U.S. patent number RE44,339 [Application Number 13/222,947] was granted by the patent office on 2013-07-02 for n-substituted p-menthane carboxamides.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Givaudan S.A.. The grantee listed for this patent is Christophe C. Galopin, Pablo Victor Krawec, Jay Patrick Slack, Lori W. Tigani. Invention is credited to Christophe C. Galopin, Pablo Victor Krawec, Jay Patrick Slack, Lori W. Tigani.
United States Patent |
RE44,339 |
Galopin , et al. |
July 2, 2013 |
N-substituted P-menthane carboxamides
Abstract
Cooling compounds are provided having the formula: ##STR00001##
wherein, m is 0 or 1, Y and Z are selected independently from the
group consisting of H, OH, C1-C4 straight or branched alkyl, and a
C1-C4 straight or branched alkoxy, X is (CH.sub.2).sub.n--R, where
n is 0 or 1 and R is a group with non-bonding electrons, with the
provisos that: (a) when Y and Z are H, X is not F, OH, MeO or
NO.sub.2 in the 4-position and is not OH in the 2 or 6-position (b)
when Y or Z is H then X, Y and Z are such that (i) the groups in
the 3- and 4-positions are not both OMe, (ii) the groups in the 4-
and 5-positions are not both OMe, (iii) the groups in 3- and
5-positions are not OMe if the group in the 4-position is OH, and
(iv) the groups in the 3- and 5-positions are not OH if the group
in the 4-position is methyl.
Inventors: |
Galopin; Christophe C.
(Chesterfield, VA), Krawec; Pablo Victor (Cincinnati,
OH), Slack; Jay Patrick (Loveland, OH), Tigani; Lori
W. (Salisbury, MD) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Galopin; Christophe C.
Krawec; Pablo Victor
Slack; Jay Patrick
Tigani; Lori W. |
Chesterfield
Cincinnati
Loveland
Salisbury |
VA
OH
OH
MD |
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Givaudan S.A. (Vernier,
CH)
|
Family
ID: |
34619622 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/222,947 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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PCT/CH2004/000646 |
Oct 28, 2004 |
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60523977 |
Nov 21, 2003 |
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Reissue of: |
11437294 |
May 19, 2006 |
7414152 |
Aug 19, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
564/189; 558/415;
558/414 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07C
233/61 (20130101); A61K 8/42 (20130101); C07C
311/46 (20130101); C07C 233/60 (20130101); C07C
255/60 (20130101); C07C 255/44 (20130101); A61Q
11/00 (20130101); A61Q 19/00 (20130101); C07C
255/42 (20130101); A61K 2800/244 (20130101); C07C
2601/14 (20170501) |
Current International
Class: |
C07C
233/58 (20060101); A61K 31/165 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;564/158 ;558/414,415
;514/522,613,624 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1351761 |
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May 1974 |
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GB |
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1351762 |
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GB |
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1353381 |
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May 1974 |
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GB |
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1421744 |
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Jan 1976 |
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GB |
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1457671 |
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Dec 1976 |
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GB |
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WO 2004/089416 |
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Oct 2004 |
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WO |
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WO 2005/002582 |
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Jan 2005 |
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WO |
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WO 2005/015158 |
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Feb 2005 |
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WO |
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WO 2005/020897 |
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Mar 2005 |
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WO |
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WO 2006/056087 |
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Jun 2006 |
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WO |
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WO 2006/056096 |
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Jun 2006 |
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WO |
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WO 2006/092074 |
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Sep 2006 |
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WO |
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WO 2006/099762 |
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Sep 2006 |
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WO |
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WO 2006/125334 |
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Nov 2006 |
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WO |
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WO 2007/019719 |
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Feb 2007 |
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WO |
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WO 2009/0070910 |
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Jun 2009 |
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WO |
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Other References
Watson H.R., et al., "New Compounds with the Menthol Cooling
Effect," Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists, New York, NY,
U.S., vol. 29, No. 4, 1978, pp. 185-200. cited by applicant .
Database Chemicals [Online], Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus,
Ohio, US; Jan. 12, 2005, XP002382088, retrieved from STN, order No.
6489078, abstract. cited by applicant .
Database Chemcats, Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio, US;
Jan. 18, 2005, XP002382089, order No. STK013323, abstract. cited by
applicant .
Database Chemcats, Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio, US;
Jan. 18, 2005, XP002382090, order No. BAS 08858028, abstract. cited
by applicant .
Database Chemcats, Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio, US;
Jan. 12, 2005, XP002382091, order No. 6383438, abstract. cited by
applicant .
Database Chemcats, Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio, US;
Jan. 12, 2005, XP002382092, order No. 6399044, abstract. cited by
applicant .
Database Beilstein, Beilstein Insitut zur Forderung der Chemischen
Wissenschaften; XP002382093 accession No. 3422960, abstract &
BUU-HOI: Z. Physiol. Chem., vol. 279, 1943. cited by applicant
.
Database Beilstein, Beilstein Institut zur Forderung der Chemischen
Wissenschaften; XP002382094 accession No. 2328224, abstract &
Inagaki, Shingaki: Chem. Lett., 1981. cited by applicant .
Database Chemcats, Accession NR. 2004:1396439: ChemBridge Screening
Library, Order NR. 5380996, Jan. 12, 2005, XP 002384344, abstract.
cited by applicant .
Patani et al., Chemical Review, 1996, vol. 96, pp. 3147-3176. cited
by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Kumar; Shailendra
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Curatolo Sidoti Co., LPA Curatolo;
Joseph G. Sidoti; Salvatore A.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application .Iadd.is a reissue application of U.S. Ser. No.
11/437,294 filed May 19, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,414,152, which
.Iaddend.is a continuation-in-part of International Application No.
PCT/CH2004/000646 filed Oct. 28, 2004, under 35 USC .sctn.120 and
.sctn.365(c), .Iadd.and .Iaddend.which claims the benefit of the
filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/523,977 filed
Nov. 21, 2003.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound selected from the group consisting of
N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide, .[.N-(4-cyanophenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-acetylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide.]. and
N-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide.
2. A method of providing a cooling effect to the mouth or skin by
applying thereto a product comprising a compound .[.according to
claim 1.]. .Iadd.selected from the group consisting of
N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-cyanophenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-acetylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide and
N-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide.Iaddend..
3. A .[.product that is applied to the mouth or the skin.].
.Iadd.foodstuff, tobacco product, beverage, dentrifice, mouthwash,
or toiletry composition .Iaddend.comprising an amount of a compound
.[.according to claim 1.]. .Iadd.selected from the group consisting
of N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-cyanophenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-acetylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide and
N-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide.Iaddend.,
wherein the amount is effective to give a cooling sensation to the
mouth or the skin.
.[.4. A compound comprising formula I ##STR00003## in which m is 0
or 1, Y and Z are selected independently from the group consisting
of H, OH, C1-C4 straight or branched alkyl, and C1-C4 straight or
branched alkoxy; X is (CH.sub.2).sub.n--R, where n is 0 or 1 and R
is a group with non-bonding electrons; said compound selected from
the group consisting of N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide,
N-(4-cyanophenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-acetylphenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide, N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide and N-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide..].
.[.5. A method of providing a cooling effect to the mouth or skin
by applying thereto a product comprising a compound according to
claim 4..].
.[.6. A product that is applied to the mouth or the skin comprising
an amount of a compound according to claim 4, wherein the amount is
effective to give a cooling sensation to the mouth or the
skin..].
.[.7. The product of claim 6 comprising at least one of foodstuffs,
tobacco products, beverages, dentifrices, mouthwashes, or
toiletries..].
8. The .[.product.]. .Iadd.composition .Iaddend.of claim .[.7
comprising.]. .Iadd.3 wherein the product comprises .Iaddend.a
cream or salve.
9. The .[.product.]. .Iadd.composition .Iaddend.of claim .[.7
comprising.]. .Iadd.3 wherein the product comprises .Iaddend.a
sprayable composition.
.[.10. The product of claim 6 further comprising an additional
cooling compound..].
.[.11. The product of claim 10 wherein the additional cooling
compound comprises at least one of menthol, menthone, isopulegol,
N-ethyl p-menthanecarboxamide,
N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropylbutanamide, menthyl lactate, menthone
glycerine acetal, mono-menthyl succinate, mono-menthyl glutarate,
O-menthyl glycerine, menthyl-N,N-dimethylsuccinamate or
2-sec-butylcyclohexanone..].
.[.12. The method of claim 5 wherein said applying comprises
inhalation..].
.[.13. The method of claim 5 wherein said applying comprises oral
ingestion..].
.[.14. The product of claim 3 comprising at least one of
foodstuffs, tobacco products, beverages, dentifrices, mouthwashes,
or toiletries..].
.[.15. The product of claim 14 comprising a cream or salve..].
.[.16. The product of claim 14 comprising a sprayable
composition..].
17. The .[.product.]. .Iadd.composition .Iaddend.of claim 3 further
comprising an additional cooling compound.
18. The .[.product.]. .Iadd.composition .Iaddend.of claim 17
wherein the additional cooling compound comprises at least one of
menthol, menthone, isopulegol, N-ethyl p-menthanecarboxamide,
N,2,3-trimethyl-2-i sopropylbutanami de, menthyl lactate, menthone
glycerine acetal, mono-menthyl succinate, mono-menthyl glutarate,
O-menthyl glycerine, menthyl-N,N-dimethylsuccinamate or
2-sec-butylcyclohexanone.
19. The method of claim 2 wherein said applying comprises
inhalation.
20. The method of claim 2 wherein said applying comprises oral
ingestion.
.Iadd.21. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is
N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide..Iaddend.
.Iadd.22. The method of claim 2, wherein said compound is
N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide..Iaddend.
.Iadd.23. The composition of claim 3, wherein said compound is
N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide..Iaddend.
Description
COOLING COMPOUNDS ARE PRESENTED
Cooling compounds, that is, chemical compounds that impart a
cooling sensation to the skin or the mucous membranes of the body,
are well known to the art and are widely used in a variety of
products such as foodstuffs, tobacco products, beverages,
dentifrices, mouthwashes and toiletries.
One class of cooling compounds that have enjoyed substantial
success consists of N-substituted p-menthane carboxamides. Examples
of these compounds are described in, for example, British Patents
GB 1,351,761-2 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,052.
It has now been found that a particular selection of such compounds
exhibits a cooling effect that is both surprisingly strong and
long-lasting. In one embodiment, the cooling compounds can be
represented by formula I
##STR00002## in which m is 0 or 1, Y and Z are selected
independently from the group consisting of H, OH, C1-C4 straight or
branched alkyl, and a C1-C4 straight or branched alkoxy; X is
(CH.sub.2).sub.n--R, where n is 0 or 1 and R is a group with
non-bonding electrons, with the provisos that: (a) when Y and Z are
H, X is not F, OH, MeO or NO.sub.2 in the 4-position and is not OH
in the 2 or 6-position (b) when Y or Z is H then X, Y and Z are
such that (i) the groups in the 3- and 4-positions are not both
OMe, (ii) the groups in the 4- and 5-positions are not both OMe,
(iii) the groups in 3- and 5-positions are not OMe if the group in
the 4-position is OH, and (iv) the groups in the 3- and 5-positions
are not OH if the group in the 4-position is methyl.
An embodiment provides for compounds of formula I wherein X is in
the 4-position. Additional embodiments provide for compounds of
formula I wherein X is in the 4-position and Y and Z are H, OH, Me
or OMe. In certain embodiments, Y and Z are selected
independently.
Useful groups with non-bonding electrons are halogens, OH, OMe,
NO.sub.2, CN, Ac, SO.sub.2NH.sub.2, CHO, CO.sub.2H and
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl carboxylates such as CO.sub.2Et. Other
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl carboxylates with non-bonding electrons may
be useful.
The compounds of formula I have 3 chiral centres, giving rise to 8
stereoisomers. All possible stereoisomers are included in the scope
of the compounds represented by formula I.
The cooling compounds may be prepared by reacting an arylalkylamine
derivative with an appropriate acid chloride or carbonyl chloride.
The carbonyl chloride can be prepared from 1-menthol
((1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol).
The cooling compounds are distinguished from similar compounds of
the prior art by their surprisingly high cooling effect (up to 10
times higher than that of similar known compounds) and by the
longevity of the cooling effect, which adds to their attractiveness
in a large variety of products.
For example, a small group of panelists was asked to taste various
solutions of cooling compounds and indicate which solutions had a
cooling intensity similar or slightly higher than that of a
solution of menthol at 2 ppm. In a second experiment, the same
panel was asked to taste the solutions at the chosen concentrations
and to record the cooling intensity at regular time intervals until
no cooling could be sensed in the mouth. Results are shown in table
1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 experiment on cooling intensity and
longevity. Chemical Concentration Longevity 1-Menthol 2.0 ppm 35
minutes N-ethyl p-menthanecarboxamide (WS-3) 1.5 ppm 57 minutes
Formula 1, m = 0,Y = Z = H, 0.5 ppm 90 minutes X = 4-CN Formula 1,
m = 0, Y = Z = H, 0.2 ppm 93 minutes X = 4-CH.sub.2CN
From Table 1, it can be seen that the compounds of Formula I are up
to 10 times stronger and last up to 3 times longer than menthol,
the reference cooling compound. Compounds of Formula I are also
much stronger and last longer than WS-3, a known cooling compound
of the prior art.
The subject cooling compounds may be used in products that are
applied to the mouth or the skin to give a cooling sensation. By
"applying" is meant any form of bringing into contact, for example,
oral ingestion or, in the case of tobacco products, inhalation. In
the case of application to the skin, it may be, for example, by
including the compound in a cream or salve, or in a sprayable
composition. A method is directed to providing a cooling effect to
the mouth or skin by applying thereto a product comprising a
compound as hereinabove described.
The subject cooling compounds may be used alone or in combination
with other cooling compounds known in the art, e.g., menthol,
menthone, isopulegol, N-ethyl p-menthanecarboxamide (WS-3),
N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropylbutanamide (WS-23), menthyl lactate
(Frescolat.TM. ML), menthone glycerine acetal (Frescolat.TM. MGA),
mono-menthyl succinate (Physcool.TM.), mono-menthyl glutarate,
O-menthyl glycerine (CoolAct.TM. 10),
menthyl-N,N-dimethylsuccinamate or 2-sec-butylcyclohexanone
(Freskomenthe.TM.).
The subject cooling compounds and related methods are further
described by the following non-limiting examples.
The starting compound p-menthane-3-carbonyl chloride as used for
the preparation of the compounds in Example 1-6 was prepared from
1-menthol.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of N-(4-cyanomethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide
To a flask, were added 6.6 g (50 mmol) of 4-aminobenzyl cyanide,
4.04 mL of pyridine and 100 mL MtBE. To this mixture, 10 g of
p-menthane-3-carbon*yl chloride were added dropwise over 5 minutes.
The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. To the reaction mixture,
50 mL of water were added. The mixture was separated. The organic
layer was washed with 50 mL of water and 50 mL of brine. The
organic layer was dried over MgSO.sub.4. The solvent was evaporated
in vacuo to afford the crude product, which was recrystallized from
hexanes to afford 10.1 g of the desired product with the following
spectroscopic properties:
MS: 299 ([M+1]), 298 ([M.sup.+]), 132, 83. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz;
CDCl.sub.3) .delta.; 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, 2H), 3.73
(s, 2H), 2.2 (t, 1H), 1.96-1.57 (m, 5H), 1.48-1.21 (m, 2H),
1.172-0.99 (m, 2H), 0.94 (d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H), 0.85 (d, 3H).
.sup.13C NMR (75 MHz; CDCl.sub.3).delta.: 174.4, 137.8, 128.3,
125.1, 120.3, 118.2, 50.5, 44.3, 39.25, 34.3, 32.1, 28.7, 23.8,
22.9, 22.1, 21.2, 16.1
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide
A preparation similar to that described in example 1 gives the
desired product with the following spectroscopic properties:
MS: 339 ([M+1]), 338 ([M.sup.+]), 172, 83. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz;
DMSO) .delta.: 10.21 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, 1H) 7.73 (d, 2H), 7.23 (s,
2H), 2.26-2.42 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.85 (m, 5H), 1.29-1.44 (m, 2H), 0.89
(d, 3H), 0.86 (d, 3H), 0.78 (d, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (75 MHz; DMSO)
.delta.: 174.6, 142.3, 138.3, 126.7, 118.8, 48.9, 43.7, 34.3, 31.9,
28.6, 23.7, 22.35, 21.3, 16.25
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of N-(4-cyanophenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide
A preparation similar to that described in example 1 gives the
desired product with the following spectroscopic properties:
MS: 285 ([M+1]), 284 ([M.sup.+]), 139, 83. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz;
CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 7.69 (d, 2H), 7.6 (d, 2 H), 7.5 (s, 1H),
1.85-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.84 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.47
(m, 2H), 0.979-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.95 (d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H), 0.82 (d,
3H). .sup.13C NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 174.6, 133.1,
119.4, 118.7, 100.35, 50.7, 44.4, 39.25, 34.2, 32.1, 28.8, 23.7,
22.0, 21.2, 16.1, 14.0
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of N-(4-acetylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide
A preparation similar to that described in example 1 gives the
desired product with the following spectroscopic properties:
MS: 302 ([M+1]), 301 ([M.sup.+]), 135, 83. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz;
CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 7.93 (d, 2H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 2.57
(s, 3H), 2.09-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.85 (m, 5H),
1.56-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.17-1.48 (m, 2H), ), 0.93 (d, 3H), 0.91 (d,
3H), 0.83 (d, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (75 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) .delta.:
197.1, 174.9, 142.7, 129.9, 119.2, 51.2, 44.9, 39.8, 34.8, 32.6,
29.2, 26.6, 24.3, 22.4, 21.5, 16.6
EXAMPLE 5
Preparation of N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) p-menthanecarboxamide
A preparation similar to that described in example 1 gives the
desired product with the following spectroscopic properties:
MS: 290 (M+1), 289 (M.sup.+), 123, 83. .sup.1HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO)
.delta.: 9.9 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 7.21 (d, 2H), 4.2 (s, 2H),
2.36-2.1 (m, 1H), 1.8-1.59 (m, 6H), 1.57-1.44 (m, 1H), 1.21-0.9 (m,
4H), 0.87 (dd, 3H), 0.85 (dd, 3H), 0.79 (d, 2H). .sup.13C NMR (75
MHz; DMSO) .delta.: 173.7, 137.7, 137.1, 126.7, 118.9, 62.6, 48.6,
43.6, 34.2, 31.7, 28.3, 23.6, 22.2, 21.1, 16.1
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of N-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)
p-menthanecarboxamide
A preparation similar to that described in example 1 gives the
desired product with the following spectroscopic properties:
MS: 306 ([M+1]), 305 ([M.sup.+]), 139, 83. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz;
CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 5.7
(s, 1H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 2.02-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.94 (m, 5H),
1.17-1.48 (m, 2H), 0.97-1.17 (m, 2H), 0.92 (dd, 3H), 0.91 (dd, 3H),
0.82 (d, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (75 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 173.9,
145.6, 143.3, 131.7, 111.65, 110.8, 107.4, 56.1, 50.5, 44.4, 39.2,
32.15, 34.4, 28.6, 23.8, 22.1, 21.2, 16.1
EXAMPLE 7
Application in Mouthwash
TABLE-US-00002 Alcohol 95% 177 mL Sorbitol 70% 250 g Compound of
example 1 as a 1% solution in alcohol 50 mL Peppermint oil,
Terpeneless 0.300 g Methyl salicylate 0.640 g Eucalyptol 0.922 g
Thymol 0.639 g Benzoic acid 1.500 g Pluronic .TM. F127 5.000 g
Sodium Saccharin 0.600 g Sodium Citrate 0.300 g Citric Acid 0.100 g
Water q.s. 1 liter
The ingredients are mixed. 30 mL of obtained solution is put in the
mouth, swished around, gargled and spit out. An intense cooling is
felt in every area of the mouth as well as the lips. The cooling
perception lasts for several hours.
EXAMPLE 9
Application in Toothpaste
Opaque toothgel 97.000 g
Compound of example 2 as a 2% solution in PG 2.500 g
Peppermint oil, Terpeneless 0.500 g
The materials are mixed in the toothgel, and a panelist's teeth are
brushed using this toothgel. The mouth is rinsed with water and the
water spit out. An intense cooling sensation is felt by the
panelist in all areas of the mouth. The cooling perception lasts
for several hours.
It will be understood that the embodiments described herein are
merely exemplary, and that one skilled in the art may make
variations and modifications without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. All such variations and modifications are
intended to be included within the scope of the invention as
described hereinabove. Further, all embodiments disclosed are not
necessarily in the alternative, as various embodiments of the
invention may be combined to provide the desired result.
* * * * *