U.S. patent number RE43,224 [Application Number 12/871,451] was granted by the patent office on 2012-03-06 for data aided symbol timing system for precoded continuous phase modulated signals.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Aerospace Corporation. Invention is credited to Gee L. Lui, Kuang Tsai.
United States Patent |
RE43,224 |
Lui , et al. |
March 6, 2012 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Data aided symbol timing system for precoded continuous phase
modulated signals
Abstract
Data aided carrier phase and symbol timing synchronizers are
implemented at baseband as digital modulators isolating input
signal inphase and quadrature component signals fed into inphase
and quadrature Laurent transforms that function as data detector to
provide odd and even data bit multiplexed output data signal while
cross coupling the inphase and quadrature transformed outputs for
removing data modulation in error signals to correct phase errors
and timing errors in the received signal so as to provide reliable
data demodulation of noisy received signals having dynamic carrier
phase and symbol timing errors as found in continuous phase
modulation communications systems such as Gaussian minimum shift
keying communications systems.
Inventors: |
Lui; Gee L. (Westminster,
CA), Tsai; Kuang (Santa Ana, CA) |
Assignee: |
The Aerospace Corporation (El
Segundo, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
34194942 |
Appl.
No.: |
12/871,451 |
Filed: |
August 30, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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11713119 |
Feb 28, 2007 |
Re. 41607 |
|
|
Reissue of: |
09696525 |
Oct 23, 2000 |
6862324 |
Mar 1, 2005 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
375/326 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L
27/2657 (20130101); H04L 27/2627 (20130101); H04L
27/2662 (20130101); H04L 27/2017 (20130101); H04L
2027/0067 (20130101); H04L 2027/0057 (20130101); H04L
2027/0053 (20130101); H04L 2027/003 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04L
27/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;375/279,280,281,283,308,322,323,326,329,330,331,332 ;370/215
;455/23,42,205 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Huber, Johannes, "Data-aided Synchronization of Coherent
CPM-Receivers," IEEE Transactions on Communications, p. 178-198,
1992. cited by other .
D'Andrea, A.N., Mengali, U., Morelli, M., "Symbol Timing Estimation
with CPM Modulation," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 44
(No. 10), p. 1362-1372 (Oct. 10, 1996). cited by other.
|
Primary Examiner: Ahn; Sam K
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Connolly Bove Lodge & Hutz
LLP
Government Interests
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention was made with Government support under contract No.
F04701-93-C-0094 by the Department of the Air Force. The Government
has certain rights in the invention.
Parent Case Text
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
.[.The present application.]. .Iadd.Notice: More than one reissue
application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No.
6,862,324. The present application claims priority as a
continuation reissue application to Ser. No. 11/713,119, filed Feb.
28, 2007, which claims priority as a reissue application to U.S.
Pat. No. 6,862,324 issued Mar. 1, 2005, which .Iaddend.is related
to applicant's .Iadd.previously .Iaddend.copending application
entitled Data Aided Carrier Phase Timing Tracking System for
Precoded Continuous Phase Modulated Signals, Ser. No. 09/694,650,
filed Oct. 24, 2000, by the same inventors.
Claims
What is claimed is:
.[.1. A symbol timing synchronizer for generating a timing signal
from a sampled input signal being a received input signal sampled
at a rate of the timing signal, the received input signal being a
continuous phase modulated signal modulated by a symbol sequence
generated from a precoded data sequence of an input data sequence,
sampled input signal having a sampled inphase component and a
sampled quadrature component, the symbol timing synchronizer
comprising, an inphase isolator and a quadrature isolator for
respectively isolating the sampled inphase component and sampled
quadrature component of the sampled input signal for respectively
providing an inphase signal and a quadrature signal, an inphase
serial data demodulator and a quadrature serial data demodulator
for respectively receiving and filtering the inphase signal and the
quadrature signal for generating an odd filter response and an even
filter response, and for converting and sampling the odd and even
filter responses into odd data and even data, the odd data and the
even data alternately forming an estimate of the input data
sequence, an inphase error magnitude generator and a quadrature
error magnitude generator for receiving and filtering the inphase
signal- and the quadrature signal, for respectively generating and
sampling an inphase error magnitude signal and quadrature error
magnitude signal for respectively generating a sampled inphase
error magnitude signal and a sampled quadrature error magnitude
signal, an inphase mixer and a quadrature mixer for respectively
mixing the sampled inphase error magnitude signal with the odd data
into an odd error signal, and mixing the quadrature error magnitude
signal with the even data for generating an even error signal, the
odd data representing an odd sign of the inphase magnitude error
signal, the even data representing an even sign of the quadrature
magnitude signal, and an oscillator means for generating the timing
signal from the even error signal and the odd error signal, the
timing signal for controlling the sampling of the inphase serial
data demodulator and the quadrature serial data demodulator and for
controlling the sampling of inphase error magnitude generator and a
quadrature error magnitude generator for generating the timing
signal at a rate of the symbol sequence..].
.[.2. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 1 wherein the
oscillator means comprises, a loop filter for receiving the odd
error signal and the even error signal for providing a filter error
signal, a controlled oscillator for receiving the filter error
signal for generating the timing signal, and a modulo counter for
providing an odd timing signal for sampling the inphase magnitude
error signal, and for providing an even timing signal for sampling
the quadrature magnitude error signal..].
.[.3. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 1 wherein, the
inphase magnitude error generator generates the inphase magnitude
error signal from a difference between a filter response of the
inphase signal and an odd modulo count of the timing signal, the
inphase magnitude error generator serving to cross correlate a
principal Laurent component of the inphase signal with a gate
function relative to the odd modulo count of the timing signal, and
the quadrature magnitude error generator generates the quadrature
magnitude error signal from a difference between a filter response
of the quadrature signal and an even modulo count of the timing
signal, the quadrature magnitude error generator serving to cross
correlate a principal Laurent component of the inphase signal with
a gate function relative to the even modulo count of the timing
signal..].
.[.4. The symbol timing synchronizer for claim 1 wherein, inphase
and quadrature serial demodulators respectively filter principal
Laurent components of the inphase and quadrature signals for
providing odd and even Laurent filter responses, and inphase and
quadrature serial demodulators respectively sample the odd and even
Laurent filter responses for generating the odd and even
data..].
.[.5. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 1 further comprising
an input sampler for sampling the received signal into the sampled
input signal sampled at a rate of the timing signals..].
.[.6. The symbol timing synchronizer of the claim 1 further
comprising, a multiplexer for multiplexing the odd and even data
into the estimate of the input data sequence..].
.[.7. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 1 wherein, the
received input system is a Gaussian minimum shift keying signal
have a bit bandwidth product of 1/5 and a modulation index of
1/2..].
.[.8. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 3 wherein, the odd
modulo count is (2k+1)N where N is the modulo count of the modulo
counter, and the even modulo count is (2k)N where N is the modulo
count of the modulo counter, where k is a symbol index..].
.[.9. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 1 wherein the odd
error signal is an e.sub.2k+1 odd error signal, and the even error
signal is an e.sub.2k even error signal, where k is a symbol
index..].
.[.10. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 1 further comprising
a carrier phase synchronizer for generating a phase adjustment
signal from a sampled phase adjusted input signal and the timing
signal, an input mixer for adjusting the received input signal into
a phase adjusted input signal, and an input sampler for sampling
the phase adjusted input signal into the sampled phase adjusted
input signal..].
.[.11. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 10 wherein the
carrier phase synchronizer comprises, an inphase isolator and a
quadrature isolator for respectively isolating the sampled inphase
component and sampled quadrature component for providing an inphase
signal and a quadrature signal, an inphase serial data demodulator
and a quadrature serial data demodulator for respectively receiving
and filtering the inphase signal and the quadrature signal for
generating an odd filter response and an even filter response, and
for converting and sampling the odd and even filter responses into
odd data and even data, the odd data and the even data alternately
forming an estimate of the input data sequence, an odd mixer and an
even mixer for respectively mixing the even filter response and the
odd data signal into an odd error signal and mixing the odd filter
response signal and the even data signal into an even error signal,
and an oscillator means for converting the odd and even error
signals into the phase adjustment signal..].
.[.12. A symbol timing synchronizer for generating a timing signal
from a sampled input signal being a received input signal sampled
at a rate of the timing signal, the received input signal being a
continuous phase modulated signal modulated by a symbol sequence
generated from a precoded data sequence of an input data sequence,
sampled input signal having a sampled inphase component and a
sampled quadrature component, the symbol timing synchronizer
comprising, an inphase isolator and a quadrature isolator for
respectively isolating the sampled inphase component and sampled
quadrature component of the sampled input signal for respectively
providing an inphase signal and a quadrature signal, an inphase
early-late gate and a quadrature early-late gate for respectively
filtering the inphase signal and the quadrature signal for
generating an inphase gate signal and a quadrature gate signal, the
inphase and quadrature early-late gates respectively serving to
cross correlate the inphase and quadrature signals with gate
functions in synchronism with the timing signal, an inphase
transformer and a quadrature transformer for respectively
transforming the inphase signal and the quadrature signal for
generating an inphase transformed signal and a quadrature
transformed signal, an inphase gate sampler and a quadrature gate
sampler for respectively sampling inphase gate signal and the
quadrature gate signal for generating a sampled inphase gate signal
and a sampled quadrature gate signal, an inphase transformer
sampler and a quadrature transformer sampler for respectively
sampling the inphase transformed signal and the quadrature
transformed signal for generating a sampled inphase transformed
signal and a sampled quadrature transformed signal, an inphase
hard-limiter and a quadrature hard limiter for respectively
converting the sampled inphase transformed signal into odd data and
the sampled quadrature transformed signal into even data, an
inphase mixer and a quadrature mixer for respectively mixing the
sampled inphase gate signal and odd data into an odd error signal
and mixing the sampled quadrature gate signal and even data signal
into an even error signal, and an oscillator means for generating
the timing signal from the even error signal and the odd error
signal, the oscillator means for controlling the sampling of the
inphase and quadrature gate samplers and the inphase and quadrature
transformer samplers for generating the timing signal at a rate of
the symbol sequence..].
.[.13. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 12 wherein the
oscillator means comprises, a loop filter for receiving the odd
error signal and the even error signal for providing a filter error
signal, a controlled oscillator for receiving the filter error
signal for generating the timing signal, and a modulo counter for
providing an odd timing signal for sampling the inphase magnitude
error signal, and for providing an even timing signal for sampling
the quadrature magnitude error signal..].
.[.14. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 12 wherein, the
inphase and quadrature early-late gates function as cross
correlators for cross correlating a filter response isolating
principal Laurent components of the inphase and quadrature signals
with a gating function, the inphase gate signal is an inphase
magnitude error signal from the correlation of an inphase
early-late gate filter response of the inphase signal and the
gating function that is in synchronism with an odd modulo count of
the timing signal, and the quadrature gate signal is a quadrature
magnitude error signal from the correlation of a quadrature
early-late gate filter response of the quadrature signal and the
gating function that is in synchronism an even modulo count of the
timing signal..].
.[.15. The symbol timing synchronizer for claim 12 wherein, the
inphase and quadrature transformers, transformer samplers and
hard-limiters respectively are inphase and quadrature serial
demodulators, the inphase and quadrature transformer are principal
Laurent component filters providing the inphase and quadrature
transformed signals that respectively are odd and even Laurent
filter responses, and the odd and even data alternately forming an
estimate of the input data sequence..].
.[.16. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 12 further
comprising an input sampler for sampling the received signal into
the sampled input signal sampled at a rate of the timing signal,
and a multiplexer for multiplexing the odd and even data into the
estimate of the input data sequence..].
.[.17. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 12 wherein, the
received input system is a Gaussian minimum shift keying signal
have a bit bandwidth product of 1/5 and a modulation index of 1/2,
the odd modulo count is (2k+1)N where N is the modulo count of the
modulo counter, the even modulo count is (2k)N where N is the
modulo count of the modulo counter, the odd error signal is an
e.sub.2k+1 odd error signal, and the even error signal is an
e.sub.2k even error signal, where k is a symbol index..].
.[.18. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 12 further
comprising a carrier phase synchronizer for generating a phase
adjustment signal from a sampled phase adjusted input signal and
the timing signal, an input mixer for adjusting the received input
signal into a phase adjusted input signal, and an input sampler for
sampling the phase adjusted input signal into the sampled phase
adjusted input signal..].
.[.19. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 18 wherein the
carrier phase synchronizer comprises, a carrier inphase isolator
and a carrier quadrature isolator for respectively isolating the
carrier sampled inphase component and carrier sampled quadrature
component for providing a carrier inphase signal and a carrier
quadrature signal, an inphase sampler and a quadrature sampler for
respectively sampling at the rate of the timing signal the carrier
inphase signal and the carrier quadrature signal for providing a
carrier sampled inphase signal and a carrier sampled quadrature
signal, a carrier inphase transformer and a carrier quadrature
transformer for respectively transforming the carrier sampled
inphase signal and carrier sampled quadrature signal into a carrier
inphase transformed signal and a carrier quadrature-transformed
signal, a carrier inphase hard limiter and a carrier quadrature
hard limiter for respectively converting the carrier inphase
transformed signal and carrier quadrature transformed signal into a
carrier odd hard limited signal and a carrier even hard limited
signal, a carrier modulo counter for receiving the timing signal
and generating a carrier odd timing signal and a carrier even
timing signal, a carrier odd sampler and a carrier even sampler for
respectively sampling at the rate of the carrier odd and even
timing signals for sampling the carrier odd and even hard limited
signals into carrier odd data and carrier even data, a carrier odd
mixer and a carrier even mixer for respecting mixing the carrier
quadrature transformed signal and the carrier odd data signal into
a carrier odd error signal and the carrier inphase transformed
signal and the carrier even data signal into a carrier even error
signal, and a carrier oscillator for converting the carrier odd and
even error signals into the phase adjustment signal..].
.Iadd.20. A data-aided symbol timing estimator to obtain a symbol
timing, comprising: means for obtaining an odd timing error
estimate using at least a first detector based on an in-phase
component, the odd timing error estimate to be based on odd symbols
of a symbol sequence modulated onto a received continuous phase
modulated (CPM) signal, including obtaining a sign of the odd
timing error estimate based on a principal component of said
received CPM signal obtained from said in-phase component; means
for obtaining an even timing error estimate using at least a second
detector based on a quadrature component, the even timing error
estimate to be based on even symbols of said symbol sequence,
including obtaining a sign of the even timing error estimate based
on a principal component of said received CPM signal obtained from
said quadrature component; and means for generating said symbol
timing based on said odd timing error estimate and said even timing
error estimate. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.21. The data-aided symbol timing estimator of claim 20
wherein the means for generating said symbol timing comprises means
for providing a filter error signal. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.22. The data-aided symbol timing estimator of claim 21
wherein the means for generating said symbol timing further
comprises means for receiving said filter error signal.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.23. A symbol timing synchronizer for generating a timing
signal from a sampled input signal being a received input signal
sampled at a rate of the timing signal, the received input signal
being a continuous phase modulated signal modulated by a symbol
sequence generated from a precoded data sequence of an input data
sequence, sampled input signal having a sampled inphase component
and a sampled quadrature component, the symbol timing synchronizer
comprising: means for isolating the respective in-phase and
quadrature components of the received continuous-phase modulated
(CPM) signal based on one or more signal samples obtained using
said symbol timing; means for filtering said in-phase components
using at least a first transformer to obtain an odd filter response
corresponding to a Laurent component of said received CPM signal;
means for filtering said quadrature components using at least a
second transformer to obtain an even filter response corresponding
to a Laurent component of said received CPM signal; means for
modifying said odd filter response based upon a sign of said even
filter response to obtain an odd error signal; and means for
modifying said even filter response based upon a sign of said odd
filter response to obtain an even error signal. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.24. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 23 further
comprising means for obtaining said phase adjustment signal based
on said odd error signal and said even error signal. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.25. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 23 further
comprising means for sampling the received input signal into the
sampled input signal sampled at a rate of the timing signals.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.26. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 23 further
comprising means for multiplexing the odd filter response and the
even filter response. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.27. The symbol timing synchronizer of claim 23 wherein the
received input system is a Gaussian minimum shift keying signal
having a bit bandwidth product of 1/5 and a modulation index of
1/2. .Iaddend.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of continuous phase modulation
communications systems. More particularly, the present invention
relates to symbol time tracking for continues phase modulations
communications systems, such as Gaussian minimum shift keying
communications systems having small bandwidth time products.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In synchronous digital data communication systems, the carrier
phase and symbol timing of the received signal must be acquired and
tracked by the receiver in order to respectively demodulate the
received signal and to recover the transmitted data from the
received signal. Typically, receivers require carrier phase
tracking for signal demodulation and symbol time tracking for data
detection for generating received data streams.
Continuous phase modulation (CPM) provides a class of digital phase
modulation signals that have a constant envelope. The spectral
occupancy of a CPM signal can be controlled or tailored to the
available bandwidth of a transmission channel. The constant
envelope CPM signals allow saturated power amplifier operation for
maximum power efficiency. The use of CPM signals in communications
systems can potentially achieve significant improvement in both
power and spectral efficiency over other conventional modulation
techniques, at the cost of a moderate increase in receiver
complexity. Bit error rate reduction has been achieved using
trellis CPM demodulation with ideal synchronization. There is a
continuing need to develop hardware implementation of the symbol
time and carrier phase synchronizers that provides required
tracking functions for the coherent CPM receiver. Often, symbol
time tracking and carrier phase tracking limit the performance of
CPM systems.
A particular type of CPM system is a Gaussian minimum shift keying
(GMSK) system where a data sequence is precoded and the precoded
data symbols are used for continuous phase modulation. The GMSK
received signals are filtered using Laurent filters and samplers
for providing data samples subject to trellis demodulation for
generating an estimate of the data sequence. Carrier phase tracking
loops are used for demodulating the received signal by tracking the
carrier phase, and symbol time tracking loops are used for
synchronized sampling of Laurent matched filter signals for
generating the data samples that used to generate estimates of the
transmitted bit stream using trellis demodulation. These carrier
phase and symbol time tracking loops are often referred to as
synchronizer. These synchronizers often lose track during noisy
communications.
A binary continuous phase modulation signal can be described by
complex envelop equations.
.function..function..function..times.e.pi..times..times..times.
##EQU00001##
.function..times..times.e.times..times..PHI..function..alpha.
##EQU00001.2##
.PHI..function..alpha..pi..times..times..times..intg..infin..times..times-
..times..alpha..times..function..times..times.d.pi..times..times..times..t-
imes..times..alpha..times..function..times. ##EQU00001.3##
The term Z.sub.b(t) is called the complex envelope of the CPM
signal, f.sub.c is the carrier frequency, E.sub.b is the bit
energy, T is the bit duration, and N is the transmitted data length
in bits, .alpha.=(.alpha..sub.0.alpha..sub.1, . . .
.alpha..sub.N-1,).alpha..sub.i.di-elect cons.{.+-.1}, represents
one of 2.sup.N equally probable data sequences. The parameter h is
the modulation index, f(t) is the pulse response of the smoothing
filter in the CPM modulator, and g(t) is the CPM phase response
defined in terms of the f(t) pulse response.
.function..times..intg..infin..times..times..function..times..times.d
##EQU00002##
The pulse response f(t) is limited to the time interval [0,LT] for
some integer L and having the properties that f(t)=f(LT-t) and
g(Lf)=1. The pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) representation of
signal CPM envelope is well known. Laurent has shown that the
complex envelope z.sub.b(t) can be expressed as a double
summation.
.function..times..times..times..times..times..alpha..times..function.
##EQU00003##
In this PAM representation of the baseband CPM signal envelope,
also referred to as the Laurent decomposition, the a.sub.k,n values
are known as pseudo data symbols and are related to the modulated
data symbols generally by a pseudo data symbol equation.
.function..times..times..pi..function..times..alpha..times..alpha..times.-
.beta. ##EQU00004##
In the pseudo data symbol equation, for all k,
0.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.2.sup.L-1, .beta..sub.k,0=0 and .beta..sub.ki is
a 0 or 1 digit in the binary expansion of
.times..times..times..beta. ##EQU00005## These pseudo data symbols
take on values in the set {.+-.1, .+-.j} when the modulation index
h equals 1/2. In general, the first two pseudo data symbols,
a.sub.0,n and a.sub.1,n can be written in an expanded form.
.function..times..times..pi..times..times..alpha..times..alpha..times..ti-
mes..times..alpha..times..alpha..times..alpha..times..times..times..times.-
.alpha. ##EQU00006##
The set of pulse functions {h.sub.k(t)}, termed Laurent pulse
functions, have a real value and are finite in duration, and are
formed by an h.sub.k(t) equation.
.function..times..function..beta..times. ##EQU00007##
##EQU00007.2##
.function..function..pi..times..times..pi..times..times..function..functi-
on..pi..times..times..ltoreq. ##EQU00007.3##
Among these h.sub.k(t) pulses, most of the signal energy is carried
by the principal Laurent pulse h.sub.0(t), which has a duration of
L+1 bit times. Another property of the principal Laurent pulse
h.sub.0(t) is that it is symmetrical about t=(L+1) T/2. The
principal Laurent function h.sub.0(t) output provides a gross
estimate of the transmitted symbol sequence. These properties of
the principal Laurent pulse function h.sub.0(t) have not yet been
exploited in developing the error signals for the symbol time and
carrier phase tracking loops. These and other disadvantages are
solved or reduced using the invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide data aided symbol timing
tracking in continuous phase modulation communication systems.
Another object of the invention is to provide data aided symbol
timing tracking in a Gaussian minimum shift keying communications
systems.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide data aided
carrier phase tracking in continuous phase modulation communication
systems.
Still another object of the invention is to provide data aided
carrier phase tracking in a Gaussian minimum shift keying
communications systems.
Still another object of the invention is to provide data aided
carrier phase synchronizers and symbol time synchronizers in
Gaussian minimum shift keying communications systems using
principal Laurent responses for generating carrier phase and symbol
time errors.
The present invention is directed to data aided synchronization in
digital carrier phase and symbol timing synchronizers applicable to
precoded continuous phase modulation (CPM) signal formats, such as
in Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) communications systems
having, for example, a modulation index of 1/2 with a bandwidth
time product (BT) of 1/5. The imbedded synchronizers enable simple
implementations for data demodulation for CPM signals, such as GMSK
signals with small BT values. Data aided tracking is applied in one
form to symbol time tracking, and in another form, to carrier phase
tracking. An advantage of the proposed data aided symbol timing
synchronizer is the combination of both symbol timing tracking and
data demodulation functions into an integrated process obviating
the need for a separate data demodulator in the receiver. For
example, for GMSK signals with BT values of 1/3 and larger, the
data demodulation performance in the symbol timing synchronizer can
provide optimum performance. An advantage of the data aided carrier
phase synchronizer is the combination of both carrier phase
tracking and data demodulation functions into one integrated
process obviating a need for separate data demodulator in the
receiver. For example, for GMSK signals with BT values of 1/3 and
larger, the data demodulation performance provided by the carrier
phase synchronizer can also be optimum.
In the first form, the symbol time tracking synchronizer includes a
data aided symbol timing error discriminator that extracts the
timing error of the received CPM signal from the principal Laurent
amplitude modulation component by an early and late gating
operation followed by a multiplication of the data decision to
remove the data modulation in the error signal. This symbol timing
error signal is then tracked by a second order digital loop
operating at the symbol rate. In the second form, the carrier phase
tracking synchronizer includes a data aided phase error
discriminator that extracts the phase error of the received CPM
signal from the principal Laurent amplitude modulation component by
a cross correlation operation with the data decision produced by a
serial data demodulator. This error signal is then tracked by a
second order digital loop also operating at the symbol rate.
These digital synchronizers are use to track the symbol timing or
carrier phase of a continuous phase modulation signal received in
the presence of noise with the receiver operating in a data
demodulation mode. These synchronizers have a nondegraded bit error
rate (BER) performance with reduced design complexity. The GMSK
signal with a BT=1/5 can be used as a typical partial response CPM
signal. The hardware implementation of such a GMSK receiver with
both synchronizers can be modeled for providing simulated BER
performance. With data precoding of the original data bit stream
prior to transmission of the CPM signal, the synchronizers can
function as serial demodulators that achieve absolute phase data
detection. The data preceding and data aided synchronization
approach for detecting symbol timing and carrier phase error is
central to providing accurate symbol time and carrier phase
tracking in the synchronizers with reduced design complexity. These
and other advantages will become more apparent from the following
detailed description of the preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a symbol time synchronized data
demodulator.
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a symbol time synchronizer.
FIG. 2A is a block diagram of a carrier phase synchronized data
demodulator.
FIG. 2B is a block diagram of a carrier phase synchronizer.
FIG. 3 is a graph depicting Laurent pulse functions.
FIG. 4 is a graph depicting an early-late gate function.
FIG. 5 is a plot of a symbol time error discriminator curve.
FIG. 6 is a plot of a carrier phase discriminator curve.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An embodiment of the invention is described with reference to the
figures using reference designations as shown in the figures.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a symbol lime synchronized data demodulator
includes a symbol time synchronizer 10 for data demodulating an
r(t) received signal 11 sampled by input sampler 12 using a
generated t.sub.n timing signal 13. The r(t) received signal 11 is
a combination of the transmitted signal z.sub.b(t) and noise n(t)
and is converted into an r.sub.n sampled input signal 14. The
synchronizer 10 receives the sampled input signal 14 and provides a
{circumflex over (d)}.sub.n estimate 15 of the received data
sequence of the r.sub.n sampled input 14 as well as generating a
t.sub.mN timing signal 17 and t.sub.n timing signal 13. The r.sub.n
sampled input 14 can be communicated to conventional Laurent
matched filters such as a principal Laurent matched filter 18 and a
secondary Laurent matched filter 19 having respective principal and
secondary matched filter outputs respectively sampled by samplers
20 and 21 for providing respective filter samples into a Viterbi
algorithm demodulator 22 that provides a {circumflex over
(d)}.sub.m estimate 23. The matched filters 18 and 19, samplers 20
and 21, and demodulator 22 are used to generate the {circumflex
over (d)}.sub.m estimate 23 of the original data sequence using the
symbol timing of the t.sub.mN 17 timing signal generated by the
symbol time synchronizer 10. The filters 18, 19 samplers 20 and 21,
and demodulator 22 providing the am data estimate 23 represents
conventional data demodulation.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, and more particularly to the symbol
time synchronizer of FIG. 1B, a real component and an imaginary
component of the r.sub.n sampled input signal 14 are respectively
isolated by an inphase component isolator 24 and a quadrature
component isolator 26 respectively providing inphase and quadrature
sample signals to an odd timing error detector 32 and an even
timing error detector 34, that in turn, provide respective odd data
and even data signals to a data demultiplexer 36 that provides the
{circumflex over (d)}.sub.n estimated data sequence 15. The odd
timing error detector 32 and even timing error detector 34 receive
the inphase and quadrature sampled signals that are respectively
communicated to early-late gates 44a and 44b and Laurent
transformers h.sub.D(t) 46a and 46b isolating principal Laurent
components. The Laurent transformer outputs of the transformers 46a
and 46b are sampled by samplers 47a and 47b providing transformed
sampled outputs. The early-late gate outputs of the early-late
gates 44a and 44b are sampled by gate samplers 48a and 48b
providing gate sampled outputs, respectively. The transformer
sampled outputs of the transformer samplers 47a and 47b are
respectively communicated to hard limiters 50a and 50b. The gate
sampled outputs of the gate samplers 48a and 48b are respectively
communicated to mixers 52a and 52b. The hard limiters 52a and 52b
respectively provide the odd data and even data to the data
multiplexer 36 that provides the {circumflex over (d)}.sub.n
estimated data 15. The mixers 52a and 52b respectively mix odd and
even data with the gate sampled outputs of gate samplers 48a and
48b to respectively provide e.sub.2k+1 odd and e.sub.2k even timing
signals that drive a loop filter 53, that in turn, controls a
voltage controlled oscillator 54 used for generating the t.sub.n
timing signal. The e.sub.2k+1 odd and e.sub.2k even timing signals
are alternately processed and combined by the loop filter 53 for
controlling the voltage controlled oscillator 54. The t.sub.n
timing signal 13 is further communicated to a modulo N counter 55
that provides the t.sub.mN timing signals as well as generating the
e(2k+1)N odd and e(2k)N even sampling signals that respectively
control the samplers 47a and 47b, and, 48a and 48b. As may now be
apparent, the synchronizer 10 operates in a timing loop extending
through samplers 47ab, limiters 50ab, mixers 52ab, loop filter 53,
VCO 54 and counter 55 for synchronized generation of the odd and
even data and the t.sub.n and t.sub.mN timing signals, 13 and 17,
respectively, while generating the d.sub.n data estimates 15.
Referring to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, and more particularly to
FIGS. 2A and 2B, the carrier phase synchronizer demodulator of FIG.
2A and specifically the carrier phase synchronizer 60 of FIG. 2B,
the carrier phase synchronizer 60 generates a e.sup.j{circumflex
over (.theta.)}phase adjustment signal 59 for adjusting the phase
of the r(t) input signal 11. The carrier phase synchronizer 60 also
receives an r.sub.ne.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}input sample
signal 61 from a carrier phase sampler 62. The r(t) received input
signal 11 and e.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}phase adjustment
signal are mixed by a mixer 63 that provide an input mixed signal
that is sampled by a carrier phase sampler 62 at the rate of the
t.sub.n timing signal for providing the r.sub.ne.sup.-j{circumflex
over (.theta.)}sampled input signal 61 to the carrier phase
synchronizer 60. The r.sub.ne.sup.-j{circumflex over
(.theta.)}input sampled signal 61 can be fed into a conventional
principal Laurent matched filter 64 and a secondary Laurent filter
66 providing matched filters outputs respectively to and sampled by
matched filtered samplers 68 and 70 sampled at the rate of the
t.sub.mN symbol timing signals for providing matched filter inputs
into a Viterbi algorithm demodulator 72 that generates a
{circumflex over (d)}.sub.m estimate 73 of the original data
sequence. The carrier phase synchronizer 60 can also be used to
generate the {circumflex over (d)}.sub.n data estimate is.
The carrier phase synchronizer 60 receives the t.sub.n timing
signal that may originate from the symbol time synchronizer 10 in
the preferred form, or from a convention symbol timing tracking
loop, not shown. The r.sub.ne.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}
sample input signal 61 is communicated to an inphase component
isolator 74 and a quadrature component isolator 76. The inphase
component output of isolator 74 and the quadrature component output
of isolator 76 are respectively sampled by an inphase sampler 80
and a quadrature sampler 82 at the rate of the t.sub.n symbol
timing signal 13 that also drives a modulo N counter 84 providing
2kN even and (2k+1)N odd timing sampling signals. The inphase
sampler 80 provides a sampled inphase signal to an inphase
transformer 86 as the quadrature sampler 82 provides a sampled
quadrature signal to a quadrature transformer 88, providing
respectively inphase and quadrature transformed signals to hard
limiters 90a and 90b, and by cross coupling, to mixers 92b and 92a.
The hard limiters 90a and 90b respectively provide inphase and
quadrature hard limited signals to hard limiter samplers 94a and
94b that respectively sample at rates of the 2kN even and (2k+1)N
odd timing sampling signals from the modulo N counter 84. The hard
limiter samplers 94a and 94b respectively provide odd and even data
signals that are fed into a data multiplexer 94 for generating the
{circumflex over (d)}.sub.n data estimate 15. The odd data and even
data are respectively mixed with the quadrature and inphase
transformed signals from the transformers 88 and 86, respectively,
by the mixer 92a and 92b, for generating e.sub.2k+1 odd and
-e.sub.2k even timing error signals. The -e.sub.2k timing error
signal is inverted by inverter 96 for generating an e.sub.2k even
timing signal. The e.sub.2k even and e.sub.2k+1 odd timing error
signals are alternately processed and combined by the loop filter
97 to form the e.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}phase adjustment
signal 59. The e.sub.2k even and e.sub.2k+1 odd timing error
signals drive a loop filter 97 that in turn controls a VCO 98 that
generates the e.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}phase adjustment
signal 59. As may now be apparent, the carrier phase synchronizer
60 is part of a loop between the e.sup.-j{circumflex over
(.theta.)}phase adjustment signal 59 and the
r.sub.ne.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}input sampled signal 61
with the loop extending through the isolators 74 and 76, samplers
80 and 82, transformers 86 and 88, hard limiters 90a and 90b,
samplers 94a and 94b, mixers 92a and 92b, loop filter 97 and VCO 98
for providing the e.sup.-j{circumflex over (.theta.)}phase
adjustment signal 59, while concurrently generating the {circumflex
over (d)}.sub.n data estimate 15.
Referring to all of the Figures, the Laurent pulse function is
shown in FIG. 3 for the principal h.sub.0 pulse function, the
h.sub.1(t) secondary pulse function and the h.sub.2(t) tertiary
pulse function. The inphase component isolators 24 and 74 isolate
the real component of the r.sub.n input signal as the quadrature
component isolators 16 and 76 isolate the imaginary component of
the r.sub.n input signal. The inphase Laurent transformers 46a and
86 isolate the energy of the principal Laurent pulse component of
the real component of the r.sub.n input signal as the quadrature.
Laurent transformers 46b and 88 isolate the energy of the principal
Laurent pulse component of the imaginary component of the r.sub.n
input signal. The early-late gate function is shown in FIG. 4 for
providing a digital transition in synchronism with Laurent
components as isolated by the isolators 24 and 26. In the symbol
timing synchronizer 10, the early-gates 44a and 44b operate on the
respective isolated real and imaginary component energy for
indicating the magnitude of the symbol timing error. The early-late
gates 44a and 44b ideally have a positive value and a negative
value on early and late respective sides of the center of the
principal Laurent pulse function. These +/- values are combined
with respective sides of the principal Laurent pulse function to
provide two equal but opposite products that ideally sum to a zero
magnitude error. As the principal Laurent pulse function early or
late shifts relative to the current timing of the +/- gate
function, the magnitude error increases positively or negatively.
The area under the principal Laurent pulse function is multiplied
by the gate function to produce a cross correlation of the gate
function and principal Laurent pulse function for generating the
magnitude error value that is used to adjust the timing signal to
be in synchronism with the current symbol time of the received
signal. FIG. 5 shows symbol timing errors for the symbol timing
synchronizer 10.
The carrier phase synchronizer 60 uses the Laurent transformers 86
and 88 for isolating the energy of the principal Laurent pulse
component for generating the magnitude of the carrier phase error.
The carrier phase synchronizer 60 also uses cross coupled principal
Laurent pulse energy for indicating the sign of the carrier phase
error. FIG. 6 shows the carrier phase errors of the carrier phase
synchronizer 60.
The symbol time synchronized data demodulator includes the symbol
time synchronizer 10 for generating the t.sub.n timing signal 13 as
well as the {circumflex over (d)}.sub.n data estimates 15. The
carrier phase synchronizer 60 receives the t.sub.n symbol timing
signal 13 for sampling the real and imaginary isolated components
as well as for generating the odd and even data of the {circumflex
over (d)}.sub.n data estimates 15. Hence, both of the synchronizers
10 and 60 operate as serial data demodulators for generating the
{circumflex over (d)}.sub.n data estimate 15. Both of the symbol
timing and carrier phase serial demodulators of synchronizers 10
and 60 operate respective modulo N counters 55 and 84 at the rate
of N counts per symbol period of T seconds clocked at the rate of
the t.sub.n symbol timing signal 13. The complex envelope
Z.sub.b(t) of the CPM input signal 11 is sampled at a uniform rate
of N samples per symbol period. These r.sub.n samples are
simultaneously applied to the Laurent transformers 46a, 46b, 86,
and 88 that function as data detection filters.
In the symbol timing synchronizer 10, the early-late gates 44a and
44b function as impulse response filters. At each symbol decision
instant of t=KN sample counts, for odd values of K, i.e., K=2k+1,
the timing error between the receiver t.sub.n timing signal 13 and
the timing of the received signal is formed by respectively
multiplying the output of the early-late gate 44a the algebraic
sign of the respective data detection filter, that is, the
transformer 46a and hard limiters 50a. For even values of K, i.e.,
K=2k, the even timing error detector 34 operates similar to the odd
time error detector 32. The algebraic sign of the data detection
filter outputs, that is, the output of the hard limiters 50a and
50b, is a data decision on the received data symbol for precoded
binary CPM received signals. The timing error formed by the
detectors 32 and 34 is then filtered by the loop filter 53,
integrated by the VCO 54, and quantized into sample counts by the
modulo N counter 55 to produce an adjustment to the sampling timing
at symbol epoch i.e., at time instants of a multiple of N counts.
The symbol timing signal 13 as well as the sampling signals are
delayed or advanced by the timing adjustment according to whether
the adjustment is positive or negative. No more than N most recent
signal samples need to be stored by the synchronizer to allow for
the advancing of the sampling timing at the symbol time in the
tracking mode.
During data demodulation, the transmitted data symbol can be
obtained by differentially decoding two successively received
pseudo data symbols a.sub.0,n. For a CPM modulation index of h=0.5,
the data stream is precoded into a data stream d.sub.k fed into the
data modulator having an input symbol stream .alpha..sub.k with
.alpha..sub.k=(-1).sup.kd.sub.k-1d.sub.k. The pseudo data symbol
a.sub.0,n becomes a.sub.0,n=J(n)d.sub.n with J(n)=1 for n being odd
and J(n)=j for n being even. Thus, with data precoding, either a
conventional trellis demodulator or a serial demodulator of the
synchronizers 10 and 60 can be used to demodulate the received CPM
signal without differential decoding. A CPM modem using precoding
can achieve a performance improvement from 0.5 dB to nearly 2.0 dB
over a modem without precoding.
Because the Laurent pulse function h.sub.0(t) is the dominant pulse
function in a CPM signal, the symbol timing error of the received
signal relative to the receiver clock can be detected by using the
early-late gating on the received baseband signal in conjunction
with serial data demodulation of the synchronizers 10 and 60. The
timing error is produced by respectively multiplying the data
decisions generated by the serial demodulation of the transformers
46a and 46b and the hard limiters 50a and 50b with the output of
the early-late gate 44a and 44b. Respective multiplication by
mixers 52a and 52b of the early-late gate output with hard limited
data decisions is needed to eliminate the data modulation so that a
consistent timing error can be formed. With ideal elimination of
the data modulation, the detected timing error is given by a
detection equation.
.function..tau..intg..times..times..function..times..function..tau..times-
..times.d ##EQU00008##
The early-late gate function G(t) provides an ideal timing error
detection curve D.sub.t(.tau.) for a given CPM signal, such as a
BT=1/5 GMSK signal.
Carrier phase error detection is formulated based on a unit
amplitude CPM signal received in the absence of channel noise with
a carrier phase offset .theta.. The phase offset complex signal
envelope is defined by an r(t,.theta.) equation.
.function..theta..function..times.e.theta..times..times..times..alpha..ti-
mes..function..times.e.theta. ##EQU00009##
When the r(t,.theta.) signal is applied to the transformed and hard
limited serial demodulator, the demodulator output at time t=mT is
defined by an r.sub.m equation.
.intg..infin..infin..times..times..function..theta..times..function..time-
s.d.times..times..times..alpha..times..function..times.e.theta..function..-
times..times.e.theta..times..function..times..times..noteq..times..times..-
function..times.e.theta. ##EQU00010## ##EQU00010.2##
.function..intg..infin..infin..times..function..times..function..times.d
##EQU00010.3##
With the data d.sub.k being equally probable, the averaged value of
d.sub.ma.sub.k,n is zero for all integers m, when k.noteq.0, and
also for all integers m.noteq.n when k=0. Thus, with the carrier
phase error .theta. being small and when the serial demodulators
can correctly demodulate the m-th transmitted bit d.sub.m, then, by
multiplying the serial demodulated bit by the complex conjugate of
J(m)d.sub.ni and taking the imaginary part of the product obtains a
random variant whose mean value is
D.sub..phi.(.theta.)=R.sub.0,0(0)sin(.theta.)=R.sub.0,0(0).theta..
The randomness is due to the intersymbol interference, which is
data pattern dependent.
Because both timing and carrier phase error detection use serial
demodulation to provide the required data decision for error
generation, the transformed and hard limited serial demodulator,
such as in the synchronizers 10 and 60, can be used for both the
tracking error generation and data detection. The error signals
produced at every receiver symbol time are applied to the
respective loop filter 53 and 97 and voltage control oscillator 54
and 98 to adjust the sampling timing instants or the carrier phase
to the received signal. Data reliability of a trellis demodulator
is usually better than that of a serial demodulator such as the
synchronizers 10 and 60, particularly when the signal memory span L
is large. However, if L is small or if an equalizer is used in
cascade with the principal Laurent pulse filter, the simple serial
receiver can perform practically as well as the more complex
trellis demodulator for the purpose of tracking error generation.
Thus, an equivalent variation of the synchronizers 10 and 60 is to
feedback the data decisions from the trellis demodulator to the
error detectors, provided that the processing delay of the trellis
demodulator is properly compensated for and that tracking
performance is not unduly compromised by the delay.
The mean error output or discriminator characteristics of the
symbol timing error and carrier phase error detectors is shown for
the BT=1/5 GMSK signal, in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, respectively. These
characteristics are obtained by computing in random data the
averaged detector output for a given error offset with the other
offset error set at zero. For small errors, the linear slope of the
timing error discriminator curve is about -1.5 and that of the
phase error discriminator curve is about 1.0. The deviation of
these characteristics from their ideal S curves, at large offset
errors, is attributed to the feedback of erroneous data decisions
caused by the intersymbol interference in the GMSK signal.
Both the symbol time synchronizer 10 and carrier phase synchronizer
60 have a linear continuous time model that can be implemented
digitally for use in performance simulations of the GMSK receiver.
The linear model is appropriate because the tracking error is
typically small when the receiver is in a tracking mode. The loop
filter, used in each synchronizer 10 and 60, is of a proportional
and integral type with a transfer function in the form of
F(s)=.alpha.+.beta./s and the VCO transfer function in the form of
K.sub.v/s where K.sub.v is the VCO gain. The closed loop transfer
function of the synchronizers 10 and 60 is defined by an H(s)
equation.
.function..PHI..function..PHI..function..times.
.omega..times..omega..times. .omega..times..omega. ##EQU00011##
In the H(s) equation, the term .zeta. is the damping factor and
.omega..sub.n is the natural frequency of the synchronizers 10 and
60. These parameters are related to the loop filter and gain
parameters by .alpha.=2.zeta..omega..sub.n/K.sub.DK.sub.v and
.beta.=.omega..sub.n.sup.2/K.sub.DK.sub.v where K.sub.D is the
slope of the error discriminator curves shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The
one-sided equivalent noise bandwidth of the synchronizers 10 and 60
is B.sub.L=(.omega..sub.n/8.zeta..sup.2)(1+4.zeta..sup.2). Each of
the second order synchronizers 10 and 60 can be digitally
implemented with the integrator 1/s approximated by the digital
accumulator 1/(1-z.sup.-1) where z.sup.-1 represents a unit bit
time delay. In a digital implementation, the natural frequency and
loop bandwidth parameters should be regarded as parameters
normalized by the hit rate. Using the loop parameters K.sub.D=1,
K.sub.v=1 and .zeta.=1/ 2 for the carrier phase synchronizer 60 and
K.sub.D= 1.5, K.sub.v=1 and .zeta.=1/ 2 for the symbol time
synchronizer 10, the step error response of the carrier phase
synchronizer 60 to a 20 degree phase step and that of the symbol
time synchronizer 10 to a half hit time step are simulated and
compared to the theoretical step error response. The ramp error
responses for both synchronizers 10 and 60 are also simulated and
compared to the theoretical ramp error responses. The dispersion of
the simulated error responses from the theoretical is due to the
intersymbol interference in the received signal.
The symbol time synchronizer 10 and carrier phase synchronizer 60
are characterized as providing error signals generated from
quadrature Laurent pulse response components of a receiving signal
modulated by symbols generated from a precoded data sequence. In
the preferred form, the principal Laurent components indicates the
original digital bit sequence of the precoded bit stream. The
precoding functions to precondition the transmitted symbol sequence
so that the principal Laurent function indicates the original data
bit stream that is alternately disposed on the I and Q channels of
the transmitted CPM signal.
The precoded PCM signal allows the use of the principal Laurent
pulse response for extracting the sign of the symbol timing error
or carrier phase error that is also the data of the original data
uncoded sequence. In the symbol time synchronizer 10, the
early-late gates 44a and 44b will extract the magnitude of the
symbol timing error. The early-late gates 44a and 44b are sampled
at the current symbol t.sub.n timing signal 13. As the timing of
the received signal 11, varies from the current timing of the
tinting signal 13, the early-late gates 44a and 44b provide an
indication of the magnitude of the current timing error. The CPM
signal will carry the data information in one symbol time in the
inphase component signal and in the next symbol instance in the
quadrature component signal, as the data bit information content
alternates between the inphase and quadrature components. The
timing synchronizer 10 in combination with data preceding enable
efficient synchronization timing and data extraction at the expense
of requiring the use of both I & Q component signals that might
otherwise be used to communicate two independent data streams. The
loop filter 53 functions to smooth the timing error signal
generated by the detectors 32 and 34. The smoothed timing error
from the loop filter 53 then drives the VCO that in turn provides
the smoothly varying t.sub.n timing clock signal. The precoded data
provides the sign of the timing error, and hence, the symbol timing
synchronizer 10 is data aided, and hence also provides an estimate
15 of the original data sequence.
In the carrier phase synchronizer receives the t.sub.n timing
signal and the received signal r.sub.n and operates on the phase
error .theta. generated from the r(t,.theta.) equation that
describes the phase error. The carrier phase synchronizer 60 also
uses the isolated I & Q principal Laurent components and
determines the sign of the phase error. But, rather than
determining a magnitude of the phase error using early-late gates,
the carrier phase synchronizer drifts the phase error depending on
the sine of the phase error having a sign that is also the original
uncoded data sequence. The .sctn. term represents the carrier phase
error that is generated using cross-coupling of the Laurent
components generating the e.sub.2k and e.sub.2k+1 error signals
with the sign of {circumflex over (.theta.)} indicating the
direction of the phase error drift.
The symbol timing synchronizer 10 and the carrier phase
synchronizer 60 offer an efficient mechanism for generating timing
and phase error signal while also providing an indication of the
uncoded data sequence however requiring data precoding having
symbol modulated on both I and Q channels. Those skilled in the art
can make enhancements, improvements, and modifications to the
invention, and these enhancements, improvements, and modifications
may nonetheless fall within the spirit and scope of the following
claims.
* * * * *