention. As shown in FIG. 9, the image processing device 900
comprises, for example, a capture device 902 and a processor 904.
Wherein, the capture device 902 is utilized to receive a plurality
of frames, to compare at least two adjacent frames and to output an
area selection signal which indicates frame difference. The
processor 904 connected to the capture device 902 receives the area
selection signal outputted from the capture device 902, separates
the received frame to at least two different areas according to the
area selection signal, respectively performs different image
process modes to the frame of each area. Further, the frames of all
the processed areas are combined to obtain a resulted frame and to
output the resulted frame to the display device 906.
In summary, in the image processing method and device of the
present invention, an area selection signal is obtained according
to the received frame; the frame is separated to at least two
different areas according to the source mode of the received frame,
which the source mode is detected according to the area selection
signal; further, the different image processes are respectively
performed to the different areas. Therefore, the image processing
method in the present invention maintains higher definition of film
mode in the original frame, obtains clearly and easily
distinguishable running captions. In addition, the saw-tooth
phenomenon occurred in each frame or at the intersection areas
between the running captions and the frames is avoided.
The above description provides a full and complete description of
the preferred embodiments of the present invention. Various
modifications, alternate construction, and equivalent may be made
by those skilled in the art without changing the scope or spirit of
the invention. Accordingly, the above description and illustrations
should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention
which is defined by the following claims.
* * * * *